Spirituality and Religiosity : The Ultimate Solution of Human Anxieties

Transcription

1 Since Mrch 2002 R eserch Pper An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 122, Vol - XIII (3), My , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No Spiritulity nd Religiosity : The Ultimte Solution of Humn Anxieties Pryer, rituls, beliefs brings clmness nd pece in one's life nd teches mn wht is wrong nd wht is right. Throughout the life, mn struggles for survivl nd gthering welth without relising the ultimte truth of life. This struggle for survivl ffects the mentl helth nd results in nxiety in humn beings. Anxiety is n unplesnt feeling of fer, worry, nd unesiness, usully generlized nd unfocused s n overrection to sitution tht is only subjectively seen s thretening. Religiosity nd Spiritulity motivtes to live in present nd to perform duties with detchment. As ll re performing their llotted roles on the stge, if only this is relised, the life will be definitely free from ll the worries nd miseries. In this rticle n ttempt hs been mde to highlight the importnce of religion nd spiritulity by tking few shbds from Guru Grnth Shib ji. DR.SURINDER KAUR Introduction : The existence of humn beings is becoming complex dy by dy due to increse in competitions in ll the spheres in the society. It strts from the childhood itself, when prents expects their kids to be n ll rounder nd strts sending them to the ply schools nd then the 3 yer toddler cn be seen going to the hobby clsses during vctions. The journey thus begins from the childhood, the next step in the schools for better results mong the peer groups, fter tht to work hrd for the competitive exms for dmissions in the prestigious colleges, next for the job, then to the hndsome pckge. The competition does not stop here, but the next stge rrives for mtrimonil settlement, djustments, kids, their eduction nd settlement. Then the time rrives when the 3 yer old toddler grows old nd expects love nd cre from the fmily members, nd my be surrounded by helth problems but by tht time ll my be busy in their lives. At tht stge the mn when looks behind, relises how the life hs been spent under stress nd nxiety since childhood which could hve been spent comfortbly lso. Now the question rises why such relistion comes so lte in most of the cses. One cn get simple nswer tht by listening to the Spiritul Gurus nd reding spiritul nd religious books. Objectives of Study : (1) To find out the reltionship between prctising rituls nd nxiety. (2) To find out the wys to keep nxiety t by by moving on the pth of religiosity nd spiritulity. Methodology of Study : The importnt prt of ny reserch pper is its objectives nd these objectives cn be chieved by the methodology used by the resercher in the pper. The dt for the purpose of chieving the objectives my be collected from two wys, primry nd secondry. For this pper secondry dt is collected from reference books, journls nd internet. Mening of Religion nd Spiritulity : Now the question rises wht is religion? Wht is spiritulity? There re numerous definitions of religion. The typicl dictionry definition of religion refers to "belief in, or the worship of, God or Gods" or the "service nd worship of God or the supernturl.and Religiosity, in its brodest sense, is comprehensive sociologicl term used to refer to the numerous spects of religious ctivity, dediction, nd belief (religious doctrine). Spiritulity is the concept of n ultimte or n lleged immteril relity; n inner pth enbling person to discover the essence of his/her being; or the "deepest vlues nd menings by which people live." Spiritul prctices, including medittion, pryer nd contempltion, re intended to develop n individul's inner life. Spiritulity nd Religiosity tkes humn being up to the stge of self-relistion. At tht stge the humn beings cn led the life of prmnnd free from ll the worries, tensions of dy to dy life leding to nxiety, stress, nd depression. In Autobiogrphy of Yogi, Prmhns Yognnd writes, Life by life mn progresses Assistnt Professor, Post Grdute Govt. College, Sector- 46, Chndigrh Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

2 (t his own pce be it ever so errtic) towrd the gol of his own potheosis. Deth, no interruption in this onwrd sleep, simply offers mn the more congenil environment of n strl world in which to purify his dross. It hs been stted in Bhgvd-Git As It Is, Shutting out ll externl sense objects, keeping the eyes nd vision concentrted between the two eyebrows, suspending the inwrd nd outwrd breths within the nostrils, nd thus controlling the mind, senses nd intelligence, the trnscendentlist iming t libertion becomes free from desire, fer nd nger. One who is lwys in this stte is certinly liberted. The purpose of this rticle is to mke people live in present nd to perform duties with detchment. Few shbds from Shri Guru Grnth Shib Ji hve been tken which sttes how one cn be relieved from worries like: Simru Simr Simr Sukh Pwo,Kl Klesh Tn Mhe Mitwo Prbh Ke Simrn howe So Bhl,Prbh Ke Simrn Suphl Phl Nnk Chint Mt Kro,Chint Tis Hi He,Jl mein Jnt Upe Ke Tin Bhi Roji De Chrn Chlo Mrg Gobind,Mite Pp Jpiy Hr bind T Ko Bighn N Lge Koe,J Ke Ride Bse Hr Soye Ss Ss Simro Gobind,Mnn Anter Ki Utre Chind Eh mnn mere,tu Sd Rho hr nle,hr Nl Rho Tu mnn mere,dookh sbb Visrn Tu Khe Dole Prniy,Tudh Rkheg Sirjnhr,Jin Pdish Tu Kiy Soi De Adhr The bove mentioned shbds sttes tht one should lwys remember Prbhu nd ttin hppiness nd it will help in removing ll types of pin in the humn body. Remembering God in ll the situtions is lwys good nd the best fruits re received in one's life. God is there to look fter the well being of ll the cretures, why to worry for the existence, God is even looking fter the cretures living inside the wter. If one moves on the pth of God nd remembers God even for moment from hert, then the mn will be free from ll the misdeeds in life. The person will be free from ll the misfortunes nd problems of life if God is lwys remembered from hert by the person. With every breth by remembering God, One will be free from ll the worries of life. Oh my mind lwys lives in the memory of God, nd then only one cn be wy from ll the pins nd miseries. Oh mn remin relx, God is there to look fter it's ll the cretures. Conclusion : The crux of ll the religion is one nd the sme, tht by remembering God, one will be free from ll the miseries. Free from ll the miseries here mens the strength one gets to fce ll the chllenges in life by reciting shloks, visiting religious plces nd performing vrious rituls. It does not men tht one should sit idle witing for the results, but to perform krm wholehertedly with detchment. Now dys it hs been dvised even by the professionl councilors to prctice medittion nd rituls for the overll wellbeing i.e., mentl, physicl nd emotionl. References : (1) N.K.Singh,2005, Science nd Spiritulity, Globl Vision Publishing House, New Delhi. (2) Robert S. Feldmn, 2009, Understnding Psychology, Tt Mc Grw Hill, New Delhi. (3) Lind L. Dvidoff, Introduction to Psychology, McGrw- Hill (4) Richrd W. Mlott & Donld L. Whley, Psychology, Hrper & Row Publishers. (5) S.Subb Ro, 1988, Bhgvd Git, Publictions Indi, New Delhi. (6) Hymns of Guru Nnk, 1991, Trnslted by Khushwnt Singh & Arpit Singh (7) Dr. Kulwnt Singh Khokhr 2003,NITNEM trnslted in English, Gurmukhi And Romn in English Chrcters. Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

