Global Consumption of Millet :

Transcription

1 Since March 02 H ome Science An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 134, Vol - XIV (3), May - 15, Page No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor Global Consumption of Millet : A Study Pearl millet is consumed primarily as food in most of the developing countries. Pearl millet grain is also used as bird feed, but this use is largely restricted to the developed countries. Its utilization pattern is changing even in developing countries where its use is growing as feed, alcohol, beer making and food processing industry. Pearl millet fodder is an important feed source in the crop livestock systems where the crop is grown. In India, pearl millet is usually pounded to flour and then used to make a rang of dishes for consumption. ANUPMA KUMARI, ANJNA FELLOWS & NEELMA KUNWAR* Global Consumption of Millet : Millets are a large part of the basic diet for farm households in the world's poorest people in the poorest countries. Top consuming countries are India, Nigeria, Niger and China. However, just because of country is a top global consumer does not mean that millet is a significant source of calories for them. India and China are rank as the 1st and 4th consumers of millet respectively, but due to their population size they rank 11th and 38th in per-capita consumption, accordingly. Millet is an excellent dietary source of calcium, iron, manganese, and methionine an amino acid lacking in India 9,041,765 Nigeria 4,299,211 Niger 1,733,793 China 1,116,505 Burkina Faso 856,337 Mali 701,701 Sudan 560,548 Uganda 408,137 Senegal 347,989 Chad 296,119 Russian Federation 280,941 Ethiopia 259,490 Nepal 251,027 Myanmar 137,759 Tanzania 136,409 Ghana 117,955 the diets of hundreds of millions of the poor who live on starchy foods such as cassava, plantain, polished rice, and maize meal. Millet use is diverse, including in cereals (including porridge and kasha), soups, breads and stuffing, fermented beverages, and baby food. Consumption in India : Consumption demand trends in India. Pearl millet is consumed primarily as food in most of the developing countries. Pearl millet grain is also used as bird feed, but this use is largely restricted to the developed countries. Its utilization pattern is changing even in developing countries where its use is growing as feed, alcohol, beer making and food processing industry. Pearl millet fodder is an important feed source in the crop livestock systems where the crop is grown. In India, pearl millet is usually pounded to flour and then used to make a rang of dishes for consumption. It is consumed mainly in the rural areas of western and central India. However, with the introduction of cheaper rice and wheat through Public Distribution System (PDS), consumers of pearl millet in rural areas have shifted away from pearl millet to consumption of wheat and rice. This decline in per capita consumption of pearl millet both in rural and urban areas at all India level is due to several factors but the most important ones are increase in per capita income, growing urbanization, changing tastes and preferences. This stagnation in consumption trend is seen for the cereal group as a whole in general and coarse cereals like sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet in particular. While the decline in pearl millet consumption is universal, i.e., affecting pearl millet consumption as food in all growing countries, an important factor aiding its decline particularly in India is the Barrakatullah University, Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) *C.S.A. University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIV (3) May

