Lojkt dfkk. pksèkjh j.kchj flag 'kksèk ihb egf"kz n;kuan fo'ofo ky;] jksgrd. Lora=rk vkunksyu esa gfj;k.kk ¼laxksf"B % 23&24 ekpz] 2011½

Transcription

1

2 Lojkt dfkk Lora=rk vkunksyu esa gfj;k.kk ¼laxksf"B % 23&24 ekpz] 2011½ izdk'kd laldj.k % 2012 laiknu Kku flag izdk'kd pks/kjh j.kchj flag 'kks/k ihb egf"kz n;kuan fo'ofo ky;] jksgrd pksèkjh j.kchj flag 'kksèk ihb egf"kz n;kuan fo'ofo ky;] jksgrd (iii) eqnzd % fo'ofo ky; izsl] jksgrd (iv)

3 a s 'kks/kihb dh vksj ls vkt dk fnu Hkkjr ds LorU=rk vkunksyu ds bfrgkl esa cm+k egro j[krk gsa gfj;k.kk ljdkj us 23 ekpz dks lkoztfud vodk'k?kksf"kr dj blds egro dks fpfugr fd;k gsa ;g cm+h ckr gqbz gsa vktknh feyus ds ckn ls gh ns'k esa Nk= o ;qok laxbuks dh vksj ls ;g ekax mbrh jgh Fkh fd 23 ekpz dks ;qok fnol dk ntkz feysa izkurh; ljdkj us vej 'kghn Hkxr flag] jktxq:] lq[knso ds cfynku fnol dks mfpr eku;rk nsdj Hkyk dke fd;k gsa ;g fnol LorU=rk vkunksyu esa ;qok 'kfdr dh dqckzfu;ksa dks ;kn fnykrk gsa 'kks/kihb us bl fnu ds egro dks vaxhdkj djrs gq, bl o"kz LorU=rk vkunksyu ls tqm+h ;g nks fnu dh laxksf"b j[kh gs] ftlesa vki lc yksx gekjs cqykos ij i/kkjs gsaa bl fo"k; ij #ph fn[kkus vksj laxks"bh esa i/kkjus ij vki lcdk gkfnzd Lokxr gsa 23 ekpz] 1931 dks gekjs Lora=rk vkunksyu ds rhu flikgh 'kghn gq, FksA vkt lkjk ns'k mugsa ;kn dj jgk gsa dqn lwpuk ds vuqlkj lehkor% ikfdlrku esa Hkh mugsa ;kn fd;k tk jgk gsa ljnkj Hkxr flag dk uke rks ns'k dh lhekvksa ls ckgj Hkh tkuk tkrk gsa bl volj ij vk;ksftr bl laxksf"b esa geus Mk- jke izdk'k th dks eq[; odro; j[kus gsrq vkeaf=r fd;k gsa blfy, mn~?kkvu l= es a os vius eupkgs fo"k; ij vkidks lacksf/kr djds bl laxksf"b dk mn~?kkvu djs axsa eq[; vfrffk f'k{kkfon o bl fo'ofo ky; ds dqyifr vknj.kh; Mk- vkj-ih- gqm~mk gsaa laxks"bh dk fo"k;,slk gs ftl ij finys 60 lkyks a ls ppkz gksrh jgh gsa izdk'ku Hkh cgqr gq, gsaa ge yksxksa us [kkukiwfrz ds fy, bl fo"k; dks ugha pquk gsa u gh bl fo"k; dks blfy, pquk fd ;g cgqr ljy gsa vc rd Hkkjr ds Lora=rk vkunksyu dks ns[kus dk tks izhkkoh utfj;k gs] og ogh gs] tks 1947 ls igys dk FkkA dqn FkksM+h cgqr jn~nks&cny gqbz gsa bldk urhtk ge ns[k jgs gsaa vktknh ds ckjs esa psruk lrgh gsa dqn vfkksaz esa Hkzked o fnnyh Hkh gsa bfrgkl dk,d vuqhko gs fd tks ns'k xqykeh ds nnz dks Hkwyrk gs] og vktknh ds ewy; dks Hkh Bhd ls vkad ugha ldrk gsa pks/kjh j.kchj flag 'kks/kihb dk iz;kl gs fd bl dm+h es a Lora=rk vkunksyu ij u;h n`f"v ls fopkj&eufku gksa blh dm+h esa vkt lc fo}ku yksxksa dks vkeaf=r fd;k x;k gsa 'kks/kihb dh vksj ls bl laxks"bh esa dksbz er j[kus ls ijgst fd;k x;k gsa fo"k; ij vkefu=r fo}kuks a dks csbdj lquus dks csgrj le>k x;ka ftruk QhMcSd feyk] mlls vkxs c<+ axsa ;g nks fnu dh laxksf"b,d 'kq:vkr gs] ek= dm+ha Kku flag v/;{ka dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 2

4 laxksf"b&leh{kk egku~ Lora=rk lsukuh pks/kjh j.kchj flag dh Le`fr es a ^LokfHkeku fnol*¼23 ekpz½ ds volj ij ^^Hkkjr dk Lora=rk vkunksyu % gfj;k.kk ds fo'ks"k lunhkz esa** nks fnolh; fopkj laxksf"b dk vk;kstu egf"kz n;kuan fo'ofo ky;] jksgrd esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;ka 23 ekpz] 2011 dks izkr% 11%00 cts rhuksa 'kghnksa] ljnkj Hkxr flag] jktxq: o lq[knso dks J)katyh vfizr djrs gq, bl laxksf"b dk izkjehk gq, fd;k x;ka laxksf"b ds eq[; vfrffk ofj"b f'k{kkfon,oa egf"kz n;kuan fo'ofo ky;] jksgrd ds dqyifr ekuuh; izks- jkeqy gqm~mk th Fks vksj eq[; O;k[;ku jkt;lhkk lkaln ekuuh; Mk- jke izdk'k th }kjk izlrqr fd;k x;ka laxksf"b ds igys l= dh v/;{krk gfj;k.kk Lora=rk leeku lfefr ds v/;{k ekuuh; gjh jke vk;z us dha laxksf"b ds izkjahk esa pks/kjh j.kchj flag 'kks/kihb dh vksj ls v/;{k Jh Kku flag us eq[; vfrffk] eq[; odrk lfgr laxksf"b es a fgllk ysus vk, lhkh fo}ku lghkkfx;ksa,oa Jksrkvksa dk Lokxr fd;k vksj laxksf"b vk;kstu dh i`"bhkwfe rfkka laxksf"b dh fo"k;olr ij izdk'k MkykA lapkyu Jherh fo k eygku us fd;ka bl nks fnolh; fopkj&laxksf"b dks pkj l=ksa esa ckavk x;k FkkA izfrfnu e/;kg~u iwoz vksj e/;kg~u mijkar ds nks l= j[ks x,a izfke fnu ds izfke l= es a eq[; odrk jkt; lhkk lkaln Mk- jke izdk'k us ^Lora=rk vkunksyu esa vk;z lekt dh Hkwfedk* fo"k; ij xgu izdk'k MkykA mugksaus LorU=rk vkunksyu esa gfj;k.kk {ks= dh Hkwfedk ds lunhkz esa vk;z lekt ds dke dks js[kkafdr fd;k vksj ljnkj Hkxr flag ds ifjokj vksj pks/kjh j.kchj flag ds ifjokjksa dh nsu dks ;kn djk;ka buds mijkar eq[; vfrffk izks- jkeqy gqm~mk us viuk lacks/ku fn;ka eq[; O;k[;ku,oa eq[; vfrffk ds lacks/ku ds ckn 'kks/k&i=ksa dh izlrqfr ds Øe es a lozizfke ljnkj Hkxr flag] lq[knso o jktxq# dh Le`fr es a,d ladyi i<k x;ka blds ckn n;ky flag dkwyst] djuky dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 4 ds izodrk Mk- dq'kyiky flag us ljnkj Hkxr flag ij viuh izlrqfr] Ideological evolution of Bhagat Singh ¼Hkxr flag dh ospkfjd ;k=k½ is'k dha buds ckn egf"kz n;kuan fo'ofo ky; es a QkbZu vkv~lz fohkkx dh izodrk Jherh vatyh nwgu us vius fotqvy izksxzke ds tfj;s] Shahid Bhagat Singh, Rajguru & Sukhdev : A Visual Tribute dh izlrqfr nha 'kghnksa dks lefizr bl Hkkx ds i'pkr lozizfke jksgrd {ks= ls lkaln Jh nhisunz flag gqm~mk }kjk Hksth xbz izlrqfr dks lektlsoh Jh lqjs'k ns'koky us i< dj lquk;ka lkaln Lo;a bl l+= esa vkus ij vlefkz FksA rri'pkr l= ds v/;{k ekuuh; gjh jke vk;z us viuk vè;{kh; lacks/ku fn;ka izfke fnu dk nwljk l= nksigj ckn 3%00 cts vkjehk gqvka bl l= dh v/;{krk,pvkbzvkjmh] uhyks[ksm+h ds lykgdkj vksj dq:{ks= fo'ofo ky;] dq:{ks= esa s bfrgkl fohkkx ds iwokz/;{k izks- j.kchj flag us dha lozizfke efgyk dkwyst] veckyk dh izodrk Mk- vuqiek vk;z dks eap ij vkeaf=r fd;k x;k] ftugksaus] gfj;k.kk esa LorU=rk vkunksyu ds lunhkz esa vk;z lekt dh Hkwfedk ** fo"k; ij viuk 'kks/k i= is'k fd;ka buds mijkar] [kknh o xzkeks ksx] Hkkjr ljdkj ds lgk;d fodkl vf/kdkjh Jh txr flag us LorU=rk vkunksyu esa pks/kjh ekrw jke vk;z o pks/kjh j.kchj flag dh Hkwfedk** fo"k; ij viuk 'kks/ki= izlrqr fd;ka blds ckn fohkkx ds leiknd Jh- lwjthkku nfg;k us Hkkjr dk LorU=rk vkunksyu o gfj;k.kk dk Ñ"kd lekt** fo"k; ij viuk xgu 'kksèki= is'k fd;k vksj crk;k fd 1857 dh dzkafr ds ihns xzkeh.k {ks= esa O;kIr vlarks"k jgk ftlds dkj.k ;gka budh cms isekus ij Hkkxhnkjh jgha rnqijkur] l= ds v/;{k izks- j.kchj flag us gfj;k.kk esa jk"vªh; vkunksyu dh fodkl&;k=k** fo"k; ij viuk O;k[;ku fn;ka blds ckn [kqyk l= j[kk x;k] ftles a l= ds nksjku izlrqr fd, x, 'kks/k i=ks a ij rkfdzd cgl gqbz vksj blh ds lkfk izfke fnu dk f}rh; l= Hkh leiuu gqvka

5 laxksf"b ds nwljs fnu dk izfke l= izkr% 10%00 cts vkjahk gqvka bl l= dh v/;{krk Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research ubz fnyyh ls Mk- bjqku gchc us dha vè;{k egksn; us izfke l= esa lozizfke xozuesav dkwyst] nqcy/ku ds bfrgkl fohkkx dh izodrk Mk- fuezyk dqekjh dks 'kks/k i= izlrqr djus ds fy, vkeaf=r fd;k] ftudk fo"k;] Hkkjr ds LorU=rk vkunksyu esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk % gfj;k.kk dk,d v/;;u (The Role of Women in the Freedom Movement of India : A case study of Haryana) FkkA blds ckn Mh-,u- dkwyst] fglkj ds bfrgkl fohkkx ds v/;{k Mk- egsunz flag us ^^gfj;k.kk esa 1857** fo"k; ij viuk xehkhj 'kks/k i= i<+k] ftugksaus bl fo"k; ij,d mi;ksxh iqlrd dh jpuk Hkh dh gsa blds mijkar fhkokuh ftys ds ofj"b i=dkj Jh fot; xzsoky us ^^Lora=rk vkunksyu esa vkbz-,u-vkbz- dh cxkor** fo"k; ij viuk 'kks/ki= izlrqr fd;ka rnqijkur],moksdsv,oa xzkeh.k Hkkjr vf/kdkj eap] jksgrd ds la;kstd] ysf VusaV duzy punz flag nyky us ^^Lora=rk vkunksyu esa vktkn fgun QkSt dk ;ksxnku** fo"k; ij viuk 'kks/ki= i<+k vksj vusd vutku igyqvksa dks js[kkafdr fd;ka l= ds var esa v/;{k Mk- bjqku gchc us Hkxr flag dh dzkafrdkjh fopkj/kkjk fo"k; ij viuk vkstiw.kz O;k[;ku fn;ka blds ckn [kqys l= dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k vksj fqj l= lekfir,oa nksigj ds Hkkstukodk'k dh mn~?kks"k.kk dh xbza laxksf"b ds f}rh; vksj vafre l= dh v/;{krk 'kghn Hkxr flag fjlpz QkamMs'ku] yqf/k;kuk ds v/;{k izks- txeksgu dks djuh Fkh fdurq] vifjgk;z dkj.kksa ls muds le; ij u igqap ikus ds dkj.k bl l= dh v/;{krk Jh Kku flag us dha l= esa fu/kkzfjr izlrqfr;ksa ls igys laxksf"b esa i/kkjs o;kso`) jktuhfrk] LorU=rk lsukuh,oa f=iwjk ds iwoz jkt;iky pks/kjh lqyrku flag dk fo'ks"k O;k[;ku gqvka mugksauas vius fof'k"v ygts esa orzeku ifjflfkfr esa mits lokyksa dks mdsjk vksj ;qok oxz ds lkeus pquksfr;ksa dks mhkkjka blds ckn egf"kz n;kuan dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 6 fo'ofo ky;] jksgrd ds bfrgkl fohkkx ds iwoz v/;{k Mk- ch-mh- ;kno us Historiography of Bhagat Singh fo"k; ij viuk 'kksèki= i<+ka blh dze dks vkxs c<k;k jktdh; ofj"b ek/;fed fo ky;] tekokjh ¼fglkj½ ds izk/;kid Mk- jktdqekj us vksj Indian Voyage from a Dominion State to a Republic one contribution of Chaudhry Ranbir Singh uked fo"k; ij 'kks/ki= izlrqr fd;ka rnqijkur Mh-,-oh- ifcyd Ldwy] cgknqjx<+ ds izk/;kid Jh jkds'k orl us Contribution of Haryana in National Movement fo"k; ij 'kks/k i= ivy ij j[kka vur esa] Hkxr Qwy flag efgyk fo'ofo ky;] [kkuiqj dyka ¼lksuhir½ dh izks- okbzl pkalyj] Mk- cychj dksj us Legacy of Freedom Movement and Role of Chaudhry Ranbir Singh in Constituent Assembly LorU=rk vkunksyu dh fojklr vksj lafo/kku lhkk esa pks/kjh j.kchj flag fo"k; viuk O;k[;ku izlrqr fd;ka laxksf"b ds nwljs fnu ds fy, LorU=rk vkunksyu o ljnkj Hkxr flag ij fu/kkzfjr fo'ks"k izlrqfr gsrq izks- txeksgu flag ds vlk/ kkj.k foyec ls igqapus ds dkj.k Hkkstukodk'k ds fy, bl l= dk lekiu gqvk vksj lkfk gh nwj ls vkus okys lghkkfx;ksa ds yksvus dh etcwjh dks ns[krs gq, jkts'k d';i ¼laxksf"B vk;kstu lfpo,oa 'kksèk lgk;d] pks/kjh j.kchj flag 'kks/kihb½ us laxksf"b es a Hkkx ysus okys fo}ku lghkkfx;ksa,oa Jksrkvksa dk /ku;okn fd;k vksj l= lekiu dh?kks"k.kk dha Hkkstukodk'k ds i'pkr] izks- txeksgu us miyc/k lghkkfx;ksa ds lkfk vius fopkj lka>s fd,a muds fo'ks"k O;k[;ku dk dk;zøe j[kk x;k] ftlesa mugksaus folrkj ls 'kghns vkte Hkxr flag ds O;fDrRo,oa mudh Økafrdkjh fopkj/kkjk vksj ns'k ds LorU=rk vkunksyu dh i`"bhkwfe esa mbs lokyksa ij viuk O;k[;ku izlrqr fd;ka muds O;k[;ku dks bl izdk'ku esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gsa

6 izdk'ku gsrq izkir izlrqfr;ksa dh Hkk"kk dks cnyk ugha x;k gsa vr% ;g izdk'ku fganh,oa vaxzsth Hkk"kkvksa esa gsa laxksf"b ds fy, izkir vu; izlrqfr;ksa ij leiknd eamy us fopkj eafku fd;k vksj tgka dgha leiknu dh vko';drk le>h] og fteesnkjh vo'; fuhkkbz xbz fdurq Hkko o fo"k;olrq ds lkfk NsMNkM ugha gqvk gsa izdk'ku esa izlrqr vkys[k vfkok O;k[;kuksa dks fo"k;&olrq ds vuqlkj vyx&vyx Hkkxksa esa j[kk x;k gsa laxks"bh esa izlrqfr;ksa ds vusd vkys[k le; ij vkus esa foyec gqvk gsa ftu izlrqfr;ksa ds vkys[k vur rd ugh igqaps] mugsa NksM fn;k gsa jkts'k d';i 'kks/k lgk;d Hkxr flag ds izfr ¼J)k&ladYi½ * gekjs LorU=rk vkunksyu ds egkuk;d ljnkj Hkxr flag] jktxq:] lq[knso ds kghnh fnol ij bu kghnks a dks gekjk kr& kr ueua ftl le; ;gka fczfv k kklu dh xqykeh esa tux.k djkg jgs Fks vksj tc ns k dks lcls vf/kd vko ;drk Fkh Bhd mlh le; Hkxr flag jk Vª ds ivy ij gkftj gks x;ka le; ugha xaok;ka yegs dks Bhd ls idm+us esa xtc dh le> dk ifjp; fn;k vksj,d /kekds ls og iwjs jk Vª dk pgsrk csvk cu dj fcnk gks x;k] ftlus kkyhu vkpj.k] vne; lkgl] vrqyuh; fu Bk dk u;k dhfrzeku cuk;k] mpp lkekftd psruk dk xtc ifjp; fn;k rfkk badykch le> dks u;k vk;ke fn;ka 23 ekpz 1931 dks NksVh lh mez esa og kghn gks dj bl dkfqys esa vthe cu x;k Fkk vksj galrs&galrs ns k dks vius fopkj,oa djnkj ls eksfgr dj dqckzu gks x;ka Hkkjr] vksj lehkor% & iwjh nqfu;ka es a vius le; dk og vrqyuh; ukstoku cu x;ka tc la k; dh lh flfkfr ls ns k xqtj jgk Fkk Bhd ml?km+h] tuthou dh uct ij gkfk j[k dj py jgs pan ukstokuksa esa Hkxr flag&punz ks[kj dh tksm+h lh[k ysus yk;d vxqvk cu dj mhkjh vksj olrqr% ukstokuh dk izrhd cu xbza ns k mugsa lnk ;kn djrk jgsxka ge mugsa viuh rgs&fny ls vdhnr is k djrs gsaa jksgrd] 23 ekpz] 2011 * laxksf"b ds vkjehk esa ikfjr ladyia dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 8

7 [k.m&2 eq[; O;k[;ku dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 10

8 gfj;k.kk esa vk;z lekt vksj Lora=rk vkunksyu Mk- jke izdk'k ¼ekuuh; lkaln] jktlhkk½ 23 ekpz] 2011 esjs cgqr iqjkus fe=] NksVs HkkbZ] lkfkh] lg;ksxh vksj vkids fo'ofo ky; ds dqyifr] esjs ewy ekuuh; HkkbZ vkj-ih-gqm~mk th] bl xksf"b ds loszlokz leekuh; Kku flg th] eap ij fojkteku Lora=rk laxzke ds vxz.kh flikgh ekuuh; gjh jke vk;z th] bl lhkkxkj esa csbs cm+ s&cm+ s fo}kuksa] cguksa vksj HkkbZ;ks! vki vksj ge mu rhu 'kghnksa dks ;kn dj jgs gsa] tks vkt ds fnu vius ns'k dh vktknh ds fy, Qkalh ij p<+ s Fks vksj lkfk&lkfk ;kn dj jgs gsa pks/kjh j.kchj flag dksa mudh Le`fr esa bl laxksf"b dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k gsa esa le>rk gw fd vk;kstdksa dh cqf)errk gs fd tks os bfrgkl esa tqm+ s gq, Fks] muds leeku esa vkt dh laxksf"b dk vk;kstu fd;k gsa 'kghn Hkxr flag gksa] jktxq: ;k lq[knso gksa] ;s dksbz lkeku; O;fDrRo ugha FksA os dsls isnk gq,\ dsls Hkxr flag] Hkxr flag cuk\ ;g,d yach xkfkk gsa og dksbz,d ih<+h dk la?k"kz ugha gsa rhu ih<+h dk la?k"kz gsa vxj muds nknk vk;z lekt dh fopkj/kkjk ls izhkkfor u gksrs] vxj nknk th] Lokeh n;kuan ls ;Kksifor ys djds vk;z lekth fopkjksa ds u curs rks ml le; ;g Hkwfedk rs;kj ugha gks ldrh Fkh] ftlus vkxs py dj Hkxr flag dks tue fn;ka gkykr O;fDr isnk djrs gsaa fcuk fdlh gkykr ds fdlh O;fDr dk fuekz.k ugha gksrka esa dbz ckj lksprk gw A 1947 ls igys ns'k esa cm+ s&cm+ s yksx isnk gq,a lu~ 1947 ds ckn bl ckr dh gksm+ gs fd ge NksVs ls NksVs vkneh dks le>saa bldk dkj.k gs fd ml odr y{; dqn vksj Fkk] ysfdu vkt y{; dqn vksj gsa nknk fd'ku flag] tksfd ge lcds nknk gsa] ijnknk gsa] os,d,sls O;fDr Fks] ftudh ul&ul ds vunj vk;z lekt FkkA esa viuh rjq ls dqn ugha dg jgka Hkxr flag dh Hkrhth ohjsunz lu/kw gsa] mugksaus,d fdrkc fy[kh gs] ^;qxn`"vk Hkxr flag vksj muds e`r;qat; iqj[ks*] bls jktiky,.m lul us izdkf'kr fd;k gsa esa gj HkkbZ ls vkxzg d:axk fd os bls [kjhnsa o bl fdrkc dks i<+ saa eq>s rks bruh fiz; yxh fd esa bldh,d ckj pkyhl izfr;ka ysdj vk;k vksj esaus mldk v/;;u fd;ka fdrkc dk igyk gh okd; i<+ksxs rks eksfgr gks tkvksxsa esa ugha le>rk fd fdlh lkfgr;dkj dh] bfrgkldkj dh dye mruh l'kdr gks ldrh gs] ftruh ohjsunz lu/kq th dh gsa ohjsunz lu/kq blesa fy[krh gsa fd esjs nknk,dne vk;z lekth FksA csbs&csbs dqn u dqn fy[krs jgrs FksA yksx iwnrs Fks fd cm+ s ljnkj th D;k dj jgs gks\ fdlh dks irk ugha pyrk Fkk] fd os fy[krs D;k gsa\ ysfdu] ckn esa irk pyrk Fkk fd og vk;z lekt ds ckjs esa dqn ieqysv~l fy[krs jgrs gsa aa gekjk nqhkkzx; gs fd vkt og lkfgr; miyc/k ugha gsa og vk;z lekt ds n'kzuksa dk btgkj djrs FksA ysfdu iw.kzr;k osfnd /kkfezd FksA ohjsunz lu/kq fy[krh gsa fd xk o ds yksxksa dh vkffkzd enn djrs gq, mugksaus xk o ds vunj xq:}kjk cuok;ka ysfdu] dhkh erfkk Vsdus ugha tkrs FksA D;ksafd] os bldks Hkh,d ewfrz iwtk ekurs FksA vki fopkjksa dh n`<+rk nsf[k,a muds csvs us lhkh laldkjksa dks ysdj] pkgs vtqzu flag th dh ppkz djks] pkgs fd'ku flag th dh ppkz djks] muds fopkjksa dks ysdj,d okrkoj.k isnk fd;k gs bl ns'k esaa ohjsunz lu/kq tc Hkxr flag dh ekrk ds ckjs es a ckr djrh gsa rks lalej.k fy[krs gq,] dgrh gsa fd,dckj muls iwnk x;k fd dksbz lalej.k lqukvks] rks mugksaus vius fookg dk lalej.k lquk;ka lahkor% muds firk dk uke] vxj esa xyrh ugha djrk] cfyjke flag FkkA dgus yxh fd xk o es a bl ckr dh ppkz Fkh fd cfyjke flag ds?kj,slk nkekn vk;k gs fd oks fookg laldkj ds ea= Hkh [kqn cksyrk gsa vunktk yxk,a fd fdruh cm+h Nki Fkh bl dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 12

