Managing Work Place Stress and Depression of Government School Teacher's Through Yoga and Meditation of Chandigarh City

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1 Since March 2002 R esearch Paper An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 127, Vol - XIII (8), October , Page No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No Managing Work Place Stress and Depression of Government School Teacher's Through Yoga and Meditation of Chandigarh City Every great spiritual, philosophic and religious tradition has emphasized compassion, reconciliation, forgiveness and responsibility. The progress of any organization is dependent on the psychosocial well being of the employees. Stress can affect one's health, work performance, social life and the relationship with family members. The stress response is a complex emotion that produces physiological changes to prepare us for fight or flight. Organizations must develop stress prevention as well as stress reduction techniques. This paper attempts to understand the nature of stress in the present day scenario and effective use of yoga and meditation practices adopted by government school teachers of Chandigarh city to prevent, minimize and to overcome the workplace stress and depression. Keywords : Government school teacher's, Work place stress and depression, Yoga and Meditation. DR. BIKRAMJIT KAUR Introduction : In this cut throat competition, globalization and technological innovations, work environment has become more stressful because of diverse role expectations and many complications on both the domestic and professional fronts of the employees. The pressure of work has been intensifying and there is growing feeling among employees that the demands of work begin to dominate life. "No one can have everything and do everything at the same time". - Oprah Winfrey The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, states that job stress, now more than ever, poses a threat to the health of workers - and the health of organizations. Today, the new age workforce comprises mostly of knowledge workers, who are techno-savvy, aware of market realities, are materially focused and have a higher propensity to switch jobs. The presence of stress among employees can be a motivator as excess amounts of stress can lead to a lack of productivity, loss of confidence, and the inability to perform routine tasks. As a result, quality employees lose their enthusiasm for their work and eventually withdraw from the company. Definition of Stress : Stress is a personal experience caused by pressure or demands on an individual and impacts upon the individual's ability to cope or rather, his/her perception of that ability. Stress arises when individuals perceive that they cannot adequately cope with the demands being made on them or with threats to their well-being. - Lazarus 'Stress results from an imbalance between demands and resources'. - Lazarus &Folkman 'Stress occurs when perceived pressure exceeds your ability to cope'. - Cooper & Palmer Definition of Depression : Depression is a mental illness that involves the mind and body. Also called major depression, which affects how you feel, think and behave. Depression can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. A depressive disorder is a syndrome that reflects a sad and or irritable mood exceeding normal sadness or grief. Depressive signs and symptoms are characterized not only by negative thoughts, moods, and behaviors but also by specific changes in bodily functions, for example - crying spells, body aches, low energy or libido, as well as problems with eating, weight or sleeping. Review of Literature : A brief survey of available literature on work place stress and depression, job satisfaction and organizational effectiveness is presented below to provide a background to the study : Ross & Vasantha (2014) studies Work-life balance and stress go hand in hand. What seems to matter in this regard is the importance workers place on balance in their lives and Assistant Professor, Govt. College of Commerce & Business Administration, Sector-42, Chandigarh Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (8) October

2 the effectiveness of workplace policies and practices in supporting them to achieve this goal. Steven L. Sauter, (2013) chief of the Applied Psychology and Ergonomics Branch of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in Cincinnati, Ohio, stated that recent studies showed that "the workplace has become the single greatest source of stress. Despande (2012) examined Stress in the workplace had emerged as a major issue for businesses and it has reached alarming proportions. According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 80 percent of workers experienced job stress. Ezzedeen and Swiercz (2002) explained that the modern work has become knowledge based, fluid, and intellectual; overworked people think about work all of the time. For many people, work has become cognitively intrusive. From the review of literature it is found that increasing levels of stress can rapidly lead to low employee morale, poor productivity, and decreasing job satisfaction. Objectives of the Study : After reviewing the literature on work place stress and depression through yoga and meditation, the main objectives of study are delineated below as: (1) To analyze the various factors causing stress and depression at workplace. (2) To understand the effective use of yoga and meditation practices adopted by government school teachers of Chandigarh city to prevent, minimize and to overcome the workplace stress and depression. Research Methodology : The research is a descriptive stud y aimed at q uantitatively testing the hyp o thesis that a significant r elatio nship exists b etween wo rk p lace str ess & depression of government school teacher's and yoga and meditation practices adopted b y them, by S.No. utilizing measuring instruments that are capable of measuring the related factors. The primary data was collected with the help of structured questionnaire. A sample of 120 government school teachers (female between the age group of 25 years to 45 years) of Chandigarh is selected from different sectors of the city. The secondary data is also collected from various books, magazines, journals, newspapers, and various websites of internet. The collected data was analyzed by using financial and statistical techniques to arrive at the results. Study Design : Two hypothesis are investigated in the research: H0 : There is a positive relationship between work place stress & depression of government school teacher's and yoga and meditation practices adopted by them. H1 : There is an inverse relationship between work place stress & depression of government school teacher's and yoga and meditation practices adopted by them. Data Analysis, Interpretation and Findings : This study is based on the following dimensions that are tied to job performance and life success considering the aspects perceived stress, empathy, illness, absenteeism, emotional volatility and quality of life as they have been recognized as warning signs of excessive stress and depression at work place. The following percentage (female Table : Factors Causing Stress & Depression among Govt. School Teacher's of Chandigarh City Factor s Respondent s Say Yes (% Age) Respondent s Say No (% Age) out of 120) of government school teacher's is suffering from stress and depression in Chandigarh city. As it is clear from table that a very less percentage of government school teacher's of Chandigarh city on the basis of above said variables are under stress and depression. The findings of the study also reveals that there is a meaningful relationship between work place stress & depression of government school teacher's and yoga and meditation practices adopted by them ( ) as proved Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (8) October Undecided (% Age) 1 Feelings of sadness or unhappiness Indecisiveness, distractibility and decreased concentration Trouble thinking, concentrating, making decisions and remembering things 4 Frequent thoughts of death, crying or suicide Irritability or frustration, even over small matters Unexplained physical problems, such as back pain or headaches Loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities Changes in appetite Agitation or restlessness Slowed thinking, speaking or body movements Reduced sex drive Fatigue, tiredness and loss of energy Feeling of worthlessness or guilt Insomnia or excessive sleeping Crying spells for no apparent reason Source : primary data.