2 government policy related to subsidy on rice and wheat consumption. While rice and wheat consumption trends have remained stable, pearl millet consumption reduced sharply both in rural and urban India. Consumption in urban India was always low because of the low shelf life of processed flour and hence grain has to be milled just before consumption. However, higher opportunity cost of women in urban areas makes them to spend less time in processing of pearl millet for consumption. As already mentioned, consumption in both rural and urban India decreased owing to availability of rice and wheat through PDS. The lower preparation time for the fine cereals, and the perception of pearl millet as inferior grains contributed to the shift to rice and wheat. Pearl Millet Food Value : Pearl millet grain compares favourably with maize and sorghum as a high-energy, high-protein ingredient in feed for poultry, pigs, cattle and sheep. Several studies indicated that compared to maize, pearl millet is 8.60 per cent higher in crude protein, and 40 per cent richer in amino-acids lysine and methonine. Oxalic acid in pearl millet reduces the bioavailability of calcium and hence has a negative impact on milk production and fat content. Uses of different forms of Bajra : (a) Roti and paratha (b) Khichdi (c) As sweets barfi, ladoo (d) Dhokla (e) As fodder for animals Nutritive Value of Bajra : It is high in protein as compared to other cereals. It contains all essential amino acids and is particularly high in lysine, methionine and cysteine. It is rich in folate, potassium, magnesium, copper, zinc and vitamin E and B-complex. It is rich in calcium and iron too. Bajra helps maintain cardiovascular health and helps reduce acidity problems. Pearl millet is consumed in the form of chapattis, bhakris (eaten in Indian states like Gujarat, Maharashtra) porridges, boiled or steamed food. It can be mixed with other flours to be eaten in the form of a fiber rich multigrain chapattis. Moisture 12.4 g, Protein 67.5 g, Energy 361 Kcal, Calcium 42.0 mg, Phosphours 296 mg, Iron 8.0 mg, Carotene 132 mcg, Thiamine 0.33 mg, Riboflavin 0.25 mg, Niacin 2.3 mg, Total B6 (Folic Acid (free) 14.7 mcg), Folic Acid (Total) 45.5 mcg, Vitamin C 0 mg. Bajra or pearl millet is very tasty and has nut like flavour. It has a texture similar to the of brown rice. Its volume increases by three times after cooking. Millet is one of the most versatile grains and can be used in different forms. It can be used as flat breads (Bajra roti) or mixed up with 25 per cent wheat flour for use in yeast breads. To add a crunchy texture and to bring variety to the baked foods, dry matter flour is added to biscuits and breads. Traditionally, it is used as porridge or in the gruel form. Nowadays, bakery products like cakes, muffins, cookies and biscuits are enhanced with Bajra or pearl millet flour. Sprouted Bajra or pearl millet can be used in salads and sandwiches. The crop residue after grain harvest is used as fodder for livestock. Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIV (3) May

3 a Since March 02 H ome Science An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 134, Vol - XIV (3), May - 15, Page No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor «eeceerce heefjjesme cew keâeùe&jle ceefnueedeew keâe heefjjeej cew mleeve : Skeâ DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e, «eeceerce heefjjesme cew keâeùe&jle ceefnueedeew keâe heefjjeej cew mleeve kesâ DeOÙeÙeve hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ DeOÙeÙeve nsleg GòejØeosMe jepùe kesâ jceeyeef& veiej kesâ mejjevekesì[e yuee@keâ efmlele jefveùeeb, jeùehegj Je efkeâmeeve veiej Deeefo ieebje keâer keâeùe&jle ceefnueedeew keâes Meeefceue efkeâùee ieùee, peneb hej ceefnueesb ke=âef<e kesâ DeueeJee DevÙe #es$e pewmes DeebieveJeeÌ[er meneefùekeâe, Keevee yeveeves Jeeueer, DeeMee yengùew, «eece mesjekeâ Je hewâefkeäš^ùeew SJeb keâejkeeveew Deeefo cew keâeùe& keâj jner nq~ DeOÙeÙeve mes mhe neslee nw efkeâ DeefOekeâebMe keâeùe&jle ceefnueedeew keâe heefjjeej cew Gòece mleeve nw~ [e@.veerefuecee kebâjej* SJeb Deejleer DeJemLeer** izlrkouk % orzeku le; rduhdh dk le; gsa lekt ds izr;sd?kvd es a ifjorzu izks ksfxdh ds dkj.k gh gksrk gsa iwoz ds le; es a lekt dh tks lajpuk vksj O;oLFkk Fkh vkt ifjorzu ds cgko es a,d u, :i es a ns[kus dks feyrh gsa ns'k dh LorU=rk ds lkfk gh Hkkjrh; fpurdks a] fof/kosrrkvks a,oa uhfr&fu;urkvks a us leuo;kred O;oLFkk ds rgr~ efgykvksa ds thou&lrj esa tks eyhurk] flfkjrk,oa f'kffkyrk ns[kha mls lekir djus ds fuferr vusd izdkj ds laos/kkfud dne mbk,a izr;sd izdkj ds {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa dks volj iznku fd;k x;ka efgyk o iq:"k jk"vª fodkl ds nks ifg;s gksrs gsa ftues a ls ;fn,d Hkh detksj gks tk, rks ns'k vksj lekt dh izxfr vo:) gks tkrh gsa f'k{kk vksj vkffkzd fodkl gkykafd Hkkjr es a efgyk lk{kjrk nj /khjs&/khjs c<+ jgh gs ysfdu ;g iq:"k lk{kjrk nj ls de gsa