9 Z ifjokj ds ÅijA ml okrkoj.k us Hkxr flag dks isnk fd;ka Hkxr flag vksj txr flag] nksuksa dks ;Kosnh ij csbk dj ;Kksiohr laldkj djok;k x;k rks nknk us [km+ s gksdj,d dks,d lkbzm fy;k vksj nwljh dks nwljh lkbzm es a fy;k vksj dgk fd bu nksuks a csvks a dks ns'k dh cfyosnh ij vfizr djrk gw A tc Hkxr flag viuk?kj NksM+dj x,] rks os est dh njkt esa,d i= fy[k dj NksM+ dj x, vksj mlesa fy[kk fd *^nknk gesa vkius ns'k ds fy, vfizr fd;k gs] esa ns'k ds fy, gw A tks y{; vkius j[kk Fkk] esa mlds fy, py im+k gw A** vc vkidks ;g tkudj lq[kn vuqhkwfr gksxh fd mugksaus tks i= fy[kk] ml ij ^vksme* fy[kk gqvk FkkA ftl rjg vk;z lekt ds yksx rhu v{kjh vksme fy[krs gsa] ml rjg dk vksme fy[kk gqvk FkkA muds ckdh i=ksa dks Hkh vki /;ku ls nsf[k,] muij vksme fy[kk gqvk gs] muesa uelrs fy[kk gqvk gs] ftldk eryc ;g gs fd ifjokj dh,d i`"bhkwfe gs],d fopkj/kkjk gs],d fpuru gsa mlh fpuru us Hkxr flag ds firk dks cfynkuh cuus dk,d rjhdk ns fn;ka tc ljnkj fd'ku flag us fo/kkulhkk dk pquko ym+k rks ikvhz us mudks,d xkm+h nha pquko ds ckn mugksaus xkm+h pquko n rj esa [km+h dh vksj dgk fd vki viuh xkm+h lahkkyks] vc pquko dk dke gks pqdk gsa oks gkykr ns[ksa vksj vkt ds gkykr ns[ksa] ftl okrkoj.k esa] esa vksj vki th jgs gsa] mldks ns[ksaa bu nksuksa gkykrksa dh rqyuk djds ns[ksa a fd ge D;k gsa\ ljnkj vthr flag brus dv~vj vk;z lekth Fks fd yksxks a us ;g dgdj Bqdjk fn;k Fkk fd ;g rks vk;z lekth gsa blls O;ogkj ugha gks ldrk gs aa tekuk rks og Hkh ;gh Fkk] ftles a pkiywlh dk dke FkkA cky d`".k ijegal th us dqn ykbzusa fy[kh gsa vksj,sls yksxksa ds lunhkz esa lahkor% ;s fvii.kh djrs gq, mugksaus dgk gs & ;k ccwy dks ov&o`{k dgks ;k /kwi rkdrs [km+ s jgks vunkt rhljk thus dk gedks rks ekywe ughaa ml tekus ds vunj,d okrkoj.k Fkk] ftlesa Hkxr flag isnk gqvka vthr flag ds ckjs es a,d?kvuk gsa n'kdks a] 34 o"kks a ds yxhkx] ogka jgsa fumj vkneh Fkk] ;g dguk fd oks 'kghn gks x;s] mugksaus cfynku ns fn;k ;k fdlh pksad ds ihns jgs] vumjxzkå.m jgs] okd; lk/ kkj.k gsaa dguk vklku gs] ysfdu tks vkneh th jgk gksrk gs] mlls iwnks fd mlds Åij D;k chrrh gs\ ohjsunz lu/kq us,d ckr vksj fy[kh gs fd ^^im+ksl dh vksjrsa gekjh pkph ds ikl vkrh gsa vksj mugsa dgrh gsa fd ljnkjuh! ljnkj dh dksbz fpb~bh rks ugha vkbz\ uk cgu! ugha vkbza dksbz ese j[k yh gksxha vc mudks esjh D;k t:jr\** ;g rks dgdj pyh tkrh Fkh] ;g ekywe ugha fd ;g fqdjk laosnuk esa dgk Fkk ;k dsls dgk Fkk\ ysfdu] ftldks ;s fqdjk dgk x;k Fkk] mlds Åij D;k chrrh gksxh] bldk dksu vunktk yxk ldrk gs\ bfrgkldkjksa us Hkh ns'k dh vktknh ds vunj tks [kwu dk cfynku gqvk gs] mldk ys[kktks[kk rks rs;kj fd;k gs\ ysfdu] tks Hkkoukvksa dk cfynku gqvk gs] mldk ys[kktks[kk fdlh us ugha fd;ka og vlahko lk ys[kktks[kk gsa,d,sls okrkoj.k esa,d O;fDr isnk gqvka 'kghnksa dks esa ckavrk ughaa 'kghn lcdh /kjksgj gksrs gsaa 'kghn fdlh,d dk ugha gksrk] fdlh,d dkse dk ugha gksrka esa rks ;g le>rk gw fd fdlh,d ns'k dh Hkh fojklr ugha gksrka og reke nqfu;k ds yksxksa dks izsfjr djrk gs] ysfdu esaus,d i`"bhkwfe dh ckr dguh pkgh] ogka ls pyk,d bfrgkl vksj og iwjk gksrk gs] gqm~mk ifjokj ds lkfka pkgs nknk ekrwjke Fks] pkgs jketh yky th Fks vksj pkgs mlds ckn pks/kjh j.kchj flag] mlh izsj.kk dks ys djds vkxs pysa dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 14

10 a tc vthr flag th dks dkys ikuh dh ltk gqbz rks pks/kjh ekrwjke ds lkfk Hkh ogh ckr gqbza mugsa blfy, fxj rkj ugha fd;k x;k fd dgha ;gka fdlku cxkor u dj na sa vaxzst lkspdj dke djrk FkkA fcuk lksps&le>s ugha djrk FkkA vksj mldh otg ls dbz vknfe;ksa dks oks LVsV~l] oks ntkz ftunxh esa feyus ls jg x;k] ftl ntsz ds os gdnkj FksA esa ;g le>rk gw fd dkyk ikuh dh ltk gks tkrh] rks d`fr bfrgkl esa ogh uke gksrk gqm~mk ifjokj dk tks Hkxr flag dk uke gs ;k ljnkj vthr flag dk uke gsa es a bls,d :i es a vksj dguk pkgrk gw A usrk th lqhkk"k punz cksl ds lkfk f<+yyks a] lgxy vksj 'kkguokt] ;s rhu O;fDr da/ks ls da/kk feykdj dke djrs FksA os,d ckj dq:{ks= ;wfuoflzvh es a vk, FksA esjk ;g lkshkkx; gs fd os,d fnu lqcg&lqcg vk,] mugks aus njoktk [kv[kvk;ka vkdj dgus yxs fd ^^es aus jslv gkål NksM+ fn;k gsa** ge?kcjk x;k fd fdlh us cnrehth dj nh gksxha fdlh dks D;k irk fd duzy f<+yyks fdruk cm+k vkneh gsa es aus muds?kqvus Nq dj ekqh ekaxha os dgus yxs fd ^^ugha&ugha,slh dksbz ckr ugh gsa viuh ethz ls NksM+dj vk;k gw A** esus a dgk fd ^^fqj vc D;k gqde gs\** dgus yxs fd ^^es a vc bl edku es a jgw xka es aus vius fy, dejk NkaV fy;k gsa Åij ds tks nks dejs gs a] bues a jgw xk vksj rw esjk gkslv ugha gs SA** esjk cm+k ym+dk ml odr 10&15 lky dk gksxka dgus yxs fd ^^esjk gkslv og gs] esjs izksxs ze og fuf'pr djsxk] og tkus vksj es a tkuw aa rw vkjke ls csba** jkr dks os lksqs ij csb tkrsa ge [kkuk [kkdj uhps csb tkrsa os Hkh bl ckr dk /;ku j[krs fd lcus [kkuk [kk fy;k gsa vc csb dj ckrsa djsaxsa ml odr mugksaus,d ckr dgh Fkh] ftl ckr ds fy, esaus bl izlax dks nksgjk;ka mugksaus dgk fd ^^vxj ml odr ge rhuksa duzy f<+yyksa] lgxy vksj 'kkguokt dks Qkalh dh ltk gks tkrh rks ;g fgunqlrku esa igyh f=ewfrz Hkxr flag] jktxq: vksj lq[knso ds ckn,slh gh nwljh f=ewfrz gksrha** rks],d ijaijk dk pyu gsa HkkSfrd bfrgkl tqm+k gqvk gs] muds lkfk vksj tc vthr flag v.mj xzkm.m gq, rks os lu;klh dk Hks"k cukdj pks/kjh ekrwjke th ds ifjokj esa jgsa fdlh dks irk gh ugha yxk fd ;s vk;z lekt dk lk/kq gs ;k dksu gs\ mugksaus dqn fdrkcsa fy[kha FkhaA feyrh os Hkh ugha gsaa ^fo/kok dh iqdkj* uke ls iqflrdk fy[kh FkhA vk;z lekt ds izhkko dh otg lsa gekjk nqhkkzx; fd vkt gekjs ikl og lkfgr; ugha gsa og ns'k dh vktknh dh ijaijk pyh] ftlesa ykyk yktirjk; us ykfb;ka [kkbza] esa ugha le>rk fd ykyk yktirjk; dk nsgkolku ykfb;ks a dh pksv ls gqvka 'kkjhfjd pksv ls ugha gqvka ysfdu] tks ykbh Hkkjr dh vflerk ij im+h] Hkkjr ds LokfHkeku ij im+h],d vaxszt Hkkjr ds vflerk ds Åij] Hkkjr ds LokfHkeku ij pksv dj ldrk gs] ml pksv dks ykyk th ugha lg ik, vksj 'kghn gksdj pys x,a ml ifjokj dk] bl ifjokj ds lkfk] gqm~mk th] j.kchj th ds ifjokj ds lkfk tks laca/k gs] og esa vius vki] vius 'kcnksa esa ugha dg jgk] ds-mcyw-tksul us vk;z /kez ij,d fdrkc fy[kh gssa 'kk;n vkt ls 40 lky igys fy[kha mles a mlus vk/kk i`"b bl ckr ij fy[kk gs fd gfj;k.kk esa tks tu Økafr gqbz] gfj;k.kk esa vk;z lekt dk tks izpkj gqvk] og nks ifjokjks a dh otg ls gs],d ykyk yktirjk; vksj ;g tks ekrwjke th] jketh yky dk ifjokj FkkA budh otg ls gh ;g lc lahko gqvka ;g esa ugha dg jgk gw ] ;g rks,d fons'kh bfrgkldkj dg jgk gs vksj rf;ksa ds vk/kkj ij dg jgk gsa esa dg w rks ;w a yxsxk fd D;ksafd vktdy pks/kjh HkwisUnz flag gqm~mk phq ehfulvj gs] 'kk;n mudks [kq'k djus ds fy, dg jgk gksxka,slh ckr ugha gsa esa vk;z lekt ds bfrgkl ds lkfk dksbz fdlh fdle dh f[kyokm+ ugha djuk pkgrka mugks aus fy[kk gs fd,d oxz ds vunj ykyk yktirjk; us dke fd;k vksj nwljs fdlku oxz ds vunj tks dke bl ifjokj us fd;k] mldh otg ls,d tkx`fr isnk gqbz],d ÅtkZ isnk gqbza dì;k vki esjh ckr dks mlh Hkkouk ls ysa] ftl Hkkouk ls esa dg jgk gw A dfkk Lojkt dfkk@16

11 ;w a rks lkjk fgunwlrku xqyke FkkA fj;klrsa vksj Hkh T;knk xqyke FkhaA reke fgunwlrku finm+k gqvk FkkA ysfdu] ftl {ks= dks vkt gfj;k.kk dgrs gsa] ;g rks T;knk finm+k gqvk FkkA mlh gfj;k.kk esa ogh jksgrd {ks=] vkt izns'k dk vxz.kh {ks= gs vksj og vktdy gfj;k.kk dh jktusfrd jkt/kkuh ekuk tkrk gsa tks fopkj ;gka ls iuirk gs] og reke gfj;k.kk dks izhkkfor djrk gsa bldks D;k dgw a reke yksxksa dk izos'k dgk tkrk gsa firk th ds lkfk dhkh 'kgj esa pyk tkrk vksj ew[kzrk dh ckr dksbz gks tkrh rks dgrs fd rw a rks Qyka dk Qyka gh jgka esa xyr ckr ugha dg jgk gw A ysfdu] vxj ;gka tkx`fr vkbzz gs] vxj gfj;k.kk ds bl {ks= us rjddh dh gs rks blesa lcls T;knk ;ksxnku vxj fdlh izdkj dk gs rks vk;z lekt ds izpkj dk gsa fdlh nwljs dk ;ksxnku blesa ugha gsa esa bl ukrs vkils ckr dg jgk gw fd _f"k n;kuan dh f'k{kkvksa us ;gka ds vknfe;ksa dks tkx`r fd;k vksj _f"k n;kuan us bl ckr dks le>k fd ;gka dk fdlku] tks tkv oxz ls rkyywd j[krk gs] og Hkksyk gsa tsls ge fdlh vius HkkbZ dks] tks Hkksyk gks] pkgs oks xyrh dj ns] dksbz ew[kzrk dh ckr dj ns] mls cgqr I;kj ls mlds xky ij FkIiM+ yxkrs gq, dgsaxs] rw rks Hkksyk gsa blh rjg ls n;kuan us lr;kfkz izdk'k esa] vxj fdlh ds uke ds lkfk th yxk;k gs] rks tkv ds lkfk yxk;k gs] tkvth dgdj iqdkjk gs] mugksaus,slk mlds Hkksysiu dh ljkguk djrs gq, dgk gsa ;g _f"k n;kuan dh f'k{kkvksa dk izhkko im+k gs] ftlus lkjs okrkoj.k dks cnyus dk iz;kl fd;ka rjddh ds fy, jktuhfrd xqykeh ls eqfdr gh ugha] cfyd f'k{kk dh Hkh t:jr FkhA lkekftd muufr gksuh Hkh t:jh FkhA ysfdu] lkekftd muufr ds vunj ;gka dh tks O;oLFkk,a Fkha] os cgqr T;knk okftc FkhaA mlh rjg ls Lokeh n;kuan us lr;kfkz izdk'k fy[kka,d c`tkuan 'kekz] lukru /kez ds cgqr cm+ s fo}ku gq,a 'kq: es a os vk;z lekt ds izhkko esa FksA ysfdu] tc mudks yxk fd jksth&jksvh rks nwljh txg vpnh fey ldrh gs a rks mugks aus fqj lr;kfkzizdk'k ds i{k es a 1940 es a yunu es a,d fdrkc fy[kh] ftldk mugksua s uke j[kk] ^osfnd lr;kfkz izdk'k*a mugks aus ;g fn[kkuk pkgk fd ;g lr;kfkz izdk'k vk;z lekft;ks a dk eux<+ ar gsa ysfdu] tks vlyh lr;kfkz izdk'k gs] og rks esjs ikl gsa mlds vunj tks dqn fy[kk x;k gs] mldh esus a viuh fdrkc es a dqn ppkz dh gsa lkjs izlax vkids lkeus ugha dg ikåaxka mles a mlus fxu&fxu dj fy[kk gs vksj gj fcjknjh dk uke ysdj fy[kk gs] pkgs og cfu;k gs] pkgs og yksgkj gs] pkgs og lqukj gs] pkgs og ukbz gs] >hej gsa mlus bu lcdks 'kqnz dgk gsa vksj 'kqnz gh ugha dgk] mlus bles a nks fdle ds 'kqnz ekus gs aa,d os tks Nq, ugha tk ldrs vksj nqljs ftudks Nqvk rks tk ldrk gs] ysfdu] muds lkfk [kkus&ihus dk O;ogkj ugha gks ldrka dqn yksxks a dks mues a j[kk] ftuds lkfk [kkus&ihus dk O;ogkj u gksa vkt ge ftls nfyr oxz dgdj iqdkjrs gs a] mldks mues a j[kk] ftuds lkfk [kkus&ihus dk] Nwus dk O;ogkj ugha gks ldrk FkkA,d vthc flfkfr jgh] ml ekgksy es aa ml odr mlus iz'u isnk fd;k fd,d fel=h,d efunj cukrk gs],d fel=h ewfrz dk fuekz.k djrk gs] D;k mldk efunj esa tkus dk gd gs\ og bu lkjh tkfr;ksa dk uke ysdj dgrk gs fd ugha] dksbz gd ugha gsa vxj og mlds ifjlj esa Hkh pyk tk,xk rks tks nsork dk izhkko gs] og u"v gks tk,xk vksj ml jkt; ds vunj vdky im+ sxk] jktk dh eksr gks tk,xha jktk,sls O;fDr dk tks tueuk czkgkz.k ugha gs vksj czkgkz.kksfpr dk;z djuk pkgrk gs] rks og mldk o/k dj nsa,sls 'kcn mles a gsa esusa i`"b vksj nwljh phtsa dksv dh gsaa esa dbz ckj lksprk gw fd,d vkneh ewfrz cukrk gs] efunj cukrk gs] ewfrz og ns[k ugha ldrk] ewfrz og Nw ugha ldrka gkyr rks,slh gs fd tsls ek csvs dks tue rks ns] ysfdu fqj mls Nkrh ls yxk dj mldk eq[km+k pwe u ldsa blls cm+h nqhkkzx;iw.kz flfkfr vksj D;k gks ldrh gs\ blls vthc fomecuk vksj D;k gks ldrh gsa esa lksprk gw fd lha[kpksa ds ikj] njokts ds ihns dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 18

12 cun ml ewfrz dh dyiuk djds] og O;fDr ftlus mls rjk'k djds ewfrz cuk;k gs] og O;fDr [km+k lksprk gksxk fd esjs gkfkksa ds rjk'ks gq, irfkj ds lue] Hkxoku cus csbs gks] cqr[kkuks a es aa _f"k n;kuan vksj vk;z lekt ds vkus ls igys] vxj gesa dksbz dqn ugha ekurk Fkk rks dksbz ckr ughaa ;gka rks Hkxoku dk Hkh ns'k fudkyk gks x;k FkkA Hkxoku dh Hkh dksbz izfr"bk ugha jgh FkhA ;gka rks ewfrz;ks a dh izfr"bk FkhA esa dbz ckj bl ckr dh dyiuk djrk gw A vxj bl tekus dks irfkj dk ;qx dgks rks okdbz a irfkj dk ;qx gsa tks eku;rk bl tekus esa irfkj dh ewfrz;ksa dks feyh og rks nwljksa dks ugha feyha gekjk gfj;k.kk Hkh bu fcekfj;ksa ds lkfk tdm+k gqvk gsa vxj mldk fdlh us fojks/k fd;k vksj [k.mu fd;k rks vk;z lekt ds yksxksa us gh fd;ka vk;z lekt us,d tkx`fr isnk dha tks lkekftd O;oLFkk Fkh] mldks rksm+ dj,d ubz O;oLFkk isnk djus dk dke fd;ka esa ;s le>rk gw fd Hkzetky rks vkt Hkh mruk gh gsa vkt D;k gkyr gs\ dgha vkidks Jh x.ks'k th nw/k ihrs feysaxsa esa fdlh dh Hkkouk dks Bsl ugha yxk jgka eq>s {kek dja saxsa ysfdu vkils lp dgus dh vuqefr fey jgh gsa vki cqf)thoh O;fDr gsaa eq>s dgus nhft, vius eu dh ckra dgha vkidks oklrqdyk ds uke ij] oklrq'kkl= ds uke ij] b/kj&csbuk] dqlhz dk eq g m/kj gks] ihb rqegkjh m/kj gksuh pkfg,] D;k rek'kk cuk j[kk gs\ ml ns'k dk D;k cusxk] ns'k dh vktknh ds 70 lky ds ckn] ftldk,d eq[;ea=h ;g dgrk gs fd esjs Åij dkyk tknw dj fn;k x;k gsa esjh rks eksr gks tk,xha blfy,] og fnu&jkr v)z uaxk lksrk gs] bl ckr dks vki ekufld vktknh dgksxs\ og unh ds vunj v)z uaxk gksdj ty p<+krk gsa D;k dgksxs vki bls\ vkt dk cqf)thoh dgha bl Hkzetky es a Qalk gqvk gsa es a le>rk gw fd tslh ifjflfkfr;ka ml odr Fkha] mlls de csgrj ifjflfkfr;ka vkt Hkh ugha gsa ifjflfkfr;ka vkt Hkh mlh rjg gh Hk;adj gs aa iatkc ;wfuoflzvh es a,d ckj dkaxszl ljdkj dk vf/kos'ku gqvka esa mu fnuks a fjlpz ij csbk gqvk FkkA esaus eq[; vfrffk dk izopu lquka mudk lkbzal ds ckjs es a ysdpj FkkA esjk eu lqudj cm+k xn~xn~ gqvk fd fgunqlrku esa,sls fo}ku Hkh gsaa ysfdu vxys fnu v[kckj i<r+k gw a rks v[kckj esa fy[kk gqvk Fkk fd ^FkSaD;w HkxoUre* fd mlds ckn os,d,sls efunj esa x,] tgka vkneh dgrk gs fd ;g rqe gksa dgus dk rkri;z ;g gs fd tks ckr Dykl :e esa i<+kus okyk O;fDr tc eafnj esa tkrk gs rks lkbzal dks?kj is NksM+dj tkrk gs vksj ogka dgrk gs fd vkt eq>ls Hkwy gks xbza D;k dgksxs] bldks\ lkbzafvfqd dgksxs\ bldks ekufld xqykeh ;k ekufld vktknh dgksxs\ D;k dgksxs bldks\ bl Hkzetky dks rksm+us ds fy,] ml tekus esa vk;z lekt ds yksxksa us f'k{kk dk izpkj&izlkj djuk pkgka nfyr dks /kez dk fcydqy gd ugha FkkA osn i<+us dk gd ugha FkkA ea= lquus dk gd ugha FkkA gekjs egs'kpun th cgqr cm+ s fo}ku gq, gsa] vjch&qkjlh ds Hkh cgqr cm+ s dkfcy fo}ku FksA mudh csvh fgunw ;wfuoflzvh cukjl ls f'kf{kr gsa ;s yxhkx 1944 dh ckr gsa lald`r esa,e-,- djuk pkgrh Fkh] osn fo"k; lsa ysfdu ml odr ogka ij dqyifr dksu Fks\ Mk- jk/kkd`".kua fgunwlrku ds egku nk'kzfuda mudh fo}rk ds fy, esa flj >qdkrk gw A ckn esa os fgunwlrku ds jk"vªifr cus] ftls fqykslqj fdax Hkh dgrs gsa] esa flj >qdkrk gw A ysfdu tc muds lkeus ;g loky isnk gqvk fd bl csvh dks osn fo"k; ls,e-,- djus dh vuqefr gksa lj us bls jn~n dj fn;k vksj dgk fd ym+fd;ka osn ugha i<+ ldrhaa esjk og Kku dgka x;k] tks esa viuh fdrkcksa esa fy[krk gw A D;k og esjs thou esa gs\ D;k esa dksbz ewy; pqdkus ds fy, rs;kj gw \ yacs&pksm+ s Hkk"k.k esa ns nw ] vki ns nksa nwljksa dks mins'k ns ldrs gsaa ysfdu] vius vki ij vuqlj.k djrs gq, f>>drs gsa aa vk;z lekt ds yksxksa us cm+k vkunksyu fd;ka esa vkhkkjh gw A esa enu eksgu ekyoh; th dh iq.; Le`fr dks flj >qdkrk gw A mudk vfhkuanu dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 20