3 by Pearson's correlation at 0.05 level. Thereby H1 is rejected and H0 is accepted it means teacher's are more cautious of their health and do exercises and yoga and meditation practices in their routine work. Give your stress wings and let it fly away. - Terri Guillemets It shows government school teacher's of Chandigarh city have started yoga asanas and meditation practices after the steps taken by government, director of schools and school principal either to send the teachers to government yoga centres or invite resource persons and NGO's to deliver lectures on yoga & meditation and give them the practice sessions. Moreover the school teachers are now more health conscious and go to the parks, exercise clubs, fitness centre's, yoga centre's etc. in different sectors of the city as the facilities are provided by the government. Conclusion : The study concluded that there exists a direct positive relationship between work place stress & depression of government school teacher's and yoga and meditation practices adopted by them of Chandigarh city because of the initiatives taken by government, director of schools and school principal. Thus, it is not only important to identify stress and depression problems and to deal with them but also to promote healthy work environment and reduce harmful aspects of work. References : (1) Buddeberg-Fischer, B., Stamm, M., & Klaghofer, R. (2008). The new generation of family physicians- career motivation, life goals and work-life balance. Swiss Med Wkly.2008:138(21-22): (2) Deshpande R.C. (2012). A healthy way to handle work place stress through yoga, meditation and soothing humor. International Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2(4). Edworthy, A. (2000). Managing Stress. Buckingham: Open University Press. (3) Ezzedeen, S.R., & Swiercz, P.M. (2002). Rethinking worklife balance: Development and validation of the cognitive intrusion of work scale (CIWS) - A dissertation research proposal. Proceedings of the 2002 Eastern Academy of Management Meeting (4) Ross, S.D. & Vasantha, S. (2014). A Conceptual Study on Impact of Stress on Work-Life Balance. Sai Om Journal of Commerce & Management, 1(2), February, 1. (5) (6) National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 2007 (7) Wikipedia/major depressive disorder/overview (8) (9) (10) (11) com Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (8) October

4 Since March 2002 orzeku ifjos'k es a bavjusv es a yk[kks a dh la[;k es a ;krk;kr gks jgk gsa blh ds ifjizs{; es a dksbz Hkh daiuh tks bz&o;olk; dj jgh gs] bldk nkf;ro gksrk gs fd vius xzkgd dks larqf"v iznku djs aa xzkgd larqf"v daiuh ;k laxbu dh izfke mn~ns'; gksrk gsa blds fy, daiuh ;k laxbu dks nh?kzdkyhu ;kstuk cukuk gksrk gsa blds fy, daiuh ;k laxbu dks nh?kzdkyhu ;kstuk cukuk gksrk gsa blds fy, vko';d gksrk gs fd tks olrq bavjusv ij foø; fd;k tkrk gs] mdr olrq dh ykxr de gks rfkk mpp xq.korrk okyh gksa mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkkjr esa futurebazar.com ds }kjk vusd izdkj dh olrq, leiw.kz lwpuk lfgr foø; fd;k tkrk gsa fo'ks"k voljks a ij olrq dk ewy; Hkh de dj fn;k tkrk gs] ftlls xzkgd vklkuh ls vkdf"kzr gksrs pys vkrs gsaa bl rjg daiuh dk foø; Hkh c<+ tkrk gs vksj foø; ;ksx; olrq dh xq.korrk Hkh mpp jgrh gsa vxj xzkgd dks fdlh Hkh izdkj dh lel;k gksrh gs rks dlvej ds;j ij Qksu dj viuh lel;k dks nwj dj ldrs gsaa xzkgd opuc)rk % lozizfke bl rjg ds xzkgdksa dks ryk'kuk pkfg,] tks olrq ds Ø; ds fy, izfrc) gsa,sls xzkgdksa dks [kkstuk dfbu dk;z gksrk gsa fdurq ;g dk;z vlahko Hkh ugha gksrka bavjusv ij vkus okys xzkgd dks mudh vk;] Ø; 'kfdr mriuu :fp vkfn ds ek/;e ls igpkuk tk ldrk gsa ;fn xzkgd bavjusv ds ek/;e ls vfkok bz&foi.ku ij fo'okl j[krk gs] rks os olrq dks Ø; vo'; gh djsxka,d ckj deiuh viuh lsok iznku dj nsrh gs] rks deiuh ij xzkgd dk fo'okl cu tkrk gsa lkfk gh daiuh ds [;kfr esa Hkh o`f) gksus yxrh gsa xzkgd izfr/kkj.k % HkkSfrd :Ik ls ;g lahko gs dksbz Hkh daiuh xzkgdksa ds izfr izfr/kkj.k iznf'kzr dj ldrh gs] fdurq tc xzkgd vizluu gks] tc xzkgd dks HkkSfrd :Ik ls u gh tkuk tkrk gs] vfkok igpkuk tkrk gs] rks xzkgd ds izfr izfr/kkj.k djuk dfbu gks tkrk gsa xzkgd R esearch Paper An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 127, Vol - XIII (8), October , Page No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No F&-«eenkeâ mebyeboeer ØeyebOe (E-CRM) Øemlegle MeesOehe$e, F&-«eenkeâ mebyeboeer ØeyebOe (E-CRM) mes mecyebefoele nw~ efkeâmeer Yeer kebâheveer keâe ØecegKe GösMÙe ueeye Deefpe&le keâjvee neslee nw, efkeâvleg ueeye keâe Depe&ve Yeer meeceeefpekeâ GòejoeefÙelJe vener neslee, Deefheleg «eenkeâ DeefYecegKeer keâe nesvee DeeJeMÙekeâ neslee nw~ Jele&ceeve cew Ssmes Yeer «eenkeâ nesles nq, pees otj-âef Deewj hekeäkeâe Fjeoe efues ngs nesles nq~ FmeefueS F&-kebâheefveÙeeW keâes ÛeeefnS efkeâ Jes efje eâce DeefYecegKeer ve neskeâj «eenkeâ DeefYecegKeer nesvee ÛeeefnS~ meer.deej.sce. Skeâ efjemle=le Meyo nw~ kebâheveer mebie"ve, meepesoejer heâce& Deheveer ÙeesiÙelee kesâ DeeOeej hej JesyemeeF&šdme kesâ ceeoùece mes eâùe-efje eâùe keâe keâeùe& keâj mekeâleer nw~ Fmekesâ efues DeeJeMÙekeâ nw efkeâ kebâheveer, meepesoejer mebmlee Deewj mebie"ve kesâ heeme DeÛÚer Ùeespevee, megâì{ metûevee ØeCeeueer lelee DeeJeMÙekeâ JÙetn jûevee keâe nesvee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ [e@.mebpeùe efmebn dh loks ZPp lsok iznku dj xzkgd dks deiuh vfhkeq[kh cuk;k tk ldrk gsa deiuh dk izeq[k mn~ns'; ;g gksuk pkfg, fd vf/kd ls vf/kd la[;k esa xzkgd osc lkbzv~l dks [kksys rfkk olrqvksa dks Ø; djsa ;k iznrr lsokvksa dk ykhk xzkgd ds }kjk fy;k tkosa bz&ck; MkWV dkwe mnkgj.k ds fy, uhykeh dk lcls vpnk lkbzv~l gsa fo'o Lrj ij vusd olrqvksa dk uhyke fd;k tkrk gsa bl lkbv~l esa xzkgd dh vkoktkgh vf/kd ek=k esa gsa blh rjg ls esa Hkh yk[kks a dh