ym+dks a dh rqyuk es a cgqr gh de ym+fd;k Ldwyks a es a nkf[kyk ysrh gsa vksj muesa ls dbz chp esa gh viuh i<+kbz NksM+ nsrh gsaa 1997 ds us'kuy lseiy los Z MsVk ds eqrkfcd dsoy dsjy vksj fetksje jkt;ksa us lkozhkksfed efgyk lk{kjrk nj dks gkfly fd;k gsa T;knkrj fo}kuksa us dsjy esa efgykvksa dh csgrj lkekftd vksj vkffkzd flfkfr ds ihns izeq[k dkjd lk{kjrk dks ekuk gsa Je'kfDr dh Hkkxhnkjh vke /kkj.kk ds foijhr efgykvks a dk,d cm+k izfr'kr dkedkth gsa jk"vªh; vkadm+k laxzg.k,ts afl;k bl rf; dks Lohdkj djrh gsa fd Jfedksa ds :i esa efgyvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dks ysdj,d xahkhj U;wukuqeku gsa gkykafd ikfjjfed ikus okys efgyk Jfedksa dh la[;k iq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr gh de gsa 'kgjh Hkkjr esa efgyk Jfedksa dh,d cm+h la[;k ekstwn gsa,d mnkgj.k ds rksj ij lkw Vos;j m ksx eas 30 izfr'kr dezpkjh efgyk,a gsa os ikfjjfed vksj dk;zlfky ij viuh flfkfr ds ekeys esa vius iq:"k lgdfez;ksa ds lkfk cjkcjh ij gsaa lecfu/kr lkfgr; dk flagkoyksdu % efgyk, vkt jk"vªh; xfrfof/k;ks a ds lhkh {ks=ks a esa dk;zjr gsa vksj mugksaus viuh dezbrk ls mu {ks=ksa esa Hkh tks iq:"kksa d v/khu Fks] vklkuh ls izos'k ik fy;k gs vksj vh igpku Hkh cuk;h gsa vkt dh efgyk fofhkuu izdkj dh pquksfr;ks a ls f?kjh gs,d ;qx Fkk] tc og ek= cpps isnk djus okyh e'khu ;k jlksbz?kj dh ekyfdu ek= FkhA vkt og lh; lekt dh tkx:d bdkbz gs] ns'k o lekt dh izr;d lel;k izr;sd miyfc/k vksj izr;sd?kvuk ds izfr og tkx:d bdkbz gs] ns'k o lekt dh izr;sd lel;k izr;sd miyfc/k vksj izr;sd?kvuk ds izfr og tkx:d,oa ltx gsa mls cgqr ls vf/kdkj feys gsa] vusdksa u;s {ks=ksa esa volj fey gsaa og Å ps ls Å pk LFkku izkir dj jgh gsaa vkt dsoy fdlh dh cgw ;k iruh ugha cfyd vius vki esa Lora= O;fDrRo j[kus okyh ukxfjd gsa tgk,d vksj os'ohj.k us efgykvksa dks?kj ls ckgj fudydj ns'k&fons'k ds izr;sd {ks= esa viuh igpku cukus dk volj fn;k gs ogha bu ifjorzuks a ds lkfk og pquksfr;ks a ds pøo;wg esa Hkh Q l x;ha vk/kqfud dky esa efgykvksa dh flfkfr % ukjh dks lalkj es a lcls cgqewy; jru dgk x;k gs vksj dko;ks esa czgekuun lgksnj dh miek nh x;h gsa dfo;ksa us ukjh dh efgek dk c[kku vusd :iksa esa fd;k gsa ib-x/kj us Li"V :i ls fy[kk gs fd ukfj;ka gh Hkw"k.kksa dks Hkwf"kr djrh gsaa Hkw"k.k mugsa Hkwf"kr ugha djrs gsaa euq egkjkt us dgk fd] ^^;= uk;zlrq iwt;urs jeurs r= nsork**a ukjh iq:"k ds cjkcj ugha gks ik;h] og LorU= Hkh ugha gks ikbza cky;dky es a mldk firk djrk jgk] ;ksoukolfkk *MeesOe-efveoxefMekeâe SJeb efjeyeeieeoùe#e (ie=nefje%eeve efjeyeeie), meer.sme.deepeeo ÙetefveJeefme&šer Dee@heâ S«eer.SC[ šskeâ., keâevehegj (GòejØeosMe) **MeesOeÚe$ee, DeeF&meskeäš ÙetefveJeefme&šer, Yeesheeue (ceoùeøeosme) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIV (3) May

4 a a esa ifr] o`)kolfkk esa iq=a og nklh cuh] HkksX;k cuh] isjks a dh twrh ds :i esa lkeus vkbza blh lekt esa xkxhz o es=s;h ds Hkh mnkgj.k feyrs gsaa lhrk] nzksinh] 'kdquryk dks D;k&D;k Hkksxuk im+ka ukjh dks ges'kk iq:"kksa }kjk jfpr 'kkl=ksa ds pks[kv esa tm+ fn;k x;ka jkek;.k] egkhkkjr] mrrj jkepfjr] dqekj lehko] LoIuoklonRr] e`pndfve~ es a blds?kks"k.kk i= ntz gsa lkearokn dh vkaf/k;ksa us ukjh ds pfj= ij] mlds egro ij >km+w Qsj fn;k rks iw athokn] lkezkt;okn ds egkjl us mls,d deksfmvh ds :i esa cny fn;ka ukjh dh vkhkw"k.k fiz;rk dh [okfg'k us mls?kj dk j[kk u?kkv dka mihkksdrkokn vksj cktkjhdj.k vksj islk ihvus ds lfeefyr egksrlo esa ukjh fokkiu,oa izn'kzu ls urfkh gks xbza dscjs Mkal] Dycks a dh c<+rh gksm+ vksj mldh [okfg'kks a us Hkh mlds reke ewy;ksa dks rk'k ds irrksa dh rjg QsaV MkykA Hkkjrh; LorU=rk vkunksyu vksj iquztkxj.k ds nksj us ukjh dks viuh flfkfr dk fo'ys"k.k djus dk utfj;k fn;ka iquztkxj.k us ukjh dk ewy;kadu gkyakfd gk;&gk; ds :i es a rjl [kkdj fd;k] ysfdu ;g 'kq:vkr rks ekuh gh tk ldrh gsa iqutkzxj.k ds nksj esa ukjh ds lanhkz esa tks ckrsa mriuu gqbz og fueufyf[kr Fkh % ^^ujd`fr 'kkl=ksa ds lc ca/ku] gs ukjh dks gh ysdj] vius fy, lhkh lqfo/kk,a] igys gh dj csbs uj**a mís'; % Xkzkeh.k ifjos'k eas dk;zjr efgykvkas ds lkekftd] vkffkzd,oa ikfjokfjd i`"bhkwfe,oa lel;kvkas dk irk yxkuka Xkzkeh.k efgykvkas dh osokfgd n'kk] fookg djkus ds ek/;e rfkk le;kof/k] ifr&iruh dh vk;q eas vurj,oa ;ksu lecu/kh 'kks"k.k rfkk ifjokj fu;kstu ds izfr tkx:drk dk irk yxkuka Efgykvkas ds dk;z{ks=,oa ikfjokfjd lel;kvkas dk irk yxkuka izkdyiuk, % ¼1½ Xkzkeh.k efgykvkas eas fueu 'ksf{kd Lrj,oa 