13 a djrk gw A muds dgus ij ml cpph dks nkf[kyk rks fey x;k] ysfdu vxys lky og fohkkx rksm+ fn;k x;k]a ;g flfkfr gs f'k{kk dha vkt Hkh tks dqn cppksa dks fn;k tkrk gs] og mldks Hkkjrh; ewy ls m[kkm+ jgk gsa ge ugha tkurs os D;k i<+k jgs gsaa ge ugha tkurs fd esjs cpps dks D;k i<k+ jgs gsaa ge mldks D;k cukuk pkgrs gsa\ ljdkj esjh ikvhz dh gks] ljdkj fdlh Hkh ikvhz dh gksa ysfdu gekjk tks n`f"vdks.k gs] ml rjg dk n`f"vdks.k ugha cu ik;k] ftl rjg ds os yksx ftugks aus cfynku fn;k] 'kghnh nh] dqckzuh nh] ftl rjg dk mugks aus R;kx fd;ka Hkxoku nkl ekgj us,d fdrkc fy[kh gs] ^;'k dh /kjksgj*a ml fdrkc esa mlus dqn 'kghnksa ds lalej.k fy[ks gsa vksj mlesa os fy[krs gas fd yksx gesa ns[kdj ;s le>rs gsa fd geus cm+k cfynku fn;ka cfynku rks mu yksxksa dk Fkk] ftu yksxksa us ;s dke fd;ka blfy, fdrkc dk uke j[kk] ^;'k dh /kjksgj*a gekjs flj /kjrh ek dk tks cks> Fkk] oks mrkjuk pkgka mlesa punz 'ks[kj vktkn ds fy,,d lalej.k fy[kk gsa mldh ek dks] >ks aim+h es a jgus okyh,d ek ftldk,d csvk pyk x;k] vktknh ds fy, vksj bugksaus Hkxoku nkl eksgj vksj muds,d lkffk;ksa esa ls,d lnk f'kojko HkkÅ us ek dh lsok dha rks ek dhkh&dhkh I;kj ls dgrh fd lùkw] lnkf'kojko] lùkw vxj esjk punw ¼pUnz'ks[kj½ vkt ftunk gksrk] rks blls T;knk rks og Hkh esjh lsok ugha djrka ysfdu] mlesa og,d txg ihm+k dk fqdjk Hkh fy[krk gs fd yksx vkrs&tkrs dgrs fd ek rsjs csvs dk cm+k uke gsa mldh t;&t;dkj gks jgh gsa oks rks pys tkrs] ;g dgdja ij ek ls iwnks fd mlds fny ij D;k chrrh FkhA mldk,d csvk Fkk] ogh pyk x;ka esa dbz ckj lksprk gw fd yksx ;g rks pkgrs gs a fd dksbz n;kuan cu tk,] ysfdu n;kuan ds fy,?kj NksM+uk im+rk gsa n;kuan cuus ds fy, tgj ds I;kys ihus im+rs gsaa n;kuan cuus ds fy, gj fdle dk vieku lgu djuk im+rk gsa fqj os dgrs gsa fd rqegkjs?kj ls cu tk,] esjs?kj ls u cusa vkt ;gh rks,d lel;k gs fd ge vius ls ckr 'kq: ugha djuk pkgrs] ge nwljs vknfe;ksa ls ckr 'kq: djuk pkgrs gsaa blhfy,,d vkunksyu 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk f'k{kk dka pkgs oks ykyk yktir jk; Fks vksj pkgs bl {ks= ea s pks/kjh ekrwjke th FksA vk;z lekt ds izhkko es a vk djds bu yksxks us tks vk;z lekt dk dke fd;k] tks f'k{kk dk dke fd;k] fnekxh xqykeh dks rksm+us dk] ns'k dh vktknh ykus ds fy,] fnekxh xqykeh vksj lkekftd xqykeh rksm+us dk mruk gh t:jh FkkA blfy, egkrek xka/ kh dgha pj[kk cquuk 'kq: dj nsrs] dgha daiuh ds f[kykq dke djuk 'kq: dj nsrs] dgha nsoukxjh ds izpkj dk dke 'kq: dj nsrsa D;ksafd ;s,d nwljs ds iwjd gsa],d nwljs ds t:jh rro gsa ;sa ykyk yktirjk; th us n;kuan dkwyst ykgksj dh LFkkiuk Hkh dh FkhA rhu O;fDr;ks a dk lcls cm+k ;ksxnku gs] ykyk yktir jk;] iafmr xq:nùk vksj egkrek galjkta mugks aus b/kj vkdj f'k{kk dk izpkj fd;ka ;gka pks/kjh j.kchj flag ds iwoztks a us,axyks a&lald`r tkv Ldwy dh LFkkiuk dha D;ks afd tks vk;z lekt ds yksx Fks os Ldwyks a dk Mh-,-oh- uke j[krs] ftldk eryc Fkk ^n;kuan,axyks osfnd] vk;z uke j[krs Fks ;k,axyks lald`r j[krs Fks] tks vkt nwljs uke ls tkuk tkrk gsa og,d izpkj Fkk] og,d izhkko Fkk vksj og lald`fr thfor gs] tgka Lokeh J)kuan us xq:dqy dh LFkkiuk dh] ogka bl ifjokj us] vfkkzr pks/kjh ekrwjke ds ifjokj us] pks/kjh j.kchj flag ds ifjokj us vksj ih: flag ds ifjokj us mlh ijaijk dks thfor j[krs gq,] ;gka vusd xq:dqyks a dh LFkkiuk dh] rkfd cppks a dks f'k{kk feysa es a bldks,d cgqr cm+h J)katyh ekurk gw ] fd pks/kjh HkwisUnz flag gqm+k th us mls fo'ofo ky; cuk;ka ml xq:dqy dks tks egkrek Qwy flag us] :i flag us LFkkfir fd;k Fkk] ukjh f'k{kk ds fy,] cgqr cm+k dke FkkA lkeku; dke ugha FkkA es aus iqjkus yksxks a ls iwnk fd rqegs dslk yxrk Fkk fd tc ;gka xq:dqy LFkkfir gqvk\ mugks aus dgk fd ges a yxrk Fkk fd ;g cgqr cm+k izdk'k dk dsunz gsa vxj va/ksjs ds le; fdlh o`) vkneh ls dksbz csvh jklrk iwnrh] fd eq>s xq:dqy tkuk gs rks og ;g dgrk fd csvh esjs lkfk vkvks] es a rqegs a NksM+ djds vkåaxka og mldks viuh csvh ekurk FkkA mldks yxrk Fkk fd ;g lalfkk dksbz dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 22

14 s i<+kbz dk lkeku; dsunz ugha gs a] cfyd ;g,d cgqr cm+k izdk'k dk LrEHk gsa oks xq:dqy ;gka pyka mlus Kku dk izdk'k fd;k] bl {ks= ds vunja Kku dks c<+kok fn;k] bl {ks= ds vunj vksj mldks vkt ds tekus ds fglkc ls tc efgyk fo'ofo ky; dk :i feyk gs] rks es a ;g le>rk gw fd mu yksxks a dks tks f'k{kk ds {ks= ls tqm+ s gs a] mu yksxks a dks ftugks aus ukjh f'k{kk ds fy, dke fd;k gs] muds izfr vkids {ks= dh] vkids izfrfuf/k dh] vkids eq[;ea=h dk] esjs eq[;ea=h dh ;g,d lcls cm+h J)katyh gs] tks mugks aus mudks vfizr dh gsa fdlh&fdlh dks bl ckr dk lkshkkx; izkir gksrk gs fd iwoztks a us tks iks/kk yxk;k gks] mldks dksbz cppk vkxs c<+k ik,] oks gh vkneh vius vkidks vpnh larku fl) dj ldrk gs] tks vius ek &cki ds uke dks jks'ku djs] tks muds dke dks vkxs c<+k,a ml vkneh ds flok,] fdlh nwljs vkneh dks ;g Js; ugha tk ldrka /kez R;kx fdrus Fks bl ns'k es a,d le;a fnekxh xqykeh fdruh Fkh] bl ns'k ds vunja,d y{ehpun vxzoky uke ds O;fDr FksA Hkxoku nkl us mldks fons'k HkstkA ogka ls og dksbz dke lh[k djds vk,a uhy cukuk lh[k dj vk,] jax cukuk] lkcwu cukuk] rsy cukuk lh[kdj vk,a tc og dk'kh okfil vk, rks vxzoky lhkk us izlrko ikfjr dj fn;k fd ge viuh lkslk;vh es a ugha j[ks axs] blus rks fons'k ;k=k dj yha ;g rks bles a 'kkfey ugha gks ldrk vksj,d cm+ s O;fDr us] Hkxoku nkl ds cm+ HkkbZ us tc blds Åij,d lhkk djuh pkgh rks iafmrks a dks cqyk djds] O;oLFkk djkuh pkgh] rks ml tekus es a dk'kh ds iafmr gksrs Fks f'ko dqekj tha es a vius 'kcnks a es a ugha dg jgk gw A,d cynso mik/;k; th us cgqr eksvh fdrkc fy[kh gs] ^dk'kh dh ikafmr; ijaijk*a mles a finys lkr lks] vkb lks lky ls tks dk'kh ds fo}ku gq, gs a] mudh ppkz dh gsa ml tekus esa f'ko dqekj th cgqr cm+ s fo}ku ekus tkrs FksA ml fo}ku dh ppkz djrs gq, og dgrs gsa fd tc muls ;g dgk x;k fd vkt dh fefvax esa vki vk,aa dgus yxs lsb th] vki cqykvks] esa u vkåaa ;g rks lehko ugha gsa ysfdu] esa vk ugha ldrk] bl fefvax esaa dkj.k ;g gs fd ;g rks fons'k ;k=k djds vk, gsaa 'kkl=ksa esa fuf"k) dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 24 gsaa blfy,] esa bldk lefkzu ugha dj ikåaxka blfy, ehfvax es a ugha vk ldrka,slh nklrka dh lhek ns[kksa,d cqf<;k ek dk ifr xqtj x;ka mldh nks csfv;ka gsaa cm+h csvh dk fj'rk ugha gks jgk FkkA ;s Hkh mlh fdrkc es a fy[kk gqvk gsa iksjkf.kd iafmr dh fy[kh fdrkc dh ckr dj jgk gw A viuh?kj dh fdrkc dh ckr ugha dj jgk gw A NksVh csvh dk fj'rk gksus yxka NksVh csvh dk tc fj'rk gksus yxk rks iafmr th dh O;oLFkk cm+h rxm+h Fkh] oks fj'rk ugha gqvka f'ko dqekj th dks cqyk;ka,d fxuuh Lokeh dks mugksaus nha fxuuh dks okfil djrs gq, mugksaus dgk& esa ;g v/kez ugha dj ldrk fd tc rd cm+h dqaokjh csbh gs] NksVh dk fookg gks tk,a ;g gkyr Fkh ml VkbZeA ogh iafmr tc igyk fo'o ;q+) gks jgk Fkk vksj fgunqlrku ds dqn yksx vkxs tezuh esa ym+us ds fy, x,] B.Ms izns'k ds vunj vksj ogka mugksaus ekal [kkus ls badkj dj fn;k rks mugksaus dgk fd ge rc ek l [kk ldrs gsa] vxj bldh vuqerh gesa f'ko dqekj 'kkl=h ns nsaa tc f'ko dqekj 'kkl=h csvh ds fookg dh vuqerh ugha ns ldrs] f'ko dqekj 'kkl=h fgunqlrku esa rsy vksj lkcwu cuus ds dkj[kkus dh vuqerh ugha ns ldrsa ysfdu ^vkir&/kez* dg djds ekal [kkus dh vuqerh ns ldrs gs] ;s vlfy;r gsa,d ckr dks dgdj viuh ckr lekir djuk pkgw xka ckr njvly ;g gs fd % Fkers&Fkers Fkesaxs vkalw] ;s jksuk gs] dksbz bls lh[k ysa ysfdu flqz,d izlax dguk pkgrk gw A ekrwjke th ls tqm+k gsa mugks aus vk;z lekt ls izhkkfor gksdj ;Kksifor igu igu fy;ka D;k ;g,d NksVh?kVuk gs\,d rwqku epk gsa rwqku cjik gqvk gsa vjs!,d 'kqnz dks] tkv dks ;Kkifor\ dsls lahko gs\ lcus vkdj dgk fd bl ;Kksifor dks fudky nksa mugks aus dgk fd D;k D;k lkspdj tuså xys es a Mky fy;k\ balku cuksa

15 w w rc pks/kjh ekrwjke us dgk] ^^lquks! ;Kksifor,d ekul ds xys im+k gqvk gsa :[k Vaxk gqvk ugha gsa flj dv ldrk gs] ysfdu ;Kksifor ugha mrj ldrka** vki bl ckr dk egro tkuuk pkgrs gsa\ esa vkidks vius 'kcnksa esa le>kus dk iz;kl djrk gw A ckr laahkor% 1673 dh gsa ftldks Hkkjr esa vkt fgunw dqy xksjo dgrs gsa] ftlds uke dh vkt cm+h&cm+h nqgkbz nh tkrh gsa] t;&t; ds ukjs yxk, tkrs gsa] ftldk ;'kksxku gksrk gsa esaa Hkh mlesa 'kkfey gw ] ;'kksxku esaa f'kokth N=ifr! f'kokth N=ifr dks,d lk/kkj.k tkfxjnkj dk csvk dgk tk ldrk gsa eqlyeku ckn'kkg rks mldks D;k 'kghnh nsaxs] ;gka ds tks fgunw jtokm+s Fks] og Hkh mldks vius ls NksVk ekurs FksA fdurq] cjkcj dk vf/kdkj nsus ds fy, rs;kj ugha FksA mlds Hkkstu ds Åij ljljkgv gqbz vksj mlus nku nsdj lcdks vius lkfk Hkkstu dks lekir djus ds fy, iz;kl fd;ka eu esa vk;k muds] vxj esjk jkt;kfhk"ksd gks tk, rks cgqr dke djds fn[kkåaa ysfdu jkt;kfhk"ksd dsls gks\ oks rks 43 o"kz ds FksA 22 o kz ds ckn iksjkf.kd iafmrksa ds eqrkfcd ;Kksifor dk vf/kdkj ugha FkkA blesa vkidks chl fdrkcsa dksv dj ldrk gwa] ftuesa ls ik p&lkr&vkb fdrkcksa dh ppkz viuh bl fdrkc esa dh Hkh gsa czkgkz.kksa us dg fn;k fd rqe 'kqnz gksa esa mldh ckr dg jgk gw A f'kokth dh ckr dg jgk gw A ekrwjke th cgqr ckn esa vk,a vxj rc ;g gkyr Fkh rks f'kokth ds tekus esa D;k flfkfr Fkh\ ;Kksifor dk vf/kdkj ugha] ;K esa csbus dk vf/kdkj ughaa f'kokth dks cm+h Bsl yxha mldks dksbz {kf=; ekuus ds rs;kj ugha FkkA rks mugksaus vius,d ea=h dks Hkstk] dk'kha cgqr isls nsdj HkstkA iafmrksa dks nf{k.kk nsuh pkgha lhkh us badkj dj fn;k] 'kqnzksa dk ;Kksifor ugha gks ldrka ;gka xks&hkkxzo dk rks gks ldrk gs leeku] ysfdu xks&j{kd ij mldk leeku ;Kksifor ugha gks ldrka vkf[kj esa mugksaus,d fo}ku dks idm+k] vktkn nùk dksa os tueuk egkjk"vªh;u FksA egkjk"vª xksjo ds uke ls mldks yydkjka mldks dqn islk Hkh fn;ka cqyk ds mldk eku&leeku Hkh fd;ka fqj jktlfkku ds,d jkt?kjkus ls oa'ko`{k fudkydj fdlh rjg ls tksm+k fd ;g {kf=; gs] ;s 'kqnz ugha gsa ;gka gj fdle dk dke gsa ysfdu ;gka cqjk Hkh gksrk gs] myvk Hkh gksrk gsa nf{k.kk ns nks rks mldk izdksi Vy Hkh tkrk gsa ;gka gj fdle dk dke gsa nqdkunkjh gsa bl gkfk ns] ml gkfk ysa lksnk cgqr [kjk gsa vksj 4 eghus] 11 gtkj if.mr],d yk[k ls T;knk O;fDr jk;x<+ jkt/kkuh ds vunj fvds jgsa gj fdle dk ogka ij vuq"bku fd;k x;ka iwjk nku gqvka lksuk&pk nh] fdlh Hkh pht dk uke ys yks] vuu dk uke ys yks] /kkrw dk uke ys yks] ghjs&tokgkjkr dk uke ys yks] oks lkjs dk lkjk nku fd;k tkrk jgka ;s esa ugha dgrk] ml tekus ds if.mr dgrs gsaa bl ckr ds fy, fd ;Kksifor laldkj gksa bl ckr ds fy, fd f'kokth dks ;K djus dk vf/kdkj fey tk,a bl ckr ds fy, pkj eghus cgqr cm+h tn~nkstg~n jgh vksj mlds Åij 1674 ds vklikl [kpz dh xbz jkf'k dk tks C;kSjk rs;kj fd;k bfrgkldkjksa us] og 5 djksm+ :i;s FksA vkt fdruh cm+h jkf'k gksrh gs ;ga vksj,d fnu es a ftruk jkt;kfhk"ksd gqvk] lj tknwukfk ljdkj dgrs gsa] ml,d fnu es a 50 yk[k :i;k [kpz gqvka vkt vki mldks fqdl fmiksftv djs a] ik p&lky ckn mlls rqyuk djsa vksj fqj vunktk yxk,a fd og fdruk Fkk\ rks ;g dksbz NksVh Økafr Fkh fd xk o ds,d vkneh dks] ftuds fny ds vunj ns'k Hkkouk dh iszj.kk Fkh] mldks bl ckr ds fy, izsfjr fd;k tk, fd rw ;Kksifor ys\ bldks bl ckr ds fy, izsfjr fd;k tk, fd vki ;K djksa vki ;K dks ys djds vkxs c<+ks vksj ;s de dqckzfu;ka gs D;k mu yksxksa dh] pks/kjh ekrwjke th tslksa dh] ftugksaus lkjh lkslk;vh dk fojks/k lg djds] ml fopkj/kkjk ds Åij [km+k gks djds dke fd;ka ml ifjokj ds,d egku liwr pks/kjh j.kchj flag th] tks lkjh mez ftls] mlh fopkj/kkjk dks ft,] tks egkrek xka/kh vksj _f"k n;kuan dh fopkj/kkjk dks th,a esa bls dgka&dgka Lons'kh ds lkfk tksm+ a] fdl ckr ds lkfk tksm+ a] ckr yach gks tk,xh] u es a bruk vkidk vf/kd le; ysuk dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 26

16 pkgrk gw vksj esjs Åij Hkh,d dksm+k yxk gqvk gsa vkt laln esa fogi tkjh gsa eq>s Hkh ogka tynh ls tynh ogka tkuk pkfg,a esa bu 'kcnksa ds lkfk vkidks tgka bl ckr ds fy, c/kkbz nsrk gw fd vkius,d cm+k vpnk vk;kstu fd;k gs] ogka mu lkjs egkiq:"kksa dks ftugksaus bl {ks= dh muufr ds fy,] ftugksaus bl ns'k esa tkx`fr isnk djus ds fy,] ftugksaus lw;z dk izdk'k gj >ksaim+h esa igqapkus ds fy,] ftugksaus osfnd O;oLFkk dks thfor j[kus ds fy,] ftugksaus iqjkus _f"k dh xkfkkvksa dks thfor j[kus ds fy, dke fd;k gs] esa mudks J)kiwoZd ueu djrk gw A ijefirk ijekrek lcds ifjokjksa ij lq[k&'kkafr dh o"kkz djsa vksme 'kkafraa eq[; vfrffk ds mn~xkj Mk- vkj-ih-gqm~mk ¼dqyifr] egf"kz n;kuan fo'ofo ky;] jksgrd½ ekuuh; Mk- jke izdk'k th] miflfkr egkuqhkkoa MkW- lkgc ls esjk laca/k dqn iqjkuk gsa mugksaus eq>s ges'kk,d NksVs HkkbZ dh rjg I;kj fn;k gs] eq>s viuk vuqt le>k gsa lgh ckr rks ;g gs fd bl odr tc esa LVst ij vk jgk gw ] eq>s esjh detksjh dpksv jgh gsa esjh viuh detksjh dh otg ls Mk- jke izdk'k th] tc vk,] eq>s mudh vxokuh ds fy, ogka gksuk pkfg, FkkA gkykafd os bl rjg dh vksipkfjdrkvksa dks rottksa ugha nsrs gsaa Mk- jke izdk'k th dks ge esa ls cgqr yksx tkurs gksaxs fd vki cgqr gh vpns odrk gsaa fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij dfg, mudh idm+ gsa mlij os?k.vksa cksyrs jg ldrs gsa vksj bl rjg cksyrs gsa fd ckr dhkh b/kj vkrh gs] dhkh b/kj tkrh gs] fqj lesvdj ogha ys vkrs gsa] ftl eqn~ns ij mudks cksyuk gksrk gsa dbz ckj igys Hkh es aus Mk- jke izdk'k th dks cksyrs gq, lquk gsa os eats gq, odrk gs aa vkius Hkh mudks vkt lquka tc es a ;gka csbdj lqu jgk Fkk rks eq>s eglwl gqvk fd eq>s Hkh bl fo"k; dk bruk Kku gksuk pkfg,a ysfdu es a fo"k; dk mruk Kkrk ugha gw A eq>s vius ckjs es a cgqr deh eglwl gqbz gsa blfy, Hkh fd es a bl fo'ofo ky; dk dqyifr g wa Mk- jke izdk'k th ds ckjs esa vkidks ;g tkudkj vpehkk gksxk fd os,d lkbzafvlv jgs gsaa vki dsfelvªh ds ysdpjj gsa] dsfelvªh ds LVwMSUV jgs gsaa ;g lc gksrs gq,] budk nk;jk bruk yack vksj pksm+k gs] budk Kku bruk folr`r gs vksj budk O;fDrRo bruk izhkko'kkyh gs fd tc Hkh fdlh LVst ij budks vkeaf=r fd;k tk,] cm+ s mrlkg ls] cm+ s 27@Lojkt dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 28

17 a a I;kj ls vkrs gsa] cksyus ds fy,a dgk tk, rks vki bl <+ ax ls cksyrs gsa fd lhkh yksx mlesa cg tkrs gsaa vkt dk fnu cgqr ifo= gsa cm+k fnu gsa blh fnu gekjs rhu Lora=rk lsukuh 'kghn gq, FksA ljnkj Hkxr flag ds ck,a&nk,a jktxq: vksj lq[knso Qkalh ds r[rs ij p<+ s FksA vkt bl eksds ij] ;g laxks"bh gks jgh gs] Mk- jke izdk'k us bruh lkjh ckrsa dg nh gsa] tks ge ugha tkurs FksA dqn,slk t:j gksuk pkfg, fd ge vksj vkus okyh ih<h] tks vius Lora=rk lsukuh gsa] ftugksaus galrs&galrs ns'k ij viuk lc dqn dqckzu dj fn;k] mugsa ;kn j[k lda sa,d NksVh lh ckr vksj dg a wxka tc ns'k esa Lora=rk dh ym+kbz py jgh Fkh] rc 'kk;n esaus tue Hkh ugha fy;k FkkA vki esa ls 'kk;n dqn,sls yksx gks axs] tks tkurs gks axs fd Lora=rk dh ym+kbz es s fdl izdkj ls dqckzfu;ka nh gsaa esa vkt ds fnu ds ckjs esa,d ys[k i<+ jgk Fkk vksj mlesa fy[kk Fkk fd ljnkj Hkxr flag us viuh Mk;jh esa tks dqn fy[kk] tc os tsy esa Fks] os Mk;jh fy[krs Fks] rks fdlh lttu us mudks bddbk fd;k gs vksj mlus dgk gs fd dk'k ge vius cppksa dks ;s Mk;jh fn[kk lds a] i<+k lds a] mudks voxr djk lda s fd fdl izdkj mugks aus vius ns'k dh vktknh ds fy, esgur dh vksj dqckzuh nh gsa eq>s bruk lq[k gs] eq>s bruk vpnk yxk gs fd geus Mk- jke izdk'k dks cgqr vjls ds ckn lquk gsa fqj eksdk feyk rks ge Mk- jke izdk'k dks fqj vkids lkeus yk,axsa tc muds ikl vksj vf/kd le; gksxk vksj os tks dqn dguk pkga sxs] dg ldsaxsa vkt 'kk;n muds fopkjksa esa rst vk jgk Fkk] fopkj mem+ jgs FksA esjk [;ky gs fd fdlh vksj eksds ij Mk- jke izdk'k fqj vk,axsa esa Mk- jke izdk'k dk viuh vksj ls] vkidh vksj ls vknj leeku ds lkfk fny ls mudk 'kqfø;k vnk djrk g w fd os gekjs chp es a vk,] fo'ofo ky; es a vk,a bugha 'kcnks ds lkfk esa,d ckj fqj mudk fny ls 'kqfø;k vnk djrk gw A esa mudk vuqt gw A esaus muls cgqr Kku ik;k gsa /ku;okna dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 30