la[;k esa xzkgdksa dh vkoktkgh gksrh jgrh gsa fu/kkzfjr 'kqyd ysdj gkwv esy dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gsa mi;qzdr nksuksa fø;kvksa dks djus ds ckn deiuh ykhk dh vksj vfhkeq[kh gks tkrh gsa ykhk % fdlh Hkh daiuh dk izeq[k mn~ns'; ykhk vftzr djuk gksrk gs] fdurq ykhk dk vtzu Hkh lkekftd mrrjnkf;ro ugha gksrk] vfirq xzkgd vfhkeq[kh dk gksuk vko';d gksrk gsa orzeku esa,sls Hkh xzkgd gksrs gsa] tks nwj n`f"v vksj iddk bjknk fy, gq;s gksrs gsaa blfy, bz&deifu;ksa dks pkfg, fd os foø; vfhkeq[kh u gksdj xzkgd vfhkeq[kh gksuk pkfg,a lh-vkj-,e-,d folr`r 'kcn gsa deiuh laxbu] lk>snkjh QeZ viuh ;ksx;rk ds vk/kkj ij csclkbzv~l ds ek/;e ls Ø;&foØ; dk dk;z dj ldrh gsa blds fy, vko';d gs fd deiuh] lk>snkjh la[;k vksj laxbu ds ikl vpnh ;kstuk] lqn`<+ lwpuk iz.kkyh rfkk vko';d O;wg jpuk dk gksuk vko';d gksrk gsa,d vpns CRM ds fy, le; ij ekax vksj iwfrz dk lkekatl; gksuk vko';d gksrk gs] xzkgdks a dks le; ij olrq dh lqiqnzxh rfkk iwfrz okfgdk izca/k dk gksuk vko';d gksrk gsa xzkgd laca/kh tks Hkh lwpuk, gksrh gs] mls leiw.kz O;olk; esa izokfgr gksuk vko';d gksrk gs] bz&o;olk; djus okyh deifu;ka vfkok laxbu dks pkfg, fd xzkgd dk,d fooj.k i= rs;kj fd;k tkuk pkfg,] rkfd le; ij mldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsa meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (JÙeJemeeÙe ØeyebOe SJeb JÙeJeneefjkeâ DeLe&MeeŒe), meer.sce.[er.mveelekeâesòej ceneefjeåeeueùe, meer.sce.[er.ûeewkeâ, efyeueemehegj (ÚòeermeieÌ{) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (8) October

5 a a a a E-CRM dks dc ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg, % ¼1½ tc O;olk; dk mn~ns'; dfbu gks vksj lsok mihkksdrk ls lacaf/kr gksrk gsa ¼2½ tc vf/kd ek=k es a lwpuk izokfgr gksrk gsa ¼3½ tc mihkksdrkvks a ds lel;kvks a dk lek/kku fd;k tkrk gksa E-CRM dh lgk;rk ls ykhk es a o`f) vksj orzeku ykxr dks de fd;k tk ldrk gsa CRM dh lgk;rk ls bz&dkwelz laca/kh lel;kvks dks vklkuh ls gy fd;k tk ldrk gs] ftlds vurxzr osc&fmtkbzfuax] bz&dkwelz ds ifj;kstukvks a dk lapkyu fd;k tk jgk gksa mihkksdrk lwpuk okrkoj.k % E-CRM ds vurxzr mihkksdrk ls lacaf/kr lelr lwpukvks dk laxzg.k fd;k tkrk gsa fdlh bz&ekdszvj ds laxbu es a lwpuk laca/kh okrkoj.k gksuk pkfg,] rkfd os vius xzkgdksa dks dhkh Hkh] fdlh Hkh le; mlds izksqkbzy ds vk/kkj ij igpku ldrs gsaa mnkgj.k ds fy, vkbzlhvkbzlhvkbz csad ls _.k ysus okys xzkgdks dk lelr izksqkbzy j[kk tkrk gsa vxj xzkgd csad dks le; ij _.k Hkqxrku ugha djrk gs] rks csad ds eq[;ky; eqecbz ls rqjur dk;zokgh izkjehk gks tkrh gs] D;ks afd E-CRM ds vurxzr dk;zokgh djuk vko ;d gks tkrk gsa mihkksdrk lwpuk okrkoj.k ds vurxzr xf.krh; vk/kkj ij esfvªdl dk;zøe dk fu/kkzj.k] mihkksdrk ls laca/kh lwpukvksa dk laxzg.k rfkk ysu&nsu dh vknr dks E- CRM ds vurxzr fd;k tkrk gsa mihkksdrk ewy; vfhkeq[khdj.k % E-CRM Li"V djrk gs fd dksbz Hkh xzkgd dks mldk ewy; vo'; gh Kkr gksrk gs] pkgs og 1-00 :Ik;s dh olrq ys jgk gks vfkok 1]00]000@& :Ik;s dh olrq ys jgk gksa mihkksdrk ewy; vfhk;qfdrx.k ds vurxzr O;ogkj dk v/;;u] ykhk dk fo'ys"k.k] thou pø dk v/;;u,oa vur esa foi.ku dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gsa vu; 'kcnksa esa,d xzkgd Ø; foø; djrs le; mls O;ogkj dk v/;;u djrk gs rfkk mdr xzkgd ls fdruk ykhk vftzr fd;k tk ldrk gs] fdrus o"kksza rd og Ø;&foØ; dj ldrk gs vkfn dk v/;;u E-CRM ds vurxzr fd;k tkrk gsa xzkgd leiuurk % foi.ku vhkh u;k gs] vu; jk"vªks a es a dgk tkos fd orzeku ifjos'k es a foi.ku dk izfke nksj gsa vhkh blds vkus okys vusd pj.k gks ldrs gs aa vr% dgk tk ldrk gs fd vhkh bldk fodflr :Ik vkuk vhkh ckdh gsa blds vurxzr xzkgd dh vk;] Ø; 'kfdr] olrq dh xq.korrk rfkk lh[kus ds iz.kkyh vkfn rf;ks a dk v/;;u E-CRM ds vurxzr fd;k tkrk gsa fo'o Lrj ij dqn bz&deifu;ka gs] tks vius xzkgdks ds lanhkz es a 'kks/k fd;k gs] tks fd bl rkfydk ls Li"V gs % Company Name Electronic Relationship Market Captalisation Value of Each Relationship AOL Yahoo Amazon E-buy xzkgd thou pø % izr;sd O;olk; esa xzkgd Hkxoku dh rjg gksrk gs] ysfdu mihkksdrk ;k xzkgd fdrus le; rd O;olk; es a 'kkfey gksrk gs] ;s egroiw.kz ckr gsa ewy;kadu % lafofy;u ds fy, dh xbz fø;k fof/k;ksa dk iqu% ewy;kadu djuk vko';d gks tkrk gsa vxj mijksdr izfø;k esa dksbz =qfv jg xbz gks ;k izfø;k esa dksbz Hkh deh jg xbz gks mls rqjur gh nwj fd;k tkuk pkfg,a ewy;kadu ds vurxzr VkLdQkslZ dk xbu fd;k x;k tk ldrk gsa VkLdQkslZ dk dk;z ;g gksrk gs fd iwoz es a tks =qfv jg xbz gks mls rqjur gh nwj fd;k tkuk pkfg,a lkfk gh losz ds ek/;e ls xzkgdksa ds lanhkz esa vko';d tkudkfj;ka,d= dj fu"d"kz fudkyk tk ldrk gsa lsok, % bz&ekds ZVj ;k laxbu vfkok deiuh ds fy, ;g vko';d gs fd viuh lsokvksa dks osclkbzv~l esa iznf'kzr djs a vfkkzr~ ekdszvj dksu lk O;olk; dj jgk gs] mls osclkbzv~l esa Li"V :Ik ls iznf'kzr djsaa mnkgj.k ds fy, esa tsls gh osclkbzv~l dks ykwxvku fd;k tkrk gs] rks izfke ist fmftvy olrqvksa ds lanhkz esa lelr ys[kk&tks[kk izkir gks tkrk gsa mi;ksxdrkz eksckbzy vfkok fmftvy dsejk vkfn mfpr ewy; xq.korrk fuekz.k dh frffk olrq dk dksm vkfn dk fooj.k izkir gksus yxrk gsa bl izdkj ls xzkgd rqjur gh le> tkrk gs fd mls dksu lh olrq izkir djuk gs vksj mldk ewy; fdruk gsa izfrc)rk % bz&ekds ZfVax ds fy, ;g vko';d gs fd xzkgd ;k mi;ksxdrkz yecs le; ds fy, :dsa ;g dk;z vr;ur gh dfbu gs] D;ks afd vk;s fnu,d u;k bz&ekds ZVj bz&ekds ZfVax ;k lsok ds fy, rs;kj gks tkrk gsa vr% xzkgd dks jksddj j[kuk dfbu dk;z izrhr gksrk gs] blhfy, ;g vko';d gs fd xzkgd ds lanhkz es a vko';d tkudkfj;ka,d= fd;k tkos rfkk le; ij vius xzkgd ls leidz cuk;s j[kk tkos] blds fy, VsyhQksu vfkok bz&esy ls muls lrr~ iz;kl cuk;s j[ks tkosa vr% xzkgd dk,slk izrhr gksxk fd bz&ekds ZVj mugs a leeku nsrk gs vksj lrr~ laca/k cuk;s j[krk gsa lko/kkuh % izr;sd dk;z lko/kkuhiwozd fd;k tkrk gs] D;ks afd E-CRM dk mn~ns'; xzkgd lsok gksrk gs] izr;sd xzkgdks a dh izksqkbzy rs;kj djuk,oa mles a lgh tkudkfj;ka