3 Since Mrch 2002 R eserch Pper An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 122, Vol - XIII (3), My , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No Women Reservtion Bill : A 18 Yers Journey The ide of Women Reservtion Bill originted first to correct historicl wrongs with respect to sttus, identity, tretment nd imge of women in the society. But it took 18 yers to pss the Bill in the Prliment house, due to common prctice followed by the politicl prties, which they swer for supporting the bill but s soon s it is introduced in the house, n ugly gme is plyed by the politicins with their vigorous protests, mking it impossible for the proceedings to continue nd the rod blocks set up for OBCs nd minorities within women's quot. The onus is now on prlimentrins to come out with the verdict in the fvour of this long wited Bill to get it pss in the Lok Sbh, which would work in the process of women empowerment. Pssing of Women Reservtion Bill in both the houses of Prliment would definitely bring soothing nd fruitful trnsformtion in the Indin politics providing socil consciousness to the democrtic life of the country. MRS. PUJA MANGUTKAR PATIL Introduction : Across centuries, the sttus of women in Indi hs seen mny rise nd fll. The rise in the sttus of womn is reflected through lrge number of women's entering into field of medicine, business, lw, politics, eduction nd mny more. Women Reservtion Bill is one such step to encourge them to enter the field of politics. And decline in their sttus is through vrious types of customs nd lws relting to mrrige, widowhood, property rights nd socil imge of womn. Historiclly, Indin women hve been denied socil, economic nd politicl opportunities. Even tody, women fce discrimintion of one sort or other both in privte or public sphere. Women's lower sttus ws often justified by the nturl result of biologicl difference. They re still considered to be less intelligent nd less cretive. Women Reservtion Bill Journey Till Dte : Mrch 9, 2010 ws gret dy of chievement for women, s the women reservtion bill, which speks of 33.3% reservtion for women t ech level of legisltive decision mking, strting the sets with the Lok Sbh, down to stte nd locl legisltures ws pssed in the Rjy Sbh with 186 votes in fvour, one ginst nd no bstentions. Here on, the bill will be forwrded to Lok Sbh nd once pssed their, it will go to the stte ssemblies before the president of Indi Stmps it s lw of lnd. The women reservtion bill of 33.3% sets in Prliment nd Stte legisltures ws first drfted by the H. D. Deve Gowd led Union Front Government nd introduced in the Lok Sbh on 12th September This reservtion bill hs undergone roller coster ride since its inception s vrious politicl prties tried to get politicl consensus on the bill but filed. In yer 1998 the bill ws re - introduced by Atl Bihri Vjpyee's NDA government in the 12th Lok Sbh when, lw minister M. Thmbiduri rose to introduce the bill on 13th July 1998 RJD MP Surendr Prsd Ydv sntched it from the speker G. M. C. Blyogi nd toned it. The NDA government re introduced the bill in the yer 1999 but filed to get the consensus to pss the bill. In 2002 the bill ws gin introduced where, the Left prties nd the congress gve the ssurnce to support it if tken up. In yer 2003 the bill ws introduced twice, first in Mrch 2003 where, fter n ll prty meeting, BJP spokesperson Vijy Mlhotr sid, We wnt the Bill pssed in this session itself, with or without consensus. And second time it ws introduced in My 2003 where in while ddressing n ll prty meeting, Speker Mnohr Joshi nnounced deferring of the bill nd lso sying they would never llows the Bill to be pssed. In Mrch 2004 just before the Lok Sbh elections Atl Bihri Vjpyee blmed Congress for stlling the bill nd Assistnt Professor (Deprtment of Commerce), Govt. College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Khndol Go Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

4 sid BJP nd its llies would pss the legisltion fter getting decisive mndte in 2004 elections. In the sme yer, United Progressive Allince (UPA) government included Women Reservtion Bill in the Common Minimum Progrm, which sid, The UPA government will tke the led to introduce the legisltion for one third reservtion for women in Vidhn Sbh nd in the Lok Sbh. BJP nnounced its complete support for the Women Reservtion Bill in the yer On the other hnd, subsequently, it yields to the objections of Um Bhrti nd severl others within the prty, who stress on quot within quot for women on cste bsis. In 2008, the government tbled the bill in the Rjy Sbh so tht the legisltion does not lpse. The Prlimentry Stnding Committee on Lw nd Justice nd Personnel recommended the pssge of the Bill in December Yer 2010 should be considered s yer of chievements with respect to Women Reservtion Bill since its inception. In the beginning of the yer i.e., on 25th Februry 2010, the Union Cbinet gve green signl to the Bill. But on 8th Mrch 2010, few Member of Prliments nd Smjwdi Prty put the Prliment nd democrcy to shme when they tore the Bill nd ttcked Hmid Ansri, the Vice President nd Chirmn of Rjy Sbh. 9th Mrch 2010 should lwys remin remrkble dy in the history of Women Reservtion Bill becuse of pssge of the Bill in the Rjy Sbh nd should be considered s pth - breking socil reform in the relm of women's empowerment in independent Indi. Conclusion : The ide of Women Reservtion Bill originted first to correct historicl wrongs with respect to sttus, identity, tretment nd imge of women in the society. But it took 18 yers to pss the Bill in the Prliment house, due to common prctice followed by the politicl prties, which they swer for supporting the bill but s soon s it is introduced in the house, n ugly gme is plyed by the politicins with their vigorous protests, mking it impossible for the proceedings to continue nd the rod blocks set up for OBCs nd minorities within women's quot. The onus is now on prlimentrins to come out with the verdict in the fvour of this long wited Bill to get it pss in the Lok Sbh, which would work in the process of women empowerment. Pssing of Women Reservtion Bill in both the houses of Prliment would definitely bring soothing nd fruitful trnsformtion in the Indin politics providing socil consciousness to the democrtic life of the country. The ffirmtive ction of reservtion ws nd is necessry to help to overcome socil nd economic inequlities. This Bill would lso encourge the women in the country to come out nd contribute to the process of ntion building. References : (1) (2) women_reservtion_bill.html (3) (4) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