18 [k.m&3 fof'k"v lacks/ku dfkk Lojkt 32

19 REEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HARYANA Deepender Singh Hooda (Member of Parliament) Indian Freedom Movement is a great saga of valour, dedication and perseverance. The country gained freedom after a long spell of colonial rule by the British. In many respects the struggle was unique and stub-born. Its sweep was remarkable. While learning lessons from world history of liberation struggles around, it developed unique forms of struggle that were in tune with its own ethos and culture. The leadership of the struggle had realised early that it would be a fight for its freedom against a wily ruler that was powerful and resourceful to the brim. It also knew that Britain prized its possession when India was a prime factor in its scheme to rule the world and that it would not go away easily. The country had good reasons to challenge the might of a super imperial power of the time to gain freedom. During almost two centuries of its sway, the country had to face unprecedented suppression and expropriation. The drain was debilitating. Series of famines claimed un-accounted deaths in millions. Peasantry was burdened with heavy debt. Food grains were exported when Indians starved. People arose in revolt after revolt. The pitched battle in 1857 was a clear indication that the country is united to oust the foreign rule and despite defeat, the spirit to fight was alive. Again, the Deccan peasant uprising of 1875 was another big battle in this series. The urge for freedom continued asserting again and again with varying degrees of force. Punjab was also in ferment. Peasantry was in deep trouble on many accounts. The government was determined to implement certain legislations like the Land Alienation and Colonisation Acts that the peasantry in the region did not appreciate. The nationalist forces seized upon the situation to mobilise the vast peasant belt for the national cause of freedom movement. With help from Lala Lajpat Rai, the fiery Sardar Ajit Singh was able to harness this segment of population against the British during It was known as Pagri Sambhal Jatta movement that created stir throughout the region. The Government did not loose time to recognise the danger and ousted both of them to Mandalay, but had to concede to the demands of the peasantry. The movement in Punjab (including Haryana part) during this upsurge of was remarkably successful to rouse the peasantry out of passiveness. Sardar Ajit Singh found in Chaudhry Matu Ram of Sanghi a ready soldier when he visited his family friend and toured some villages around Rohtak for taking the message to rural belt in Haryana part. It was a time when colonial Government was very apprehensive of Arya Samaj for its activities over this vast land. It was much worried about the hectic campaign of Sardar Ajit Singh in this region. The government felt something was wrong with the Sardar on the eve of 50 th. Anniversary of Coming out of Mandalay incarnation, Sardar Ajit Singh went underground and crossed the borders to organise support for the freedom movement outside along with Sufi Amba Prashad, returning to his native land only in His nephew, Sardar Bhagat Singh, born in 1907, took over the task in his absence with remarkable dexterity and persistence till he attained martyrdom on 23 March, 1931 in Lahore at the hands of British rulers. This roused the Nation in protest dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 34

20 and the gave an unprecedented impetus to the freedom movement in consequence. The Punjab peasantry largely, thereafter, remained a part of the freedom movement, barring landlords who were beneficiaries of the Raj. In the Haryana region the efforts of such stalwarts as Chaudhry Matu Ram and Ramji Lal along with few other friends, were able to mobilise a good chunk of peasantry in support of the struggle against heavy odds. Later, Chaudhry Ranbir Singh took up the job admirably. As a result, there was a good comparable number of Satyagrahies in non-cooperation and quit India movements from the old Rohtak district. The period of was a time of great trial for the entire peasant movement. In August 1942, a ruthless attack was launched by the British on the entire national movement. The Government arrested the Congress leaders. It was followed by heavy repression. Country s economy was in shambles. The corrupt bureaucracy played havoc with the lives of the people. The masses of the peasantry were overtaken by famine and ruin. People died like flies in Bengal and some other provinces. Discontentment was pervasive. Let us recount some of the features this struggle attained: Indian sub-continent had to bear a long period of foreign rule and paid quite a heavy price. The East India Company consolidated its Raj here after its victory in the battle of Plassey in June, But India did not take it lying down. There were a chain of revolts all around. Tribal areas gave a dogged fight and never accepted the slavery lying down. However, it was in 1857 that the fight in effect, laid a solid ground for a national perspective, though the British did every thing in their power to keep the country divided on religious, caste and regional levels. Communal riots were fanned. Separatism was emphasized. The purpose was to create the impression in the minds that the scheme of self-governance for India was an impossibility to succeed. It was a daunting task indeed for the leaders of the movement to keep the national unity in diversity and simultaneously provide a challenge to the foreign rulers to quit. Gandhiji on arrival from South Africa understood the grim task and did his level best in the circumstances. He could mobilise the mass of the people and awakened the nation by devising ways and means in this difficult situation that were unique in sweep. Britain, on the other hand, was determined to do everything possible to keep this sub-continent in possession; it terrorised India and at the same time took steps to subvert the movement adopting a policy of divide and rule. To a large extent the game worked to its advantage and the country could not be kept united against the persistent demand of Pakistan. The country paid a heavy price in blood and tears. The foreign rule ended, though, with lessons for the future to guard against. dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 36

21 a a fof'k"v lacks/ku pks/kjh lqyrku flag ¼iwoZ jkt;iky] f=iqjk½ ¼ ½ cguksa vksj HkkbZ;ksa! fgunqlrku dk Lora=rk vkunksyu dbz Hkkxksa esa cavk gqvk gsa mldk,d Hkkx 1857 ls tqm+k gs] nwljk Hkkx xka/kh ds usr`ro es a jk"vªh; vkunksyu gs] dkaxzsl ds }kjka rhljk Hkkx lqhkk"k punz cksl vksj mldh vktkn fgun QkStA pksfkk Hkkx iztke.my vksj ikapok Hkkx xksok o neu&nho dh vktknh gsa ;s lhkh Hkkx tksm+us ls,d iwjk Lora=rk vkunksyu curk gsa bles a i=dkfjrk dk Hkh cgqr cm+k fgllk gsa,d le; Fkk] nf{k.k ls ^fgunw* fudyuk 'kq: gqvk] fcgkj ls ^lsfud* fudyuk 'kq: gqvk] ftls fd'ku nùk ikyhoky us fudkyka jksgrd ls ^gfj;k.kk fryd* fudyuk 'kq: gqvk] ykgksj ls ^fvªc;wu*] o ^us'kuy gsym*] dydrk ls ^ve`r cktkj if=dk*a ;s lkjs v[kckj Hkh Lora=rk vkunksyu ds Hkkx FksA buesa lcls egroiw.kz ^;ax bf.m;k* FkkA mlds ckn ^gfjtu lsod*a ;s nksuksa egkrek xka/kh th }kjk pyk, x, v[kckj FksA Lora=rk vkunksyu esa gjsd dk viuk jksy FkkA vly ckr gs fd 1857 ds Lora=rk vkunksyu esa gfj;k.kk ds yksxksa dk cgqr cm+k ;ksxnku FkkA jko rqykjke] jktk ukgj flag vksj fdrus gh 'kghn Fks] ftugksaus dqckzfu;ka nhaa fqj egkrek th vk,a mugksaus vkdj dkaxzsl ikvhz dks Lora=rk vkunksyu esa cnyka dkaxzsl,-g~;we us cukbz FkhA ;g ljdkj vksj yksxksa ds chp esa,d dm+h Fkh] tks turk dh ckr ljdkj rd igqapk, vksj ljdkj dh ckr yksxksa rd igqapk,a blesa,d,uhcslsuv vkbzaa bl eqoesuv ds vunj cm+ s&cm+ s vkneh vk,a iaenueksgu ekyoh; vkfn fdrus gh fo}kua ysfdu] tc xka/kh th 1916 es a fgunqlrku vk, rks bls vkunksyu es a cny fy;ka blds dbz fglls cu x,a,d fgllk Fkk] tks dgrk Fkk fd pj[kk dkrus ls vktknh ugha dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 38 vk,xha nqfu;k ds bfrgkl es a yksxks a us tkus a nsdj [kwuh pø pyk;ka ;g Hkkx Hkkjr ukstoku lhkk dk Fkk] usrkth lqhkk"k punz cksl dk Fkk] og fgllk t; izdk'k ukjk;.k dk FkkA o"kz 1943 es a caxky es a vdky im+ x;ka 35 yk[k vkneh Hkw[k ls ej x,a dkaxs zl ikvhz us dgk fd 'kksd izlrko ikl djks] rks t; izdk'k th dgrs gs a fd 'kksd izlrko rks cgknqjks a ds fy, gksrk gs] dk;jks a ds fy, ugha gksrka Hkw[k dsls gks ldrh gs Hkkjr es a\ lsbks a ds xksnke Hkjs gs a vksj mugha xksnkeks a ds lkeus yksx Hkw[kks a ej jgs gs aa os csodwq gs aa,d fgllk,sls yksxks a dk FkkA gfj;k.kk ds yksx bu lkjh xfrfof/k;ks a es a vxz.kh jgsa i=dkfjrk es ^gfj;k.kk fryd* fudyk] usrkvks a es a nqyhpun vackyoh] iafmr Jhjke 'kekz] usdhjke 'kekz] pks/kjh j.kchj flag th] pks/kjh nsohyky th] pks/kjh lkgc jke tha bues a Hkh nks Hkkx cu x,a pks/kjh j.kchj flag tsyks a es a jgsa esjk mudk 65 lky ls laca/k gsa ia- ekaxsjke orl] ia- v'kqkdr xksm+ cgknqjx<+] nhoku fnykoj flag >TtjA bu yksxka s dk er Fkk fd ym+kbz tsy es a jgdj ym+uh pkfg,a nwljs egk;q) dk tekuk FkkA vklksnk ds vunj cgqr cm+k dk;zøe FkkA pks/kjh j.kchj flag us vklksnk ds vunj ehfvax cqyk j[kh FkhA vklksnk dk gokbz vm~mk tykus ds fy,a ;g xka/kh th ds fl)kur ls vyx ckr FkhA ckr QwV xbza pks/kjh j.kchj flag fxj rkj gks x,a ia- ekaxsjke Hkh fxj rkj gks x,a lhkh tsy igq ap x,a tsyks a es a tkdj fqj cnyko vk;ka mugks aus tsyks es a tkdj ns[kk fd dkaxsl rks xka/kh gh gsa dkaxz sl ds vunj jg djds FkksM+h lh vktkn lksp dk vkneh lqhkk"kpunz cksl FkkA t; izdk'k yksfg;k dh Hkh txg ;gka fuf'pr ugha gsa ftldks jguk gs] xka/kh th ds lkfk tqm+dj jguk gksxka dy] 23 ekpz dks 'kghn Hkxr flag] jktxq:] lq[knso dk 'kghnh fnol FkkA es a cm+k [kq'k Fkk vksj nq%[kh Hkh FkkA [kq'k rks ;w a Fkk fd lkjk ns'k J)katfy ns jgk gsa nq%[kh blfy, Fkk fd J)katfy oksvks a ds fy, ns jgs FksA Hkxr flag dh dqckzuh ds fy, ugha ns jgs FksA ;g J)katfy,slh Fkh] tsls

22 fd ehjkckbz dh fqye es a efyydk lgjkor ^ehjk* cu tk,a 'kghn Hkxr flag dks J)katfy nsus okys yksx gh] ns'k dks [kkus es a yxs gq, gs aa blfy, gekjk tks Lora=rk vkunksyu gs] bldks vhkh rd ge iwjh rjg le> ugha ik, gs aa vkt gekjk Lora=rk vkunksyu dk tks tksm+ gs] og cm+k /kks[kk gsa es a >wb ugha cksyrka es a,d fujk'kk ds Hkko es a cksy jgk gw A bfrgkl es a dbz ckj,slh phts a vkrh gs a fd vkneh ek;wl gksdj Hkh Hkk"k.k djrk gsa vkt gekjk lafo/kku gsa lks'kfylv] lsd;qyj] MseksØsfVd] fjifcyd vkwq bf.m;ka vc vki bzekunkjh ls crkbz, fd vki lger gs a bu lcls\ ik p&ik p lky vksj pkj&pkj lky ds cpps jk"vªifr Hkou ds lkeus dkxt pqxdj jksvh [kkrs gs aa ckjg&ckjg lky dh ym+fd;ka gekjh ykycùkh ij xkm+h :drs gh Hkh[k ekaxuk 'kq: dj nsrh gs aa vukfkks a dks dksbz Hkh mbkdj ys tkrs gs a vksj fqj ogha NksM+ tkrs gs aa tgka jk"vªifr csbrk gs] tgka iz/kkuea=h csbrk gs] tgka Hkkjr dh lhv vkwq ikwoj gs] ogka ;g lc gks jgk gsa D;k ge lks'kfylv gs a\ lsd;qyj gs a\ lsd;qyj! xq:}kjk geus vius gkfk ls rksm+ka ;gka ij tkv fld[k geus dry fd,a ckcjh efltn geus rksm+ha eqlyeku geus dry fd,a ppz dks geus Qa wdka fqj ge lsd;qyj dsls gs a\ lks'kfylv! ge lks'kfylv,sls gs aa vki gekjh lks'kfyte dh ckr lqudj gsjku gks axsa xka/kh th us ^fgun&lojkt* fdrkc fy[kha ;g nqfu;k dh lcls llrh fdrkc gsa 1909 es a fy[kh FkhA bles a xka/kh th us fy[kk fd ikfyz;kes av os';k vksj cka> gsa ;s fy[kk 1909 es aa xka/kh th dgrs gs a fd os';k ds dksbs ij dksbz Hkh tk ldrk gsa os';k isnk rks dqn djrh ugha gsa vkt viuh ikfyz;kes av es a Hkxr flag dk HkkbZ ;k Hkrhtk utj vkrk gs\ ljnkj ivsy dk csvk&iksrk utj vkrk gs\ jktsunz izlkn dk csvk&iksrk utj vkrk gs\ dkejkt dk HkkbZ&Hkrhtk utj vkrk gs\ lqhkk"k punz cksl dk utj vkrk gs\ ogka dksu gs a\ gfj;k.kk dk ghjks uohu ftuny] ikfyz;kes av dk esecja 'k=q?u flugk ikfyz;kesuv dk esecj gsa ;s vkwujscy lnl; gs aa es a budh cqjkbz ugha dj jgka gsek ekfyuh laln dh esecj gsa t;k iznk laln dh lnl; gsa ;s D;ks a gs\ dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 40 vkt dk tks jktusrk gs] mlesa ghu Hkkouk gsa mldks ;g ;dhu ugha fd esjs dgus ls turk pyh vk,xha yky d`".k vkmok.kh rd Hkh ;g lksprk gs fd gsek ekfyuh lkfk tk,xh rks HkhM+ bddbk gks ik,xha tks vkneh vius vkidks bruk cm+k dgrs gsa vksj nkosnkj iz/ kkuea=h in ds curs gsa] vxj vkt muesa bruh ghu Hkkouk gs fd mudks vius vki ij ;dhu gh ugha gsa fcgkj esa 'k=q?u flugk gksaxs rks turk Hkkxh pyh vk,xha lksf'kfylv ugha] lsd;qyj ge ugha] MseksØsV ge ugha jgs] [kjhn yks ikfyz;kesuv dh lhv dks vksj laln esa tkvksa esa i<+ jgk Fkk] iatkc ls,d vkneh >kj[k.m tkdj ikfyz;kesuv dk esecj cu x;k] jkt;lhkk esaa og 15 gtkj djksm+ dk ekfyd gsa vc mlus VuZ fy;ka og dgrk gs fd esa rks HkDr gks x;k eerk cuthz dka fdlfy, HkDr gks x;k\ vkt,slh flfkfr gks xbz gs fd cl iwnks era esa rks gsjku gw a fd vxj dyekm+h],- jktk tsy esa gsa rks ;s D;ksa ugha x, Hkxr flag dh lekf/k ij\ iw.kz gks tkrh J)katfy! Kku flag th! vkidh ;s laxksf"b dk dksbz eslst tk, rks ;g laxksf"b Bhd gs] ojuk rks vk, fnu lkjs lhkkxkjks a es a xks"bh gksrh gh jgrh gsaa vkt dk tks jktuhfrk gs] Hkk"k.k nsus esa cgqr etk ysrk gsa iszl dkaýsl igys j[krs gsaa viuh Lihp igys gh ckav nsrk gs fd esa teew tk jgk gw vksj esjh ;g Lihp Nki nhft,a vkidh ;qfuoflzvh gsa vxj Bhd f'k{kk vk xbz rks dqn Hkyk gks ldrk gsa vxj ge vkt ds fo kfkhz esa dkauqhmsul isnk dj nsa rks ifjorzu dj ldrs gsaa esa vki lcls ;gh izkfkzuk d:axka vkius eq>s cqyk;k] blds fy, /ku;okn] esjh ckr lquh] mlds fy, /ku;okn vksj dksbz cnyko yk fn;k rks vksj cm+k /ku;okn gksxka esa NksVh lh ckr vksj vkidks crkuk pkgrk gw aa eq>s Mj yxrk gs fd vkt ls 5&6 lky ckn vukt [kkus dks fey tk,xk\ vki tkvks /kk:gsm+ka tks lgxy fey 1970 esa cuha,d djksm+ :i;k yxka 30 yk[k lclhmh ds fey x,a vkt cun gsa D;ks afd mldh tehu 94

23 a djksm+ dh gks xbza mu fnuksa tehu nks gtkj dh Fkh rks vkt tehu nks djksm+ :i;s izfr,dm+ dh gsa ;gh ughaa lk/kqvksa us Hkh vkt nqdkusa [kksy yhaa vki 'kgj esa tkb,a pkj&pkj] ik p&ik p] Ng&Ng,dM+ tehu es a jk/kk Lokeh dk Msjk feysxka ftl tehu esa /kku isnk gksrk Fkk] xsgw isnk gksrk Fkk] vkt ogka Msjk cuk gqvk gsa lrlax ls rks jksvh feysxh ughaa isv rks Hkjsxk xsgw ls] /kku lsa nks yk[k :i;s,dm+ yh xbz tehu] nl lky ckn ipkl yk[k :i;s,dm+ gks tk,xha bl ns'k es a,sls yksxks a dh iwtk gks] ml ns'k dk D;k gky gksxk\ bl O;oLFkk dks cnyksa bl O;oLFkk dks cny lds rks vkus okys cpps dgs axs fd gekjs cqtqxz le>nkj FksA bl O;oLFkk dks cnyus ds fy,] esa rks pkgw axk fd 'kkafrfiz; rjhds viuk, tk,aa Kku flag th] vkidk cgqr&cgqr 'kqfø;ka 'kqfø;k rks Jksrkvks dk gs] tks esjs tsls vkneh dh ckrsa lquhaa esa vlolfk gw A dksbz 'kcn xyr fudy x;k gks rks ekqh pkgrk gw A dfkk

24 [k.m&4 Lora=rk vkunksyu esa ljnkj Hkxr flag dfkk

25 a Hkkjr ds Lora=rk vkunksyu dh i`"bhkwfe esa Hkxr flag &izks- txeksgu flag 24 ekpz] 2011 lcls igys esa FkksM+k bfrgkl ds ckjs esa ppkz djuk pkgw axk vksj tks dqn esjh le> cuh gs] mls lka>k djuk pkgw axka esa le>rk gw a fd gekjs lkspus dh izfø;k ;qxksa ls jgh gsa,d ;qx gs vksj mlds ckn nwljk ;qx gsa tc ;qx cnyrk gs rks dqn ekin.m Hkh cnyrs gsaa ;fn ge vktknh dk vkunksyu ns[ks a rks 1857,d cgqr cm+h rcnhyh okyk ;qx gsa ^bzlv bf.m;k deiuh* uke dh deiuh ;gka ij O;kikj djus ds fy, vkbz vksj O;kikj ds fy, dke 'kq: fd;ka blds ckn mlus dgk fd gesa dkj[kkuk cukus dk gd nhft;sa fqj mugks aus dgk fd ge vius dkj[kkus dh j{kk Hkh [kqn djsaxsa bl rjg mugksaus viuh lsuk Hkh cukuh 'kq: dj nha esa le>rk gw fd ftl O;fDr us lcls igys bl "km+;a= dks eglwl fd;k] og 23 lky dk fljktqnksyk FkkA tc mls jkt feyk rks mlus eglwl fd;k fd lcls [krjukd ckr gks jgh gs] og gs fd ;g VsªfMax deiuh /khjs&/khjs,d fdyk cu xbz gs vksj bl fdys ls og cgqr cm+k ladv [km+k djsxha blh nksjku mugks aus dydùkk okys fdys ij dctk dj fy;ka mlds ckn 1757 dh Iyklh dh tks ym+kbz gs] og ym+kbz dhkh Fkh gh ughaa mugksaus igys fj'or ls ehj tkqj dks [kjhnk vksj QkStsa [km+ha dhaa blds ckn iklk cny x;k vksj fljktqnksyk dks ekj fn;ka mlds ckn tks rcnhyh vkbz gs] og ns[kus okyh ckr gsa gekjs ;gka ^[kkylk* 'kcn dk blrseky gksrk gsaa ;g ^[kkylk* 'kcn ^[kky'kkgh* ls vk;ka D;ksafd mlls igys fdlh Hkkjrh; dh tehu ugha FkhA [kky'kkgh tehu og tehu Fkh tks LVsV dh VªLV esa vkrh FkhA tks yksx iq'rksa ls ogka [ksrhckm+h djrs Fks] mugsa [ksrh dh gdnkjh FkhA ojuk] tehu ij fdlh dks dksbz eyfd;r ugha FkhA lu~ 1857 ds ckn dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 46 tehu dh eyfd;r bzlv bf.m;k deiuh us nsuh 'kq: dj nha mlus rhu rjg dh ekyfd;r nsus dk izko/kku fd;ka tc os nf{k.k es a enzkl x, rks js;rokm+h fllve 'kq: fd;ka blds rgr tks fdlku Fks] mlh dks tehu dh ekyfd;r ns nha fqj mugs a yxk fd ;g rks Bhd ugha gsa mlds ckn tc os if'pe esa egkjk"vª vk, rks mugksaus js;rokm+h] tks fd tehu dh eyfd;r xk o dh gksrh Fkh] fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k dh ugha ekuha ysfdu] tc caxky&fcgkj es a vk, rks mugks aus tehu ij O;fDrxr eyfd;r 'kq: dj nha tehu dh eyfd;r dk cnyuk],d u;k ;qx 'kq: djrk gsa blds igys tehu lka>h FkhA tehu ;k rks VªLV ds fy, nh tkrh Fkh] ;k LVsV ds fy,a bldk cgqr cm+k vlj gqvka lu~ 1857 esa deiuh ds tks rhu cm+ s vkwfqlj Fks] rhuksa ij fj'or[kksjh dk eqdn~ek dkqh fnu rd pyka vkt Hkh ml deiuh jkt dk vlj ns[k ldrs gsaa ;s rhuksa Fks&Dykbo] tks mudk QkSth vkneh fxuk tkrk gs] okjsu gs aflvxl] tks fd igyk xozuj cuk Fkk vksj feuv,sysfk] tksfd phq tflvl FkkA xozuj us phq tflvl dks fj'or nsdj,d egkjktk uan dqekj] ftugksaus flqz ;g f'kdk;r dh Fkh fd vki bzekunkjh ls viuh fteesokjh iwjh dhft,] dks Qkalh fnyok nha ;s rhuks cm+ s [krjukd FksA ml eqdnes a es a myys[kuh; ckr gs fd Dykbo us tks c;ku fn;k] og cm+k vthc fdle dk gsa c;ku ;g gs fd vkidks rks eq>s buke nsuk pkfg,a esa rks vkids fy, nqfu;k dk LoxZ thrdj yk;k gw A LoxZ blfy, fd fcgkj&caxky bruh vpnh [ksrh isnk djrk gs fd iwjs Hkkjr dks f[kyk;k tk ldrk gsa og LoxZ blfy, fd yksxka s dk viuk lksuk&pkanh] tks cdls esa can djds ykrs gsa vksj ;gka dk tks gfkdj?kk gs] ogka csp nsrs gsaa ysfdu] Bhd uks lky ckn caxky] fcgkj esa cm+k vdky im+ka <+kdk] tks 5 yk[k dh vkcknh okyk 'kgj Fkk] og ek= 50]000 dk jg x;ka dkjhxjksa ds gkfk dk dke NwV x;ka ml odr fdlh us fvii.kh dh Fkh fd <+kdk dh xfy;ka fdlkuksa] etnwjksa vksj dkjhxjksa dh gfm~m;ksa dh dczxkg cu xbz gsaa