Hkjuk] xzkgdks a dks fdlh Hkh vk/kkj ij oxhzd`r djuk pkgs] og fyax ds vk/kkj ij gks ;k lsok ;k mez ;k vk; ds vk/kkj ij gksa olrq ds foø; djrs le; Hkh lko/kkfu;ka cjrh tkrh gs] le; ij olrq dh lqiqnxhz] olrq dh xq.korrk cuk;s j[kuk vkfn rf;ks a ij iw.kz lko/kkuh vko';d gksrk gsa,sls rro tks lgk;rk iznku djrs gsa % ¼1½ mihkksdrk losz ¼2½ mihkksdrk laca/kh lwpuk ¼3½ mihkksdrk lao/kzu laca/kh fø;k, ¼4½ foø; fcunq fu/kkzj.k djuk ¼5½ fcfyax fd;k tkuk ¼6½ foø; ewy; dk fu/kkzj.k ¼7½ vkns'k dh iwfrz fd;k tkuk ¼8½ mrikn vksj lsok dks mihkksdrk ls tksm+uka O;olk; dks E-CRM ls ykhk % ¼1½ mihkksdrkvksa ls feyu ¼2½ foi.ku fø;k dk fu/kkzj.k ¼3½ foi.ku izn'kzu dk fu/kkzj.k ¼4½ Lda/k vk/kkj dk fu/kkzj.k ¼5½ o`gn isekus ij mihkksdrk laca/kh dk;z ¼6½ foø; volj izkir gksuk ¼7½ forj.k okfgdk dk fu/kkzj.k ¼8½ O;fDrxr lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznku ¼9½ dsunzh; fcunq ls lapkyua Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (8) October

6 s Since March 2002 R esearch Paper An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 127, Vol - XIII (8), October , Page No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No Sce.Sve.jeÙe kesâ vejeceevejejeeoer ome&ve keâe efjemues<eceelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew Sce.Sve.jeÙe kesâ vejeceevejejeeoer ome&ve keâe efjemues<eceelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ Sce.Sve.jeÙe Deheves peerjeve kesâ Debeflece meele Je<eeX cew ( ) vejeceevejejeeoer ome&ve keâer Deesj De«emej ngs Deewj Yeejle cew ner vener, yeefukeâ efjeosmeew cew vejeceevejejeeo kesâ Øeefleheeokeâ kesâ he cew efjekùeele ngs~ jeùe keâe vejeceevejejeeo ceeveje mjeleb$elee keâe ome&ve nw lelee Jen ceveg<ùe keâes ØelÙeskeâ Jemleg keâe ceeheoc[ Je Debeflece meeoùe ceevelee nw~ vejeceevejejeeo keâer ceevùelee nw efkeâ ceveg<ùe Deheves YeeiÙe keâe Kego efvecee&lee nw, Jen efkeâmeer Deefle-Øeeke=âeflekeâ Meefòeâ kesâ DeOeerve vener nw Deewj ve ner Gmemes mebûeeefuele neslee nw~ vejeceevejejeeo JÙeefòeâ keâer mejeexûûelee SJeb ceevejeerùe cetuùe kesâ cenlje keâes mjeerkeâej keâjlee nw lelee mjeleb$elee, meceevelee, %eeve SJeb melùe keâer efnceeùele keâjlee nw~ vejeceevejejeeoer ome&ve keâe DeeOeej YeeweflekeâJeeo nw, pees ceveg<ùe keâer me=peveelcekeâ Meefkeâle cew efjeõeeme keâjlee nw~ kegbâpeer Meyo : vejeceevejejeeo, YeeweflekeâJeeo, mjeleb$elee Deewj mecekeâeueerve~ [e@.megkeosje kegâceej Hkwfedk % Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd n'kzu ds bfrgkl esa,e0,u0 jk; lokzfèkd fooknklin fopkjd gksus ds ckotwn viuk,d fof'k"v LFkku j[krs gsaa,d lfø; Økafrdkjh gksus ds lkfk gh os,d nwjn'khz,oa xahkhj xgu eksfyd fpard Hkh FksA ;fn vko';d gksrk rks os tufgr dh HkykbZ ds fy, tuer dh izpfyr gok ds izfrdwy tkus esa Hkh ugha fgpdrs FksA ;gh,dek= dkj.k Fkk fd mugsa muds thou dky esa u rks lgh rksj ij le>k x;k vksj u gh ljkgk tk ldka ysfdu mugksaaus ekdlzokn ls ijs gvdj ekuo dh Lora=rk ds /;s; dks lkeus j[kdj ftl uoekuookn uked eksfyd n'kzu dk izfriknu fd;k] mlls os Hkkjr esa gh ugha cfyd fons'kksa esa Hkh uoekuookn ds izfriknd ds :i esa tkus x,a jk; dk uoekuoknhn'kzu % jk; ds vuqhko,oa fujurj fodkleku fopkjksa us muds jktusfrd thou dks Li"Vr% rhu jaxks a ea a vkysf[kr fd;ka ¼1½ izfke pj.k dk izkjehk 1901 ls ekuk tkrk gs tcfd jk; caxky ds vkradoknh vkanksyu ls lac) FksA bl nksjku os /ku o gffk;kjks a ds ekè;e ls ns'k dks vktkn djokuk pkgrs FksA fopkjksa o fparu dh n`f"v ls jk; ml le;,d jk"vªh; vjktdrkoknh FksA ml nksjku os Lo;a Hkh vius vkidks,d jksekafvd Økafroknh ekurs FksA nwljs pj.k dk izkjehk 1917 ls ekuk tkrk gsa bl dky esa jk;,d dv~vj ¼:f<+oknh½ ekdlzoknh cu x,a esfdldks] phu o :l esa de;qfulv dk;zdrkz ds :i esa mugksaus vurjkz"vªh; [;kfr izkir dha 1930 ls 1946 rd mugks aus ekdlzokn ds folr`r <k ps es a vusd ckj viuh flfkfr cnyha rhljs pj.k dk izkjehk 1946 ls ekuk tkrk gsa ¼2½ bl nksjku jk; us vius uoekuooknh uked eksfyd n'kzu dk izfriknu fd;k vksj os Hkkjr esa gh ugha] cfyd fons'kksa esa Hkh uoekuookn ds izfriknd ds :i esa tkus x,a jk; us vius ekuooknh n'kzu dks uoekuookn] oskkfud ekuookn] eksfyd ekuookn o mxz ekuookn ds uke ls iqdkjk gsa muds ekuookn dks oskkfud ekuookn blfy, dgk tkrk gs] D;ksafd bldk vk/kkj fokku ds 'kks/k ifj.kke] lekt'kkl= rfkk 'kjhj jpuk fokku ds u;s&u;s vuos"k.k gsaa jk; us vius ekuookn dks uoekuookn o eksfyd ekuookn blfy, dgk D;ksafd mudk ekuookn muds iwozorhz o lelkef;d ekuooknh fopkjdksas ls iw.kzr% fhkuu gsa jk; ekurs gsa fd ; fi iqjkru dky ls ysdj vk/kqfud dky rd bu nksuksa izdkj ds ekuooknh fopkjdksa us ekuoh; izñfr,oa mldh lel;kvksa o dy;k.k ds lecuèk esa dkqh ek=k esa fparu fd;k gsa ijurq mudh lkeku; Hkwy ;g gs fd os euq"; ds Lora= vflrro dks Lohdkj ugha dj ik;s blfy, muds fparu esa u rks ekuo dks dsunzh; LFkku fey ik;k vksj u gh os euq"; dks vius HkkX; dk fuekzrk Lohdkj dj ik,a blds foijhr jk; us igyh ckj vius ekuooknh n'kzu esa ekuo dks dsunzh; LFkku fn;k vksj mls izr;sd olrq dk ekin.m o ekuo tkfr dk ewy ekuka mugksaus vius ekuookn dks mxz ekuookn blfy;s dgk] D;ksafd ekuo vflrro ds ewy rd tkuk gh mxz ekuookn gs vksj ;gh oskkfudrk dk ewy vk/kkj gsa ¼3½ jk; dk uoekuookn ekuoh; Lora=krk dk n'kzu gsa ;g bl eku;rk ij vkèkkfjr gs fd euq"; lhkh fo"k;ksa dk izfreku o viuk lk/; Lo;a gsa og fdlh vu; è;s; dh izkfir dk lk/ku ugha gsa jk; dk uoekuooknh n'kzu bl ckr esa fo'okl djrk gs fd euq"; vius HkkX; dk fuekz.k Lo;a djrk gs vksj og fdlh Hkh izdkj dh bz'ojh; bpnk&'kfdr ls fu;af=r ugha gksrka ¼4½ uoekuookn meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ, ieewì[ yeçeÿece ef[«eer keâe@uespe, jesnlekeâ (nefjùeecee) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (8) October