5 Z Since Mrch 2002 R eserch Pper An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 122, Vol - XIII (3), My , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No KeeÅe, hees<ece Deewj heùee&jejce megj#ee : Skeâ DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew KeeÅe, hees<ece Deesj heùee&jejce megj#ee keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ Fme meceùe efjeõe cew Ùener leerveew pjeueble mecemùeesb nq~ Ùeefo Fve leerveew hej nce keâeyet keâjves cew meheâue ngs, lees efve eùe ner efjeõe cew ÛeejeW Deesj Deceve SJeb Meebefle nesieer~ FveceW mes heùee&jejce keâes yeûeevee SJeb Fmekeâer DeefYeJe=efæ keâjvee efjeõe keâer ØeeLeefcekeâ DeeJeMÙekeâlee nw, keäùeewefkeâ Fmekeâer keâceer SJeb efjeveeme mes GlheVe og<øeyeejeew mes meyeer $emle nq~ Fme efomee cew efjeõe kesâ meyeer osme ØelÙeveMeerue nq~ Fmekesâ efues megefveùeesefpele ØeÙeeme ve kesâjeue mejkeâejer mlej hej, Deefheleg meeceeefpekeâ SJeb JÙeefòeâiele mlej hej Yeer keâjves newies, efpememes heùee&jejceerùe megefmlejlee ueeùeer pee mekesâ Deewj peerjeve peerves keâer Ûegveewleer mes efveheše pee mekesâ~ [e@.ceesefvekeâe DemeJeeue izr;sd tho dk,d fof'k"v ifjos'k ;k ek/;e gksrk gs] ftlds lkfk og yxkrkj ikjlifjd fø;k djrk gs vksj ftlds fy, og iwjh rjg ls vuqdwfyr gksrk gs] ;gh ifjos'k izkd`frd Ik;kZoj.k gsa izkd`frd Ik;kZoj.k 'kcn gekjs eflr"d e s Hkw&n`'; tsls & feêh] ikuh] jsfxlrku ;k igkm+ dk lkeku; :Ik miflfkr djrk gs] ysfdu Ik;kZoj.k ds vusd?kvd gs] tks euq"; us cuk, gsa bl izdkj Ik;kZoj.k] izd`fr vksj euq"; }kjk cuk, x, Ik;kZoj.k dh liw.kzrk gsa ekuo fufezr Ik;kZoj.k es [ksr] 'kgj] vks ksfxd LFkku 'kkfey gsa ¼1½ Hkkjr es dbz Hkkxks es O;kid :Ik e s vks ksfxdhdj.k gqvk gs] kgjhdj.k rsth ls c<+ jgk gsa m ksxks ds c<+us ds lkfk&lkfk xzkeh.k turk fudvre vks ksfxd {ks=ks dh vksj izokl djrh tk jgh gs] fo'o LokLF; lxbu dh ifjhkk"kk ds vuqlkj gekjh xzkeh.k turk ds rhu izeq[k 'k=q gs& xjhch] dqiks"k.k vksj ijthoh x`lua bu ifjflfkfr;ks ds dkj.k uo&izokflr Øfed turk dh thou 'kfdr de gks xbz gs vksj ;s vks ksfxd iznw"kdks ds LokLF; ij [kjkc izhkkoks ds izfr vf/kd losnu'khy gks x, gsa ¼2½ vkgkj thou dh izkfkfed vko';drk gsa ge tks vkgkj ysrs gs ] mldk 'kjhj es ikpu fd;k tkrk gsa izd`fr us fofhkuu [kk &inkfkks dk Hkkstu dk :Ik fn;k gs] ftls dppk ;k idk dj ge mi;ksx djrs gs A,sls inkfkz gekjs ikpd vxks }kjk ipk fy, tkrs gs ] ftuls Årdks dk fuekz.k,o iks"k.k gksrk gsa tkx`r ;k lqirkolfkk e s gekjs dk;z djrk jgrk gsa xfr ds dkj.k 'kjhj es miflfkr iks"kd rroks dk jklk;fud fø;kvks }kjk vkwdlhdj.k gksrk jgrk gs] ftlls jdr es miflfkr iks"kd&rro tyrs jgrs gs vksj mu rroks dh deh gksrh tkrh gs] ftldh iwfrz ge Hkkstu }kjk djrs gsa ¼3½ Hkkjrh; fokku dkxzsl ds 88os leesyu es ekuk x;k fd o"kz 2020 rd Hkkjr Hkw[kejh vksj dqiks"k.k ls eqdr gksxk vksj Ik;kZoj.k dh n`f"v ls lqjf{kr gks tk,xka ;g cgqr gh pquksrh Hkjk dk;z gsa ¼4½ Hkkjr dk [kk mriknu 1999&2000 es 2-06 djksm+ Vu vk dk x;k gsa ;g gekjs ns'k dh c<+rh vkcknh ds HkjisV [kkus ds fy, Ik;kZIr ugh gs] tks vc,d vjc ls vf/kd gsa bl le; gekjh,d frgkbz tul[;k xjhch ds dkj.k vk/ks isv Hkkstu djrh gs vksj thou ds fy, [kk,d= ugh dj ldrh gsa Hkkjr es 25 djksm+ yksx vko';d dsyksjh dk dsoy rhu pksfkkbz gh mi;ksx djrs gs ] tcfd 5-5 djksm+ viuh nsfud vko';drk dk vk/kk gh ysrs gs A lqlfkkfir iks"k.k ekuks ds vk/kkj ij orzeku vkcknh dks f[kykus gsrq 27 djksm+ Vu [kk ku pkfg,a bl le; ns'k e s 20-4 djksm+ yksx vyi iksf"kr gs vksj 32 djksm+ ls vf/kd yksx xjhch js[kk ls uhps gs A ¼5½ tezuh flfkr ^^vrjkz"vªh; [kk uhfr vuql/kku llfkku** (IFPRI) }kjk ^^fo'o [kk fnol** 13 vdvwcj 2011 dks NBk osf'od Hkw[k lwpdkd (GHI) 2011 tkjh fd;k x;ka GHI es 4-9 ;k mlls de jguk ^vyi*( 5 ls 9-9 rd ^e/;e*] 1 ls 10-9 rd ^xhkhj*] 20 ls 29-9 rd ^Hk;kog* rfkk 30 ;k mlls vf/kd ^pje Hk;kog* Hkw[k dh lel;k dks iznf'kzr djrk gsa o"kz 2011 ds fy, GHI 122 fodkl'khy,o løe.k'khy ns'kks ds lnhkz es vkdfyr fd, x, gs( ftues ls 81 ns'kks dks jsfdx iznku dh xbz gsa Hkkjr dk LFkku bl lwph es 67ok gs rfkk 23-7 GHI vdks ds lkfk ;g ^Hk;kog* flfkfr okys ns'kks es gsa ¼6½ lu~ 2002 es Food Insecurity Atls of Urbn Indi" ds izdk'ku ds vuqlkj fcgkj rfkk >kj[k.m es xzkeh.k {ks= [kk lqj{kk ds lecu/k es vr;f/kd lqjf{kr gs] tcfd uxjh; {ks=ks es vr;kf/kd vlqj{kk e/; izns'k] NÙkhlx<+ rfkk mm+hlk jkt;ks es ik;h x;h gsa Hkkjr ds lokzf/kd tul[;k okys rfkk cm+ s jkt;ks es ls vf/kdk'k es xzkeh.k {ks=ks es [kk vlqj{kk dh nj 5-0 ls 8-0 vfkkzr vr;ur vlqjf{kr ik;h x;h gsa ;s jkt; mùkjkpy] mœizœ] jktlfkku] xqtjkr] e/; izns'k] NÙkhlx<+ rfkk mm+hlk gsa ¼7½ Hkkjr es lln }kjk [kk vifej.k fuokj.k vf/kfu;e 1954 rfkk fofhkuu [kk mriknks lecu/kh vu; vf/kfu;eks ds LFkku ij [kk lqj{kk,o ekuo vf/kfu;e] 2006 ikfjr fd;k x;k Fkk vksj rnuqlkj 2008 es Hkkjrh; [kk lqj{kk,o ekuo fofue; ØeJeòeâe, Sme.Deej.šer.heefjmej, vef& efšnjer, nscejeleer vevove yengiegcee ieì{jeeue kesâvõerùe efjeõeefjeåeeueùe, ieì{jeeue (GòejeKeC[) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

6 s s 2011 dks Hkkjr ds xtv es 1 vxlr] 2011 dks vf/klwfpr fd;k x;k rfkk ;s 5 vxlr ls ns'k Hkj es ykxw gks x;ka ¼8½ 2005 nloh ipo"khz; ;kstuk ds vuqlkj 2012 rd Hkkjr es f'k'kq e`r;q nj 28 izfr gtkj rfkk ekr`ro e`r;q nj 2 izfr gtkj thfor tue dk y{; j[kk x;k FkkA Hkkjr ds egkith;d vksj tux.kuk vk;qdr dk;kzy; }kjk 7 tqykbz 2011 ds vuqlkj 2004&06 dh rqyuk es 2007&09 es Hkkjr es MMR ¼izfr,d yk[k thfor tueks ij e`r ekrkvks dh l[;k½ es 42 vdks ¼&17 izfr'kr½ dh fxjkov vkbz gs rfkk ;g 254 ls de gksdj 212 gks xbz gsa ¼9½ okf"kzd lkf[;dh fjiksvz 2009 ds vuqlkj uotkr f'k'kq e`r;q nj 50 gs rfkk izfr gtkj thfor tueks ij 5 o"kz ls de vk;q ds f'k'kqvks dh e`r;q nj 64 gsa ¼10½ 13 ebz] 2011 dks ^^fo'o LokLF; lkf[;dh&2011** fjiksvz ds vuqlkj Hkkjr es izlo ds nksjku izfr 100]000 efgykvks ij 230 dh e`r;q gks tkrh gsa Hkkjr es izlo djkus okys LokLF; dfe;ks es ls dsoy 47 izfr'kr gh izf'kf{kr gsa ¼11½ xjhch] xnxh Hkjk okrkoj.k vksj dqiks"k.k] Hkkjr e s cppks dh vf/kd e`r;qnj dk izeq[k dkj.k gsa vkt fo'o ds lkeus Ik;kZoj.k dks iznwf"kr gksus ls cpkus dh xhkhj pquksrh gsa c<+rh vkcknh] rsth ls gks jgk 'kgjhdj.k] ouks dh dvkbz] l?ku [ksrh] Ik;kZoj.k ds [kjkc gksus ds fy, eq[;r% mùkjnk;h gsa iqu% mriknuh; vksj xsj&iqu% mriknuh; llk/kuks dh c<+rh mihkksx us Hkh Ik;kZoj.k dks rsth ls [kjkc fd;k gs] D;k sfd Hkkstu vksj ÅtkZ ds fy, ikuh vksj d`f"k Hkwfe dh ek x c<+h gs] rduhdh fodkl vksj méfr us iznw"k.k dh lel;k isnk dh gs] D;ks fd bles Hkwfe eǹk ikuh vksj