26 ª bl Hk;adj vdky dh ifjflfkfr;ksa ds chp daiuh us cm+h pkykdh fn[kkbza ml le; ekyfkl uke dk,d deiuh dk vf/kdkjh FkkA og yksxksa dks viuh fopkj/kkjk esa cka/kus okyk izksqslj FkkA Hk;adj vdky ds chp yksxksa esa daiuh ds fo#) vkøks'k isnk u gks] blds fy, mlus,d F;ksjh fudkyh] tksfd vkt Hkh izpfyr gs fd tc tula[;k c<+rh gs rks vdky im+rs gsa vksj vla[; yksx ejrs gsaa ;s lc gekjs vaxszth 'kklu dh otg ls ugha gsa ;g rks Hkxoku djrk gsa bl izdkj mugks aus lkarouk nh vksj vkt rd og ckr ckj&ckj nksgjkbz tkrh gsa mlh nksjku,d nwljk izksqslj Fkk] fjdkmksz] ftlus bdkwuksfed F;ksjh nh fd tehu ls isnkokj de gksrh gh gsa lu~ 1757 ds ckn bl rjg yksxksa ds fopkjksa esa rcnhyh vkbza blds ckn yxkrkj lks lky] 1857 dh Økafr rd] daiuh ds f[kykq NksVs&cM+ s fonzksg gksrs jgsa 1857 ds tks nlrkost gsa] mugsa gesa vhkh ns[kus dk eksdk feyk gsa geus lu~ 1857 dks vhkh rd ftl :i esa ns[kk gs] og iwjh rjg fodflr ugha gsa tks gekjs vius nlrkost Fks] mudk gesa T;knk Kku ugha gs] ftldh otg ls dgkuh v/kwjh jg tkrh gsa vktdy ge Ýh Vs ªM dh ckr djrs gs aa bzlv bf.m;k deiuh us Ýh Vs sm lu~ 1810 ls lu~ 1830 rd dh vof/k es a cgqr rsth ls c<+kbza blds rgr izko/kku fd;k x;k fd tks ckgj ls eky vk,xk] ml ij VSDl ugha yxsxka ysfdu] tks yksdy O;kikjh gs a] og 50 fdyksehvj ij VSDl nsxka blds izek.k vkt Hkh feyrs gs aa vki vkxjk ls lgkjuiqj rd vk,a rks jklrs es a dlve gkål dh fcfymaxl gs a] iqjkus [k.mgj ds :i es a im+h gqbz gs aa ;g,sfrgkfld rf; gs fd vesfjdk dh okj vkwq bf.mis.msl dks 'kq: djus okys ogka ds yksdy O;kikjh FksA tks fczfv'k O;kikjh Fkk] mlds fy, VSDl ugha FkkA ysfdu] tks yksdy O;kikjh Fks] muds fy, VSDl FkkA os O;kikjh dqyh cudj tgkt es a x, vksj ogka tkdj pk; QS ad nha ogka ls mugks aus vesfjdk es a vktknh dh ym+kbz 'kq: dha ;g Ýh VsªM okyk ekeyk gs vksj lu~ 1830 okyh tks F;ksjh Hkkjr esa pje lhek ij Fkh] ftlls iwjh vfkzo;olfkk pjejk xbza mldk vlj dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 48 vke vkneh ij Hkh im+ka blds ifj.kkelo:i gh mlus Hkh lu~ 1857 dh ØkfUr esa Hkkxhnkjh dha ge nwljs i{k ns[krs jgsa ;g ØkfUr bzlv bf.m;k deiuh ds f[kykq Fkh] ;s rf; gsa esaus yxkrkj bl rf; dk v/;;u fd;k vksj ik;k fd lu~ 1857 dh gekjh ym+kbz bzlv bf.m;k deiuh ds f[kykq FkhA lu~ 1857 ds ckn bzlv bf.m;k deiuh dks cun dj fn;k x;ka bzlv bf.m;k deiuh [kre gks xbza bldk eryc gs fd yksxks a us v/kez ds izfr ;q) fd;ka blds ckn u;k ;qx 'kq: gqvka uoecj] 1858 dks efydk fodvksfj;k us,d izlrko fn;k fd?kcjkus dh t:jr ugha gs] D;ks afd vkidks os lc gd feysaxs] tks dqn baxys.m ds,d ukxfjd dks feys gq, gsaa mugksaus ekuk fd ;g deiuh dh xyrh Fkh fd og vkids /kez esa n[ky ns jgh FkhA ge vkids /kez esa dksbz n[ky ugha nsaxsa rhljh ckr ;g dgh xbz fd tks Hkh gks x;k gs] ysfdu] vc ge cnys dh Hkkouk ls dke ugha djsaxsa eq>s,d nqyzhk nlrkost feyk gsa eksyoh Qtj vyh] ftugsa v.mseku Hkstk x;k Fkk] dh Mk;jh feyha os viuh Mk;jh esa ml le; i<+kus ds rksj rjhds ds ckjs esa fy[krs gsa fd ^^ml odr fnyyh esa i<+kus okys eksyoh lhkh vfhk;kuksa ds ckjs esa f'k{kk nsrs Fks vksj ewy eqn~nk vius fo kffkz;ksa esa jpukredrk isnk djus dk gksrk Fkk**A eq>s mlh vof/k dk,d nlrkosth uksv Hkh feyka blesa ;wjksi ds,d thlvj us dgk gs fd **Hkkjr ds enjls vksj mudh i<+kus dh iz.kkyh] ;wjksi dh ;wfuoflzvh ls dgha vpnh gsa**,d txg ykyk gjn;ky us fy[kk fd ^^vxj gesa vius vkidks lh; cukuk gs rks de ls de ftunxh dh O;k[;k djus dh igpku gksuh pkfg,a esa le>rk gw fd ;g lks lky dk bfrgkl gsa blfy, lks lky ds ckn,d :i cnyk vksj nwljk :i vk;ka ;g nwljk :i] vktknh dh ym+kbz gsa esa bls bl rjg ls le> ik;k gw fd ;gka,d ds ckn,d cm+ s vdky im+rs x,a ml le; fnyyh ls ysdj is'kkoj rd dk {ks= iatkc gh dgykrk FkkA tsls&tsls vaxzst deiuh c<+h] mlh rjg

27 s vdky Hkh lkfk c<+ sa tc os yqf/k;kuk dh rjq vk, rks igyk vdky vackyk rd im+ka mlds ckn og vdky vkxs c<+ka iatkc esa s vkf[kjh vdky nl lky] 1890 ls ysdj 1900 rd im+ka bl nksjku ns'k ds dqy 39 ftyksa esa ls 38 ftys,sls Fks] tks vdky ls cqjh rjg ihfm+r FksA ml odr fdlh us dgk fd tks vksjr dhkh?kj ls ckgj ugha fudyrh Fkh] mldks Hkh dekdj ykuk im+rk FkkA ;g gkyr gks xbz FkhA vdky dh Hk;adjrk ds lunhkz es a Hkh,d nqyzhk nlrkost feyk gsa xnj ikvhz ds,d usrk gq, gs a Mk- ikj[k ukfk nkla ;s izksqlj Fks vksj viuk,d v[kckj ^vktkn fgunqlrku* fudkyrs FksA vkreknkl us mudks o"kz 1908 es a,d fpb~bh fy[kha mugks aus,f'k;k ds o;kso`),oa ekfezd ys[kd fy;ks VkWyLVkW; dh iqlrd ^okj,.m ihl*] ftlus tax ds f[kykq cm+k dke fd;k Fkk vksj yksx mudks veu dk nsork ekuus yxs Fks] dk gokyk nsrs gq, ml fpb~bh es a fy[kk fd] ^Jheku th vkidks iwjh nqfu;k ekurh gs fd vki tax ds f[kykq vksj veu ds lefkzu es a,d cgqr cm+h vkokt gksa ysfdu] Hkkjr es a tks tax py jgh gs] dhkh mlds ckjs es a Hkh fy[kksa tax ;g gs fd lu~ 1890 ls ysdj 1900 rd brus vdky im+ s fd,d djksm+ 90 yk[k yksx Hkq[kejh o fcekjh ls ejs gs a* tc vdky im+rk gs rks iksf"vdrk [kre gksrh gsa tc vkneh dh iksf"vdrk [kre gksrh gs rks mlds ckn fcekfj;ka QSyrh gsaa bl rjg ;g iwjk ldzy curk gsa vdky es a yksx blfy, ugha ejrs fd vukt dh deh gksrh gsa ysfdu] os vukt [kjhn ugha ldrsa os flqz blfy, ejrs gsa fd [kjhn 'kfdr mudh [kre gks tkrh gsa vfkkzr~ vukt rks gksrk gs] ysfdu] os [kjhn ugha ldrsa bl lunhkz es a ekdz Msfol dh,d cgqr vpnh fdrkc ^n Øksfe;e QkWyks iklv&n,syhxu bqsdv* vkbza blds vuqlkj] ^^;g ywv dk ra= gsa de ls de lkezkt;oknh ywv dk ra= gsa** ekdz Msfol us viuh bl iqlrd es a lkjh gdhdr fy[kha mlus fy[kk fd ^^gekjh xjhch dqnjr vksj ijekrek dh nsu gs] ;g lc dgdj gesa cjxyk;k x;k gsa** blls lekt esa tcjnlr vkøks'k vk;ka ifj.kklo:i] bzlv bf.m;k daiuh }kjk cuk;k x;k xjhch dk iwjk fp= gh cny x;ka mlds ckn fczfv'k jkt ds le{k dbz rjg dh pquksfr;ka [km+h gks xbza igyh pquksrh nsus okys nknk HkkbZ ukjksth FksA nknk HkkbZ ukjksth rks pquksfr;ksa dh,d >yd Hkj FksA os baxys.m esa jgus yxsa mugksaus ogka laln esa is'k fd, tkus okys ctv ls lacaf/kr nlrkostksa dk v/;;u fd;ka v/;;u ds ckn mugksaus ckdk;nk vkadm+ksa ds lkfk 180 i`"bksa dk,d i= cuk;k] ftles a [kqyklk fd;k fd ^^;g {ks=] ftls ge iatkc dgrs gsa] ml ij vki isls de yxk jgs gsa ysfdu] ogka fy[k T;knk jgs gsaa ;g xsj&dkuwuh gs** nknk HkkbZ ukjksth ds i= esa igyk gh 'kh"kzd] ^vkwu fczfv'k VkbZVy xqzi* FkkA D;ks afd egkjkuh fodvksfj;k us dgk Fkk fd ^^vki osls gh ukxfjd gsa] vkidks oslk gh ekgksy feysxk] tks baxys.m dks feyrk gsa** mugksaus vius bl i= esa lkq dgk fd ^^vki ;g ugha dj jgs gsaa** bu lcds vykok Hkh mugksaus bl lunhkz esa cgqr dqn fy[kka cm+h fomacuk dk fo"k; gs fd muds tks nlrkost gsa] fpfb~b;ka gsa vksj vu; dkxt gs] muij fdlh rjg dk dksbz 'kks/k ugha gqvk gsa o"kz 1906 esa dydrk dkaxszl vf/kos'ku esa ^Lojkt* 'kcn nknk HkkbZ ukjksth us gh fn;k FkkA mugksaus gesa le>k;k fd ^^vxj Hkkjr dh xjhch dks [kre djuk gs rks ;g rhkh gksxh] tc viuk jkt gksxka** blds ckn gekjs vkunksyu dk vk/kkj vkffkzd gks x;ka mugksaus cm+ vfèkdkfj;ksa dk vkg~oku fd;k fd ^^ftrus Hkh vkbzlh,l vf/kdkjh gsa] [ksrh ds lkfk tqm+ saa** fdlkuh dh cngkyh ds ckjs esa [kwc fy[kka mnkgj.k ds rksj ij iatkc ij,d cgqr vpnh fdrkc fy[kh xbz] ^iatkc&okj,.m ihl QkeZj*A ;g fdlkuks a o d`f"k lel;kvks a ij vkèkkfjr gsa blh rjg vaxzsth ljdkj ds fy, cafdepunz pvthz pquksrh cusa mugksaus ^vkuaneb* fy[kka os igys bfrgkldkj gsa] ftugksaus d`f"k ij fy[kk vksj rc ls ysdj 1857 dh cxkor rd ds gkykrks a dks ns[kk] tkapk] dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 50

28 a ij[kk vksj fy[kka mugksua s crk;k fd ^^fdlku tc ekaxrk gs rks og Qdhj gks tkrk gsa** mugksaus Qdhjksa dh cxkor dks ysdj cgqr dqn dgka,d bfrgkldkj fy[krk gs fd de ls de chloha lnh ds vkjehk esa nks 'kcnksa] ^Lojkt* vksj ^Lons'kh* us cm+k vkunksyu [km+k fd;ka cafde pvthz fgunqlrku ds igys ;k nwljs vkbzih,l FksA mugksaus d`f"k vksj fdlkuka s ij 'kks/k fd;ka os dsfeczt esa izksqslj yxsa mugksaus bl ckr ij tksj fn;k fd ^^fdlku blfy, cngky gsa] D;ks afd gekjk dkuwu izcu/k Bhd ugha gsa vxj ge bl izcu/k dks Bhd dj nsa rks fdlku Hkh izqqfyyr gks axsa** ysfdu] tc fdlh us ;g lc ugha lquk rks mugks aus,d nwljk 'kcn fn;k] ^Lons'kh*A bl ^Lons'kh* 'kcn dk eryc Fkk fd ^^vxj vkidk iwjk xk o [ksrh ds lkfk ckdh lc phtks a dh isnkokj c<+k, rks nksuks rjq ls isnkokj c<+ sxh vksj fdlkuksa ds gkykr Bhd gks ldrs gsaa** ;s nks 'kcn ^Lons'kh* vksj ^Lojkt* eq>s cm+ s Økafrdkjh yxrs gsaa chloha lnh ds 'kq: esa igyh ym+kbz] ftlesa vaxzst Hkkxk] og 1907 dk ^fdlku vkunksyu* gsa fdlkuksa dk ;g vkunksyu cm+k d"vdkjd jgka ysfdu] vdky dh vof/k ds nksjku vaxstksa us,d QSlyk fd;k fd vdky esa gesa dqn yksxksa dks ftunk j[kus ds fy, vukt ckavuk im+rk gs] blls gekjs isls T;knk yx tkrs gsaa,sls esa D;ksa u,slk djsa] fd ge [ksrhckm+h dks c<+k,a] ftlesa fdlkuksa dks dqn Qk;nk feysxk vksj gesa Hkh Qk;nk gksxka o"kz 1907 ds vkadm+ s crkrs gsa fd vaxzstksa }kjk ubz uhfr ds rgr Ms<+ xq.kk T;knk islk [kpz fd;k x;k vksj mlls T;knk islk dek;k x;ka ysfdu] mlds ckn Hkh os VSDl c<+k jgs FksA ;g vdsyh ckr ugha FkhA ml vof/k dk fgvyj }kjk ok;ljk; dks fy[kk,d i= gesa feyk] ftlesa fy[kk fd ^^esaus [kqn QkStksa esa tkap dh gsa QkStksa esa cxkor bl gn rd c<+ tk,xh fd lu~ 1857 esa rks vki cpdj fudy x, Fks] ysfdu] 1907 esa ugha cp ldrsa** lu~ 1907 ds fdlku vkunksyu es a ljnkj Hkxr flag th ds pkpk ljnkj vthr flag o muds lkffk;ksa dk [kkl jksy FkkA mugksaus viuh vkwvksck;ksxzkqh es a fy[kk fd ^^os cjsyh x, Fks] i<+us ds fy,a dqn lky dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 52 ds ckn mudks cjsyh gh vkuk Fkk] D;ksafd cjsyh esa csbdj gh ge yksx Iyku cuk jgs FksA ;g 1904 dh ckr gsa esaus nknk [km+x HkkbZ dks Hkh cqyk;ka ge lksprs Fks fd usiky ds ikl tks,fj;k gs] og mudks fn;k tk, vksj ogka ij Vsªfuax fnykbz tk,a bl ckj eq>s cjsyh tkus dk eksdk feyka cjsyh ds yksdy bfrgkl ij ogka dqn dke djuk FkkA ogka eq>s yxk fd lu~ 1857 dk tks vlj cjsyh esa Fkk] ogka ds yksxksa esa ;g Hkkouk ugha Fkh fd ge yksx gkjs gsaa esjk [;ky gs fd bl rjg dh Hkkouk muds eu esa vk xbz Fkh fd ge nksckjk ls rs;kjh djds ym+ saxsa** tc fnyyh njckj gqvk rks,d cm+h :fpdj?kvuk?kvha fnyyh njckj esa dbz jktk Hkh vk, FksA ogha ljnkj vthr flag] ljnkj fd'ku flag vksj muds,d lkfkh xaxk flag Hkh FksA tks jktk ogka vk, gq, Fks] os vius jktuhfrd iafmrksa ls ckrsa dj jgs Fks fd jkt; dks bddbk gksuk pkfg,a rhkh ogka fdlh efgyk vkwfqlj dk dqùkk,dne vk;k vksj Hkkxdj ok;ljk; dh ps;j ij csb x;ka fqj ogka csbdj HkkSadus yxka ljnkj vthr flag dgrs gsa fd ^^gesa rks cgqr vpnk eksdk feyka geus dgk fd vkids jkt esa rks dqùkk Hkh dgka ij gs\** lkq gs fd lc rs;kfj;ka gks jgha FkhaA fdlkuksa dk o"kz 1907 esa mbuk vksj ml ygj ds ncko esa ljdkj dks os dkys dkuwu okil ysus im+ sa tc ge ljnkj Hkxr flag ds cpiu vksj muds?kj ds ckjs esa ckr djrs gsa rks muds xk o dk?kj E;wft;e ds rksjij j[kk x;k gsa blhfy, j[kk x;k gs] D;ksafd ogka ij muds nknk th us fojklr NksM+h gs] tks gosfy;ka gsa] ftugsa nhoku[kkuk dgrs gsa] 1858 esa cuk;k x;k FkkA ml odr im+nknk th dk dguk Fkk fd ^^nsf[k,] ljdkjs a cnyrh jgrh gsa] j.kthr flag dk jkt x;k] vaxsztksa dk vk x;ka vkidh lel;k dk rhkh lek/kku gksxk] tc vki lc,d lka>h txg ij csbdj lel;k ij fopkj djsa sxs vksj lek/kku fudkysaxsa** lu~ 1857 esa iatkc ds dqn yksxksa us fczfv'k jkt dks Lohdkj dj fy;ka tc vaxszt vk x, rks mugks aus dgk fd ^^vc Mj&oj dh dksbz ckr ugha gsa vc rks buds lkfk gkfk feyk,aa** vaxsztksa us dgk fd ^^vki

29 w gekjh enn dhft,] ge vkidks vhk;nku nsaxsa** lqunj flag ethbh;k us vius cm+ s ym+ds dks rkdr flag ds ikl Hkst fn;k fd tk;nkn fey tk,xha iatkc dh vk/kh tk;nkn iatkc dh rjq ls ym+us ds dkj.k Nhu yh xbz Fkh vksj Hkh fnusxha bl ij mudk tokc Fkk fd 'kk;n ftunxh esa,sls bergku dh?km+h,d nqk vkrh gs] tc vkneh mlwy vksj tk;nkn esa ls,d pqurk gsa os dgrs gsa fd ^^Li"V dj nw a fd esa mlwy dks pqu jgk gw aa tc esjk tksj gksxk rks tk;nkn fqj ls c<+k yw axka ojuk] ftruh Hkh tk;nkn gs] mlh es a xqtkjk pysxka ysfdu],d ckr esaus r; dj yh gs fd tks tk;nkn eq>ls Nhuh xbz Fkh] og fdlh tkxhjnkj ds ikl ugha tk,xha ¼mlls igys mugks aus,d esgurh eqlyeku fdlku dks ykdj csbk fn;ka½ tc fdlh tkxhjnkj dks ns axs rks esa muds gd esa ym+ axka esjs cppksa dks esgur djus okys ls dksbz f'kdok ugha gksxka tks esgur djsxk] og [kk,xka ysfdu] tkxhjnkj vk,xk rks esjh vk/kh Qlysa gsa] dqnjrh rksjij ej tk,axha** os dgrs gsa fd ^^mlwy D;k gs\ ogka,d >.Mk th gsaa xq: rsx cgknqj flag dh 'kgknr ds ckn os lur ckxh gks x;s vksj xq: xksfoun flag th us ogka ij lhkh ekstwn ckfx;ksa dks dgk fd bldks geus dqn ugha nsuk gs\ ckfx;ks a ij duvªksy djus ds fy, mugks aus cqykdj mudks ekj fn;ka vkt ns[kus esa ;g Øwjrk yxrh gs] ysfdu ml ;qx esa 'kk;n ;g ekewyh ckr FkhA mlds ckn,d ubz txg cukbz] tgka ij yksx viuk fgllk] tks Hkh nsuk pkgrs Fks] oks nsrs FksA** Hkxr flag dk?kj mlwyksa dks izrhd jgka Hkxr flag ds nknk th mls vksj mlds cm+ s HkkbZ txr flag dks xehz esa ogka ykrs Fks vksj ml mlwy dks ckj&ckj mugsa lqukrs FksA vthr flag us viuh vkredfkk esa ;g ckr dgh fd nknk th us mudks bruh nqk ;g ckr crkbz fd esa 40 lky rd tgka Hkh jgk] vaxsth lkezkt;okn ds f[kykq ym+rk jgka Hkxr flag ds ckjs esa cgqr lh vpnh /kkj.kk,a lquus dks feyrh gsa tsls fd muds etcwr bjkns Fks] Li"V bjknksa okys Fks oxsjg&cxsjga ge ugha ekurs fd og dksbz fo'ks"k balku FksA og Hkh,d vke cppksa dh dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 54 rjg gh FksA Hkxr flag dgrs Fks fd ^^esa T;knk Hkzfer FkkA esjs nknk th us bruk cm+k dke dj fn;k Fkk fd blls vkxs esa D;k d:a\ eq>s vius ckjs esa dqn ugha irk Fkk fd esa vkxs D;k d:axk\,d pht tks?kj esa Fkh] fd,d lka>k O;ogkj FkkA D;ksafd lhkh izse ls jgrs FksA** mudh ekrk th] ;kuh gekjh ukuh th] ftugsa ge cscs th dgrs Fks] us,d nqk dgk fd tc Hkxr flag isnk ugha gqvk Fkk rks esa ^p.mh dh ckr* i<+rh Fkh] rks esjs eu esa loky vk;k fd ;s ^p.mh dh ckr* dk tks lnkpkj dk i{k gs] ;g dgka ls vk;ka ckn esa irk pyk fd 1857 esa lrxq: jkenkl th us,d u;h ygj dks tue fn;k FkkA cscs th dgrh Fkha fd ;s lrxq: dh ok.kh i<+uh cgqr t:jh gsa D;ksafd] blesa lekt dks vkxs c<+kus okyh ckrksa vksj lekt dks ihns djus okyh ckrksa ds chp ym+kbz gs o muds chp la?k"kz gsa vki rhkh vkxs c<+us okyh rkdrksa ds lkfk tqm+ ldrs gsa] tc vki ;s ok.kh i<+ saxsa bl rjg Hkxr flag dk tks fo'kky eu cuk] mles a lhkh rjg dh lalñfr;ksa dk ;ksxnku jgka muds nknk th cgqr cm+ s balku FksA mugksaus vk;z lekt dks flqz blhfy, xzg.k fd;k D;ksafd] vk;z lekt ds nks cgqr [kwclwjr mlwy gsaa igyk] vkidh eqfdr yksxksa dh eqfdr ds lkfk tqm+h gqbz gsa blfy,] tgka Hkh vdky vk,] os ogha x,a mlds?kj esa 22 ym+ds] tks ;rhe ¼vukFk½ Fks] ftuds ekrk&firk ugha FksA os Hkh mlh?kj esa iys&c<+ s FksA mu yksxka s esa ls,d ls esa feyk gw aa,d QhYM ek'kzy Fks] ftls jktk jke dgrs Fks] og 'kghn gks x,a ;g,d ikfjokfjd I;kj dh lùkk gsa Hkxr flag] tc [ksrksa esa cunwd cks jgk Fkk] og mldk bfrgkl gsa D;ksafd lu~ 1857 dh rs;kjh tks gks jgh Fkh] ml ij fopkj gks jgk Fkk fd ge mldks D;ksa ugha thr ik,\ ml ckrphr esa dgha u dgha ;s fopkj Hkh vk;k fd gekjs ikl cunwdsa ugha Fkh] ftlds dkj.k,slk ugha gks ik;ka ljnkj vthr flag usiky jktk ds ikl gffk;kj ysus ds fy, x,a mlus dqn gffk;kj idm+k fn, FksA ysfdu] ;s dksbz [kkl ugha FksA 'kk;n