7 a dk vkxzg gs fd euq"; viuk y{; Lo;a gs vr% mldh lùkk fdlh dkyifud lkewfgd vgark ;Fkk jk"vª] tkfr ;k oxz es a foyhu ugha gks ldrh rfkk bl izdkj ds leok;ksa ds uke ij ekuoh; fgrksa dk mrlxz djus dh ek x djuk vokanuh; gsa uoekuooknh n'kzu Lora=krk dks vk/kkjhkwr ekuo ewy; ekurk gs] ftlls lhkh ekuoh; ewy;ks a dk loks ZPp ewy; fu"dkflr gksrk gsa vr% O;fDr dsoy lekt es a jgdj gh Lora=rk dk mi;ksx dj ldrk gs] ijurq blds fy, ml Lora=k O;fDr dk Lor% izsfjr usfrd O;fDr gksuk Hkh ije vko';d gs D;ks afd LosPNkiwoZd usfrd vkpj.k j[kus es a v{ke O;fDr Lora= ugha gks ldrka uoekuooknh n'kzu ladsr djrk gs fd euq"; dh vur% izsj.kkvks a ds lkfk&lkfk mlds foosd dk fodkl yk[kks a o"kks ± ds tsfod fodkl dh dkykof/ k es a izdv gqvk gs rfkk bu izo`fùk;ks a ds laf'y"v QyLo:i gh mldk Lor% izsfjrdrkz ds :i es a fodkl lehko gks ldk gsa jk; dk uoekuooknh n'kzu fokkuokn o cqf)okn es a vklfkk j[krk gs vksj fdlh Hkh izdkj dh jgl;e; o vfrizkñfrd lùkk dk fojks/k djrk gsa ;g dsoy fokku es a fo'okl ds vk/kkj ij ekuo ds lhkh ekufld xq.kks a dk ftles a ladyi] foosd,oa laosx lfeefyr gs] tsfod fodkl ls lecu/k n'kkzrk gsa uoekuookn dh eku;rk gs fd euq"; dk Lora=rk ds fy, la?k"kz] tho }kjk vflrro ds fy, la?k"kz dk ekuoh Lrj ij lkrr; gs rfkk ekuo&izxfr dh ewy vkdka{kk mldh Lora=rk dh [kkst rfkk lr; dk vuqla/kku djus dh izo`fùk;ks a ls mrizsfjr gsa jk; us Lora=krk ds rhu vk/kkj LrEHk ekuookn] O;fDrokn vksj foosdokn crk, gsaa ¼5½ jk; dk mu yksxksa ls Hkh vyxko gs tks HkkSfrdokn dks bfunz;&tu; r`fir ;k okluke; r`fir ekurs gs aa mudk uoekuooknh n'kzu fo'oo;kih gs ¼6½ vksj ;g jk"vªh;rk dks tkrh; fo}s"k ij vk/kkfjr rfkk izfrfø;koknh ekurk gs D;ks sfd ;g jk"vªh; iz'uks a dks vnwrk NksM+ nsrh gsa ¼7½ jk; Jh vjfoan] VSxksj o xk /kh th dh rjg ekuo tkfr ds lgdkfjrkewyd la?k es a fo'okl,oa fo'o la?k dk lefkzu djrs gsaa blds lecu/k esa jk; us fy[kk gs] Þuoekuookn vius n`f"vdks.k esa fo'oo;kih gsa dkwlekwiksfyvu dkweuosyfk esa Lora=k O;fDr gksaxs] tks jk"vªh; jkt; dh lhekvksa ls ijs gksaxs] pkgs os jkt; iw thoknh] QkflLV] lektoknh vfkok lke;oknh gh D;ksa u gksaa 20oha 'krkcnh esa gq, tkx`r ekuo ds izhkko esa bl izdkj dh Hkkouk frjksfgr gks tk,xhaþ fu"d"kz % jk; dk uoekuooknh n'kzu,d O;kogkfjd rfkk oskkfud jktuhfrd fl)kur gs tks ekuo thou ds gj igyw ls va/kfo'oklksa] dqjhfr;ksa o vuko';d ijeijkvksa dks fudkydj oskkfud n`f"vdks.k ds vk/kkj ij mudk iquewzy;kadu djus ij cy nsrk gsa vr% jk; dk uoekuooknh n'kzu Hkkjr esa gh ugha cfyd leiw.kz fo'o esa s i;kzir egùo j[krk gsa muds uoekuooknh n'kzu dk ewy vk/kkj Lora=rk gs vksj Lora=rk ls gh lhkh ewy;ksa dk lokszpp ewy; fu"dkflr gksrk gsa ;g orzeku esa izpfyr yksdra= dh cqjkb;ksa dks mtkxj djrs gq, oklrfod yksdrkaf=d fl)kur ij cy nsrk gs vksj,d lpps yksdrkaf=d lekt dh LFkkiuk dks viuk izeq[k y{; ekurk gsa lunhkz % ¼1½ vkj0ds0 volfkh] lkbafvfqd áwesfute % lks'kks& ikwfyfvdy vkbfm;kt vkwq,e0,u0 jk; ¼, føfvd½] dkwyst cqd fmiks] t;iqj] uksv MsfVM] i`0 6- ¼2½ ogh] i`0 6- ¼3½,e0,u0 jk;] ikwfyfvdl] ikwoj,.m ikvhzt] fjuslk ifcy'klz] dydùkk] 1960] i` ¼4½ oh0,e0 rkjdq.ms] uoekuookn % Lokra=; vksj yksdra= dk n'kzu] okxnsoh izdk'ku] chdkusj] 1986] i`0 85- ¼5½,e0,u0 jk;] nk izkwcye vkwq ÝhMe] fjuslk ifcy'klz] dydùkk] 1945] i`0 61- ¼6½ oh0ih0 oekz] vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu] y{ehukjk;.k vxzoky izdk'kd] vkxjk] 1975] i` ¼7½,e0,u0 jk;] nk izkwcye vkwq ÝhMe] 1945] i` Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (8) October

8 a Since March 2002 R esearch Paper An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 127, Vol - XIII (8), October , Page No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No ieeboeer ome&ve cew Deefnbmee : efmeæevle SJeb JÙeJenej Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew ieeboeer ome&ve cew Deefnbmee, efmeæevle SJeb JÙeJenej hej efjemleej mes efjeûeej efkeâùee ieùee nw~ ieeboeerpeer ves Deefnbmee keâe efmeæevle ner vener, yeefukeâ Fmekesâ JÙeJeneefjkeâ ØeÙeesie keâer lekeâveerkeâ Yeer oer~ Gvekesâ Deefnbmee mebyeboeer efjeûeejew hej ØeeÛeerve Oece& «ebleew, yegæ kesâ GheosMeeW, yeef&yeue kesâ ØeJeÛeveeW, jefmkeâve Je še@uemšeùe kesâ efjeûeejew keâe JÙeehekeâ ØeYeeJe ngdee~ ieeboeerpeer ves Deefnbmee keâe DeLe& efkeâmeer keâes ve ceejvee ner vener, yeefukeâ ceve mes, JeÛeve mes Je keâce& mes Deefnbmekeâ nesvee yeleeùee nw~ GvneWves Deefnbmee keâes Deeeflcekeâ Je owjeerùe Meefòeâ ceevee nw~ Gvekeâe keânvee nw efkeâ Deefnbmee kegâú meceùe kesâ efues lees Demeheâue nes mekeâleer nw, hejbleg mleeùeer he mes Demeheâue vener nes mekeâleer~ Jele&ceeve JewefÕekeâ meceepe cew hewâueer nj mecemùee keâe meceeoeeve Deefnbmee kesâ Éeje ner mebyeje nw~ DeeOegefvekeâ meceepe efnbmee keâer DeefOekeâlee mes heerefì[le nw~ Ùen efnbmee Oece&, peeefle, mecøeoeùe, Yee<ee Je #es$ejeeo FlÙeeefo kesâ veece hej nes jner nw~ Ùeefo ceevejelee keâes leermejs efjeõeùegæ mes yeûeevee nw, lees ieeboeer keâe Deefnbmee efmeæevle ner keâejiej meeefyele nes mekeâlee nw~ kegbâpeer Meyo : ieeboeer ome&ve, Deefnbmee, Øeemebefiekeâlee, JewefÕekeâ meceepe~ [e@.jeso ØekeâeMe Hkwfedk % ^ckiw* vksj ^jk"vªfirk* ds :i esa pfpzr egkrek xk /kh,d lpps dez;ksxh o l`tukred O;fDr FksA mugksaus vius le; dh pquksfr;ks a dk lkeuk vfgald rjhds ls dj orzeku o Hkkoh ihf<+;ks ds fy,,d felky is'k dh gsa 'kk;n ckiw xk /kh ds lr; o vfgalk ds n'kzu dks ns[kdj gh egku~ oskkfud vycvz vkbulvhu us Bhd gh dgk gs fd ^^vkus okyh ihf<+;k 'kk;n gh bl ckr ij Hkjkslk djsxh fd gkm+&ek l dk bl rjg dk dksbz balku dhkh bl /kjrh ij pyk Hkh FkkA ¼1½ tc&tc lekt esa vu;k; o vr;kpkj gksrk gs] fo'o esa vo;olfkk QSyrh gs] rc&rc fdlh u fdlh ;qxiq:"k dk vorj.k gksrk gsa ckiw xk /kh Hkh ;qx dh vko';drk Fks] fo'o ;q)ks a ls =Lr nqfu;k dks lr;] vfgalk] izse] R;kx o kkafr dk ekxz fn[kykus ds fy, mudk tue gqvk Fkk vksj vkt fgalk ls =Lr lekt es a mudh lcls vf/kd vko';drk gsa os ekdlzokn dh [kwuh Økafr dk fodyi cudj vk;s Fks vksj orzeku es a ekvksokn dh [kwuh Økafr ls lekt dks cpkus ds fy, xk /khokn gh,dek= fodyi gsa xk /kh n'kzu esa vfgalk % fl)kur,oa O;ogkj % xk /kh us dkyz