'ksf{kd ds izfr tkx:drk u gksus dh lahkkouk vf/kd jgrh gsa ¼2½ Xkzkeh.k dk;zjr efgykvkas eas la;qdr ikfjokfjd Lo:Ik gksus dh lahkkouk vf/kd jgrh gsa ¼3½ Xkzkeh.k {ks=kas eas ijeijkxr fookg jhfr gksus dh lahkkouk vf/kd jgrh gsa xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh izeq[k lel;kvksa dk v/;;u % vkt ukjh dks bruh izrkm+uk dk lkeuk djuk im+ jgk gs] ftldh vfhko;fdr djuk fdlh v/;srk ds lkef;z es a ugha gsa ukjh dh fo'kkyrk] egkurk dks,d y; ls Hkkjr ds _f"k;ks a] egk_f"k;ks,oa uhfr fu;urkvksa us vfhko;dr fd;k gsa ijurq ns'k dh vkcknh esa vk/ks ls vf/kd tula[;k okyh turk orzeku le; esa vusd foinkvksa ls f?kjh gqbz gsa v/;;u {ks= % izlrkfor v/;;u mrrj izns'k jkt; ds jekckbz uxj ds ljou[ksm+k Cykd flfkr jfu;ka] jk;iqj o fdlku uxj vkfn xkao dh dk;zjr efgykvks a dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k] tgka ij efgyk,a d`f"k ds vykok vu; {ks= tsls vkaxuokm+h lgkf;dk] [kkuk cukus okyh] vk'kk cgq;s a] xzke lsod o QSfDVª;ks a,oa dkj[kkuks a vkfn es a dk;z dj jgh gsa ljdkjh,oa xsj ljdkjh iz;ruksa dk v/;;u,oa efgykvksa dk mrfkku % mifuos'k ls Hkkjr tc futkr ik;k rc viuh flfkfr dks izr;sd {ks=ks a es a leequr'khy cukus ds fy, fofhkuu izdkj dh ;kstukvks dks ewrz :i nsus ds fy, oklrfod /kjkry ij dk;z izkjehk fd;ka bl jk"vª dh vewy; /kjksgj dks izxfr ds {ks= es a fodkl ds fy, okrkoj.k cukus dk iz;ru Hkkjrh; ljdkj us fd;ka ¼1½ ukjh dezpkfj;ksa ds fy, gkwlvy ¼2½ ihfm+r ukfj;ksa ds iquokzl ds fy, izf'k{k.k dsunz] ¼3½ jkstxkj rfkk vk; mriuu djus okyh mriknu bdkb;k ] ¼4½ ukjh izf'k{k.k rfkk jkstxkj dk;zøe esa lgk;rk,oa ¼5½ ukjh f'k{kka efgykvksa dk ifjokj esa LFkku efgykvksa dk Øekad vko`frr izfr'kr ifjokj esa LFkku 1- vpnk cqjk lkeku; dqy ;ksx mijksdr lkj.kh ds voyksdu ls ;g Kkr gksrk gs] fd 63-3 izfr'kr efgykvksa dk ifjokj esa LFkku mrre dksfv dk gsa 28-7 izfr'kr efgykvksa dk LFkku ifjokj esa lkeku; Js.kh dk gs] tcfd 8 izfr'kr efgykvksa dk LFkku udkjkred gh gsa lanhkz % ¼1½ Arora, K.K., Bhattacharya and others (1963): Wom en and carrier, group report. ¼2½ vxzoky] vfuy ¼04&05½ % lkeku; Kku dk okf"kzd losz{k.k] Lokeh izdk'kd,oa eqnzd bykgkckn] i`"b 260&261 ¼3½ vej mtkyk] ¼17 flrecj] 05½ % jkmam n Dykd dsfj;j] vksj /kj esa my>h efgyk,] dkuiqj laldj.ka Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIV (3) May

5 s Since March 02 H ome Science An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 134, Vol - XIV (3), May - 15, Page No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor efkeâmeesj SJeb efkeâmeesefjùeew kesâ mjeemlùe hej heâemš hetâ[ keâe ØeYeeJe Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew efkeâmeesj SJeb efkeâmeesefjùeew kesâ mjeemlùe hej heâemš hetâ[ kesâ ØeYeeJe keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ heâemš hetâ[ Jes YeespÙe heoele& nq, pees yeepeej mes ner ncew Deæ&-efveefce&le DeJemLee cew efceueles nq, FmeefueS FvnW yeveeves cew keâce meceùe ueielee nw~ heâemš hetâ[ cew keâeyeexpe Je Jeeme keâer cee$ee DeefOekeâ heeùeer peeleer nw~ FmeceW efješeefceve Je efcevejume vener heeùes peeles nq, DeLee&led Mejerj keâes Fvemes hees<ece Øeehle vener neslee nw~ heâemš hetâ[ mš^erš hetâ[ kesâ Debleie&le ner Deeles nq~ FvnW ÛeeÙeveerpe hetâ[ kesâ veece mes Yeer peevee peelee nw, pewmes efheppee, yeie&j, heejeyeepeer, ÛeeTceerve Deeefo~ DeOÙeÙeve nsleg keâevehegj ceneveiej kesâ oef#ece kesâ kegâú FueekeâeW kesâ efjeåeeueùeew Je ceneefjeåeeueùeew keâe ÛeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ DeOÙeÙeve nsleg lelùeew keâe mebkeâueve 300 efkeâmeesjefkeâmeesefjùeew Éeje ØeMveeJeueer kesâ ceeoùece mes efkeâùee ieùee nw~ [e@.veerefuecee kebâjej* SJeb DehetJee& ef$ehee"er** fd'kksjkolfkk % fd'kksjkolfkk,d,slh volfkk gs] tks vius esa,d iw.kz volfkk gs fd'kksjkolfkk ds lecu/k es a ;g iw.kzrk ijeijkxr fo'okl jgk gs fd fd'kksjkolfkk fodkl dh,d vkurfjd volfkk gsa bl volfkk esa ckyd ds 'kkjhfjd,oa euksoskkfud xq.kksa esa ifjorzu izks<+kolfkk dh fn'kk es a gksrs gsaa os;fdrd fhkuurkvks a ds dkj.k dqn ckyd&ckfydkvksa esa fd'kksjkolfkk ls lecfu/kr y{k.k 'kh?kz,oa vf/kd Li"V <ax ls izdv gksus yxrs gsa rfkk dqn esa,d bu y{k.kksa dh mrifrr rfkk fodkl dqn nsj ls izkjehk gksrk gsa fd'kksjkolfkk gh og volfkk gs] tks ckyd dks 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] lkekftd rfkk laosxkred vkfn n`f"v ls izks<+ cukrh gsa QkLV QwM % QkLV QwM os HkksT; inkfkz gsa] tks cktkj ls gh gea s v/kzfufezr