30 tc ;g lc ckr gks jgh Fkh rks gffk;kjksa dh deh dk Hkxr flag ds eu ij xgjk izhkko im+ka 12 lky dh mez esa Hkxr flag us tfy;kaokyk ckx ns[kka ogka tkdj mls yxk fd vaxszt fdruk Øwj gsa fdruh csjgeh ls yksx ekj fn, x, gsaa fqj mlds ckn 1921 esa xq: ukud ds tue LFkku ij egurksa dks vaxsztksa us ejok;ka mugksaus 148 fl[kksa dks xq:}kjs ds vunj ftunk tyk;ka Hkxr flag us lkspk fd vaxzst vdsys gh ugha] cfyd os Hkkjr esa ls Hkh dqn yksxksa dks lkfk ysdj bl rjg dh Øwjrk dj jgs gsaa 'kk;n ;g Øwjrk mugks aus djokbz Hkh blfy, Fkh fd yksxks a dks yxs fd ;g pyu gekjk ugha gs] ;g rks ;gka gksrk gh gsa ml odr Hkxr flag us xq: dh lh[k yha tc Hkxr flag dqn i<+ jgs Fks rks muls iwnk x;k fd rqe D;k i<+ jgs gks\ mugksaus dgk fd esa ^ikr&xzufkh* i<+ jgk gw aa tc os nloha esa i<+ jgs Fks rks 1921 esa egkrek xka/kh th us vkg~oku fd;k fd lc Ldwy NksM+dj esjs lkfk vkbz,a vu; Nk=ksa ds lkfk mugksaus Hkh Ldwy NksM+ fn;ka rc os vius nknk th dks i= ds tfj;s gj [kcj Hkstrs FksA tsls jsyos okys Hkh gm+rky dh rs;kj dj jgs gsaa,d g rs esa gks tk,xha bldk eryc gs fd bu lc phtksa dks Hkh os cjkcj ns[krs FksA ysfdu] lcls cm+h?kvuk gqbz] og Fkh lu~ 1921 esa tc xka/kh th us vkunksyu okfil fy;ka ukstokuks a dks yxk fd ftruk tks'k Fkk] ml ij,dne,slk cszd yx x;k] tsls fd ckgj fxj tkrs gsaa ysfdu] xka/kh th dh,d ckr [kqys fnekx ls ns[kuh pkfg, vksj Hkxr flag us Hkh dgk gs fd xka/kh th us vktknh dh ym+kbz esa tks lcls cm+k dne mbk;k] og vke vkneh dks vktknh dh ym+kbz ds lkfk tksm+k x;ka blfy,] dgrs gsa fd mlh esa ls badykch lahkkouk,a isnk gqbzaa tc vke vkneh mlds lkfk tqm+ sxk] rks fqj mldh t:jrsa iwjk djus ds fy, vkxs c<+uk gksxka blds ckn igyh lksp ;g fudyh fd vxj ge Hkh xqfjyyk ;q) 'kq: djs a rks vaxszt dks etcwj dj ldrs gsaa ;s fopkj jke izlkn fcfley dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 56 lfgr tks'khys ;qokvksa ds lewg esa vk;ka ysfdu] tsls gh dkdksjh dsl gqvk] mlesa dqn yksx idm+ s x, vksj ml?kvuk ds izfr vke yksxksa dh tks izfrfø;k Fkh] og foosdiw.kz ugha FkhA vaxzstksa us dgk fd ;s yksx Mkdw gsa rks] mugksaus dgk fd gksaxsa ml odr Hkxr flag,d i=dkj ds rksj ij dsl dh dk;zokgh ns[kus ds fy, n'kzd nh?kkz dh igyh ykbzu esa csb x,a lcus lkspk fd ;g ym+dk csodwq gs] tks ixm+h cka/k dj ;gka csbk gsa Hkxr flag us dgk fd esa,d i=dkj gw a vksj fjiksfvzax djrk gw aa viuh iqlrd esa Hkxr flag,d txg fy[krk gs fd esjk yksxksa ds lkfk bruk xgjk laca/k gs fd vxj esa okljk; ij geyk djds Hkh vk tkma rks esjs xkao ds yksx dv tk,axs] ysfdu ekusaxs ughaa ;g lky ch-ds-nùk th dh 'kgknr dk lks lkyk gsa geus 18 uoecj dks mudk tue fnu euk;ka mudh csvh vksj nkslr vk,a mugks aus jktxq: dh ck;ksxzkqh fy[kh gs vksj ch-ds-nùk dh ck;ksxzkqh Hkh fy[kh gsa dkuiqj esa os lc ftl rjg ls,d lkfk jgs] os,d nwljs ds iwjd FksA tc Hkxr flag ykgksj esa Fks rks lq[knso mudk iwjd FkkA ;kuh os,d nwljs ds iwjd lkfkh FksA mugksaus,d cm+h jkspd dgkuh lqukbza ch-ds- nùk dh csvh Hkkjrh nùk us crk;k fd igyh nqk tc esa vius xkao xbz] rks ogka,d o`)k us cgqr I;kj fd;k vksj mls pweka mlus dgk fd csvh esa rks rsjk bartkj dj jgh FkhA mlus,d dgkuh lqukbz fd ogka ij muds?kj ds lkeus,d gosyh gs] tgka Hkxr flag vksj ch-ds- nùk] dqn fnuksa rd ;gka vkdj jgs FksA esa mudks jksvh nsus tkrh FkhA ;gh ckr punz'ks[kj ds ckjs esa gsa tc os 19 lky ds Fks rks 'kk;n blhfy,?kj ls fudy x, gksaxs fd dgha idm+k u tkåaa punz'ks[kj vktkn,d lk/kq cudj] rkjkx<+h dh,d >qxxh es a jgrs FksA Hkxr flag dh izsj.kk izfø;k dqn vyx fdle dh gsa Hkxr flag dh ekrk [kn~nj igurh FkhA iatkc es a ;g pyu ckck jke flag ls gsa vius gkfk dk cquk gqvk gh igfu,a os dgrs gsa fd csvh [kn~nj iguuk cgqr vpnh ckr gs] lknk jguk cgqr vpnh ckr gsa ysfdu dkaxszl dh

31 w w rjg le>ksrkoknh ugha gksuk gsa,d ckr vksj mugksa sus dgh fd ftunxh esa mlwyksa ls le>ksrk ugha gks ldrka ym+kbz esa rks le>ksrk gks ldrk gs] dhkh rst gqbz] dhkh de gqbza ysfdu] mlwyksa ij dhkh dksbz le>ksrk ugha gks ldrka cgqr fnuksa ls esjs eu esa ;g,d iz'u vk jgk Fkk fd Hkxr flag esjs fy, blfy, rks cm+k ugha gs fd og esjk ekek yxrk gsa D;ksafd]?kj esa ge ges'kk vius cqtqxksza dh 'ksf[k;ka c?kkjrs gsaa ysfdu] tc ge fetkziqj esa x, rks [kq'kfdlerh ls,d cm+k cqtqxz] oukzxyhjke ljksgk Hkh ogka vk, gq, FksA esus muls iwnk fd vki crkbz;s fd vki Hkxr flag dks bruk leeku D;ksa nsrs vk, gsa\ rc] mugksaus 'kkunkj tokc fn;k fd nsf[k,] tc 19oha lnh esa yksxksa esa fujk kk gh fujk'kk FkhaA,d rjg ls og fujk'kk dk dky FkkA ysfdu] tc Hkxr flag vk,] fujk'kk nwj gksrh pyh xbza vki dgha Hkxr flag dk,d 'kcn Hkh fdlh ds f[kykq ugha ik,axsa mudk fdlh ds lkfk dksbz xkyh&xyksp ugha gqvka usg: th ds lkfk Hkh okrkzyki gs vksj cgl gsa blh rjg xka/kh th ds lkfk Hkh gsaa mugksaus xka/kh th ds ckjs esa dgk fd gesa ml nsork dks bruk leeku rks nsuk gh pkfg, fd mugksaus vke vkneh dks vktknh ds fy, rs;kj dj fn;k vksj vkids fy,,d badykch lahkkouk,a isnk dj nhaa vc vki mudks c<+k yhft,] vktknh dk eryc mudks fl[kk nhft,a Hkxr flag dk fy[kuk gs fd 18 lky dh mez esa ;g djrkj flag ljkhkk,d iwjk v/;k; fy[k jgk gsa ;g 18 lky dk ym+dk lcls [krjukd vkneh gs] tksfd vktknh vksj cjkcjh dh ckr djrk gsa Hkxr flag fy[krs gsa fd esjs vunj ;g lc dgka gs\ nwljh ckr mugksaus fy[kh fd esa bruk i<+ a fd esjs tks vius fopkj gsa] os fdlh nyhy ds vkxs u gkjsaa esa bruk i<+ a fd esjs lkeus tks Hkh nyhy vk,] mldk tokc esa nyhy ls ns ldw aa ;g Hkh,d izfø;k dk fgllk gs fd muds eu es a i<+us dh bruh ykylk FkhA dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 58 bl izdkj mugks aus,d eu gksdj fdrkcs a i<+ha gsa] mudk vhkh rd dqn vuqeku ugha gsa vhkh ikfdlrku ls fjdkmz+ vk;k gs] mlesa D;k&D;k fdrkcsa i<+ yha xbza] mudk C;kSjk gsa dqy feykdj Hkxr flag ds tks f'kn~nr ls tkuus dh pkg Fkh] ogh vlyh Hkxr flag cukus dh izfø;k gsa Hkxr flag vius,d ys[k esa fy[krs gsa fd mlds ckn esa ;FkkFkZoknh cu x;k vfkkzr esjk utfj;k ;FkkFkZokn esa cny x;ka ;g ^;FkkFkZokn* D;k gs tks Hkxr flag dks cukrk gs\ og mldk ;FkkFkZokn gsa og dgrk gs fd ;g ;FkkFkZon gh esjk fo'okl gs] tks vlfy;r gs] lkeus gsa vkf[kj ;s 'kcn vk;k dgka ls\ rc] bl ftkklk ds lkfk esjs eu esa vk;k fd D;ksa u esa x.ks'k 'kadj fo kfkhz ds laikndh; i<w a] D;ksafd mlh esa eq>s dbz phtsa fey ldrh gsaa Hkxr flag us mudks [kwc i<+k FkkA og,d,slk vkneh gs] ftugks aus Hkxr flag dks cgqr izhkkfor fd;ka ckn es a eq> fo kfkhz th ds gh,d laikndh; es a bl ;FkkFkZokn ds ckjs es a i<+us dks feyka Hkxr flag us fy[kk fd Hkkjr ds vunj rhu detksfj;ka gsaa tc rd ;s rhu detksfj;ka gsa] Hkkjr dks vktknh ugha fey ldrha mu rhu detksfj;ksa esa igyh ;g gs fd ge jc ¼Hkxoku½ ds uke ij ym+ jgs gsaa tc rd ;s lkeiznkf;drk [kre ugha gksxh] rc rd gesa vktknh ugha fey ldrh gsa nwljh ;g gs fd gesa] balkuh gd ds fy, ym+uk ugha vkrk gsa rhljh deh ;g gs fd tks ukstoku ym+ds&ym+fd;ka gsa] os tc rd iwjh runsgh ds lkfk la?k"kz ugha djrs] rc rd vktknh ulhc ugha gksxha Hkxr flag us bu detksfj;ksa dks nwj djus vksj ukstokuksa ls lkeiznkf;drk dks fudkyus dh pquksrh dks fy;ka mlds ckn] Hkxr flag ds,d'ku okys dke vkrs gsaa Hkxr flag vksj mlds lkffk;ksa us tks,d'ku fd;k gs] og balvhp;w'ku ¼laLFkk½ ds fo:) gsaa Hkxr flag dk ekuuk Fkk fd ;g dksbz O;fDr ugha lalfkk gsa Hkxr flag dk eq[; mn~ns'; ;g Fkk fd yksxksa ds vunj ls Mj fudys vksj ljdkj ds vunj tk,a

32 esa dgrk gw a fd egkhkkjr dky esa vfhkeu;w dksjoksa ds pøo;qg ea s Qaldj D;ksa ejk\ D;ksafd mls v/kwjk Kku FkkA ysfdu] Hkxr flag vksj mlds lkfkh iwjk Kku ysdj x,a mugsa irk Fkk fd os fczfv'k lkezkt;okn dks psysat djus tk jgs gsaa vlsecyh esa ce Qsadus ds ckjs] tc mugksaus c;ku fn;k rks iwjh nqfu;k us mls i<+ka dkuwuh rksjij Hkh dksbz,slk 'kcn ugha Fkk] ftls Bhd fd;k x;k gksa eksrhyky usg:] lqhkk"kpunz cksl] dkqh le; rd muds lkfk jgsa esa le>rk gw a fd xka/kh th dh vksj Hkxr flag th dh tks fojklr gs] mldks ges a vpnh rjg ls le>uk pkfg,a Hkxr flag ds ckjs esa ckrsa rks cgqr gsa vksj esjk dgus dk eu gsa ysfdu] ;s ckrsa dhkh [kre ugha gksus okyh gsa] blfy, csgrj ;gh gs fd vki Hkh vius fopkj lka>k djsaa /ku;okna BHAGAT SINGH:AS AN IDEOLOGUE Dr. Kushal Pal Department of Political Science Dyal Singh College Karnal. The world is well acquainted with the unparalleled patriotism and heroic sacrifice of Bhagat Singh who laid down his life at a young age for the termination of the British rule in India.But Bhagat Singh as a great political and social with a profound ideology of his own has been utterly neglected.the fact is that Bhagat Singh presented political and economic philosophy which reveals him to be leaning towards socialism as he championed a society without class and caste disparities.his ideas have great relevance in the present day society when our political leaders are accused of serious corruption charges, when terrorism and secessionism have threatened the unity and integrity of the country, when socio-economic evils like casteism, communalism, untouchability, poverty, unemployment, hunger, disease are still posing a very serious challenge to the social fabric of our country even after 64 years of its independence. dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 60 Present research paper purposes to analyze the ideological evolution of Shaheed Bhagat Singh. This is an effort to overcome a rather vague and sentimental notion regarding Bhagat Singh s contribution to the freedom movement in India. His valiant and brave activities tend to overshadow some of the more vital aspects of his

33 ideology. Moreover, different schools of thought and ideologies have attempted to give his ideas colours of their own. The present study takes up Bhagat Singh as an Ideologue to bring to light the neglected aspects of his philosophical thought. The intention behind this is to remove misconception regarding Bhagat Singh s real revolutionary nature which was for a just society in independent India and not merely freedom from foreign rule. The present paper seeks to remove some of the cobwebs which surround Bhagat Singh. This among other factors, would ensure that Bhagat Singh would not be misused by forces inimical to the ideals and values which Bhagat Singh stood for. The objective is to demystify the ideological Bhagat Singh and not just to glorify him as a revolutionary. Bhagat Singh s relevance to modern Indian political thinking also needs to be examined. Unlike any other freedom fighter of his time, Shaheed Bhagat Singh had acquired an unparalleled stature and glory in a very brief span of his life because he was not just a brave revolutionary but also a profound thinker, an ideologue with a keen sense of analysis and farsightedness. His ideas on terrorism were very clear. Denying the charge that he was a terrorist, he stated that he is a revolutionary with definite ideas and ideology. He wrote, I am a revolutionary who has a well planned programme 1. This stands in sharp contrast to the present day demogonges, who are motivated by ulterior motives. By revolution, he meant that the contemporary order which was based on manifest injustice must go. To him, producers and labourers in spite of being the most necessary elements of society were robbed by the exploiters of the fruits of their labour who deprived them of their elementary rights. Radical change was, therefore, necessary and it was the duty of those who realize this to reorganize society on a socialist basis. Unless this was achieved and the exploitation of man by man and of nation by nation was eradicated and imperialism brought to an end, the suffering and carnage with which the humanity was threatened could not be prevented and all talks of ending wars and ushering in an era of universal peace was nothing but sheer hypocrisy. Bhagat Singh also had a clear vision of the post-revolution structure of the society. He was of the view that after successful socialist revolution, the society should be reorganized according to egalitarian principles. He visualized that the revolution would usher in a new social order. The revolution would ring the death knell of capitalism, class distinctions and privileges. It would bring joy and prosperity to the starving millions who were sweating then under the terrible yoke of both foreign and Indian exploitation. It would give birth to a new state, new social order, and above all, it would establish the dictatorship of the proletariat and would for ever banish social parasites from the seat of political power. 2 It is pertinent to mention here that although the development policy since independence has stressed on the principle of growth with justice but the dream of Bhagat Singh to establish a socialist order with none to exploit is yet to be fully realized. It means that his ideas on distributive justice and the dream for a socialist order are valid even today. On the use of force in revolution, he emphasized that revolution was certainly not a thinking of brutal campaign for murder and incendiarism. It is not few bombs thrown here and there; neither it is a movement meant to destroy all remnants of civilization and blow it dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 62

34 to pieces. Revolution is not a philosophy of despair or a creed of desperadoes, revolution might be anti-religiosity but it could never be anti humanity. One may cite here the case of Bhagat Singh who threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly to refute his claims on force. But it is important to mention here that when he threw the bomb in the Assembly, he also threw some leaflets to make the deaf hear. Jawahar Lal Nehru rightly points out in this context that it was a big blast to attract the attention of the people of the country. 3 Bhagat Singh proved himself to be a realist when he critically analysed the problem of untouchability. He strongly remarked that we could not ask for greater political rights when we ourselves deny the elementary rights to human beings. 4 He wrote, Before we accuse people coming from other lands, we should see how we ourselves behave towards our own people.for him, it is shameful that we worship animals but hate human beings who perform menial jobs for us. He is of the view that an unclean work does not justify untouchability. 5 A mother who removes the filth of her children does not become an untouchable. Bhagat Singh maintained that poor people from other castes are also considered untouchables because of their economic conditions and this problem is a barrier in social inter-course and socioeconomic development. He stated that untouchables should be given freedom to use the facility of schools, colleges, hospitals and roads. Unless their economic situation improves, they will not be treated as equals in the society. Bhagat Singh further regretted that due to wide spread poverty in India crores of people died of starvation. People should not sit quie when slavery and poverty in India persist. The rich might not be thinking of freedom because they are already living a luxurious life and their interests adequately safeguarded under the colonial rule. But for the starving people who knew that they have to die with no other option before them in such a situation, they were bound to resort to revolutionary activities; because it is generally understood that slavery is the root cause of revolutionary activities. He further stated that oppressive measures could not revolution, History of the past shows that severe punishments and hangings can not check revolutionary conspiracies. Torture and oppression, however, dreadful, cannot suppress the desire for freedom. Innumerable youth, who could have been an asset in an independent country have fallen victims to the oppression and torture of the tyrant rulers of India. Thousands of patriots have been cut to pieces to create fear psychosis. This is being done to discourage them from participating in revolutionary activity and struggle for freedom. All actions of panel punishment including hanging and imprisonment have failed to check conspiracies. Instead these have only increased the desire for martyrdom. 6 Thus, Bhagat Singh presented concrete analysis of the root causes behind revolutionary. He was of the firm conviction that oppression and torture could not solve this problem. He asserted that if this could have been the cure for conspiracies, these would have been banished long back from the society. He held the view that these measures could check this problem for a short period,but could never have an everlasting impact as the root cause lay somewhere else. He strongly asserted that, Till the memories of bondage and poverty of barbaric ages continue to exist, no power on this earth can wipe off conspiracies. 7 dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 64

35 At the time when Hindus and Muslims were fighting with each other, Bhagat Singh made secularism as the cornerstone of his thinking. He believed that a true patriot in service of the nation and humanities should not be over-powered by communal sentiments. For him, a religion which divided the people, preached hatred instead of love and which blocked the intellectual growth by promoting superstitions could never be his religion. Bhagat Singh had a very deep understanding of religion and he was of firm conviction that religion had lost its relevance in the sense in which this concept had generally been used. He opined that all the religions which have come into being so far had divided people and set them against each other. The amount of blood which has been shed on this earth by the so-called custodians of religion in the name of religion exceeds the blood shed by others. The truth is that the paradise on this earth has been destroyed in the name of religion. Bhagat Singh strongly advocated that the path which promotes human happiness, equality and brotherhood is the true religion Every activity that fights against the forces of communalism and leads to classless society is religion in real and true sense. 8 Bhagat Singh fought a constant struggle against communalism and vehementaly asserted that human beings should certainly be respected more than animals but unfortunately in India people kill each other for the sake of holy animals, religious prejudices and superstitions which are a great obstacle in the advancement of the society. We should strongly root them out. 9 He not only analysed the nature of communalism but also the causes behind the communal riots. He opined that the improvement of economic conditions were necessary as it was always possible to incite communal riots through financial inducement as a larger number of people are suffering from hunger and starvation. Thus, he proceeded to make an analysis on the economic basis of the causes underlying communalism and also suggested the remedy for the improvement of the economic conditions of the toiling masses which, at that time, was not possible as the country was under foreign rule. Even more significant was his insistence on instituting class consciousness among the poor workers and peasants as that alone would enable them to identify their real enemies and stop them from fighting among themselves. 10 Bhagat Singh clearly realized the diversities of India and stressed the need to reconcile and overcome them so as to build a united nation. He visualized not just a free India but a united country free from social conflicts. According to him, a genuinely united country with an identity of its own would not only be able to stand up against the foreign rulers but would also be able to face its problems better. He propagated not only freedom from the Britishers but also freedom of the oppressed from the oppressors. His revolt was not a prescription for chaos as revolutionaries are generally understood to be but a step towards the goal of socialist system where there would be no exploitation of man by man where there would be no rich and poor and where everybody irrespective of sex, caste, religion and race would be able to develop his/her abilities to the maximum possible extent and live a descent and dignified life. 11 Bhagat Singh was above all kinds of parochialism and was fully dedicated to the cause of India s independence and to build up a just society bound not by narrow national boundaries. He saw the dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 66

36 Indian National struggle in the broader context of international struggle for freedom, peace and justice. Thus, Bhagat Singh, as a great thinker, tried to come to grips with an important aspect of social, economic and political reality of Indian society through an analysis at both the objective and subjective levels. Significantly, he based his analysis on materialist premises the economic roots and the class dimension of the problem. He, in fact, suggested a struggle between classes between the oppressed and the oppressors at both the national and international levels. At this time when these problems still dominate us and threaten to tear apart our society, we could, perhaps, take a cue from the insights provided by Bhagat Singh. But we have to be very cautious while applying his methodology to solve our problems. In this age of globalization, the subjective and objective conditions have sufficiently changed. As such, application of his ideas in toto is neither feasible nor advisable. Yet the appalling poverty, the ever increasing crisis on account of corruption by the political elites, the apathy towards the issues being faced by the masses demand the active involvement and constructive application of his ideology developed empirically in the concrete realities of Indian society. 3. Jawahar Lal Nehru, Glimpses of World History. Cited in Satya Rai (ed.) Colonialism and Nationalism in India, Puja Press, Delhi, 1958, p Bhagat Singh,Kirti,cited in Jagmohan and Chaman Lal(eds.)Bhagat Singh Aur Unke Sathiyon Ke Dastavez,Rajkamal Paperbacks,New Delhi,1987,p Ibid.p Ibid.p Ibid. 8. Sawaysachi,op.cit.p Bhagat Singh,Kirti,Uttarardh(special supplement on Bhagat Singh),No.32-34,October-1988,p Ibid.p Kushal Pal,Bhagat Singh:As A Revolutionary,(unpublished M.Phil.disseration)Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra,December- 1992,pp (Endnotes) 1. Bhagat Singh, I am a Revolutionary not a Terrorist, Janvadi Sanskritik Manch, Fatehabad, 1987, p Sawyasachi, Shaheed-e-Azam Sardar Bhagat Singh, Yugantar Parkashan, Mathura, 1964, p.27. dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 68