ekdlz dh la?k"kz dh vo/kkj.kk dks udkjrs gq, euq"; dks LoHkko ls vfgald izk.kh ekuk gsa mudk dguk Fkk fd ;fn,slk u gksrk rks lh;rk dk fodkl gh :d tkrka xk /kh th ds vfgalk lecu/kh fopkjksa ij izkphu Hkkjrh; /kez xzufkksa] cq) ds mins'kksa] ckbzcy ds izopuksa] jfldu o VkWyLVk; ds fopkjksa dk O;kid izhkko im+ka egkhkkjr ds ;s 'kcn ^vfgalk ijeks /kez%* Hkkjr Hkj esa fo[;kr gsaa xk /khth us vfgalk dk fl)kur gh ugha fn;k] cfyd blds O;kogkfjd iz;ksx dh rduhd Hkh nha xk /khth us bl fl)kur dk iz;ksx ns'k dks 'kkafriw.kz <ax ls LojkT; rd igq pkus ds fy, fd;ka xk /khth lr; o vfgalk dks euq"; ds vurfgzr /kez&hkko ds fodkl ds fy, vifjgk;z ekurs FksA mudk dguk Fkk fd vfgalk ds vhkko esa lr; dk vuqla/kku lahko ugha gs ---- os fldds ds nks igywvks a ds leku gsa] lr; lk/; gsaa ¼2½ vfgalk o lr; mrus gh iqjkus gsa ftrus dh igkm+a blfy, O;kogkfjd thou esa vfgalk dk ikyu djuk] lr; ds mikld dk lcls cm+k dùkzo; gsa bl lanhkz eas xk /khth us HkDr izâykn dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, dgk gs fd lr; dks NksM+us dh vis{kk izâykn ejuk vf/kd ilan djrk FkkA blfy, mlus vius firk }kjk fn, x, vuxf.kr d"vksa dks g lrs&g lrs lgu fd;k vksj var eas fot; izkir dha vfgalk dk 'kkfcnd vfkz gs & fdlh dks u ekjuk] ijurq xk /khth ds fy, vfgalk dk vfkz gr;k u djus ek= ls dgha vf/kd O;kid gsa vfgalk&eulk] okpk dez.kk&ls fdlh dks gkfu u igq pkuk gsa ¼3½ LokFkZ] }s"k vfkok Øks/ko'k fdlh dks d"v igq pkuk] fdlh ij vr;kpkj djuk fdlh dk 'kks"k.k ;k vieku djuk fgalk gsa blds foifjr LokFkZ vksj }s"k dks R;kxdj Øks/k ij fot; izkir djuk rfkk fdlh dks fdlh Hkh izdkj dk nq%[k ;k d"v u igq pkuk] vfgalk gsa xk /kh th us vfgalk dks vkfred rfkk nsoh; kfdr ekuk gsa os vfgalk dks fu'ks/kkred fopkj dh ctk;,d ldkjkred fopkj ekurs FksA ¼4½ xk /khth us nks izdkj dh vfgalk dh ckr dh gs & udkjkred o ldkjkred vfgalka mugksaus tkikuh rhu canjksa ds f[kyksus dks udkjkred vfgalk ds izrhd ds :i eas Lohdkj fd;k gs] ftlesa ^cqjk er dgks] cqjk er lquks] cqjk er ns[kks* dk vkn'kz vurfuzfgr gsa ldjkred vfgalk ls xk /khth dk vfhkizk; eulk] okpk] dez.kk meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ, jepekeâerùe ceneefjeåeeueùe, Úeje, efpeuee-peppej (nefjùeecee) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (8) October

9 vfkkzr~ eu] opu o dez ls vfgald gksus ls gsa tc ldkjkred o udkjkred vfgalk feyrs gsa] rks iw.kz vfgalk dk ekxz iz'klr gksrk gsa vfgalk nwljksa dks d"v] gkfu ;k pksv igq pkus ls cpuk ek= ugha gs] cfyd ;g ldkjkred vkre&cfynku o jpukred nq[k Hkksx ds izkphu fl)kurksa dks Hkh vfhko;dr djrh gsa xk /khth us bls iw.kz fu%lokfkz rfkk osf'od izse ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;ka ¼5½ mugksaus vfgalk dks fgalk ls vf/kd Js"B o izhkko'kkyh ekuk gsa mudk dguk Fkk fd vfgalk dqn le; ds fy, rks vlqy gks ldrh gs] ijurq LFkk;h :i ls vlqy ugha gks ldrha orzeku osf'od lekt es a QSyh gj lel;k dk lek/kku vfgalk ds }kjk gh lehko gsa mugks aus vfgalk dks ijek.kq ce ls Hkh vf/kd 'kfdr'kkyh ekuka mudk dguk gs fd & ^^;g vkrek dk xq.k gs] lcds fy, gs] lc txgksa ds fy, gs] lc le; ds fy, gsa** /;kro gs fd vfgalk ls xk /khth dk rkri;z dk;jrk ls ughaa muds vuqlkj dk;j yksx dhkh Hkh vfgald ugha gks ldrsa mugks aus cyiwozd dgk gs fd] ^^;fn eq>s fgalk o dk;jrk esa ls fdlh,d dks pquus ds fy, dgk tk;s rks esa fgalk dk pquko d: xka** ¼6½ xk /khth us vfgalk ds fl)kur ds dqn viokn Hkh crk;s gsaa mudk dguk Fkk fd thou fuokzg ds fy, dh xbz fgalk iki ugha gksrha ; fi xk; dk nw/k cnm+s ds fy, gksrk gs] ysfdu ;fn og fdlh jksxh O;fDr dks Bhd djrk gs rks cnm+ s dk gd Nhuuk dksbz fgalk ugha gsa ;fn jksx ykbykt o vr;f/kd ihm+knk;d gks tk,] rks lecfu/kr izk.kh ds izk.k gj ysuk fgalk ugha gsa ;fn viuh iq=h dh bttr vfkkzr~ mldks vleekfur gksus ls cpkus ds fy, mldk vleeku djus okys O;fDr ;k O;fDr;ksa ds izk.k gj ysuk fgalk ugha dgyk,xha xk /khth us vfgalk dks dsoy,d n'kzu gh ugha cfyd,d dk;z'ksyh o ân; ifjorzu dk lk/ku ekuk gsa mugks aus vius vfgalkoknh n'kzu dks thou ds gj {ks= esa ykxw fd;ka mugksaus vfgalk dks ekuoh; ân; gh fno; T;ksfr ekuk gs] tks jk[k ls <d rks ldrh gs] ijurq dhkh Hkh cq> ugha ldrha vk/kqfud le; es a xk /khth ds vfgalk ds fl)kur dh izklafxdrk dks ysdj fofhkuu fo}kuksa }kjk fhkuu&fhkuu er O;Dr fd;s tk jgs gsaa dqn fopkjd xk /khth ds vfgalk ds fl)kur dks le; ds izfrdwy ekudj mls vizlkafxd djkj nsrs gsa] fdurq os ;g Hkwy tkrs gsa fd vk/kqfud fo'o fgalk dh vka/kh ds FkisM+s ls =Lr gsaa ¼7½ ;g fgalk dhkh /kez o leiznk; ds uke ij] dgha tkfr ds uke ij] dgha Hkk"kk ds uke ij] dgha {ks=okn ds uke ij vksj dgha jktuhfrd fgalk gks jgh gsa rkfycku] vydk;nk] bafm;u eqtkfgnhu] fgttcqyk tsls vkradoknh laxbuks a es a /kkfezd dv~vjrk ds uke ij drysvke epk j[kk gsa ikfdlrku] vqxkfulrku] Jhyadk o e/;iwoz ds ns'kksa eas gj fnu vkradoknh geys gksrs jgrs gsa] ;fn xksj fd;k tk,] rks Hkkjr Hkh bu vkradoknh geyksa ls vnwrk ugha jgk gsa ;q) dh vk'kadkvksa us gffk;kj fuekz.k dh va/kh nksm+ dks c<+kok fn;k gsa xjhc ns'k vius ukxfjdks a dh ewyhkwr vko';drkvks a dh dher ij gffk;kj [kjhnrs gsaa ;fn ekuork dks rhljs fo'o ;q) ds fouk'k ls cpkuk gs] rks,sls esa xk /khth dk vfgalk dk fl)kur gh dkjxj lkfcr gks ldrk gsa la;qdr jk"vª la?k us 2 vdvwcj dks ^vurjkz"vªh; vfgalk fnol*?kksf"kr djds xk /khth ds vfgalk ds fl)kur ds izfr leiw.kz fo'o dh vklfkk dks vfhko;fdr iznku dh gsa izfke vurjkz"vªh; vfgalk fnol ij cksyrs gq, la;qdr jk"vª egklfpo ^cku dh ewu* us dgk Fkk fd fgalk] vkrad o vlekurk ls xzlr vkt ds lekt dks xk /khth ds vfgalk ds fl)kur dh igys ls T;knk t:jr gsa izfl) lekt lsoh vuuk gtkjs] frccrh /kez xq: nykbz ykek] vesfjdk ds orzeku jk"vªifr cjkd vksckek] nf{k.k výhdk ds egku usrk usylu eamsyk o vesfjdk ea s ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa ds fy, ym+us okys ekfvzu ywfkj fdax ds izsj.kk Lkzksr Hkh xk /khth gh jgs gsaa fu"d"kz % xk /khth dk vfgalk dk fl)kur lnso izklafxd jgsxk] D;ks afd orzeku