gok dk vr;f/kd mi;ksx gksrk gs] ftlls mudk âkl gqvk gs vksj ifjlfkfrdh; lrqyu dks [krjk vk im+k gsa Ik;kZoj.k vksj LokLF; ij ;wœdsœ dh fjiksvz ds vuqlkj ok;q iznw"k.k ls rhoz 'oluh løe.k ds dkj.k izfr o"kz yxhkx pkj fefy;u cpps eksr dk f'kdkj gks tkrs gs vksj vlfkek jksx vks ksfxd {ks=ks es nks s n'kdks ls 50 izfr'kr rd c<+ x;k gsa fo'o LokLF; lxbu us vuqekfur fd;k gsa Hkkjr es ok;q iznw"k.k ls izfr o"kz,d yk[k yksx ejrs gs ] ftles ls 10]000 fnyyh es ejrs gs A ¼12½ Hkkstu dh lel;k dk lek/kku dsoy izd`fr ds 'kks"k.k ij vk/kkfjr u gksdj Ik;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy ifjflfkfrd ru= dh xq.koùkk ds vuqlkj gksuk pkfg,a ges dsoy thfor jgus dh dkeuk ugh djuh gs] vfirq,d LoLFk lqo;oflfkr,o lq[kh thou dh dkeuk djuh pkfg, tks fvdkå gks] fodflr ns'k de [kk kuu mrikfnr djrs gq, Hkkstu dh lel;k ls ijs gsa ysfdu tks Ik;kZoj.kh; lel;k, ogk miflfkr gqbz gs] muls thou dh xq.koùkk ij iz'ufpug yx x;k gsa ¼13½ ;g lkozf=d ekuk x;k gs fd lerkemy es vkstksu ijr ge lw;z ls gkfudkjd ijkcs xuh fdj.kks ls cpkrh gsa ekuoh; fø;kvks }kjk bl vkstksu ijr ls vo{k; ds xhkhj ifj.kke gks ldrs gs vksj ;g finys dqn o"kks Z ls vf/kd fprk dk fo"k; cu x;k gsa i`foh dh lrg ds fudv vkstksu ijr lknzrk es o`f) 'kl; mriknu de djrh gs] blds ekuo LokLF; ij Hkh izfrdwy izhkko gksrs gsa bl izdkj] ok;qemy e s vkstksu ijr dk mpp Lrj gekjh j{kk djrk gs] ;g gkfudkjd rc gksrk gs] tc ;g i`foh dh lrg ij gekjs vksj ikniks ds lh/ks leidz es vkrk gsa ubz d`f"k vr;f/kd :Ik ls d`f=e jlk;uks dks folr`r {ks.kh ij fuhkzj gs] ftles fofhkuu izdkj ds mozjd vksj thou lgokld 'kkfey gsa jlk;fud mojzd dsoy dqn [kfutks ds cus gksrs gs A bl izdkj ;s vu; [kfutks ds mn~xzg.k dks jksdrs gs vksj ikni dk;z dk iw.kz [kfut izfr:ik vlrqfyr djrs gs A dbz Qlys vkt ukbvªkstuh mozjdks ds vr;f/kd mi;ksx ds dkj.k iksvsf'k;e ghu g SA vr;f/kd iksvk'k mipkj [kk ks es ewy;oku iks"k.k tsls 1&,Ldksjfcd vey ¼foVkfeu lh½ vksj dsjksfvu ¼foVkfeu&,½ de djrs gsa Hkkjr es 'kl; Hkwfe e`nk dk âkl] fo'o Lrj ij d`y e`nk âkl dk 18-5% gs] tksfd vf/kdre âkl gsa ;g cgqr xehkhj ifjflfkfr gs] D;ksfd Hkkjr es fo'o ds Hkwfe {ks= dk dsoy 2-4% gsa l;qdr jkt; lksfo;r l?k es ;g 9-8%( tcfd l;qdr jkt; vesfjdk es flqz 6-70% gsa ¼14½ ekuoh; Ik;kZoj.k ij LVkWdgkse es gq, vurjkz"vªh; leesyu ¼1972½ es bl ckr dh Li"V?kks"k.kk dh xbz Fkh fd lelr fo'o ljdkjs viuh uhfr;ks dks bl izdkj lw=c) djsxh fd Ik;kZoj.k dh xq.koùkk orzeku rfkk Hkkoh ih<+h ds ykhk gsrq lqjf{kr jgsa bl leesyu es fo'o ljdkjks ls Ik;kZoj.k lj{k.k rfkk mls fodflr djus gsrq vko';d mik; djus dk vkgoku Hkh fd;k x;k gsa ¼15½ o"kz 1976 es lfo/kkfud l'kks/ku dj Ik;kZoj.k lecfu/kr nks vuqpnsnks dks lfo/kku es lfeefyr fd;k x;k gsa izfker% vuqpnsn 48&4 ljdkj dks funsz'k nsrk gs fd ^^jkt; Ik;kZoj.k dks ljf{kr,o muur djus rfkk ns'k dh ou leink,o ou; thoks dks cpko dk iz;ru djxk**a ^^,d vu; vuqpnsn 51&,¼th½ ds vurxzr** izkd`frd Ik;kZoj.k ftues dh okfudh] >hy] unh vksj ou;tho Hkh lfeefyr gs dks ljf{kr o lhkquur djs rfkk thourq izkf.k;ks ds izfr n;kyq jgsa bl izdkj ds eksfyd drzo;ks dh?kks"k.kk fo'o ds vu; lfo/kkuks ls ugh ik;h tkrh gsa ¼16½ vkt ds ;qx es Ik;kZoj.k dks cpkuk,o budh vfhko`f) djuk fo'o dh izkfkfed vko';drk gs] D;ksfd budh deh,o fouk'k ls mriuu nq"izhkkoks ls lhkh =Lr gsa bl fn'kk es fo'o ds lhkh ns'k iz;rujr gsa vr% blds fy, lqfu;ksftr iz;kl u dsoy ljdkjh Lrj ij vfirq lkekftd,o O;fDrxr Lrj ij Hkh djus im+ xs] ftlls Ik;kZoj.kh; lqflfkjrk yk;h tk lds vksj thou thus dh pquksrh ls fuivk tk ldsa lnhkz % ¼1½ rstldj ik.mst % vkstldj ik.mst] ^^lekt dk;z** Hkkjr cqd lsuvj] y[kuå] 2006] i`œ 969- ¼2½ ogh] i`œ 973- ¼3½ MkWŒ vuhrk flg] ^^vkgkj,o iks"k.k fokku**] LVkj ifcyds'kul] vkxjk] 2008] i`œ 4- ¼4½ le lkef;d?kvuk pø] 2012] i`œ 7- ¼5½ le lkef;d?kvuk pø] 2005] i`œ 44- ¼6½ osf'od Hkw[k lwpdkd] ¼7½ dksf'kd xxz] ^^llk/ku,o Ik;kZoj.k**] jlrksxks ifcyds'kul] esjb] 2007] i`œ 149- ¼8½ lelkekf;d?kvuk pø] 2012] i`œ 14- ¼9½ogh] i`œ 15- ¼10½ ogh] i`œ 17- ¼11½ ogh] i`œ 79- ¼12½ rstldj ik.mst & vkstldj ik.mst] ^^lekt dk;z**] Hkkjr cqd lsuvj] y[kuå] 2006] i`œ ¼13½ jko JhokLro] ^^Ik;kZoj.k vksj ifjflfkfrdh**] olqju/kjk izdk'ku] xksj[kiqj] 2009] izœ 452- ¼14½ ihœmhœ 'kekz] ^^esjb] 2013] i`œ 93- ¼15½ ogh] i`œ 239&240- ¼16½ MkWŒ lq'khy dqekj fnyyj & MkWŒ etwyrk fnryj] ^^Ik;kZoj.k v/;;u**] jkgqy ifcyf'kx gkml esjb] Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

7 Since Mrch 2002 R eserch Pper An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 122, Vol - XIII (3), My , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No ceoùeøeosme kesâ ceneefjeåeeueùeew cew ueeiet mescesmšj ØeCeeueer : mecemùeesb SJeb meceeoeeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew ceoùeøeosme kesâ ceneefjeåeeueùeew cew ueeiet mescesmšj ØeCeeueer keâer ØecegKe mecemùeedeew SJeb meceeoeeveew hej efjemleej efjemues<ece efkeâùee ieùee nw~ efjemues<ece mes mhe neslee nw efkeâ mescesmšj ØeCeeueer cew JÙeehekeâ heefjjele&ve efkeâs peeves keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nw~ ncew efme#ece JÙeJemLee cew efjeûeejew keâer meeceefùekeâlee, ØeÙeesieOeefce&lee, JewÛeeefjkeâ Goejlee, vejeervelee, keâeùe&kegâmeuelee, ceewefuekeâlee, mecehe&ce SJeb mecevjeùe keâes meefcceefuele keâjkesâ ue#ùe Øeeefhle kesâ efues meceefvjele ØeÙeeme keâjves newies~ mescesmšj ØeCeeueer ueeiet keâjves keâe ce.øe.meemeve keâe keâoce "erkeâ ner nw~ Fmemes ceneefjeåeeueùeew cew efjeåeeefle&ùeew keâer GheefmLeefle cew Je=efæ nesieer Deewj hegve: Skeâ yeej ieg -efme<ùe mecyeboeew keâes hegvepeeefjele keâjves cew ceoo efceuesieer~ [e@.(ßeerceleer) cebpeguee efvebiejeeue izlrkouk % e/;izns'k 'kklu mpp f'k{kk fohkkx ds fu.kz; ds vuqlkj izns'k ds lhkh 'kkldh; o v'kkldh; egkfo ky;ks es lseslvj i)fr ykxw gq, 6 o"kz iw.kz gksus tk jgs gsa bu 6 o"kksz es izns'k ds egkfo ky;ks es lseslvj i)fr ds dkj.k f'k{kk es dbz mrkj&p<+ko ns[kus dks fey jgs gsa 'kklu }kjk ykxw dh x;h bl i)fr dk mn~ns'; fo kffkz;ks dks leqfpr f'k{kk iznku djus ds lkfk gh mugs vkus okys izfrli/kkzred le; ds fy;s rs;kj djuk Hkh gsa izlrqr 'kks/ki= es e/;izns'k ds egkfo ky;ks es ykxw lseslvj iz.kkyh dk v/;;u dj ;g fu"d"kz fudkyuk gs fd D;k ;g iz.kkyh vius mn~ns'; ds vuq:i lpkfyr dh tk jgh gs \ fo kffkz;ks,o izk/;kidks dh bl iz.kkyh ds izfr D;k lksp gs \ xr Ng o"kksz es lseslvj iz.kkyh ds le{k dksu&dksu lh tfvy lel;k, vk jgh gs \ rfkk mudk lek/kku fdl izdkj fd;k tk ldrk gsa 'kks/k v/;;u dk {ks= % e/;izns'k ftyk bnksj es flfkr egw rglhy ds Hks:yky ikvhnkj 'kkl-lukr-egk-fo-egw dks 'kks/k v/;;u dk {ks= pquk x;k gsa 'kks/k v/;;u izfof/k,o midj.k % izlrqr 'kks/k v/;;u gsrq izeq[k :i ls Hks:yky ikvhnkj 'kkl-lukr-egk-fo-egw es lseslvj iz.kkyh ds fø;kuo;u,o fu"iknu dks vk/kkj ekudj mdr fcnqvks dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gsa 'kks/ki= v/;;u gsrq lk{kkrdkj vuqlwph dh lgk;rk ls izkfkfed lkexzh dk ldyu fd;k x;k gsa egkfo ky; es v/;;ujr Lukrd Lrj,o LukrdksRrj Lrj ds fo