37 Hkxr flag dk mhkkj vksj mudh izklkafxdrk dk iz'u 23 ekpz&lokfhkeku dk izrhd fnol js[kk [kklk ih-ds- 'kekz jksgrd rsbl ekpz Hkkjr ds LorU=rk vkunksyu ds bfrgkl dk vfolej.kh; fnu gsa lu~ 1931 esa ml fnu vej 'kghn Hkxr flag vius nks lkffk;ksa ds lkfk Hkkjr ds Hkfo"; dh [kkfrj 'kghn gks x, FksA muds fudvre lkfkh vksj laxbu ds eqf[k;k ohj punz'ks[kj vktkn,d eghuk igys gh] la;ksx ls] 27 Qjojh dks bykgkckn esa viuksa dh lkft'k ds f'kdkj gks dj gffk;kjcan fczfv'k iqfyl ds lkfk yksgk ysrs gq, [ksr gks pqds FksA ml fnu Hkxr flag] lq[knso vksj jktxq# dks ykgksj dh dsunzh; tsy esa Qkalh ij yvdk dj vaxzst gkfdeksa us lq[k dh lkal yh vksj liuk fy;k Fkk fd os bu ohjksa dh dqckzuh o muds la?k"kz dks csek;us dj nsaxsa os lehkor ugha tkurs Fks vfkok csijokg Fks fd budh kgknr ls ftl ÅtkZ dk lapkj gqvk gs mlls ikj ikuk fczfv k kklu ds fy, yxhkx vlehko gsa mudh ym+kbz ek= jksth&jksvh ds fy, ugha Fkh] os ns'k ds LokfHkeku dh tax ym+ jgs FksA Hkxr flag&punz ks[kj vktkn Hkkjr ds LorUr=rk vkunksyu dh badykch ygj ds yksdfiz; izfrfuf/k cu pqds Fks vksj fczfv k kklu ds izfr tuvkøks'k pje ij tk igqapk FkkA is ks ls fdlku dqvqec esa 28 flrecj 1907 dks tues Hkxr flag ds?kj dk izeq[k is kk LorU=rk dh tax cu pqdk FkkA tc Hkxr flag dk tue gqvk ml le; Hkkjr ds voke ;gka dctk tek dj vk csbs fons'kh yqvsjksa vksj vkrrk;h O;kikfj;ksa dh gffk;kjcan lùkk dks m[kkm+us dh [kkfrj 1857 esa?kfvr igyh O;kid turkfu=d Økafr dh ipkloha lkyfxjg euk jgs FksA Hkxr flag ds pkpk vej lsukuh] ljnkj vthr flag dh deku esa iatkc dk nsgkr mcky ij FkkA xzkeh.k Hkkjr] dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 70 fo ks kdj fdlkuks a dks ykecan djus ds iz;kl rst gks jgs FksA txg&txg izfrjks/k QwV jgk FkkA fczfv k kklu ds fo#) ttckr vius ifjokj dh fojklr ls izkir djds Hkxr flag vktknh vkunksyu ls tqmsa muds ifjokj dk gj lnl; bl ym+kbz dk fgllk curk vk;k] og Hkh cusa mudh ;k=k ifjokj ls tues ekgksy ls vkjehk gksrh gs vksj viuh yxu] vktknh ds fy, rmi vksj LokfHkeku dh mrd` V psruk ds pyrs ek= 23 lky ds vius thoudky esa og ns k dh vka[k dk flrkjk cu dj mhkjsa m/kj] muds lg;ks)k ohj lsukuh punz ks[kj vktkn dks vktknh vkunksyu esa Bsyus dh futh ifjflfkfr fhkuu gksrs gq, Hkh] lkeku; ekgksy fczfv k neu& kks k.k ds izfr ns k esa [km+k vkøks k FkkA nksuksa vius le; ds ;qok ;ks)k FksA ;g perdkj ugha] Bksl ifjflfkfr esa mudh viuh rmi rfkk yxu dh nsu Fkh &LokfHkeku dh mrd` V vfhko;fdra NksVh lh mez esa] Hkkjr ds bu nks ykmyksa dh vius ns'k ds izfr,d&fu"b yxu rfkk fl)kur ds fy, vius dks Lokg djus dh ckt+h yxk dj fons'kh kklu ds fo#) xsj&le>ksrkoknh la?k"kz dh xkfkk ls voke vhkhhkwr FksA nwljksa ls lozfkk vyx! vu;k;] vr;kpkj] vksj 'kks"k.k ds fo#) ym+us ds vius bjkns ij MVs jg dj csburgk d"v lgus o vktknh ds fy, ekaxh tk jgh dher nsus dh rrijrk vksj csykx dqckzuh] lksp esa iafkfuisz{k csckdhiu rfkk lknxh Hkjh thou&'ksyh] v/;u'khyrk] lkq le> o 'kkyhu vkpj.k dh Hkxr flag&punz'ks[kj vktkn vf}rh; felky Fkss vkssj,d [kkl ns'kt tui{kh; ikwfyfvdl dk izrhd cu x,a ;g vuk;kl ugha gs fd Hkxr flag&punz'ks[kj vktkn dh nklrku yksxksa dks vkt Hkh fgyksm+rh gsa ;g bl ckr dk ifjpk;d gs fd vej 'kghn dh Nfo tu&tu ds fnyks&fnekx ij vkt Hkh rktk gsa ;g csut+hj tksm+h usrkvksa dh iafdr ls vyx Fkh( vokeh fgr ds fy, dqckzu gksus okys yksxksa dh drkj ds ;s ;ks)k FksA blhfy, voke Hkxr flag&punz'ks[kj vktkn dks vius fny&vks&fnekx ds vf/kd fudv ikrs gsaa os muds vius Fks] vius chp ls FksA

38 ;s nksuksa ohj ;ks)k vketu dh lurku FksA lkeku;&lk/kkj.k ifjokjks a ds vius Fks sa u /kucy ls jktuhfr djus ;s vkxs vk;s Fks] u usrk cuus dh pkg lss bugsa lknxh cjrus dh lykg feyh Fkh( tks Fks] tsls Fks] ml xqnmh ls fudy dj vokeh fgr dh [kkfrj ym+kbz ds esnku esa mrjs ;ks)k FksA bl i{k us gh bugsa vketu dk pgsrk cuk fn;k Fkk] tks #rck nwljk dksbz gkfly ugha dj ldka ns k es eqfdr vkunksyu ds lokyksa dks tu psruk dk vax cukus esa mudk ;ksx vf}rh; gs tks mudh vkt Hkh 'kksgjr dk jgl; gsa Hkxr flag&punz ks[kj vktkn ml le; dh vkradoknh /kkjk ls vyx gv dj viuh NksVh lh vk;q esa gh /kkjnkj badykch cusa bl ;q) ds ohj lsukuh] punz ks[kj vktkn ml lsuk ds lsukifr Fks ftldks laxfbr djus esa Hkxr flag us fu.kkz;d Hkwfedk fuhkkbz FkhA fczfv k kklu dks l kl= pquksrh nsus okyh vkradh ygj dkss badykch ygj esa cnyus dk budks Js; tkrk gs ftls ckn esa vusd yksxksa us lhapka ;g cm+h pquksrh FkhA 23 ekpz dk egro ljnkj Hkxr flag] lq[knso vksj jktxq# dh 'kgknr,d bfrgkl dh?kvuk cu xbz gsa galrs&galrs Qkalh dk Qank pwe ysus dh igys Hkh vusd felky gsaa Hkkjr esa Hkh,slh felkyksa dh deh ugha jgha ysfdu],d pkykd vksj csjge nq'eu dh rkdr dks] mlh dh tsy esa csb dj] yydkjus vksj mls Ndkus okys cstksm la?k"kz dks pykrs gq, cs[kksq Qkalh ij p<us dh ;g,d vf}rh; felky cuha viuh 'kgknr ds fnuksa mez ds fglkc ls punz'ks[kj vktkn vksj Hkxr flag v/kdpjs gh FksA,d us 25oha 'kjn _rq ikj dh Fkh rks Hkxr flag ek= 23 o"kz ds gq, FksA ml mez esa fteesnkjh vks< dj pyrs gq, dksbz ukstoku fqlyrk gs rks blfy, ekqh dk gdnkj gs fd thou ds bl igj esa fxjrs mbrs lh[k dk le; ekuk tkrk gsa ysfdu] ;s Fks fd lkekftd thou ds egkffkz;ksa dks ekr nsrs yxrs Fks! y{; ds izfr fu"bk vksj drzo;ijk;.krk dh Åapkb;ka ml tekus dh lkeku; ckr gksrs gq, Hkh fof'k"vrk fy, m/ke flag] eklvj nk o izhfryrk okmsdj tsls,d ls c< dj,d ukstoku Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dh 'kkshkk c<krs fn[kkbz nsrs gsaa Hkxr flag vksj vktkn Hkh buesa FksA ysfdu] vkpj.k&o;ogkj dk og cmiiu] n`f"v dh Li"Vrk] cksf)d {kerk dk og f'k[kj] usfrd cy vkssj pkfjf=d&osspkfjd ifjidork rfkk rdz'khyrk dk ntkz muesa fn[kk og fdlh vu; esa ughaa muds pfj= ds bl y{.k dk c[kku djus ds ihns edln fdlh vu; dks NksVk fn[kkuk ugha gsa ml tekus esa lekt esa cnyko dh [kkfrj tks vk, os lhkh J)k ds ik= gsaa ;gka edln flqz ml vurj dks n'kkzuk gs ftlds ;s 'kghn ewrz :i cus vksj dms la?k"kz ds ckn cusa edln ;g js[kkafdr djuk gs fd ospkfjd bzekunkjh o Li"Vrk ds lkekatl; esa vkpj.k i)fr dh cnksyr vkneh mu Åapkb;ksa dks Nw ldrk gs ftls vke vkneh fny [kksy dj viuh J)k nsrk gsa punz'ks[kj vktkn vksj Hkxr flag tux.k dh eqfdr vkunksyu ds,sls pfj= gq, gsa ftugsa ns'k ds voke us viuh vikj J)k nh gsa vkt Hkh os?kksyekbk djus ds reke iz;klksa ds ckotwn leeku ds ik= cus gq, gsa vkssj muds eu&eflr"d ij lokj gsa ftl txg vu; dkabz ughaa Hkxr flag&punz ks[kj vktkn,d uecj dh jktuhfr ds flikgh Fks tgka jktuhfr fdlh O;fDr ds futh fgr dk lk/ku u jg dj lkekftd mn~ns ; dk tfj;k curh gs] tgka vkpj.k fu/kkzfjr y{; rfkk dfkuh ds lkfk esy j[k dj pyrk gsa vktdy ftl nks uecj dh jktuhfr dk cksyckyk gs vksj ftldh /ked ml tekus esa Hkh lqukbz imus yx xbz Fkh og Hkxr flag&punz'ks[kj vktkn dks eksfgr ugha dj ldh FkhA mlls rks os viuh NksVh lh ftunxh ds vkf[kjh lkal rd yksgk ysrs jgsa tui{kh y{; dh [kkfrj mudh jktuhfr dk Nksj thou U;kSNkoj djus dh lhek rd QSy pqdk Fkk tgka dgha f>>d uke dh pht ugha FkhA bl lc ds chp Hkxr flag dh jktuhfr ds,d igyw ij de gh /;ku fn;k x;k gs] ysfdu tks mugsa vf}rh; cukrk gsa viuh jkg dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 72

39 dks jks'ku djus dk mrkoykiu muesa Fkk fdurq] ikxyiu ughaa fdlh egku usrk dh ydhj ds Qdhj ;s yksx ugha cusa vglkl gksrs gh mu yksxksa us ml tekus dh ml ^vkradh* jkg ls ihnk NqMkus esa nsj ugha yxkbz ftldk os cs[kksq fgllk Fks( vkrad o budykch jkg ds QdZ dks le>rs gh csfgpd vkxs c< x,( u budykc dk oslk vfkz yxk;k ftls ;gka ds dqn ^de;qfulv* ;U=or eku dj py jgs Fks] gkykafd muds ihns ysfuu ds m)j.k fpids gq, FksA vius fl)kur ds fy, vfmx xsj&le>ksrkoknh jkg dh felky cus rks ospkfjd lp dks ikus dh,d vko ;d yksp muesa Fkh( dbeqyysiu o va/krk ls nwj vksj lp dks xzg.k djus dks lnk rs;kj! eqfdr vkunksyu dk v/kwjk lqjukek Hkkjr esa fczfv'k 'kklu ds fo#) lu~ 1857 esa fnms ;q) dks lkeku;r LorU=rk vkunksyu dh igyh tax dgk x;k gsa Lo;a dkyz ekdlz tsls fo}ku us ml le; fy[ks vius ys[kksa esa bls blh rjg of.kzr fd;k FkkA blls ;g /ofu fudyrh gs fd lu~ 1857 ls igys bzlv bafm;k deiuh kklu dks ekuks ;gka Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k FkkA,slk ugha gsa bldk,d vu; igyq gs fd lu~ 1857 ds dffkr igys LorU=rk vkunksyu ds ckn fczfv k kklu ds fo#) fnm+s izfrjks/k dks dhkh nwljk LorU=rk vkunksyu dg dj fpfugr ugha fd;k x;ka u ;g dgk x;k fd mdr kklu ds fo#) lu~ 1857 ds ckn izfrjks/k can gks x;k vksj igyk vkunksyu gh vfure gks dj jg x;ka lp rks ;g gs fd bl fons kh kklu dks lu~ 1857 ls igys vksj ckn esa Hkh fujurj pquksrh feyrh jgh FkhA lu~ 1857 ds ;q) dh fo ks krk gs fd ;g ns k O;kih izfrjks/k dh vfhko;fdr cuka blh vfkz esa ekdlz vfkok vu; yksxksa }kjk lu~ 1857 ds ;q) dks igyk LorU=rk vkunksyu ekuk x;k gsa blds ckn fczfv k kklu ds fo#) fnm+s vkunksyu dks LorU=rk vkunksyu o eqfdr vkunksyu ds nks fof k V ukeksa ls tkuk x;k gsa Hkxr flag o muds lkfkh fczfv k kklu ds fo#) NsM+s x, vius izfrjks/k dks eqfdr vkunksyu dg dj fpfugr djrs FksA os fczfv k dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 74 kklu ls vktknh ds lkfk&lkfk gh gj rjg ds kks k.k&neu ls eqfdr ds isjksdkj FksA bl rjg ;s yksx Hkkjr ds eqfdr vkunksyu ds ospkfjd] lkaxbfud o jktuhfrd ljnkj ¼usrk½ cu dj mhkjs FksA mudh [;krh blh :i dh FkhA mudh kgknr ds ckn feyh [;krh dks Hkqukus dh tks gksm+ vkt rd pyh vk jgh gs mlls muds bl pfj= dks vuns[kk djus dk ekgksy vo ; cuk gsa ;fn iwjs vktknh vkunksyu ij fuxkg Mky dj ns[kk tk, rks irk pysxk fd Hkxr flag&punz ks[kj vktkn uked xzqi dk vkunksyu vly esa ;gka eqfdr vkunksyu dks :i nsus dk iz;kl FkkA ospkfjd lqjukek Hkxr flag&punz'ks[kj vktkn lp esa D;k Fks vksj fdl ckr ds fy, os la?k"kz esa dwns vksj D;ksa\ bl iz u ij ppkz dh i` BHkwfe dks Bhd ls foospuk gsrq ml le; dh fo'ks"krk dks js[kkafdr djuk vko';d gsa bu ohjksa ds lfø; thou dk nksj] 1917 dh :lh lektoknh Økafr ds ifj.kkelo:i fo'o Lrj ij?kfvr ospkfjd,oa O;kogkfjd {ks= esa ;qxkurdkjh ifjorzu dk dky Fkk] rks Hkkjr esa Hkkjh mfkyiqfky dk le; jgka ;gka ds igys nksj esa dne&dne ij vktknh vkunksyu dh fqt+k fqj ls curh tk jgh FkhA Hkkjh pksv [kkus ds ckn lgek Hkkjr fons'kh 'kklu ds vu;k; o 'kks"k.k ds fo#) vunj ls lqyx jgk FkkA lu~ 1917 dh :lh Økafr vksj 1919 esa tfy;kaokyk ckx dh 'kgknr us ;gka Hkh ospkfjd,o O;kogkfjd {ks= esa badykch vkdka{kksa dh fpaxkjh dks lqyxkus dk dke fd;ka bl i` BHkwfe esa lu~ 1857 dh vlqy dzkafr ds ckn ls yksxksa esa Hkkjh kks k.k o neu ls mhkjh bl xgjh Vhl dks vej 'kghn punz'ks[kj vktkn vksj Hkxr flag us vyx rjg dh ok.kh nha,d txg igqap dj blesa mudk viuk LFkku rs;kj gqvk FkkA,slk ugha gs fd nwljs fdlh us og ugha dgk tks bu 'kghnksa us vkokt yxkbza ysfdu] vktkn vksj Hkxr flag dh ckr esa tslk ne yksxksa dks lqukbz fn;k mldk rst vu; esa dgha ugha FkkA

40 ;g nksj lkeku;r% 1931 rd pyka bl eqfdr vkunksyu ds tud Hkxr flag&punz'ks[kj vktkn dh 'kgknr ds lkfk gh ;g vkunksyu Fke lk x;ka ckn esa fpvkxkax 'kl=kxkj ij gffk;kjcan p<kbz esa eklvjnk o izhfryrk okmsdj dh lu~ 1933 esa 'kgknr ds ckn cpk [kqpk iz;kl Hkh lekir gqvka 1933 ds ckn ls Hkkjr esa la?k"kz dk #i iyv dj fqj vktknh vkunksyu dk jg x;k] ftlij eq[;r% xka/ khth dk opzlo cuk] gkykafd 1946 esa jkw;y bafm;u usoh ;kuh ukslsuk ds jax:vksa dh cxkor esa lq/kkjoknh vkunksyu ls gv dj iz;kl dh Nki Fkh] ftls LFkkuh; tu&lefkzu Hkh feyk- Hkxr flag o punz'ks[kj vktkn dks fojklr esa vktknh dh igyh tax vksj mlds ckn vaxzst 'kkldksa }kjk ;gka pyk;s x;s O;kid vkrad dk lkezkt; feyk FkkA mlls bugksaus vko';d lcd fy;k vksj viuh j.kuhfr,oa dk;zuhfr dks ifj"d`r djus ij fujurj lrdz jgsa punz'ks[kj vktkn&hkxr flag us lu~ 1857 ls vkjehk gq, vktknh vkunksyu dks O;oLFkk ifjorzu ;kuh ns'k ds eqfdr vkunksyu esa rcnhy djus dh tíkstgn 'kq# dha og nksj ysfuu ds usr`ro esa 1917 dh lektoknh Økafr ds izhkko dk nksj FkkA Hkkjr ds fy, mi;qdr jkg dh ryk'k esa Hkxr flag us tgka nqfu;ka ds badykch fopkjdksa dks [kaxkyk] 1917 ds ckn lksfo;r la?k esa py jgs iz;ksx dk eu yxk dj v/;;u fd;k vksj ftl lhek rd lehko gqvk ns'k ds Hkfo"; dk viuk fp= cukus esa yxsa ml le; muds fopkj dh lhek] le; dh lhek FkhA ml le; dh lhek dk mpprj Hkko muesa FkkA ;g mudh fo'ks"krk jgh gs tks muds cksf)d fodkl dk ifjpk;d gsa ftl fnu Hkxr flag bl rjg ds fopkj&eafku esa yxs ml fnu os dk;zdùkkz Fks] dksbz usrk ugha! usrk cuuk mugksaus dhkh Lohdkj ugha fd;k( ml fnu Hkh ugha tc os O;kid izpkj&izlkj ds pyrs vke tu ds fnyksa esa txg cuk pqds Fks! tuojh] 1931 esas ykgksj tsy ls fy[ks,d ys[k esa os dgrs gs fd esa ^,d jktuhfrd dk;zdùkkz* gwa*a vkunksyu dh lqyrk& vlqyrk us bugsa dhkh fopfyr ugha fd;ka ;wa Hkh badykch vkunksyu dh ;gh lh[k jgh gsa bfrgkl esa dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 76 vusd felky gsa% fons'kh 'kklu ds fo#)] vktknh ds fy,] lu~ 1857 esa ns'k dh igyh turkfud Økafr?kfVr gqbza iwjs ikap eghus rd ns'k esa vyx rjg dh 'kklu O;oLFkk pykus dk iz;kl gqvk vksj lkfk gh fczfv'k yqvsjksa dk lqk;k djus dk vfhk;ku pyrk jgka vurr% ;g iz;ksx ijklr gks x;k tslk vkxs py dj ekpz 1871 esa Qzkal dh jkt/ kkuh ds uke ls tkuh tkus okyh Økafr] isfjl de;wu ds lkfk rhu eghus ckn?kvka ns'k dh LorU=rk ds fy, punz'ks[kj vktkn vksj Hkxr flag nksuksa gh igys ^vkradh* jkg ds flikgh cusa n kzu ds crksj vkradokn ds izorzd fizal dzkwikvfdu ls os izhkkfor gksdj vkxs c<sa vaxzst gqdwer dh ukfnj'kkgh ds vkxs ns'k ds ukstokuksa ds lkeus,d le; fodyi ugha FkkA LorU=rk ds fy, vkradoknh n'kzu esa ;s yksx jkg [kkst jgs FksA mugsa xka/kh dh jkg rdzghu yxrh FkhA vkunksyu ds vuqhkoksa vksj nk'kzfud v/;;u ds,d Lrj ij vius dqn fe=ksa ds lkfk ;s nksuksa vkradh jkg ls vyx jkg dh [kkst esa yxs vksj vkxs c< x,a blesa Hkxorh pj.k oksgjk o i=dkj x.ks k kadj fo kfkhz us enn dha ljnkj Hkxr flag ml badykch laxbu ds ospkfjd ljnkj cus ftl laxbu dks pan fe=ksa us 1928 esa vyx ls :i nsuk vkjehk fd;k Fkk] gkykafd blesa laxbu ds vu; usrkvksa ds ;ksx dks Hkh udkjk ugha tk ldrk gsa ml fopkj dk lkj og ekdlzoknh lksp Fkh ftldk vkd"kz.k :l esa 1917 dh lqy Økafr ds dkj.k ml le; pje ij Fkk] gkykafd mldk rkfdzd vlj igys Hkh de ugha FkkA :l ds gy tksrrs fdlku dks] dkj[kkuk etnwj ds lax [kmk gksus esa mlh rdz us badykc dk gkeh cuk;k FkkA Hkxr flag o Hkxorh pj.k oksgjk ml nksj dh l`f"v gsa ftls bl lqy Økafr us ia[k fn,a os Hkkjr ds fy,,slk gh lqgkuk fp= ysdj py jgs FksA ;g ml le; iwjh rjg laxr,oa LokHkkfod FkkA vu; ds eqdkcys Hkxr flag Hkkjr esa ml fopkj dh lcls mrñ"v l`f"v cusa ;g mudh miyfc/k FkhA,d lqj r; djds punz'ks[kj vkt+kn&hkxr flag cslcjh ls ewyr% lke;oknh fparu ds isjksdkj cuasa lektoknh badykc ij

41 ysfuu dh lksp o dk;z'ksyh us :l esa 1917 dh Økafr ds tfj;s lqyrk ds f'k[kj dks ml le; NwvkA nqfu;ka Hkj ds badykfc;ksa dk blls vfhkhkwr gksuk LokHkkfod FkkA Hkxr flag o punz'ks[kj muesa FksA ml le; rd miyc/k fo'o Lrj ds badykch vuqhkoksa ds vk/kkj ij mudk er ftl rjg dh dez'ksyh esa oskkfud le> dks <ky ldrk Fkk mls iwjh yxu ls vius O;ogkj dk vk/kkj cuk;k vksj os vokeh vkdka{kk ds izrhd cusa ;g vyx ckr gs fd vkffkzd&jktuhfrd o iz'kklfud {ks= ds lokyksa ij budh ekdlzoknh le> ml odr dh voèkkj.kkvksa dh lhek dks idm+ ikus vfrkok ikj ikus esa lefkz ugha gks ldrh FkhA ;g lksfo;r iz;ksx dh foqyrk ds ckn dh ifj?kvuk gsa 1931 esa lke;oknh lksp dks ftruk csgrj le> ldrs Fks mldh ;gka os mppre vfhko;fdr FksA bl vfhko;fdr dh vn~hkqr bzekunkjh dks ns[k] turk us mugsa vlhe leeku fn;ka Hkxr flag fopkj vksj dez ls badykch FksA mugksaus lksp&le> dj ekdlzoknh thou&n'kzu dks viuk;k vksj fopkj'ksyh esa olrqokn ds isjksdkj jgs tks budh jx&jx esa je x;k FkkA fopkj ds ekeys ij os vfure lkal rd vfmx,oa xsj&le>ksrkoknh jgsa mlh thou&n'kzu esa ns'k dk os Hkfo"; ns[k jgs FksA fczfv'k dky dh tsyksa esa jgrs gq, ftruk os i<+&fy[k lds mlij ekdlz ls ysdj Iys[kukso] ysfuu vkfn rd ds fopkjdksa dk izhkko vksj lksfo;r la?k esa gq, O;kogkfjd iz;ksx dh Nki gsa ekdlzoknh jktuhfrd&vfkz'kkl= ds ftu izeq[k lokyksa ij os viuh eku;rkvksa dks tkfgj djrs gsa muesa ikap izeq[k i{k gsa% ;s i{k gsa% ¼1½ thou&n'kzu,oa fopkj i)fr ¼2½ Økafr vksj jktlùkk dk loky ¼3½ jktuhfrd ikvhz dh vgfe;r vksj mlds is'ksoj dk;zdùkkzvksa ij fvds vfrdsfunr pkfj=d Lo:i dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 78 ¼4½ fodkl dh /kkj.kk vfkok fodkl ekwmy dk loky ¼5½ lkekftd xbu esa is'ksojkuk trfkscafn;ksa ds egro dk loky LorU=rk vkunksyu es a Hkxr flag&punz'ks[kj vkt+kn,d fof'k"v ifj?kvuk dk izfrfuf/kro djrs gs-a blds fueus vk/kkj&hkwr igyw gsa% 1- ;s yksx dqn xksyeksy O;fDrRo ds /kuh ugha Fks] tks gj rjg ds fopkj ls esy [kkrs gksaa mugksaus Hkkjr esa lektoknh Økafr ds fy, tehu rs;kj djus dk chm+k mbk;k vksj ekdlzokn dks viuk thou n'kzu cuk;ka 2- mugksaus ekdlzokn dks fdlh iqlrd fo'ks"k vfkok O;fDr fo'ks"k rd lhfer djds ugha le>k 3- os gj rjg dh /kkfezd vklfkk ls eqdr FksA mudk ut+fj;k olrqoknh FkkA 4- os O;fDrokn ls tw> jgs Fks vksj mlds [krjs dks igpkurs FksA 5- mudh izfke vklfkk voke ds izfr Fkh] gkykafd mudk ut+fj;k fo'o&o;kih FkkA gj rjg dh ladhj.krk ls os eqdr FksA mugsa pjeiafkh dguk ;k le>uk xyr gsa 6- mugksaus vkradoknh n kzu dks fclkj dj badykch ygj dks viuk;k FkkA 7- mugksaus 1920&25 esa cuh Hkkjr dh de;qfulv ikvhz vksj muds usrkvksa ls gvdj] lu~ 1928 esa vyx ls trfkscanh [km+h djus dk dke fd;k- 8- os xka/kh dh vkffkzd&jktuhfrd lksp ls fdukjk djds py jgs FksA 9- Hkxr flag&punz'ks[kj dks vyx djds ugha ns[kk tk ldrk gs ( os,d nwljs ds iwjd gsa- 10- ifjflfkfr ds vuqlkj j.kuhfr dh ypd muesa Fkh] fdurq eksdkijlrh ls nwj FksA 11- ;g ljklj xyr gs fd os dhkh jksekwafvd badykch jgsa mu tslh olrqijd le> vksj lkaxbfud idm+ 'kk;n gh fdlh fcjyss badykfc;ksa esa ml le; jgha