osf'od lekt fgalk dh vf/kdrk ls ihfm+r gsa vk/kqfud ijek.kq ;qx esa,d NksVh lh fpaxkjh lelr fo'o dks u"v dj ldrh gsa vr% leiw.kz osf'od lekt vfgalkred fodyi dh ryk'k es a gsaa vk/kqfud fo'o esa rkuk'kkgh ds f[kykq tufonzksg us vfgalk dks iqu% LFkkfir dj fn;k gsa xk /khth dk vfgalk dk fl)kur Hkkjr gh ugha] cfyd lexz fo'o dk ekxzn'kzu dj jgk gsa lunhkz % ¼1½ Hkh[kw ikfj[k] xk /kh %, osjh lksjv~ bavªksmwdlu] vkwdlqksmz ;wfuoflzvh izsl] 1997] i`œ 126- ¼2½,eŒlhŒ xaxy] xk /kh;u FkkWVl,.M VsfDduDl bu n ekmzu oymz] ØksbVsfj;u ifcyds'ku] ubz fnyyh] 1988] i`œ 152- ¼3½ /khjsunz eksgu nùk] egkrek xk /kh dk n'kzu] fcgkj fgunh xzufk vdkneh] ivuk] 1973] i`œ 69- ¼4½ fo'oukfk izlkn oekz] nkw ikfyfvdy fqykslkwqh vkwq egkrek xk /kh,.m lokszn;] y{ehukjk;.k vxzoky ifcy'klz] vkxjk] 1959] i`œ 112&113- ¼5½ vfuy nùk fej] xk /kh,d v/;;u % fi;lzu ifcy'klz] fnyyh] 2012] i`œ 178- ¼6½ /khjsunz eksgu nùk] iwokszdr] i`œ 71- ¼7½ vfuy nùk fej] iwokszdr] i`œ 183- Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (8) October

10 a a Since March 2002 R esearch Paper An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 127, Vol - XIII (8), October , Page No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No ceoùekeâeueerve efnvot veeefjùeew keâer efme#ee SJeb Gvekeâer efmleefle : Skeâ efjejesûeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew ceoùekeâeueerve efnvot veeefjùeew keâer efme#ee SJeb Gvekeâer efmleefle keâe efjejesûeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ efjejesûeve mes mhe neslee nw efkeâ ceoùekeâeueerve efnvot veeefjùeew keâer efmleefle cew efpeleveer efiejeješ ngf&, Gmes nceeje Fefleneme Skeâ keâuebkeâ kesâ he cew keâyeer vener Yetuesiee~ Ùen meûe nw efkeâ 11JeeR Meleeyoer kesâ DeejbYe mes ner YeejleerÙe meceepe hej cegmeueceeveew keâe ØeYeeJe yeì{ves kesâ keâejce YeejleerÙe mebmke=âefle keâer j#ee keâjvee DeeJeMÙekeâ nes ieùee Lee, efkeâvleg veeefjùeew keâes mecemle DeefOekeâejeW mes JebefÛele keâjkesâ mebmke=âefle keâer j#ee keâjves keâe DeewefÛelÙe mecepe cew vener Deelee~ veejer peye Ûesleveenerve nes peeleer nw, leye mebmke=âefle Deheves Deehe meceehle nes peeleer nw~ Fmeer keâejce ceoùekeâeueerve veeefjùeew keâer efme#ee mebyeboeer JÙeJemLeeSb štš-hetâš keâj jn ief& Deewj cee$e efieves-ûegves meecelùe&jeeve Deheveer yent-yesefšùeew keâes Iej hej ner efme#ee keâe ØeyebOe keâj ÙeesiÙe yeveeves keâe ØeÙeeme efkeâùee, pees hetce&le: meheâue vener nes mekeâe~ Decejsvõ kegâceej efmebn e/;dkyhu fgunw lekt esa ukfj;ksa dh izfr"bk cgqr gn rd fxj xbz FkhA izphu dky ls gh ukfj;ks a dh f'k{kk nsus ij vusd izdkj ds izfrcu/k yxk, x, FksA mugsa osnksa ds v/;;u ls vyx dj fn;k x;k FkkA inkz vksj cky fookg ds dkj.k mudh Lora=rk fcydqy lhfer gks xbz] blfy, mugs a vf/kd f'k{kk u fey ldha ¼1½?kj es a mugsa mruh gh f'k{kk fey ikrh Fkh] ftruh dh mugsa x`glfk thou O;rhr djus esa vko';drk im+rh FkhA euq us dgk gs fd ifr dks pkfg, fd viuh iruh dks /ku dks tqvkus vksj [kpz djus es a]?kj dks lkq&lqfkjk djus esa] /kkfezd ÑR;ks a ds djus esa] Hkkstu idkus esa vksj?kj ds lkefxz;ksa,oa vko';d olrq,a br;kfn dh ns[khkky esa yxk,aa ¼2½ bl izdkj ukfj;ksa dh f'k{kk mls viuh ek }kjk?kj esa gh feyrh FkhA olrqr% fookg ds ckn mls ifr ds?kj esa blh izdkj dh f'k{kk vius lkl }kjk feyrh FkhA ifjokj ds vk;&o;; dk fglkc j[kus ls mls dsoy eksf[kd xf.kr dk gh Kku gks ikrk FkkA ¼3½ bl izdkj mugs a dsoy?kjsyw vksj dke dkt lecu/kh f'k{kk gh fey ikrh FkhA esxlfkuht us,d LFkku ij fy[kk gs fd czkg~e.k vius fl=;ks dks n'kzu 'kkl= dh f'k{kk ugha nsrs Fks] ijurq bl fu;e esa dhkh&dhkh <hy ns nh tkrh FkhA ¼4½ vr% fgunw ukfj;ksa dks f'k{kk xzg.k djus dh lqfo/kk lkeku;r% ugha Fkh fqj Hkh mugsa lkfgr;] n'kzu] 'kkl=] /kez vksj rdz'kkl= ds vfrfjdr laxhr vksj u`r; esa f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA oklro esa /kuh ifjokj dh fgunw vksj eqflye efgykvksa dks vusd lqfo/kk, izkir Fkha] fdurq lkeku;r;k fl=;k fuj{kj FkhaA ¼5½ ;g blfy, fd e/;dky esa ym+fd;ksa ds fy, vyx fo ky; ugha cuk, x, FksA ym+ds vksj ym+fd;k,d gh fo ky; es a lkfk&lkfk i<+rs FksA blls Li"V gks tkrk gs fd ym+ds vksj ym+fd;ksa ds fy, vyx&vyx ikb~øe ugha FksA ¼6½ ijurq /kuh yksxks a us viuh iqf=;ks a dks i<+kus ds fy,?kj ij v/;kid dh O;oLFkk dh gksxha LokHkkfod :Ik ls,slk eku fy;k tkuk pkfg,a bl izdkj e/;;qx esa dqn,sls n`"vkar feys gsa] ftlls irk pyrk gs fd ukfj;ks a dks mpp dksfv dh f'k{kk feyrh gsa HkjrpUæ us viuh iqlrd ^fou/; lqunjh* esa fy[kk gs fd jktdqekjh fo k cgqr gh fonq"kh efgyk FkhA mlus vius gksus okys ifr ls n'kzu vksj /kez ls lecfu/kr tfvy iz'uksa vksj lel;kvksa ij 'kkl=kfkz fd;ka ¼7½ blh izdkj nwljh L=h bpnkorh lkfgr;] dfork vksj laxhr esa izoh.k FkhA :fde.kh O;kdj.k] iqjk.k] Le`fr 'kkl=] osnksa vksj osnkaxksa esa ikjaxr FkhA,sls gh dbz n`"vkar fn, tk ldrs gsaa vr% e/;dkyhu urzfd;k Hkh Fkha] tks eku&fo k vksj laxhr esa fuiq.k FkhaA blds vfrfjdr dqn jktdh; ifjokjks a us xk;u fo k esa :fp fn[kykbza iwjuey dh iruh fgunh esa lqunj xhr xkrh FkhA ¼8½ lkfk gh] ekuflag dh iruh e`xu;uh Hkh laxhr esa fuiq.k FkhaA ¼9½ ;g fofnr gs fd ds'konkl tks vdcj vksj tgk xhj ds ledkyhu Fks] vksjnk ds jktk bunj flag ds njckj dh N% urzfd;ks a dk myys[k fd;k gsa,sls gh urzfd;ks a ds n`"vkar ca'khnkl ds ^ekuleaxy* /kujke pøorhz ds ^/kezeaxy* vksj nwljs fo}kuksa dh Ñfr;ksa ls feyrs gsaa ¼10½ lkfk gh] HkfDr vkunksyu ds fuxqz.k bz'oj esa vklfkk j[kus okyh cgqr lh dof;f=;ksa ds myys[k e/;;qx es a feyrs gsaa izk.kukfk dfo dh iruh bunqerh us lu~ 1549 es a dqn nksgs fy[ksa bl izdkj vdcj ds 'kklu dky es a dbz fl=;ks ds uke feyrs gsa] ftugksaus dfork,a fy[kha& tsls] xaxk] ;equk] dkye'kh nsoh] jku:/kkjh vksj uoyk nsoha ijurq budh folr`r tkudkjh ugha feyrha ¼11½ 18oha lnh esa Hkh dqn uke feyrs gsa] ftlesa n;kckbz dk uke fy;k tk ldrk gs] ftlus 18oha lnh ds leole& JÙeeKÙeelee (efnvoer efjeyeeie), DevepeefJele efmebn ceneefjeåeeueùe, efye eâceiebpe, jesnleeme (efyenej) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (8) October