volfkk eas feyrs gsa] blhfy, bugas cukus eas de le; yxrk gsa QkLV QwM ea s dkckzst o okl dh ek=k vf/kd ik;h tkrh gsa blea fovkfeu o feujyl ugha ik;s tkrs gsa vfkkzr~ 'kjhj dks buds iks"k.k izkir ugha gksrk gs] QkLV QwM Hkh LVªhV QwM ds vurxzr gh vkrs gsaa bugas pk;uht QwM ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gsa tsls fittk] cxzj] ikohkkth] pkåehu vkfna QwM LVS.MZ,tsUlh tad QwM,d,slk 'kcn gs] tks ml Hkkstu dh O;k[;k djrk gs] tks vloklf;dkjh gksrk gsa mldh iksf"vd {kerk cgqr de gksrh gsa esdmksukyml ds vuqlkj& QkLV QwM og QkLV lfozl gs] tks cxsj fdlh osvj dh lgk;rk ds vkids ekax djus ij vkidk Lokfn"V o ialnhnk QwM vkids ikl igq p tk,a dqn fo'ks"k QkLV QwM deifu;k % esdmksuyl % nqfu;k dh lcls izfl) QkLV QwM jslvksjsuva lc os % QkLV QwM Ja `[kyk ij vk/kkfjr mhkjrk gqvk VksVy LVksjA Mksehukst % fittk Jà[kyk eas mhkjrk jslvksjsuv tks?kj igq p lsok nsrk gsa izkdyiuk % ¼1½ fd'kksj,oa fd'kksjh QkLV QwM lsou djus eas T;knk eas T;knk #fp fn[kkrs gsaa ¼2½ QkLV QwM lsou ij fokkiu dk izhkko im+rk gsa mís'; % ¼1½ QkLV QwM ds mi;ksx ls LokLF; ij im+us okys IkzHkko dks tkuuka ¼2½ QkLV QwM ds mi;ksx ij fokkiu dk izhkko tkuuka ¼3½ QkLV QwM lsou dh vf/kdrk dk dkj.k tkuuka v/;;u ls lecfu/kr 'kks/k dk;z MkWŒ iquhr vxzoky us crk;k fd lokzf/kd 72 Qhlnh,sls yksx fexhz ds f'kdkj gq,] tks 'kdkgkjh FksA bueas 46 Qhlnh lykn pkåehu o vu; QkLVQwM ls fexhz ds ejht cu x,a bu yksxkas ds fexhz QSykus okys dhm+s U;wjksflLVh ljdksfll ds v.ms thfor volfkk ;k cm+s vkdkj eas feys vksj ;gha lel;k dh eq[; otg FkhA 'kks/k i)fr o ;a= funzs'ku i)fr ls fd'kksjkolfkk ea s iks"k.k Lrj,oa vkgkjh; vknrka s ij QkLVQwM lsou dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gs] ftldh tkudkjh fd'kksj,oa fd'kksfj;ka s ls izkir dh x;h gsa *MeesOe-efveoxefMekeâe SJeb efjeyeeieeoùe#e (ie=nefje%eeve efjeyeeie), meer.sme.deepeeo ÙetefveJeefme&šer Dee@heâ S«eer.SC[ šskeâ., keâevehegj (GòejØeosMe) **MeesOeÚe$ee, DeeF&meskeäš ÙetefveJeefme&šer, Yeesheeue (ceoùeøeosme) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIV (3) May

6 v/;;u dh lhek izlrqr v/;;u dkuiqj egkuxj ds nf{k.k ds dqn bykdkas ds fo ky;kas egkfo ky;kas rd lhfer gsa QkLV QwM dk LokLF; ij izhkko Ø- fd kksj fd'kksjh iw.kz iw.kz lamrrj vko`frr izfr kr vko`frr izfr'kr izfr kr izfrn kz 1 vpnk cqjk irk ugha X 2 = = 4.50 P > 0.05 fm-ýh ¾ 2 rf;kas dk fo'ys"k.k o O;k[;k izlrqr v/;;u eas rf;kas dk ladyu 300 fd'kksj&fd'kksfj;ka s }kjk iz'ukoyh ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;k gsa mijksdr lkj.kh ls Li"V gksrk gs fd lcls vf/kd 70 izfr'kr fd'kksj,oa fd'kksjh bl ckr ls lger gsa fd QkLV QwM dk LokLF; ij cqjk izhkko im+rk gsa lanhkz % ¼1½ xzkeh.k fd'kksj ckfydkvkas dh vkgkjh; lapsruk,oa iks"k.k Lrj dh dk;z ;kstuk dk fø;kuo;u,oa ewy;kadu phpyh csjkx<+ 01- ¼2½ MkWŒ tsu 'kf'k izhkk % fd'kksjkas ds izfr ekrk&firk dh vfhkok`frr;k lkekftd lg;ksx] viszy] ebz] twu] 01- ¼3½ R.S. Reddy Robinson : Normal and Therapeutic Nutrition, 1999, Health and Nutrition & Teaching Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIV (3) May

7 a Since March 02 H ome Science An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 134, Vol - XIV (3), May - 15, Page No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor efkeâmeesj SJeb efkeâmeesefjùeew kesâ mjeemlùe SJeb meewvoùe& kesâ Øeefle peeie keâlee Øemlegle MeesOehe$e, efkeâmeesj SJeb efkeâmeesefjùeew kesâ mjeemlùe SJeb meewvoùe& kesâ Øeefle peeie keâlee hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ DeOÙeÙeve nsleg 300 efveome&ve FkeâeFÙeeW keâe ÛeÙeve efkeâ ieùee nw, pees uekevet ceneveiej kesâ efjeefyeve ceneefjeåeeueùeew kesâ efkeâmeesj SJeb efkeâmeesefjùeew lekeâ meerefcele nw, efpevekeâer DeeÙeg 17 mes 21 Je<e& nw~ mjeemlùe kesâ Øeefle peeie keâlee mebyeboeer ØeMve hej 60 ØeefleMele efkeâmeesj ves neb SJeb 40 ØeefleMele ves vener lelee ØeefleMele efkeâmeesefjùeew ves neb SJeb ØeefleMele efkeâmeesefjùeew ves vee keâe pejeeye efoùee nw~ Fme Øekeâej oskee pees lees efkeâmeesj SJeb efkeâmeesefjùeeb mjeemlùe kesâ Øeefle peeie keâ nq~ Jes mjeùeb keâes mjemle jkeves nsleg efjeefyeve Øekeâej kesâ JÙeeÙeece SJeb Ùeesie cew Yeer mebueive nq~ oer#ee efmebn* SJeb [e@.meefjlee Jecee&** izlrkouk % gekjk Hkkstu gekjs 'kjhj fuekz.k] 'kjhj dks dke djus ds fy, 'kfdr ns sus rfkk 'kjhj dks lqj{kk iznku djus] mls LoLFk j[kus ds fy, vko';d gsa iks"k.k fokku ges a dsoy 'kkjhfjd :i