kffkz;ks,o dk;zjr izk/;kidks vksj dk;kzy;hu dezpkfj;ks ls voyksdu,o vksipkfjd lk{kkrdkj ds }kjk Hkh v/;;u fo"k; ls ldfyr rf;,df=r fd, x, gsa lseslvj iz.kkyh ds?kvd % lseslvj iz.kkyh ds izhkkoh fø;kuo;u gsrq rhu?kvdks dh Hkwfedk vge~ ekuh x;h gsa ;s rhu?kvd gs & ¼1½ uhfr&fuekzrk % 'kkldh; 'kklu&iz'kklu] ¼2½ fø;kuo;u e'khujh % f'k{kd,o ¼3½ ykhkkfuor bdkbz % fo kfkhza 'kks/k v/;;u es lseslvj iz.kkyh dk fueukfdr fcunqvks ds vk/kkj ij ewy;kdu fd;k x;k gs % ¼1½ fo kffkz;ks dh egkfo ky; es miflfkfr ¼2½ lrr~ lexz ewy;kdu ¼3½ jkstxkj ewyd ifj;kstuk dk;z ¼4½ izfke lseslvj ijh{kk,o ¼5½ miyc/k v/kksljpuka lseslvj iz.kkyh ds izhkkoh fø;kuo;u es vkus okyh lel;k, % ¼1½ lseslvj d{kkvks es izos'k dh vfre frffk,d ckj fu/kkzfjr dj nh tkus ds ckn mles ckj&ckj ifjorzu fd;k tkuk lseslvj iz.kkyh ds fgr es ugh dgk tk ldrk gsa blls f'k{k.k dk;z izhkkfor gksuk ykteh gsa ¼2½ vkrfjd lrr~ ewy;kdu dk;z,d ckj liuu gks tkus ds ckn mls d{kk es nqckjk vk;ksftr djuk fo kffkz;ks es lseslvj iz.kkyh ds izfr xhkhjrk dks de djrk gsa bl izo`fÿk ds tkjh jgus dh n'kk es lseslvj iz.kkyh migkl cudj jg tk,xha ¼3½ lseslvj i)fr es dkxth dk;z c<+ tkus ds dkj.k v/;kiu dk;z izhkkfor gksrk gsa blls izk/;kid vius v/;kiu dk;z ij iwjk /;ku dsfnzr ugh dj ikrs gsa ¼4½ izfke lseslvj es 50 izfr'kr ls de miflfkfr okys fo kffkz;ks dks Hkh l=kur ijh{kk es Hkkx ysus dh vuqefr nsuk lseslvj iz.kkyh ds fgr es ugh dgk tk ldrk gsa meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (Fefleneme efjeyeeie), Yes ueeue heešeroej MeemekeâerÙe mveelekeâesòej ceneefjeåeeueùe, cent, efpeuee-fvoewj (ceoùeøeosme) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

8 s ¼5½ izk/;kidks dks dk;kzy;hu dk;z dk izhkkjh le; ij cuk fn;k tkrk gsa tsls vk;dj lfefr] ys[kk tk p lfefr] Nk=o`fŸk lfefr] fuekz.k lfefr br;kfna blls f'k{k.k dk;z rks izhkkfor gksrk gh gs] lkfk gh lrr~ vkurfjd ewy;kdu] ifj;kstuk dk;z vkfn fu;r le;kof/k es iw.kz djokus es ijs'kkuh dk lkeuk djuk im+rk gsa ¼6½ egkfo ky;ks es LVkWQ dh deh ls ijh{kk lpkyu es ijs'kkfu;k vkrh gsa vu; llfkkvks ls cqyk, x, oh{kd ijh{kk d{k es vius dÿkzo;ks ds izfr xhkhjrk ugh j[krs] ftlls dbz ijs'kkuh fo kffkz;ks ds lkfk egkfo ky; dks mbkuh im+rh gsa ¼7½ xzkeh.k Lrj ds fo kffkz;ks es ifj;kstuk dk;z ds fy, vko';d cqf) dks'ky dk vhkko ik, tkus ls fu/kkzfjr frffk rd ifj;kstuk dk;z iw.kz ugh gks ikrk gsa ¼8½ lseslvj iz.kkyh dh leh{kk gsrq le; ij 'kklu }kjk vk;ksftr gksus okyh ohfm;ks dkuýsfulx es f}i{kh; lokn ghurk dh flfkfr lseslvj iz.kkyh ds fgr es ugh dgh tk ldrh gsa ¼9½ lseslvj iz.kkyh ds vrxzr lh-lh-bz- ds fy, fofhkuu fo"k;ks ds fy, vusd fo/kk, izlrkfor dh xbz gsa ysfdu,d ;k nks fo/kkvks dks NksM+dj vu; fo/kkvks dk l=kur es gksus okyh eq[; ijh{kk ds isvuz ls dksbz esy ugh gksus ds dkj.k l h - l h - b Z - d s vrxzr fo kffkz;ks dks djok;h xbz rs;kjh dk mugs dksbz Hkh ykhk ugh feyrk gsa ¼10½ xzkeh.k {ks= es flfkr egkfo ky;ks es vk/kkjhkwr ljpuk,o f'k{k.k llk/kuks dk vhkko gsa lek/kku % ¼1½ lrr~ vkurfjd ewy;kdu es vuqiflfkr jgus okys fo kffkz;ks ds fy;s mls nqckjk vk;ksftr ugh fd;k tkuk pkfg,] rkfd fo kfkhz mdr ewy;kdu ds egro dks le> lds,o mls xhkhjrk ls ysa ¼2½ lseslvj iz.kkyh es izos'k ds le; dh tkus okyh dkxth dk;zokfg;ks dks de fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls fu;r le; ij d{kk v/;kiu dk;z vkjhk fd;k tk ldsa ¼3½ lseslvj iz.kkyh dk mn~ns'; fo kffkz;ks dk lokzxh.k fodkl gs] vr% vko';d gs fd Lukrd,o LukrdksRrj Nk=ks dk ikb~;øe yksd lsok vk;ksx ds ikb~;øe ds leku gksa tsls],e-,- bfrgkl Qkbuy ds ikb~;øe yksd lsok vk;ksx ds ikb~;øe ls fhkuu gs] tks fd fo kffkz;ks dks jkstxkj fnykus es ck/kd gsa ¼4½ lseslvj iz.kkyh es l= vkjhk es vk;ksftr 'kwu; d{kkvks es dei;wvj f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls fo kffkz;ks dks lh-lh-bz-,o izkstsdv dk;z dks iw.kz djus ds fy, lkbcj dsqs ij fuhkzj jguk u im+s] os Lo; gh dei;wvj }kjk vius dk;z dks fu;r le; ij tek dj ldsa ftlls muds s le; vksj /ku nksuks dh cpr gks ldsxha ¼5½ xzkeh.k {ks=ks es flfkr egkfo ky;ks es vk/kkjhkwr ljpuk,o f'k{k.k llk/kuks ds fy, fo'ofo ky; vuqnku vk;ksx }kjk lpkfyr finm+s {ks= ls lcf/kr vuqnku ;kstuk ds ek/;e ls vfrfjdr vuqnku izkir djds vhkko dks nwj djus ds iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg,a ¼6½ Lukrd Lrj ds fo kffkz;ks ds izos'k ds le; muds }kjk mrrh.kz vgzrkdkjh ijh{kk ds izfr'kr es xq.korrk dk /;ku j[kk tk,a iwjd ik= fo kffkz;ks dks fu;fer Nk= ds :i es izos'k u fn;k tk,] blls lseslvj iz.kkyh dh xq.korrk c<+sxha ¼7½ rduhdh 'ks{kf.kd llfkkuks dh gh rjg lkeku; f'k{k.k llfkkvks es Hkh izos'k ds fy,,uvªsul ijh{kk dk vk;kstu gks] ftlls fo kffkz;ks dh l[;k lhfer jgsxh rfkk i<+kbz es :fp ysus okys fo kfkhz gh egkfo ky; es izos'k ys ld xsa ftlls egkfo ky; es vuq'kklu Hkh cuk jgsxka ¼8½ 'kklu }kjk lpkfyr 'kkldh; ;kstukvks dk izk/;kidks }kjk mfpr izpkj&izlkj fd;k tk,] ftlls fu/kzu es/kkoh Nk= vkxs c<+ ldsa ¼9½ 'kwu; d{kkvks ds vfrfjdr Hkh egkfo ky; es Hkk"kk,o leizs"k.k dks'ky dh vfrfjdr d{kk, yxkbz tk, rfkk O;k[;ku fn, tk, ftlls fo kfkhz lh-lh-bz-] eq[; ijh{kk,o ifj;kstuk dk;z es csgrj ifj.kke izlrqr dj ldsa ¼10½ lseslvj iz.kkyh es 'kks/k lqfo/kk ij /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,a ¼11½ egkfo ky;hu LVkWQ nh gqbz ifjflfkfr,o lk/kuks es csgrj <x ls dk;z djs,o dk;z lld`fr ij tksj nsa rhkh fu;r le; ij ijh{kk ewy;kdu dk;z csgrj rjhds ls lhko gks ldsxk rfkk ifj.kke?kksf"kr gks ldsxsa fu"d"kz % lseslvj i)fr es O;kid ifjorzu fd, tkus dh vko';drk gsa ges f'k{k.k O;oLFkk es fopkjks dh lkef;drk] iz;ksx/kfezrk] ospkfjd mnkjrk] uohurk] dk;zdq'kyrk] eksfydrk] leiz.k,o leuo; dks lfeefyr djds y{; izkfir ds fy, lefuor iz;kl djus gksxsa vur es] fu"d"kz ds :i es ;g dgk tk ldrk gs fd e- iz- 'kklu }kjk izns'k ds egkfo ky;ks es lseslvj iz.kkyh ykxw djus dk dne nsj ls mbk;k x;k fdurq lgh,o lehphu dne gsa blls egkfo ky;ks es ohjkuh dh flfkfr ¼fo kffkz;ks dk vhkko½ dks lekir djuk lehko gksxka,d ckj iqu% xq:&f'k"; lecu/kks dks iquthzfor djus es enn feysxh] bles dksbz lunsg ugh gsa lunhkz % ¼1½ lk{kkrdkj vuqlwph ls izkir tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ija ¼2½ eksf[kd okrkzyki,o O;fDrxr izkir tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ija Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