11 a e/; esa dfork,a fy[khaa mudh fy[kh nks iqlrdsa&^n;kcks/k* vksj ^fou;ekfydk* vkt Hkh izfl) gs aa n;kckbz dh ledkyhu lgtksckbz Fkh] ftlus ^lgt izdk'k* uke dh iqlrd fy[kha lxq.k bz'oj esa fo'okl j[kus okyh dq:.kekxhz dof;f=;ksa esa mn;iqj ds jk.kk Hkkst dh iruh ehjkckbz izeq[k gsaa mugks aus dbz iqlrds a fy[kh gsa( tsls ^ujlh th dk egjk*] ^xhr xksfoun dh Vhdk*] ^jkx xksfoun*] ^xozxhr LQqV in* vksj ^ehjk ds in*a ¼12½ olrqr% mi;q ZDr ekxz dh nwljh dof;=h vdcj dh ledkyhu ckcjh lkfgc Fkha] tks HkS;kuUn dh f'k";k FkhA mugksaus dbz in fy[ksa os fgunh vksj mnwz nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa ikjaxr FkhA blds vfrfjdr Ñ".kekxhZ dof;f=;ksa esa xaxk ckbz ftudh iqlrd ^xaxk ckbz ds in* vksj lksu dqekjh tks vkecsj dh jktdqekjh Fkha vksj ftugksaus ^Lo.kZcsyh dh dfork* uked iqlrd fy[kha,d eqflye efgyk ftldk uke rkt Fkk og Ñ".k dh ije HkDr FkhA mlus czthkk"kk esa dfork,a fy[khaa bl izdkj jktekxhz dof;f=;ksa esa vksjnk jkt; dh e/kqj vyh vksj caxky dh puækorh dk uke myys[kuh; gsa puækorh izfl) dfo calkhnkl dh iq=h Fkh] ftlus,d jkek;.k dh jpuk dh tks eksfydrk vksj lqunj dfkk ds fy, izfl) gsa ¼13½ blh izdkj eqxydky esa jhfrdkyhu dfo;ks a dk mn; gqvk] ftugksaus fl=;ksa ds Ük`axkj ij dfork,a fy[khaa cgqr lh fl=;ksa us Ük`axkj ij dfork,a fy[kha] ftuesa izoh.k jk; ivwj] :ierh vksj rhu rjax izeq[k FkhaA izoh.k jk; ivwj vksjnk ds jktk buæthr ds nckj dh urzdh FkhA og Lojfpr xhr xkrh FkhA mldh dfork,a mldh fo}ork vksj eksfydrk dh ifjpk;d FkhaA ¼14½ :ierh lkjaxiqj dh,d os';k dh iq=h FkhA bl izdkj vusd fgunw ukfj;ks us fofo/k fo"k;ksa ij dfork,a fy[khaa lar rqylhnl dh iruh jrukoyh us nksgs fy[ksa ¼15½ l=goha lnh esa muuko dh jgus okyh [kxfu;k us igsfy;k fy[kha] tks vf/kd yksdfiz; gqbza ds'konkl dh iq=&o/kw us dfork,a fy[kha vksj l=goha lnh ds vur esa cw nh ds jkt cq/k flag ds njckjh yksdukfk pkscs dh iruh dfojkuh us Hkh dfork,a fy[khaa ¼16½ vr% 'kkgtgk ds 'kklu dky esa dkdjsphth uke dh dof;=h izeq[k Fkh] og Bkdqj Hkxsyk vxzth dh iq=h vksj esokm+ ds ukgj ujgj nkl dh iruh FkhA mlds ifr ds e`r;q 'kkgtgk ds le; es a,d ;q) es a gqbz Fkh] vksjaxtsc ds 'kklu dky es a ukph uke dh dof;=h us fo".kq dh HkfDr es a dfork,a fy[khaa,slk izrhr gksrk gs fd mùkj Hkkjr es a fl=;ks a dh :fp lalñr Hkk"kk es a ugha Fkh] ijurq nf{k.k Hkkjr esa fl=;ksa us lalñr ds v/;;u esa vf/kd :fp fn[kykbza ¼17½ vr% blds dbz dkj.k FksA mùkj Hkkjr es a {ks=h; Hkk"kk ds fodkl ds dkj.k fl=;ksa us lalñr esa dksbz fnyplih ugha yha blds vfrfjdr mugsa {ks=h; Hkk"kkvksa dks lh[kus dh lqfo/kk,a izkir FkhaA lalñr Hkk"kk ds gzkl dk,d dkj.k Qkjlh Hkk"kk dk mn; gksuk Fkk] tks jkthkk"kk cuha iwohz caxky es a lu~ 1600 bz0 es a lalñr ds fo}kuksa esa fiz;aonk dk uke izeq[k Fkk] ftugksaus ^';ke&jgl;* uked iqlrd fy[kh FkhA lkfk gh] mugksaus Ñ".k dh iz'kalk esa Hkh jkspd xhr fy[kh gsaa ¼18½ bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gs fd e/;dkyhu fgunw ukfj;ks a dh flfkfr es a ftruk gzkl gqvk] mls gekjk bfrgkl,d dyad ds :Ik es a lahkor% dhkh ugha HkwysxkA ;g lp gs fd 11oha 'krkcnh ds vkjahk ls gh Hkkjrh; lekt ij eqlyekuks a dk izhkko c<+us ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; lalñfr dh j{kk djuk vko';d gks x;k FkkA fdurq] ukfj;ks a dks lelr vf/kdkjks a ls oafpr djds lalñfr dh j{kk djus dk vksfpr; le> es a ugha vkrka ukjh tc psrukghu gks tkrh gs] rc lalñfr vius vki lekir gks tkrh gsa e/;dky es a jdr dh ifo=rk dks bruk ladh.kz :Ik ns fn;k x;k fd ym+fd;ks a dk fookg 5&6 o"kz dh vk;q es a gh dj fn;k x;ka inkz izfkk bl lhek rd igq p x;h fd ifjokj ds vu; lnl; rks D;k] Lo;a ifr Hkh fdlh ds lkeus viuh iruh dk eq g ugha ns[k ldrk FkkA fo/kok iqufozokg ds ckjs es a lkspuk Hkh v{ke; vijk/k cu x;ka bruk gh ugha] cfyd ukjh dks rfud&lh xyrh ij mls 'kkjhfjd n.m fn;k tkus yxka vr% 'kkl=dkjks a us Hkh ifr vius iruh dks izrkfm+r djus dk vf/kdkj ns fn;ka iruh dk lokszpp /kez ifr dh bpnkvksa dks iwjk djuk eku fy;k x;k] pkgs ifr fdruk Hkh nqjkpkjh] ifrr vksj Øwj D;ksa u gksa igyh iruh ds thfor jgrs gq, Hkh nwljh L=h ls fookg dj ysuk lkeku;&lh ckr gks xbza ym+fd;ks a dks firk vfkok vius la;qdr ifjokj dh leifùk dk mùkjkf/kdkj izkir djus ls Hkh oafpr dj fn;k x;ka,d fo/kok Lo;a vius iq= dh Hkh lajf{kdk ugha cu lerh FkhA ; fi bl dky esa Hkh 'kkl=dkjksa us ukfj;ksa dks leifùk vf/kdkj nsus dk iz;ru fd;k] ysfdu mudh Hkh dvq vkykspuk dh tkus yxha tc iq#"kks a dk gh lkekftd O;oLFkk ij iw.kz vf/kdkj Fkk rks Lo;a og vius bl vf/kdkj vksj vge dks dsls de dj ysrs\ bu lc ifjflfkfr;ksa dk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd ukfj;k vius vflrro ds fy, iw.kzr;k iq#"kks a dh n;k ij fuhkzj gks xbza blh dkj.k e/;dkyhu ukfj;ksa dh f'k{kk lecu/kh O;oLFkk,a VwV&QwV dj jg x;ha vksj ek= fxus&pqus lkef;zoku vius cgw&csfv;ks a dks?kj ij gh f'k{kk dk izca/k dj dqn gh ;ksx; cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tks iw.kzr% lqy u gks ldka lanhkz % ¼1½ izeks'ku vkwq yfu±x bu bafm;k],e0,u0 yk] i`0&200- ¼2½ euq] ix] 11- ¼3½ vkiflv],q0 bz0] i`-74- ¼4½ vkiflv],q0 bz0] i`-75- ¼5½,e0,y0 Hkkxh] i` ¼6½ esfmoy bafm;u dypj],0,y0 JhokLro] i` ¼7½ esfmoy bafm;u dypj],0,y0 JhokLro] i` ¼8½ bfy;v] ftyn 4] i` ¼9½ Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] mes'k tks'kh] i` ¼10½ Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] mes'k tks'kh] i` ¼11½ lkfgr; izdk'k] jlky] i` ¼12½ vkiflv] lkfo=h flugk] i`0 105] 131] 132,oa Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] mes'k tks'kh] i` ¼13½,sLisDV~l vkwq csaxkyh lkslkbvh Ýke vksym csaxkyh fyvjspj] i` ¼14½ vkiflv] lkfo=h flugk] i`0 239] 240- ¼15½ dksd'kkl= xzafk mlds }kjk fy[kk x;k] lkfo=h flugk] i` ¼16½ vkiflv] lkfo=h flugk] i`0&280] js[kk fejk] i` ¼17½ vkiflv] js[kk fejk] i` ¼18½ vkiflv] js[kk fejk] i` Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (8) October