ls gh LoLFk ugha j[krk] cfyd ekufld :i ls Hkh LoLFk j[krk gsa orzeku le; esa fd'kksj,oa fd'kksfj;ka vius LOkkLF; ds lkfk&lkfk lksun;z ds izfr Hkh tkx:drk j[krs gsaa blh dkj.k os vius [kku&iku esa cnyko vksj lurqyu cuk, j[kuk pkgrs gsaa Hkkstu % Hkkstu }kjk gekjs 'kjhj dh lajpuk rfkk ejeer ds fy, fofhkuu iks"kd rro feyrs jgrs gs a] ftuls ges a 'kfdr feyrh gs vksj gekjs 'kjhj ds fofhkuu vax viuk dk;z lqpk: :i ls djrs jgrs gsaa gekjs Hkkstu ls gh VwVs Årdksa dks iqu% fuekz.k dk;z ds inkfkz izkir gksrs gsaa vkgkj % vkgkj o Bksl vfkok rjy inkfkz gs] tks thfor jgus] LokLF; dks cuk;s j[kus] lkekftd,oa ikfjokfjd lecu/kksa dh,drk gsrq laosxkred r`fir] lqj{kk] izse vkfn gsrq vko';d gksrk gsa O;fDr dh 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] laosxkred vksj lkekftd {kerk ds lurqyu ds fy, vkgkj vr;ur vko';d gsa iks"k.k % iks"k.k D;k gs\ bldk mrrj gj O;fDr vius fopkjksa ds vk/kkj ij nsrk gsa MkWDVj ds vuqlkj iks"k.k og gs] ftlesa jksxh dks vf/kd vkjke izkir gks ldsa lgh iks"k.k ds fy, Hkkstu esa iksf"vd rroksa dk mfpr lk/kuksa ds ek/;e ls mfpr ek=k es a gksuk vko';d gsa Hkkstu esa izksvhu] dkckszt] olk] thou lro] [kfut yo.k] ty dk mfpr ek=k esas gksuk mrre iks"k.k ds fy, vko';d gsa LokLF; % LokLF; og n'kk gs] ftlesa O;fDr ekufld] 'kkjhfjd rfkk okrkoj.k lecu/kh izkd`frd fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij viuk thou fuokzg djrk gsa LokLF; dks cuk;s j[kus esa Hkkstu,d egroiw.kz dkjd gsa ge tks Hkkstu xzg.k djrs gs mlh ds }kjk gekjk 'kjhj curk gsa fd'kksjkolfkk % fd'kksjkolfkk 12 ls 21 o"kz dh gksrh gsa bl volfkk es a ckyd esa laosxkred] 'kkjhfjd rfkk ekufld igyqvksa esa ØkfUrdkjh ifjorzu vkrk gsa bl mez esa cpps vusd lalfkkvksa,oa Dycksa ds lnl; cu tkrs gs vksj mudh lkekftdrk es a muufr gksus yxrh gsa 13 ls 17 o"kz ds ym+ds,dkurokl ilun djrs gsa bl volfkk es a cpps nwljks a }kjk dgh ckr dk xyr vfkz yxkrs gsaa bl dkj.k os dhkh&dhkh ekrk firk dk fojks/k Hkh djus yxrs gs] ym+ds ym+fd;ksa esa,d nwljs ds izfr vkd'kz.k mriuu gks tkrk gsa midyiuk % ¼1½ fd'kksj,oa fd'kksfj;ksa dks Hkkstu,oa LokLF; ds lecu/k esa ifjiw.kz Kku ugha gsa ¼2½ fd'kksj,oa fd'kksfj;ksa dh vis{kk Hkkstu dh xq.korrk ds LFkku ij ek=k dks vf/kd LFkku nsrs gsaa fun'kzu vkdkj % 'kks/k gsrq 300 fun'kzu bdkb;ksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gs] tks y[kuå egkuxj ds fofhkuu egkfo ky;ks a ds fd'kksj,oa fd'kksfj;ks rd lhfer gs] ftudh vk;q 17 ls 21 o"kz gsa *MeesOeÚe$ee, meebf&veele efjeõeefjeåeeueùe, jebûeer (PeejKeC[) **MeesOe-efveoxefMekeâe SJeb efjeyeeieeoùe#e (ie=nefje%eeve efjeyeeie), ceefnuee ceneefjeåeeueùe, efkeâojef& veiej, keâevehegj (GòejØeosMe) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIV (3) May

8 a vius LokLF; ds izfr tkx#drk Ø- fd kksj izfr kr fd kksfj;k izfr kr dqy izfr kr la- 1 gk ugha ;ksx df =1 dkbz LDok;j 0-36 P > 0.05 bl ckr ls lger gs fd LokLF; vksj lksun;z,d nwljs ds iwjd gsa\ bl ij izfr'kr fd'kksj us gk,oa izfr'kr us ugha rfkk izfr'kr fd'kksfj;ksa us gk,oa izfr'kr us uk dk tokc fn;ka dqy izfr'kr fd'kksj,oa fd'kksfj;ksa us gk rfkk izfr'kr us ugha dk mrrj fn;ka izkir ifj.kkeksa dk fooj.k % mijksdr rkfydk dks ns[kdj ;g Kkr gksrk gs fd izkir rkfydk dh fmýh 1 gs rfkk izkir rkfydk ds vkadm+ks dk dkbz&ldok;j 0-12 gksrk gsa pwafd -05 Lrj ij fmýh 1 dh rkfydk x 2 dk eku gksrk gs] tks fd izkir x 2 ds eku ls vf/kd gsa vr% midyiuk Lohdk;Z gsa lanhkz % ¼1½ flag] MkW0 vuhrk % LokLF;,oa iks"k.k fokkua ¼2½ lqf[k;k,l0ih0 % iks"k.k,oa vkgkj fokku ds ewy fl)kura LokLF; ds izfr tkx:d gsa bl ij 60 izfr'kr fd'kksj us gk,oa 40 izfr'kr us ugha rfkk izfr'kr fd'kksfj;ksa us gk,oa izfr'kr fd'kksfj;ksa us uk dk tokc fn;k gsa dqy izfr'kr fd'kksj,oa fd'kksfj;ksa us gk rfkk izfr'kr us ugha dk mrrj fn;ka izkir ifj.kkeksa dk fooj.k % mi;qzdr rkfydk dks ns[kdj ;g Kkr gksrk gs fd izkir rkfydk dh fmýh 1 gs rfkk izkir rkfydk ds vkadm+ks a dk dkbz&ldok;j -36 gsa pwafd -05 Lrj ij fmýh 1 dh rkfydk dk x 2 dk eku gksrk gs] tks fd izkir rkfydk ds x 2 eku ls vf/kd gsa vr% midyiuk Lohdk;Z gsa LokLF; vksj lksun;z,d nwljs ds iwjd Ø- fd kksj izfr kr fd kksfj;k izfr kr dqy izfr kr la- 1 gk ugha ;ksx df =1 dkbz LDok;j& 0-12 Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIV (3) May