9 s Since Mrch 2002 R eserch Pper An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 122, Vol - XIII (3), My , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No ieeboeerpeer keâe ØeLece melùee«en keâe ØeÙeesieeßece - heâerefvekeäme : Skeâ DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e, ieeboeerpeer kesâ ØeLece melùee«en keâer ØeÙeesieMeeuee heâerefvekeäme hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ ieeboeerpeer kesâ heâerefvekeäme Deeßece cew keâesf& keâ"esj Ùee efveef ele efveùece DeLeJee keâeùeos keâevetve mleeefhele vener efkeâs, Deefheleg kegâú ceewefuekeâ DeeoMeeX SJeb efmeæebleew hej DeeOeeefjle efveùeceew kesâ heeueve keâe ØeÙeeme efkeâùee Lee~ YeefJeMÙe cew Gvekesâ Éeje mleeefhele mecemle DeeßeceeW kesâ keâeùe& eâceew cew cetuele: meceùeevegketâue Ùener efveùece Debleefve&efnle Les~ heâerefvekeäme Deeßece kesâ meceùe Fve efveùece SJeb efmeæebleew keâe heeueve ØeejbefYekeâ DeJemLee cew Lee, hejbleg iegpejles Jeòeâ kesâ meele-meele Ùes cepeyetle, ÂÌ{ Deewj mleeùeer nesles Ûeues ies~ Deeßece cew Meejerefjkeâ ßece keâer ØeOeevelee Leer, meele ner meeoe peerjeve Je DeeßeceJeeefmeÙeeW cew DeYeso keâe efveùece Lee~ mjeosmeer Deewj mjejepe hej peesj Lee~ ßeerceleer jpeveer mekeämewvee xk /khth ds thou dk,d ek= y{; lr; dh [kkst ;k vuql/kku FkkA muds lkjs iz;ksx blh,d mn~ns s'; ls gksrs FksA lr; vksj oklrfodrk dh [kkst es gh os lnk jg jgsa 1893 es ; fi xk /kh th viuh vkthfodk ds flyflys es nf{k.k vqzhdk x;s FksA ijrq dgk rks os,d lk/kkj.k euq"; dh rjg jksth jksvh dh /kqu es nf{k.k vqzhdk x;s vksj dgk fu;fr us mugs Lo; bfrgkl fy[kus vksj bfrgkl cu tkus dk dk;z lksi fn;ka nf{k.k vqzhdk igqpus ds ckn xk /kh th ds thou,o Lo; nf{k.k vqzhdk ds jktuhfrd o lkekftd thou dk,d u;k v/;k; izkjhk gqvka ;gk igq pdj xk /kh th dks fofhkuu fofp= vuqhko izkir gq, ftugks us muds fopkjks,o thou dks uohu fn'kk iznku dha mugksus ogk dh rkrdkyhu ifjflfkfr;ks dks ns[kk o le>k] vius vuqhkoks ls lh[kk vksj muds vuq:i gh le; fcrkus ds lkfk&lkfk thou dh fofhkuu 'ksfy;ks es iz;ksx 'kq: fd;s vksj blh nksjku xk /kh th es izcy fo'okl fodflr vksj iyyfor gksrk x;ka Hkkjrh; jk"vªh; Lor=rk vknksyu ds nksjku egkrek xk /kh dk tks :i vksj O;fDr lkeus vk;k] mldh Hkwfedk muds nf{k.k vqzhdk es fuokl ds nksjku rs;kj gks pqdh FkhA eksgunkl djepn xk /kh 24 o"kz dh vk;q es nf{k.k vqzhdk igqps Fks vksj 45 o"kz dh vk;q es mugksus nf{k.k vqzhdk NksM+kA ;s 21 o"kz muds thou ds lokzf/kd fu/kkzjd vksj fu.kkz;d o"kz jgs D;ks fd ;g og le; Fkk tc xk /kh th ds thou ds vuqie n'kzu us vkdkj ysuk izkjhk fd;ka,d,slk n'kzu ftlus mugs *egkrek* dk uke fnyk;k],d,slk n'kzu ftlus liw.kz fo'o dks vkyksfdr fd;k vksj og n'kzu Fkk *lr;kxzg* dka nf{k.k vqzhdk igq pdj xk /kh th dks vusd dfbu ifjflfkfr;ks dk lkeuk djuk im+k rfkk vieku ds vusd dm+os?kwv ihus ims+a nf{k.k vqzhdk es Hkkjrh;ks ds lkfk vusd vu;k;iw.kz HksnHkko fd;s tkrs FksA jxhksn ekuus okys nf{k.k vqzhdk ds xksjs Hkkjrh;ks ls /k`.kk djrs FksA mudk vkjksi Fkk fd lqkbz] drzo;ijk;.krk] ukxfjd lld`fr vkfn es Hkkjrh; detksj gs] ysfdu xk /kh th dks yxk fd mudh /k`.kk ds vksj Hkh xgjs dkj.k gsa dm+h esgur djus okys vkkkdkjh Hkkjrh; fxjfefv;k] etnwj ds :i es xksjks dks iln FksA ysfdu vuqc/k ls eqdr gksrs dh Hkkjrh;ks dh rjddh mugs iln ugh FkhA os izoklh Hkkjrh;] [kkseps okys ds :i es dke 'kq: djrs Fks] 'kh?kz gh mudh,d NksVh lh nqdku cu tkrh Fkh vksj dqn le; ckn NksVh nqdku] cmh nqdku es cny tkrh FkhA os cm+ O;kkikjh gks tkrs] mudk cm+k dkjksckj [km+k gks tkrka bl rjddh dks ns[kdj vxzst?kcjkrs FksA vr% jxhksn ekuus okys xksjks dh ljdkj us dbz Hkkjrh; fojks/kh,o vu;k;iw.kz dkuwu cuk;sa vuqc/k ds ckn nf{k.k vqzhdk es jgus ds bpnqd Hkkjrh;ks ij Hkkjh dj yxk;k x;ka lhkh Hkkjrhs;ks dks igpku i= cukdj vius ikl ges'kk j[kuk gksrk Fkk vksj dhkh Hkh iqfyl ds ekxus ij fn[kkuk gksrk FkkA vkxs pydj Hkkjrh; fookg vos/k?kksf"kr dj fn;s x;sa vr%,slh ifjflfkfr;ks es xk /kh th us fu'p; fd;k fd bl HksnHkko ds jksx dks lekir djus gsrq izoklh Hkkjrh;ks dks lxfbr djuk gksxk o bu vu;k;iw.kz dkuwuks dks lekir djuk gksxka xk /kh th ds blh fopkj us mugs *lr;kxzg* vksj blds iz;ksx gsrq vkje dh LFkkiuk dh izsj.kk nha bl rjg vu;k; ds izfr ym+us dk,d vf}rh; ekxz*lr;kxzg* us tue fy;k] tks nf{k.k vqzhdk ds izoklh Hkkjrh;ks dks U;k; fnykus es lqy jgka lkfk gh,d,sls ekxz dk tue gqvk tks iz;ksxks vksj iz;ksx'kkykvks ls xqtjrk gqvk lh/kk Lor= Hkkjr dh vksj igq pk] ftlus Hkkjr o"kz dh lukru vkje ijijk dks,d uohu dk;k vksj,d uohu mn~ns'; iznku fd;ka ijrq ftl eqdnes ds fy;s xk /kh th vk;s Fks mldks iwjk fd, fcuk bl dk;z dks gkfk es ysuk dfbu FkkA HkkX;o'k eqdnek lu~ 1894 es xk /kh th ds iz;ruks ls vkilh le>ksrs ls lekir gks x;ka ¼1½ vc xk /kh th dk eq[; mn~ns'; izoklh Hkkjrh;ks dh lsok djuk FkkA blh mn~ns'; dh iwfrz ds fy, mugksus lhkh izoklh Hkkjrh; ds lkfk feydj 22 ebz] 1894 es *usvky bf.m;u dkxzsl* MeesOeeLee, MeemekeâerÙe kesâ.deej.peer.mveelekeâesòej mjemeemeer ceneefjeåeeueùe, ijeeefueùej (ceoùeøeosme) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

10 Z dh LFkkiuk dha usrky es tues izoklh Hkkjrh; ;qodks ds lxbu vksj fgro/kzu ds fy;s usvky dkxzsl ds vrxzr *bfm;u,tqds'kuy,lksfl;s'ku* dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh xbza blls izoklh ;qod Hkh lxfbr gksus yxsa bu lkoztfud llfkkvks ds fy;s xk /kh th us fu;e cuk;s fd dk;kzy; dk [kpkz de j[kk tk;s] pnk olwyh es <hy uk dh tkos rfkk pnk okyks dks jlhn nh tk;sa bl rjg nksuks llfkkvks dh tms + te xbza ¼2½ *usvky bfm;u dkxzsl ds fo"k; es xk /kh th us Lohdkj fd;k gs fd mlds }kjk] **bz'oj us nf{k.k vqzhdk es esjs thou dh uho Mky nh vksj jk"vªh; LokfHkeku dk cht cks fn;k**a ¼3½ bl nksjku nf{k.k vqzhdk ds izoklh Hkkjrh;ks dh nqnz'kk ns[kdj xk /khth dkqh fpfrr jgrs FksA blh nksjku,d lkirkfgd i= *bvjus'kuy* dks ysus dk izlrko Hkh xk /khth ds ikl vk;ka xk /khth Hkh,d v[kckj dh t:jr eglwl dj jgs FksA xk /khth us lkirkfgd i= ds lkfk&lkfk,d Nkik[kkuk Hkh [kjhn fy;k vksj bl lekpkj i= dk uke *bfm;u vksihfu;u* j[kk x;ka bl izdkj bl i= dk tue 1904 es gqvka *eulq[kyky uktj* bl i= ds igys liknd cusa xk /khth us *bfm;u vksihfu;u* dks viuk izpkj lk/ku cuk;ka blh nksjku xk /kh th dks gsujh iksyd }kjk izkir gqbz jfldu d`r iqlrkd 'Unto this Lst' i<us dk volj izkir gqvka bl iqlrd dks i<+us ds ckn xk /khth ds n`f"vdks.k es egr;iw.kz ifjorzu vk;k vksj mugs viuh lel;kvks ds lek/kku dk,d uohu ekxz utj vk;k vksj og ekxz Fkk *QhfuDl vkje* dh LFkkiukA xk /kh th }kjk tks iz;ksx nf{k.k vqzhdk es fd;s x;s Fks mues lcls egr;iw.kz iz;ksx Fkk vkje dh LFkkiuk] ftlds vrxzr mugksus vkje ijijk dks iz;ksx'kkyk ds :i es iz;ksx dj lkeqnkf;d thou dks dqn uohu fu;e] mn~ns';] dk;z,o mrrjnkf;ro nsdj fczfv'k ljdkj dh vuqfpr jhfr;ks ds fo:} lr;kxzg dk lqy iz;ksx fd;ka mdrk iqlrd ds v/;;u Lo:i vius thou es,d vksj egku ifjorzu gksus dh ckr Lo; xk /kh th lnso Lohdkj djrs vk;sa xk /kh th fy[krs gs fd] **bl iqlrd dks gkfk es ysdj es NksM+ gh u ldk] mlus eq>s idm+ fy;k**a ¼4½ bl iqlrd us mudk n`f"vdks.k lnk ds fy;s cny MkykA xk /kh th ds vuqlkj] esjk ;g fo'okl gs fd tks pht eq>es xgjkbz ls Hkjh gqbz FkhA mldk Li"V izfrfcc esus jfldu ds bl xzfk jru es ns[kk vksj blds dkj.k mlus esjs g`n; ij viuk lkezkt; tek fy;k vksj mles izdv fd, gq, fopkjks ij eq>ls vey djk;ka igyh pht es tkurk Fkk] nwljh dh es >yd ik jgk FkkA rhljh dks es us lkspk gh ugh FkkA igyh es finyh nksusk ckrs lekbz gqbz gsa ;g eq>s *lokszn;* us nhid dh Hkkfr Li"V fn[kk fn;ka ¼5½ xk /kh th ij bl iqlrd dk tks izhkko im+k og mugksus fe- oslv dks dg lquk;k vksj lq>k;k fd *bfm;u vksihfu;u* dks fdlh [ksr ij ys pys A ogk lc,d leku Hkkstu & O;; ek= ys A lc vius fy;s [ksrh djs vksj