9 Since March 02 vkt dk ;qx fokkiu dk ;qx gs] pkgs mrikn vpnk gks ;k u gks] ysfdu fokkiu vpnk gs] rks mihkksdrk Hkh ml ij fo'okl djus yxrk gsa vkt NksVs cm+s gj mrikn dk fokkiu t:j cuk;k tkrk gsa rhkh rks fokkiu ds {ks= es a dsfj;j dh vikj lahkkouk;s mhkjh gsaa cktkj es a izksmsdv dh Hkjekj gksus ds dkj.k u, dkj[kkus [kqy jgs a ga SA mlds lkfk gh u;s&u;s mrikn vksj jkstxkj dh vlhe lahkkouk, Hkh lkekus vk jgh gsa ÞfoKkiuß,d cgqpfpzr 'kcn gs] tks nsfud O;ogkj es a dke vkus okyh gks ;k lksun;z izlk/ku lacu/kh gks ;k dksbz vu; olrq gks mldh yksx izflf) ls gsa igys fokkiu dks dsoy lwpuk nsuk ek= le>k tkrk Fkk ysfdu vk/kqfud O;kikj txr es a bldk {ks= folr`r,oa O;kid gks x;k gsa fokkiu ds ek/;e ls mrikn fuekzrk vius 'kq) ykhk dks vf/kd ls vf/kd dj ldrk gsa mrikn pkgs vpnk gks ;k u gks ysfdu vxj ml mrikn dk fokkiu vpnk gs] rks ml mrikn olrq ¼mRikn½ dh ekax mldh leku olrq ls vf/kd gksxha fokkiu ds ek/;e ls fdlh?kfv;k mrikn dh fcøh dks Hkh c<+k;k tk ldrk gsa fokkiu vius mrikn dh rjg xzkgdksa dks bl rjhds ls vkdf"kzr djrk gs fd ml mrikn dh t:jr gks ;k u gks rc Hkh mihkksdrk mls [kjhnrk gsa vkerksj ij Vsyhfotu] jsfm;ks] buvjusv] v[kckjksa] if=dkvksa] fcy] cksmz gksfmzax vkfn ds ek/;e ls fokkiuks a dk izpkj fd;k tkrk gsa cktkj es a mrikn dh Hkjekj gksus ds ckotwn fur u, dkj[kkus [kqy jgs gsaa blds lkfk gh u;s u;s mrikn vksj bl {ks= es a jkstxkj dh vlhe lahkkouk, Hkh lekus vk jgh gs a] gkykafd bl {ks= es a vusd pquksfr;k Hkh gsaa fokkiu ds dk;z % fdlh Hkh O;olk; ds dk;z mlds mn~ns'; ij vk/kkfjr gksrs H ome Science An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 134, Vol - XIV (3), May - 15, Page No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor ceefnueedeew kesâ eâùe-jùejenej hej efje%eeheve kesâ ØeYeeJe : Skeâ DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew ceefnueedeew kesâ eâùe-jùejenej hej efje%eeheve kesâ ØeYeeJe keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ efje%eeheve oskeves cew Dekeämej ceefnuee Jeie& Gme Jemleg keâes Kejeroves kesâ efues Glmegkeâ nes peeleer nq, efpevnw Jen Deheves yepeš kesâ yeenj heeleer nq lelee Gvekeâer GheÙeesefielee Je iegcejeòee keâe mener GheÙeesie vener keâj heeleer nw, FmeefueS ceefnueedeew keâes efkeâmeer Yeer efje%eeheve mes ØeYeeefJele ve neskeâj Deheves efjejeskeâhetce& efvece&ùe mes Jemleg keâe eâùe keâjve ÛeeefnS~ Deepe kesâ meceùe cew yeì{les Glheeove keâes GlheeokeâeW Éeje efje%eeheve mes peveceeveme lekeâ hengbûeeùee Ùee Gvekeâe %eeve keâjeùee peelee nw lelee Gmekeâer iegcejeòee keâe efjeõeeme efoueeùee peelee nw, hejbleg Fmeer yeele keâe heâeùeoe G"ekeâj keâf& Glheeokeâ Dehevee IeefšÙee ceeue peveceeveme lekeâ yesûeves cew keâeceùeeye nesles nq, hejbleg ncew %eeve nesvee ÛeeefnS efkeâ mener Jemleg keäùee nw Deewj ieuele keäùee nw~ [e@.veerefuecee kebâjej* SJeb efmekee Mecee&** gsaa blh izdkj fokkiu ds dk;z Hkh fokkiu ds mn~ns'; ij vk/kkfjr gsa ;fn fokkiu ds mn~ns';,oa dk;z izeq[k gsa] tsls O;olkf;d dk;z] euksoskkfud dk;z] lekftd dk;z] vkffkzd dk;za fokkiu dk igyk dk;z O;olkf;d dk;z gsa O;olkf;d dk;z ds nks dk;z gs] igyk izeq[k dk;z gs ftles a igyk dk;z turk dks lwpuk nsuk gs ftles a olrq fokkiudrkz ds }kjk ;k rks izlrqr dh tkus okyh gs ;k mldh fcøh dh tk jgh gs nwljk dk;z foø; o`f) djuk gs ftlesa uohu xzkgdksa dh la[;k esa o`f) djds olrq ds u;s mi;ksx izpfyr djds] olrq dh ekax cuk;s j[kdj] foø; es a o`f) dh tkrh gs ;g dk;z turk,oa foøsrkvks a dks f'kf{kr djds QS'ku ds vuqdwy mriknu djds] forjdksa ij izhkko Mkydj o Fkksd,oa QqVdj foøsrkvksa esa lg;ksx djds fd;k tkrk gsa fokkiu ds mn~ns'; % orzeku ;qx fokkiu dk ;qx gs fokkiu vk/kqfud O;kikj rfkk okf.kt; dh /kqjh gsa fokkiu us gh O;olkf;d lalkj esa O;kikj dks muufr ds f'k[kj ij igq pk fn;k gsa,d fokkiu ds vuqlkj&orzeku O;kikj dh lathouh Hkh fokkiu gh gsa fokkiu dk izfke mn~ns'; mihkksdrk dks uofufezr olrqvksa dh tkudkjh nsuk gs bldk dkj.k ;g gs fd tc rd xzkgd dks ubz olrq ds ckjs es a tkudkjh ugh izkir gksrh gs] rks mls ml olrq dks izkir djus dh Hkh ykylk ugh gksrh gsa bl izdkj ekax c<+us dk iz'u gh ugh mbrk fokkiu gh olrq dh ekax esa o`f) djrk gs] fokkiu dk nwljk mn~ns'; ekax mriuu djuk gsa ftlesa olrq dh tkudkjh nsus ds ckn fokkiu dks ml olrq dh ekax mriuu djuh im+rh gsa fokkiu ds }kjk yksxks a dks ml olrq dh mi;ksfxrk crkdj ml olrq dks dke es a ykus o mls Ø; djus ds fy, izsfjr djuk gksrk gsa Qyr% ml olrq dks dke es a ykus o mls Ø; djus *MeesOe-efveoxefMekeâe SJeb efjeyeeieeoùe#e (ie=nefje%eeve efjeyeeie), meer.sme.deepeeo ÙetefveJeefme&šer Dee@heâ S«eer.SC[ šskeâ., keâevehegj (GòejØeosMe) **MeesOeÚe$ee, DeeF&meskeäš ÙetefveJeefme&šer, Yeesheeue (ceoùeøeosme) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIV (3) May