ckdh odr es *bfm;u vksihfu;u* dk dke djsa mugksus exuyky xk /kh ls Hkh ckr dha fe- oslv vksj exuyky us xk /khth dh ;kstuk ij rrdky lgefr ns nha xk /khth dk LoIu vc vkxs c<+ jgk FkkA vc mugs,d,slh txg pkfg;s Fkh] tgk Qyks ds nj[r gks] ty dk lksrk gks] Hkwfe mitkå gksa 'kh?kz gh xk /khth us McZu ds utnhd bl izdkj dh Hkwfe gsrq fokkiu ns fn;ka tokc es?kkl&ikr ls Hkjs gq, vkcknh jfgr fqfudl] tks McZu ls rsjg ehy nwj vksj utnhdh LVs'ku ls <kbz ehy nwj Fkk] dh ckr vkbza xk /kh th vksj fe- oslv mls ns[kus x;s vksj lkr fnuks es gh chl,dm+ tehu ys yh x;ha mles ikuh dk,d NksVk >juk Fkk] lkfk gh ukjxh vksj vke ds dqn ism+ FksA mlls lvk gqvk gh vllh,dm+ dk nwljk VqdM+k Hkh Fkk ftles Qynkj ism+ vf/kd Fks vksj,d >ksim+k FkkA mls Hkh dqn fnuks ckn [kjhnk x;ka vc pwfd ;g Hkwfe QhfuDl LVs'ku ls dsoy <kbz ehy ij Fkh] blhfy;s mldk uke *QhfuDl* gh j[kk x;ka bl uke ls xk /kh th cgqr izlkuu Fks D;ks fd muds vuqlkj ;wuku ds izkphu dfkkdkjks us QhfuDl i{kh dh ifo=rk] cfynku] fu"bk vksj vejrk ds ckjs es cmk gh jkspd o.kzu fd;k gsa muds vuqlkj] QhfuDl i{kh llkj es,d gh gksrk gs] tc le; vkrk gs rc og viuh nsg dks viuh vkrfjd Tokyk ls HkLe dj ysrk gsa HkLe gks tkus ds ckn jk[k dh mlh jk'kh ls iqu% QhfuDl i{kh mriuu gks tkrk gsa bl izdkj og lnso vej jgrk gsa xk /khth us ftl J)k ls lokszn; ds fl)krks dks ewrz :i nsus ds fy;s bl vkje dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh] mlds fy, ;gh uke lokzf/kd mi;qdr FkkA bl izdkj lu~ 1904 es xk /khth }kjk LFkkfir izfke vkje QhfuDl dh LFkkiuk gqbza xk /kh th us QhfuDl vkje es dksbz dbksj ;k fuf'pr fu;e vfkok dk;ns dkuwu LFkfir ugh fd,] vfirq dqn eksfyd vkn'kks,o fl)krk s ij vk/kkfjr fu;eks ds ikyu dk iz;kl fd;k FkkA Hkfo"; es muds }kjk LFkkfir lelr vkjeks ds dk;zdzeks es ewyr% le;kuqdwy ;gh fu;e vurfuzfgr FksA QhfuDl vkje ds le; bu fu;e,o fl)krk s dk ikyu izkjfhkd volfkk es Fkk] ijrq xqtjrs odr ds lkfk&lkfk ;s etcwr] n`<+,o LFkk;h gksrs pys x;sa vkje es 'kkjhfjd Je dh iz/kkurk Fkh lkfk gh lknk thou o vkjeokfl;ks es vhksn dk fu;e FkkA Lons'kh vksj Lojkt ij tksj FkkA lkfk gh lekt ds lelr vxks dks leiuu cukus ds fy, gj vkjeoklh dks jpukred ;kstukvks ds dk;zdze es Hkkx ysuk vko';d FkkA xk /khth }kjk QhfuDl vkje es vusd egroiw.kz iz;ksx fd, x;s ftues czegp;z ozr ds ikyu dk iz;ksx vr;r egroiw.kz FkkA nf{k.k vqzhdk es xk /khth dks lr;kxzg izkjhk fd;s N% lkr o"kz gks pqds Fks vksj QhfuDl mldk,d egroiw.kz dsunz cu pqdk FkkA blds vfrfjdr xwk/khth us miokl dk izfke iz;ksx Hkh bl vkje es fd;ka blds lkfk gh 1908 es xk /khth izfke ckj dkjkokl Hkh blh vkje ds nksjku x;sa bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gs fd dqn vk/kkjhkwr fu;eks,o fl)krk s ds vk/kkj ij QhfuDl es fur~ uohu iz;ksxks dh J `[kyk izkjhk gks pqdh Fkh tks dkykrj LFkkfir gksus okys vkjeks es viuk folr`r vksj c`gn~ :i ysrh x;ha lnhkz % ¼1½ flg] ukjk;.k] ekdlz vksj xwk/kh dk lke;n'kzu] fgnh lkfgr; leesyu iz;kx] 'kd lor~ 1885] i`- 51- ¼2½ foosd jkeyky] egkrek xwk/kh % thou vksj n'kzu] ip'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj] i`- 37] o"kz ¼3½ From " my Erly Life" ukjk;.k flg] ekdlz vksj xwk/kh dk lke;n'kzu] i`- 51 ls mn~?k`ra ¼4½ xk /kh eks-d] esjs lr; ds iz;ksx vfkok vkredfkk] uothou izdk'ku] vgenkckn] i`- 281] o"kz ¼5½ mijksdr] i`"b 282- Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

11 w Since Mrch 2002 R eserch Pper An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 122, Vol - XIII (3), My , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No mecemeeceefùekeâ heefjjesme cew ieeboeer keâer Øeemebefiekeâlee Øemlegle MeesOehe$e, mecemeeceefùekeâ heefjjesme cew ieeboeer keâer Øeemebefiekeâlee kesâ DeOÙeÙeve mes mecyebefoele nw~ ieeboeerpeer Skeâ jepeveerefle%e nesves kesâ meele-meele meble Yeer nq, FmeefueS GvneWves ve kesâjeue Yeejle kesâ Deboj JÙeehle mecemùeedeew hej ØekeâeMe [euee, Deefheleg Gvekeâe GösMÙe Deewj ue#ùe mebhetce& efjeõe kesâ keâuùeece nsleg heefjueef#ele Yeer efkeâùee~ ieeboeerpeer ves JewefÕekeâ mlej hej Debleje& ^erùe jepeveerefle kesâ SkeâerkeâjCe keâer yeele keâner nw~ Gvekeâe keânvee Lee efkeâ mecemle je ^ew kesâ yeerûe Deehemeer mecevjeùe nesvee ÛeeefnS~ ieeboeerpeer Skeâ otjomee JÙeefòeâ Les, GvneWves efjeõe kesâ meyeer je ^ew mes Deheerue keâer, efkeâ efjeõe keâer jepeveerefle keâes mesjee keâe ceeoùece yeveevee ÛeeefnS Deewj jepeveerefle Skeâ Oece& nw~ Ùeefo Fme YeeJe mes ØelÙeskeâ jepeveslee Deeies yeì{s lees keâyeer Yeer keâšglee Deewj JewcevemÙelee vener DeeSieer Deewj jepeveerefle Deheves efiejles ngs cetuùeew keâes yeûeeves cew meheâue nes mekesâieer~ meele ner jepeveerefle efjeõe keâuùeece kesâ efues ueeyekeâejer efmeæ nesieer~ izlrkouk % vkt ds osf'od ifjn`'; vksj orzeku le; es ftles leiw.kz fo'o vflfkjrk ds nksj ls xqtj jgk gs vksj blds lek/kku ds lkjs fodyi vlqy gks jgs gs] rks bl nksj es xk /kh vksj muds }kjk iznrr fopkj vksj fl)kur izklfxd izrhr gks jgs gs] D;ksfd orzeku lel;kvks dk lek/kku xk /kh ds fopkjks es lgtrk ls <+ <k tk ldrk gsa xk /kh ds ls)kfurd i{k dks O;ogkj es :ikurfjr djuk ljy] lgt,o O;ogkfjd gsa vkt ;fn ge xk /kh ds fopkjks dk lkekftd] jktuhfrd vksj vkffkzd O;oLFkk ds lecu/k es vuqdj.k djrs gs] rks fu'p; gh osf'od ifjn`'; es ifjorzu dk ekxz iz'klr gksrk gsa xk /kh,o orzeku lkekftd lnhkz % vkt osf'od ifjn`'; es lkekftd O;oLFkk dk lrqyu ym+[km+krk utj vk jgk gs] tks fpurk dk fo"k; gsa xk /kh th vu; fpurdks ls vyx blfy, Bgjrs gs D;ks fd og orzeku dh flfkfr ls vkus okys Hkfo"; dk vkdyu dj ysrs FksA ¼1½ lekt vksj lkekftd O;oLFkk ds lqpk: vksj LoLFk lpkyu ds fy, f'k{kk dk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku gksrk gsa vkt gekjh f'k{kk O;oLFkk ftl volfkk ls xqtj jgh gs og lekt vksj lkekftd O;oLFkk ds fy, 'kqhk ldsr ugh gsa vkt iqu% ml cqfu;knh f'k{kk dh t:jr leiw.kz fo'o dks vk im+h] ftldh cqfu;kn dhkh xk /kh th us vius fopkjks es j[kh FkhA xk /kh th ds vuqlkj cqfu;knh f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; nlrdkjh ds ek/;e ls ckydks dk 'kkjhfjd] cksf)d vksj usfrd fodkl djuk gsa mudk vuqriknd mi;ksx dhkh ugh djuk pkfg, vksj vius izr;sd Je dk lnqi;ksx gh gksuk pkfg,a bl fl)kur ds ikyu dk vkxzg ukxfjdrk ds xq.k dk fodkl djus okyh lokszrre f'k{kk gsa lkfk gh blls cqfu;knh rkyhe [e@.hetefce&cee Mecee& LokyEch Hkh curh gsa bl cqfu;knh f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls ckyd ds vunj dbz lkjs xq.kks dk fodkl gksrk gs] tks mlds Lo; ds fodkl vksj lekt ds dy;k.k gsrq egroiw.kz gksrk gsa xk /khth dk dguk Fkk fd f'k{kk lnso ekr`hkk"kk es gksuh pkfg,] blls cppks dks lh[kus es vklkuh gksrh gsa xk /khth bl ckr ds fy, fcydqy ltx Fks fd f'k{kk es fdlh Hkh izdkj lkeiznkf;d rkyhe dh txg ugh gksuh pkfg,a ges viuh lldkj dh f'k{kk dks ugh Hkwyuk pkfg,a xk /khth dk dguk Fkk fd cqfu;knh f'k{kk t:jh ugh dh dsoy cppks dks gh nh tk,] bls ge cm+ s yksxks ] vksjrks vksj cqtqxks Z dks Hkh ns ldrs gs] ftlls f'k{kk dk izhkko lekt ds fodkl ds fy, vksj egroiw.kz jgsxk vksj