10 s ds fy, izsfjr djuk gksrk gsa Qyr% olrq dh ekax mriuu gksrh gsa fokkiu dk,d mn~ns'; ;g Hkh gs mriuu ekax dks flfkj j[kuk gs fd olrq dh tks ekax mriuu gqbz gsa mls?kvus ugh fn;k tk,a mls flfkj j[kk tk,a blds fy, fuekzrk cjkcj fokkiu nsdj turk esa fo'okl tekrk gs,oa olrq ds xq.kksa ls voxr djkrk gsa xzkgdksa dh f'kdk;r nwj djrk gs] ftlls yksxksa dk fo'okl te tkus ij ekax flfkj jgrh gs fokkiu dk vxyk mn~ns'; flqz mriuu ekax dks flfkj j[kuk gh ugh oju~ mlesa vfrfjdr vksj u;s xzkgd cukuk rfkk olrq dh ekax es a o`f) djuk Hkh gs ;g dk;z fokkiu es a foof/krk ykdj gh fd;k tk ldrk gsa ¼1½ fokkiu ls gksus okys Hkze ¼Nykok½ ds izfr efgykvks a dks tkx:d djuka ¼2½ fokkiu dh rqyuk esa olrq dh xq.korrk ds vk/kkj ij Ø; dks c<+kok nsuka ¼3½ efgykvksa ds lunhkz esa fdl izdkj dk fokkiu izhkko'kkyh gksrk gsa tkudj efgykvksa ds lecu/k esa mriknksa dks fokkfir djuka ¼4½ fokkiu ls izhkkfor gksus okyh Ø; bpnk ds vksfpr; dks crkuka ¼5½ fokkiu dk izhkko fdl vk;q oxz ij vf/kd im+rk gs] bl Kku ds vk/kkj ij mugs Hkfo"; ds fy, vko';d ijke'kz nsuka ¼6½ fokkiu ds egroiw.kz fof/k;ksa dh tkudkjh fofhkuu mriknksa dks fokkiu esa ykuka ¼7½ fofhkuu mriknksa ds izfr :>ku fdl izdkj ds fokkiu dj ldrs gsa bl fokkiu dk mi;ksx efgykvksa dks mriknksa ds izfr tkudkjh nsus ds fy, djuka ¼8½ fokkiu dk izhkko fofhkuu vk;q oxz dh efgykvksa ij fdl izdkj im+rk gs muds O;ogkj ds vk/kkj ij Ø; djus dh ¼Inpulsiveness and Compulsiveness½ gsrq mugsa ijke'kz gksuka fokkiu mrikn dks [kjhnus dh bpnk iz'u la0 ¼16½ ¼2½ ¼4½ ¼14½ ¼15½ mrrj ;qok izks<+ X 2 P df iw.kzr% lger lger vfuf pr vlger iw.kzr% vlger iw.kzr% lger lger vfuf pr vlger iw.kzr% vlger iw.kzr% lger lger vfuf pr vlger iw.kzr% vlger iw.kzr% lger lger vfuf pr vlger iw.kzr% vlger iw.kzr% lger lger vfuf pr vlger iw.kzr% vlger > < < < <.01 4 izkir ifj.kkeksa dk fooj.k % mijksdr rkfydk la0& ns[kus ls irk yxrk gs fd in la0 16] ds lanhkz es a x 2 = 7.49 izkir gqvk gs] tksfd lkfkzd ugh gsa vr% 'kwu; midyiuk] fd ;qok,oa izks<+ efgykvksa ds fopkj esa fokkiu gesa [kjhnkjh ds fy;s izsfjr djrs gsa] esa vurj ugh gksxk] Lohd`r gksrk gsa bl vk/kkj ij fu"d"kz fudyrk gs fd ;qok rfkk izks<+ efgykvksa ds fopkj,d ls gs rfkk rkfydk ea s nh x;ha izfof"v;ksa ls irk yxrk gs fd nksuksa gh oxz fokkiu dks [kjhnkjh dh izsj.kk Lohdkj djrs gsa in la0 2 dk x 2 (=11.107).05 Lrj ij lkfkzd gsa vr% 'kwu; midyiuk fd ;qok,oa izks<+ efgykvks a ds chp fokkfir olrq dks mi;ksx esa ykus dh bpnk esa vurj ugh gksxk] vlohd`r gksrh gsa fu"d"kz fudyrk gs fd bl izdkj dh bpnk esa nksuks lewgks esa vurj gsa rkfydk esa fn, x, vk dm+ a n'kkzrs gsa fd ;qok oxz es a bl izdkj dh bpnk gksus dh Lohd`fr vf/kd feyh gs] tcfd izks<+ oxz esa Lohd`fr ds de rfkk vfuf'prk ds vk dm+s vf/kd gsa vr% [kjhnkjh dh bpnk ij vk;q dk izhkko fn[kkbz nsrk gsa izks<+ efgykvkas esa bl izdkj dh bpnk de ik;h x;h] ftldk dkj.k mudk lksp le>dj [kjhnkjh djuk gks ldrk gsa in la0 4 esa Hkh x2 (.92).01 Lrj ij lkfkzd ik;k x;ka 'kwu; midyiuk, fd ;qok rfkk izks<+ efgykvks a es a fdlh,d deiuh dk mrikn gksus ij Hkh nwljh deiuh ds fokkfir mrikn dks [kjhnus esa dksbz vurj ugh gksrk] vlohd`r gksrh gsa rkfydk esa fn;s x;s vkdm+ks a ls irk pyrk gs fd ;qok efgykvksa esa bl fcunq ij izks<+ efgykvksa dh vis{kk vf/kd lgefr ik;h x;ha fokkiu ns[kus esa vdlj efgyk oxz ml olrq dks [kjhnus ds fy;s mrlqd gks tkrh gsa] ftugs a og vius ctv ds ckgj ikrh gsa rfkk mudh mi;ksfxrk o xq.koùkk dk lgh mi;ksx ugha dj ikrh gsa blfy, efgykvksa dks fdlh Hkh fokkiu ls izhkkfor u gksdj vius foosdiw.kz fu.kz; ls olrq dk Ø; djuk pkfg,a vkt ds le; esa c<+rs mriknu dks mrikndksa }kjk fokkiu ls tuekul rd igq pk;k ;k Kku djk;k tkrk gs rfkk mldh xq.koùkk dk fo'okl fnyk;k tkrk gs] ijurq blh ckr dk Qk;nk mbkdj dbz mriknd viuk?kfv;k eky tueklu rd cspus esa dke;kc gksrs gsaa ijurq gesa Kku gksuk pkfg, fd lgh olrq D;k gs vksj xyr D;k gsa lunhkz % ¼1½ ferry ih0 oh0 % mpp O;olkf;d vfkz'kkl=] i`0 10&12] latho izdk'ku] vkxjka ¼2½ ikvuh vkj0,y0 % O;olkf;d ;k O;ogkfjd lkaf[;dh;] latho izdk'ku vkxjk] eqnzd&bf.m;u izsl esjba ¼3½ ferry ih0 oh0 % vks ksfxd vfkz'kkl=] i`0 10&15] f'kok izdk'ku vkxjk] eqnzd&bf.m;u izsl esjba ¼4½ ikvuh vkj0,y0 % Ykkxr,oa izcu/kdh; ys[kkadu] i`0 102&104] f'kok izdk'ku vkxjka Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIV (3) May