blds ek/;e ls izr;sd?kj es f'k{kk dk izhkko igq psxk vksj blls lekt vksj jk"vª ykhkkfuor gksxka bl izdkj dh f'k{kk ls ckydks dks nks ykhk gks xs,d rks mudk cksf)d fodkl gksxk] ftlls muds vunj dbz lkjh phtks dk fodkl gksxk] vksj nwljk f'k{kk vksj /k/ks ds ek/;e ls mudh i<+kbz dk [kpz fudy tk;sxka xk /kh ds vuqlkj /kez dk oklrfod Lo:i iw.kz:is.k ekuoh; losnuk rfkk d:.kk ls ifjiw.kz gksrk gsa izr;sd /kez dk vkurfjd Li:i es,dhdj.k ds n'kzu gksrs gs xk /kh ds izkfkzuk ds 'kcn Fks ^^j?kqifr jk?ko jktkjke lcdks luefr ns Hkxoku] bz'oj vyyk rsjs uke lcdks luefr ns HkxokuA ifrrikou lhrkjkea^^ ekgkrek xk /kh dh n`f"v es /kez lr; dh vo/kkj.kk gsa xk /kh dh n`f"v es lr; rfkk /kez,d nwljs ds vuqidwjd gsa xk /kh dh cqfu;knh f'k{kk lr; ds vr;ur fudv gsa mnkjhdj.k ;k [kxksyhdj.k ds orzeku osf'od ifjos'k es mriknu vk/kkfjr f'k{kk dk izpyu c<+k gs] ijurq bl rduhdh f'k{kk ls LokoyEcu dh ifjdyiuk fnokloiu gs] vfhktkr; oxz rks meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ, efnlekeâeefjceer efje%eeve SJeb keâuee ceneefjeåeeueùe, ieì{e, peyeuehegj (ceoùeøeosme) SJeb DeefleefLe JÙeeKÙeelee, jeveer ogiee&jeleer efjeõeefjeåeeueùe, peyeuehegj (ceoùeøeosme) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

12 bl izdkj dh f'k{kk ls ykhkkfuor gs] ijurq cgql[;k es lekt ds vfure lksiku ij [km+k O;fDr bl ykhk ls ofpr jg tkrk gsa xk /khth cqfu;knh f'k{kk lerk ij voyfecr gs\ tks lerkewyd lekt rfkk O;fDr dks LokoyEch cukus es lefkz rfkk l{ke gsa orzeku dh vusd folxfr;ks ds lek/kku dk lw= xk /kh dh cqfu;knh f'k{kk es n`f"vxkspj gksrk gsa vkt ge vxj xk /kh th }kjk crk, gq, fl)kurks dks vey es ykrs gs] rks bles dksbz lunsg ugh fd lekt dks bl vlrqyu vksj vkurfjd }U} ls cpk;k tk ldrk gs] ftles O;fDr&O;fDr ds [kwu dk I;klk gsa ¼2½ orzeku le; es leiw.kz fo'o es lekt ds dqn lekt'kkfl=;ks vksj jktuhfrkkss us vius O;fDrxr fgrks ds fy, /kez ds uke ij lekt ds vunj lkeiznkf;drk dk tks fp= izlrqr fd;k gs vksj Hkksyh&Hkkyh turk dks /kez ds uke ij ftl rjg vkil es ym+k;k x;k gsa og vkt Hkh lekt dks vu/kdkj ds xrz es ys tk jgk gsa vkt yksx /kez ds vkm+ es,d nwljs ds [kwu ds I;kls gks jgs gsa bl le; bl lel;k dk lek/kku dsoy xk /kh }kjk muds /kez vksj lkeiznkf;drk ds fopkj es gh fnik gsa ¼3½ xk /kh th lnso ls gh lkeiznkf;drk ds fojks/kh Fks] ysfdu /kez dks lnso mugks us ân; es LFkku fn;ka mudk dguk Fkk fd /kez ges vkre cy izknu djrk gs ftles lkeiznk;d phtks dk dksbz LFkku ugh gsa jktusfrd,drk rks tksj tcjnlrh ls Hkh Fkksih tk ldrh gs] ysfdu ;g,drk LFkk;h ugh gksrh,drk dh ekus rks lpph,drk ogh gs] tks fny ls vksj izse ds ek/;e ls,d nwljs ds lkfk dh tkrh gsa ¼4½ xk /khth us ftl osf'od n'kzu dh rlohj osf'od lekt ds le{k j[kh gs] mlds }kjk lekt es QSyh vkrdokn] udlyokn vkfn dk lekt es dksbz LFkku ugh gs vksj buls cpus ds fy, mugksus lr; dk ekxz fn[kk;k gsa xk /khth us Lo; bl ckr dk myys[k djrs gq, fy[kk gs fd esus Hkkjr dks eqdr djkus ds fy, dhkh Hkh fglk dk lgkjk ugh fy;k vksj Hkkjr dh vktknh l'kl= ØkfUr }kjk ugh U;k; ds izfr,d vfgld vkâoku }kjk eqdr djk;k x;ka mugks us,d 'kfdr'kkyh lezkt;oknh lrrk ls VDdj yh fdurq vjqriwozd <+ x ls mugks us 'kfdr ds dkuwu dh fullkjrk dks vuko`rr fd;k dsoy fl)kr :i es ugh] fdurq O;ogkjr% D;ksfd fl)kurr% rks,slk cgqr igys llkj es gks pqdk FkkA xk /kh ds fopkj jk"vªks ds u dsoy lkekftd O;oLFkk ds fy, izklfxd Fks] vfirq jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds fy, Hkh jktuhfr dks xk /kh th us,d,slh O;oLFkk ds :i es izlrqr fd;k Fkk tks dsoy tuekul ds dy;k.k gsrq FkhA xk /kh th dk dguk Fkk fd jktuhfr dks fdlh jkt; ;k jktk dk tue tkr vf/kdkj ugh ekuk tk ldrka ;g dsoy vksj dsoy tudy;k.k ds fy, gh mn~/k`r gqbz gs bls ge yksxks us xunxh dk f'kdkj cuk fn;k gsa ¼5½ xk /kh,o orzeku jktuhfrd lnhkz % xk /kh th us jkt; vksj jktuhfr dh ifjhkk"kk djrs gq, lcls igys vius fl)kur es jktuhfr ds lpkyu ds fy, lr;] vfglk] vlr;] vifjxzg ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k gsa mugksus jktuhfr dks yksd /kez vksj yksd dy;k.k dh Hkkouk dk ek/;e crk;k gs vksj jktusrkvks dks bl ckr dh ulhgr nh fd og bls yksdlsok vksj /kez le>dj yksxks dh lsok djsa xk /kh th dk dguk Fkk fd esjh n`f"v es jktuhfrd lrrk dksbz lk/; ugh gsa jktuhfrd lrrk dk vfkz gs jk"vªh; izfrfuf/k;ks }kjk jk"vªh; thou dk fu;eu djus dh 'kfdra vxj jk"vªh; thou bruk iw.kz gks tkrk gs fd og Lo; vkre fu;eu dj ys rks fdlh izfrfuf/kro dh vko';drk ugh jg tkrh] ml le; Kku iw.kz vjktdrk dh flfkfr gks tkrh gs],slh flfkfr es gj,d viuk jktk gksrk gsa jkt; dsfunzr :i es vksj lxfbr :i es fglk dk izrhd gs O;fDr ds vkrek gksrh gs] ijurq jkt;,d vkrek jfgr tm+ e'khu gksrk gs bl fy, mlls fglk dhkh NqM+ok;h ugh tk ldrh gs mldk vflrro gh fglk ij fuhkzj gs blfy, og fdlh Hkh Lrj ij jkt; ds fojks/kh FksA bl vk/kkj ij xk /kh dks vjktdrkoknh dgk x;ka ¼6½ jktuhfr dks vkn'kz flfkfr es ns[kus ds fy, xk /kh th dk vxyk ewy e= Fkk vlrs;a vfkkzr~ ges nwljks ds thou es lgk;rk igq pkuh pkfg, nwljks ds thou es :dkov ugh Mkyuh gsa ;gh vfglk vlrs; ds :i es izdv gksrh gsa vlrs; dk vfkz dsoy bruk gh ugh fd es pksjh u d: vlrs; dk vfkz ;g Hkh gs fd es nwljs dh olrq dh vkdk{kk Hkh u gksus nw A vlrs;,d ozr gs flqz pksjh u djus ls gh vlrs; ugh izdv gksrk gsa vlrs;,d o`frr; Hkh gs vlrs;,d izorrh Hkh gs og fu"bk gs flfkfr vksj o`frr feykdj fu"bk gksrh gs] blfy, xk /kh th us bl ckr ij cy fn;k Fkk fd vxj ge vlrs; dks vius thou ugh ykrs gs rks lr; vksj vfglk dk y{; v/kwjk jg tk;sxk vksj ge Js"B jktuhfr dh LFkkiuk ugh dj ik;sxsa lkekftd vksj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks mrre dksfv dk LFkku iznku djus ds fy, mugks us vxyk e= vifjxzg dk lq>k;ka vlrs; vksj vifjxzg izk;% lkfk lkfk fy;s tkrs gsa vifjxzg dh o`frr dk vfkz ;g gs fd viuh t:jr dh pht Hkh tks es j[krk gw og vius LokfeRo ds fy, ugh j[krk viuh t:jr dh pht ij esjk viuk LokfeRo ugh tsls 'kjhj ij Hkh geus viuk LokfeRo ugh ekuk ;g vifjxzg vlxzg dk vfure fopkj gsa egkrek xk /kh ds fl)kur vksj fopkj u dsoy jktuhfrd vksj lkekftd O;oLFkk ds fy, fgrdkjh vksj izklfxd gs] vfirq mlls Hkh dgh vf/kd ;g vkffkzd thou es tks fd ekuo dh ewyhkwr vko';drk gs mlds fy, vr;r mi;ksxh gsa ¼7½ xk /kh,o orzeku vkffkzd lnhkz % xk /kh th us vkffkzd ljpuk dh O;k[;k djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd dksbz Hkh ;kstuk ;k ewyhkwr vkffkzd <+k pk dk izk:i xk o vksj 'kgjks ds vuqdwy gksuk pfg, xk /kh th dk dguk Fkk fd pw fd nksuks dh <+k pkxr O;oLFkk vyx&vyx gksrh gs vr,o ges bl ckr dk /;ku t:j j[kuk pkfg, fd nksuks dh ;kstuk dk fø;kuo;u fcydqy vyx&vyx gksa 'kgjh {ks=ks dk fodkl xzkeh.k {ks=ks ls vf/kd gksrk gs ogk ij dksbz Hkh ljdkjh vksj xsj ljdkjh ;kstuk dk ykhk rqjur igq p tkrk gs tcfd llk/kuks ds vhkko es xzkeh.k {ks= blls ofpr jg tkrs gsa 'kklu O;oLFkk,o uhfr fu/kkzjdks dks bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd nksuks {ks=ks dh vkffkzd ljpuk vyx&vyx cuk;h tk;sa ¼8½ orzeku le; es vkffkzd ljpuk dh lcls cm+h lel;k ;gh Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My