42 thou&n'kzu ds crksj Hkkookn dks NksM+ dj] Hkxr flag o muds lkffk;ksa us v/;;u&euu ds ckn] olrqoknh fopkj'ksyh dks viuk;k ftlesa dgha dksbz yksp fn[kkbz ugha im+rh gsa lknxh vksj U;k; ds fy, la?k"kz mudh thou'ksyh dk vax cuka tu'kfdr ij vvwv fo'okl vksj tulefkzu ij Hkjkslk mudk lacy jgka pøkar vksj vkspnsiu ls nwj jgrs gq, lkewfgd fopkj,oa dk;zi)fr budh vkpj.k&fof/k cuh rfkk 'kkyhurk budh igpku] i<+s& fy[kksa dh gsdm+h ls lozfkk eqdra viuh ospkfjd ;k=k ds igys lksiku dks ikj djds] lu~ 1928 esa Hkxr flag&punz ks[kj vktkn us ^fgunqlrku lks'kfylv fjifcydu,lksfl,'ku dk xbu fd;ka mlls igys os ml le; dh vkradh ygj ls tqm+ dj ns k dks vktkn djus ds fy, ym+ jgs FksA tuokjh] 1931 esa MªheyS.M dh Hkwfedk fy[krs gq, mudk Li"V er Fkk fd ^^viuh iwjh dksf'k'kksa ds ckotwn eq>s,slh,d Hkh Økafrdkjh ikvhz ugha feyh ftls bl ckr dk Li"V Kku gks fd og fdl ckr ds fy, ym+ jgh gsa vu; lhkh ikfvz;ksa esa tks yksx Fks os ek= bruk tkurs Fks fd mugsa fons'kh 'kkldksa ls ym+uk gsa og fopkj vius vki esa ljkguh; gs] ysfdu mls Økafrdkjh fopkj ugha dgk tk ldrk gsa**¼hkxr flag ds leiw.kz nlrkost i`"b 265½ ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk gs fd vkt dh rjg dgha txg us feyus ij bugksaus vyx ikvhz ;k laxbu cukus dk iz;kl fd;k FkkA ml le; jktuhfr esa,slk #>ku ugha mhkjk FkkA ek= ospkfjd /kjkry ij gh vyx trfkscanh dk iz u [km+k gksrk FkkA Hkxr flag&punz ks[kj vktkn ds lkeus Hkh vyx trfkscanh gsrq ;gh ospkfjd iz u izeq[k FkkA os fu.kkz;d rksj ij vkradh ygj ls vyx gksdj badykch ygj ds iqjks/ kk cus vksj dffkr de;qfulv ikvhz dks bl ekeys esa [kkfjt djds vkxs c<sa ;g budh u;h kq#vkr FkhA ns'k esa rc rd,d ^de;qfulv* uke dk ny gksrs gq, Hkh punz'ks[kj vktkn lfgr vius vusd lghkkfx;ksa ds lkfk feydj dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 80 mugksaus Hkkjr dh ekvh esa ;gka dh t:jr ds vuq:i,d u;k budykch laxbu cuk;k Fkk ftlds rgr og lu~ 1928 ds ckn ls dke djrs FksA laxbu ds izfr mudh fu"bk fdlh ls de ugha FkhA blds egro dks Hkh mugksaus vpnh rjg le>k FkkA miyc/k nlrkost bl rf; dks c[kwch Li V djrs gsaa budykch y{; dks dsunz esa j[k dj la?k"kz dks vkxs c<kus ds flyflys esa Hkxr flag t:jr ds le; Lo;a vius fiz; laxbu dh y{ke.k&js[kkvksa ls vkxs fudyus ls ugha pwds vksj vius fdz;k khyrk dks ugha xaok;ka mugksaus laxbuksa dks ek= vokeh fgr dk lk/ku Hkj ekuk] laxbu ds vkxzg ds nk;js esa flev dj y{; dh eksr dks vlohdkj dj fn;ka ;g mudh dqoor Fkh fd la?k"kz ds y{; dks lokszifj j[kk vksj ^laxbu* dks Hkh vej cuk fn;k] Hkys muds ckn ;g laxbu vius cky;dky ls vkxs ugha c< ik;k vksj vaxzst gqdwer bls fc[ksjus esa dke;kc gks xbza blds vyx dkj.k jgsa ;g gkykr dk la;ksx FkkA gj fcy dk [kwavk ugh Hkxr flag&punz'ks[kj vkt+kn dk ns'k esa cgqr Åapk #rck gsa kgknr ds 80 o kz ckn vkt Hkh cuk gqvk gsa ;g mudh vgfe;r dks n'kkzrk rf; gsa vktknh ds ckn,d flfkfr vpjt isnk djrh gs% vk;z lekt ds yksx Hkxr flag dks vk;zohj cuk dj is'k djrs gsa rks Hkktik bugsa,d ^jk"vªoknh* Nfo esa dsn djuk pkg jgh gs] rks de;afulv ny bugsa vius vuqdwy is'k djus ij yxs jgrs gsa vksj ekvksoknh viuh l kl= Økafr dh yhd dks buls tksm+ dj is k djrs vk jgs gsaa gj jktuhfrd ny ls tqm+s ;qok laxbu bugsa viuk rkcht eku dj pyrs gh gsa gj dksbz mugsa viuk crk jgk gsa( ekuksa os lc rjg ds Nsnksa esa fqv gksus okyk [kwavk gksa tks og drbz ugha gsa! vke yksxksa ds t+gu esa Hkxr flag&punz'ks[kj vktkn ds jps&cls uke] dke o Nfo dks lu~ 1947 ds ckn ls Hkqukus dh ;g nksm+ dk vtc ut+kjk ns[kus esa vkrk gsa

43 rc] vketu ds eu esa iz u mb [km+k gks fd vkf[kj Hkxr flag&punz ks[kj vktkn dk vly :i D;k curk gs\ fdlh ds fy, ;g izekf.kr djuk vr;ur dfbu gs fd ;s yksx lc rjg ds [kkaps esa fqv gksus okys dksbz [kwavk gsa ;g izekf.kr rf; gs fd mudk viuk n kzu] viuh vyx jkg FkhA lp gs fd ;s nksuksa badykch vius ns k ls izse djrs FksA Hkxr flag dh i` BHkwfe vk;z lekt ls tqms buds nknkth ls FkhA ;s ekdlzokn dks viuh jkg dh jks kuh ij dj pys vksj odr imus ij filrksy dk iz;ksx djus ls ugha pwdsa fdurq ;g Hkh blls c< dj lp gs fd os 1928 ls 1931 ds chp dh viuh jktuhfr ;k=k esa /kqj badykch cu dj mhkjsa vkt lkeku; vkneh Hkxr flag dks ;kn djsa blesa dqn vpjt ughaa,slk djus ij mldh iz'kalk gksxha muds /kqj ospkfjd fojks/kh Hkh,slk djrs gsa rks ;g muds ekeys esa yksdykt dk rdkt+k gs tks ;g izekf.kr djrk gs fd mudh [;krh dks Hkqukus dh ps Vk gks jgh gsa tc,sls jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk mudks ;kn fd;k fd;k tkrk gsa ftudk mudh lksp ls fudv dk Hkh oklrk ugha rc Hkko Hkkjh vlaxfr ls ifjiw.kz Hkh gks tkrk gs( [krjk ;g gs fd Hkxr flag&punz'ks[kj ds ckjs vke&tu ds eu esa /kkj.kk Li"V gksus dh txg mudh fopkj/kkjk ds leca/k esa Hkze [km+k djus okyh flfkfr gh gksrh gsa iz'u rc mudh izklafxdrk dk [km+ gksrk gs ftlds lunhkz es a bu 'kghnks a ds lgh lgh vkadyu dh ckr egro j[krh gsa blls vkxs] orzeku lunhkz es a muds fopkjks a dh Bksl le> dk gsa viuh 'kgknr ds ckn ;s ohj ftrus yksd&fiz; cus mruk gh bugs a vius edln ds fy, Hkqukus ds iz;kl gs aa ;g nwljk lp gs fd vu; egkiq#"kks a dh rjg Hkxr flag ds fy[ks&dgs 'kcnks a dk m)j.k nsdj mugs a vius vius pks[kvs es a dsn djus ds iz;kl jgrs gh gs aa vfkkzr,sls yksx chloha lnh ds rhljs&pksfks n'kd ds vk;us es a lu~ 2012 ds fgunqlrku dks i<uk pkgrs gs aa fdlh ifj?kvuk] fopkj vfkok O;fDrRo dh ij[k gsrq foospuk@eafku esa iz'u dh Fkkg ikus ds fy, lcls cm+h vmpu utfj;s esa fhkuurk dh vkrh gsa nwljh #dkov fgr&lk/kuk dh gsa buls ikj dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 82 ikus ij iqjkuh fopkj&i)fr ls ihnk NqMkuk vko';d gks tkrk gs] vu;fkk n`f"vhkze erkurj dks iddk djus dk dke djrk gsa lkfk gh vko';d jgrk gs fd lunhkz&flfkfr dk olrqijd ewy;kadu djus esa futh er ls dksbz fdruk futkr ik ldk gs vksj fopkj dk lkj dgka gsa ;g eafku izfø;k dk ospkfjd i{k gsa fopkj ls badykch yksx u cqrijlr gksrs gsa] u O;fDriwtd] gkykafd bfrgkl dh /kkjk esa O;fDr fo'ks"k dh Hkwfedk dk la;kstu lkekftd izfø;k dk vko';d vax gsa ftls lppkbz rd igqapus okys lhkh dks Lohdkjuk im+rk gsaa Hkxr flag rks dez ls Hkh badykch FksA le; ds nlrkost ;h drs yxrs gsaa ;g Hkh cqfu;knh ckr gs fd lp LFkku vksj dky lkis{k gksrk gs] og lhkh dky ds fy,,d leku ugha jgrka lunhkz cnyus ij mldk Lo:i cnyrk gsa ij[k dh bl vo/ kkj.kk dk lh/kk vfkz gs fd fdlh,sfrgkfld iq#"k dh lkfkzdrk dks lnk ds fy, mldh dgkor] mldh fy[kr esas ugha ns[kk tk ldrk gsa,slk djus lss xyr ifj.kke gkfk yxsaxs vksj ifj.kke esa ml O;fDrRo dks gh vkspnk djds csbsaxsa viuh jkg dh ryk k esa gj dksbz vius iqj[kksa ls lh[krk gs] fdurq t:jr ds yk;d viuh jkg dk fuekz.k djus dh fteesnkjh mlh ds vius da/ks im+rh gsa lh[kus dk ;gh rkri;z curk gsa vius iqj[kksa dks ;kn fd;k gs] mudk leeku gqvk gs] mugsa izfrek dk ntkz nsdj Lrqfrxku ls larks"k ek= /kekzu/k iqtkjh dj ldrs gsaa /kekzxr vh;lr dksbz ^badykch* Hkh ;g nksgjk ldrk gsaa dsoy vxz.kh rgthc esa ;g ifjikvh ugha jghaekdlz&,axsyl] ckn esa ysfuu&lvkfyu] ekvks] gks fp feug] ph xosjk vkfn vius iqj[kksa ls lh[k ysus esa ;g utfj;k u viukrs vksj vius iwozorhz egkiq#"kksa dh fy[kr dks gh ihvrs jgrs rks os gsxsy] Iys[kukWo vfkok ekrhz gksrs] Lo;a dhkh bfrgkl iq#"k dh Hkwfedk ugha fuhkk ldrs FksA ospkfjd uohurk esa cksf)d xr;kredrk dh t:jr gksrh gh gsa udyph dhkh ospkfjd l`tu ugha dj ldrk gs vksj ospkfjd tm+rk dk /kuh dhkh lekt dks vkxs yas tkus tslh fteesnkjh

44 a esa lkfkzd ;ksx nsus dh {kerk vftzr ugha dj ldrk gsa cm+s vnc vksj 'kkyhurk o fouezrk ds lkfk dgsa rks] ospkfjd cksusiu ls vkspnh jkg gh rs;kj gksrh gsa vusd de;qfulv fnxxtksa dh rjg Hkxr flag Hkh ml le; eku dj py jgs Fks fd ^^,d budykch ikvhz ds fcuk budykc lehko ugha**a de;qfulv usrkvksa us rks ^budykch ikvhz dks budykc dh iwoz 'krz dguk gh vkjehk dj fn;k gs! bl tqeys ds vuq:i ukstoku Hkxr flag&punz'ks[kj vkt+kn us Hkh ekuk fd budykc ds fy,,slh ikvhz cukuk t:jh gsa bl loky ij ml le; rd ;gh izhkkoh lksp FkhA mudh f'k{kk&nh{kk ml le; nqfu;ka Hkj esa vkd"kz.k dk dsunz cus de;qfulv n'kzu ls gqbz Fkh] fdlh fo ks k ns k dh ikvhz vfkok usrk ls ughaa blesa ysfuu vfkok rhljs de;qfulv buvjus kuy }kjk lu~ 1921 esa izfrikfnr ^budykch laxbu ds fl)kur* 'kkfey FksA pwafd Lo;a ysfuu us 1922 esa bavjus kuy dh dkzxzsl esa gh bu fl)kurksa dks [kkfjt dj fn;k Fkk ijurq] muds vlolfk gksus dk ykhk ysdj ckn esa bl nlrkost dks vke tkudkjh esa ugha vkus fn;k x;k rks vu; badykfc;ksa dh rjg lehkor Hkxr flag&punz ks[kj vktkn dk xzqi Hkh ysfuu }kjk laxbu ds iz u ij iyvh xbz lh[k ls vutku gh jgsa badykch vkunksyu ij Hkxr flag }kjk vuqeksfnr voèkkj.kkvksa dks vktds lunhkz esa ij[ksa rks ikrs gsa fd 21oha lnh ds vkjehk] vksj lksfo;r iz;ksx ds <g tkus ds ckn] dk Hkkjr og Hkkjr ugha gs ftldks 1931 rd Hkxr flag vksj muds lkfkh tw> jgs FksA u og oslh nqfu;ka jg xbz gs ftlesa Hkkjr dks viuh txg ryk'kuh gsa lksfo;r iz;ksx dh lqyrkvksa vksj vlqyrkvksa us ftu ospkfjd lokyksa dks [km++k fd;k gs muij Hkxr flag dh ifjikvh dks fuhkkrs gq, fø;kred :i esa fopkj djds gh vkt ds Hkxr flag dk fuekz.k gksxk] u fd ml odr dgs vfkok fy[ks 'kcnksa dks nksgjkus lsa Hkxr flag vksj muds lkffk;ksa dh [kkfl;r ;g jgh Fkh fd os udyph u cu dj] lkekftd cnyko gsrq ospkfjd fø;kredrk ds iz;ksxh FksA dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 84 badykc ds loky ij ml le; ysfuuh fopkj Fkk fd ^,d oxz dh jktlùkk dks m[kkm+ dj nwljs oxz dh jktlùkk ij dctk djuk* badykc dk y{; gsa pw afd jktlùkk eq[;r%,d oxz }kjk nwljs oxz dks gffk;kjks a dh rkdr ij nck dj j[kus dk lalfkku gs] blfy, og oxz fo'ks"k dh rkuk'kkgh dk :i gs rfkk lektoknh nksj es a bl lozgkjk dh rkuk'kkgh dks vfrdsfunzd`r gksuk ykfteh gs] tcfd ekdlz us lke;okn gsrq jktlùkk ds foyhu gksus dh lksp nh FkhA ysfuu dk ;g Hkh dguk Fkk fd badykc dh 'kfdr lozgkjk gsa ysfuuh le> ds vuqlkj fdlku oxz lozgkjk dk <qyeqy lg;ksxh gs ftls Lo;a lektoknh nksj es a lozgkjk es cnyus dk y{; gs ;kuh bls foyhu gksuk gs] tgka [ksrh dk Lo:i Hkh m ksx dk gksxk! lksfo;r la?k ds fxjus rd le> jgh fd osruhkksxh Jfed gh bl ;qx dh lcls izxfr'khy 'kfdr gsa Hkxr flag us Hkh ml le; vius ys[kks a es a bu eku;rkvks a ij iw.kz lgefr trkbz FkhA jktuhfrd ny ds ckjs es a ysfuuh le> gs fd og fdlh oxz ds vkffkzd&jktuhfrd fgrks a dk vkst+kj gs vksj bl ifjiz s{; es a,d de;qfulv ikvhz lozgkjk oxz dk vxqvk nlrk gs] blfy, badykc dh iwoz&'krz gs rks] lozgkjk dh rkuk'kkgh dk vkstkja bldk <kapk Hkh vfrdsfunzd`r gh gks ldrk gs] ftles a ^tuoknh dsunzh;rk* dk fl)kur izeq[k gsa fodkl ij ysfuuh le> esa ^fctyhdj.k* lke;okn dh uhao gsa vfkkzr rhcz xfr ds vks ksfxdj.k ls izpqj mriknu lehko gs tks,d fnu lke;okn ds fy, olrqxr ifjflfkfr mriuu djsxka o"kz 1917 dh Økafr dks Bksl tehu nsus dk dke lksfo;r la?k esa pyka yecs le; rd ogka dh ^lozgkjk oxz ds vxqvk nlrs* dh ns[kjs[k esa lozgkjk dh rkuk'kkgh* dks yky lsuk dk dop feyk vksj vks ksxhdj.k dh tcjnlr ygj esa d`f"k dks Hkh m ksx esa cny fy;k x;ka vkcknh dk vf/kdrj fgllk osruhksxh etnwj esa cny fy;k x;ka fdurq] o"kz 1991 ds igqaprs&igqaprs ;g lektoknh lekt ds fuekz.k dk iz;ksx /km+ke ls fxj x;ka ogka djksm+ifr;ksa dh tekr lkeus vk [km+h feyha Lo;a ^yky lsuk* iwathokn dh okgd cuhaa O;fDrokn dh xwat ls ekgksy Hkjk feyka

45 a a a lksfo;r la?k es a?kfvr gqbz bl myvqsj ls fo'o Lrj ij 'kfdr&lurqyu es a Hkkjh Qsjcny gqvk gsa iw ath dh lùkk dk fqj fo o es,dn= opzlo dk;e gqvka blls u;s loky [km+ s gq, gs] ftudk igys ds Hkxrflag&;qx es a vfkz vyx rjg dk FkkA ifjflfkfr es a bl myvqsj ls vusd vo/kkj.kkvks a dh jaxr vksj lhjr cnyh gsa blds ckn ls ns'k,oa fo'o Lrj ij gkykr es a ftl rjg dk cnyko vk;k gs] mles a bu ;ks)kvks a dh fojklr dks ifj"d`r djds gh fy;k tk ldrk gsa flfkfr es cqfu;knh myvqsj dh ;gh ekax gsa vusd vo/kkj.kkvks a ij iz'u mbs gs ftuij Hkxr flag us vuqeksnu fd;k FkkA bues a vu; ds vfrfjdr] jktlùkk vksj jktuhfrd nyks a dh izklkafxdrk dk loky igys mhkjrk gs rks fodkl dh voèkkj.kk ij iqu% eafku dh vko';drk [km+h gksrh gsa fqj] fodkl dk jfk ;fn lekt es a vius lkfk?kksj O;fDrokn dh tm+ks dks lhaprk feys rc Lo;a lekt ds vflrro dks [krjk nl xq.kk c<+rk gs vksj ;fn fodkl ds dsunz ls euq"; gv dj iw ath fojkteku gksrh gks rks] fodkl ds rkri;z ij loky mbrk gsa ekdlz] ysfuu rfkk Hkkjr es a Hkxr flag }kjk vuqeksfnr mu iqjkuh im+ xbz fy[krks a dks nksgjk&nksgjk dj muds O;fDrRo dks ukius&ij[kus dk dqn vfkz ugha cpk gs] tks vdlj vhkh rd gksrk jgk gs aa ekdlz] ysfuu,oa ;gka Hkxr flag&punz'ks[kj vktkn ds pkfjf=d xq.kksa dh O;k[;k muds bu lokyksa ij ml tekus ds dfku ls u gksdj vkt dh cnyh gqbz flfkfr esa mi;qdr u;h le> dks [km+k djus esa fufgr gksrh gsa lekt dks viax u djds mls bfrgkl ds vkxys lksiku rd ys tkus dh ;gh jkg curh gs ftldh [kkfrj flag,d fnu badykch cuus fudys Fks! tkus&vutkus gj jktuhfrd ny] gj fdle dk jktuhfrd ny vkt iwath ds lkezkt; dks ftrkus vfkok cpkus esa yxk gqvk gs] os Hkh tks dgus dks iwath dh lùkk ds fo#) vkx mxyrs gsaa lksfo;r la?k ds iz;ksx esa ogka dh 'kkld de;qfulv ikvhz dk ;gh nq%[kn bfrgkl lkeus vk;ka bl 'kkld ny us lksfo;r la?k dh vokeh lfø;rk,oa l`tu'khyrk dks dne&dne dsmj dh ekqzr vius gkfk esa lesv fy;k dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 86 vksj Øe esa vks ksfxd o foùkh; iwath dk nc dj fuekz.k fd;k] tks 1991 esa igqap dj izfr&økafr dh 'kfdr cuhaa crksj lalfkk jktuhfrd nyksa dh rc voke ds fy, lkfkzdrk dk iz u [km+k gksrk gsa Lo;a lozgkjk oxz ds ^izxfr'khy,oa badykch pfj= dk Hkh rc dqn ugha cprk gs] tc og vius oxz dh lùkk dks cpkus esa vxys ekspsz ij dgha [km+k fn[kkbz ugha fn;k gsa Hkkjr esa lcls fofp= flfkfr mu nyksa dh gs tks vius dks ^de;qfulv vfkok lks'kfylv* crk dj badykch gksus dk nkok djrs vk jgs gsa] vksj Hkxr flag dh ;kn esa flj uokrs gsaa Hkxr flag ;qx rd laxbu ds loky ij pwafd ysfuuh lksp vius le; dh lcls muur le> Fkh] blfy, Hkxr flag us bls viuk;k vksj izfrikfnr fd;k FkkA blesa dqn fojks/kkhkk"kh ugha gsa lr; gs fd ljnkj Hkxr flag bu lokyksa ij fl)kur izfrikfnr djus esa ysfuu ds Lrj ij ugha igqaps ik;s Fks] u igqapus dh flfkfr muds vklikl cuh FkhA mugksaus vius pkjksa vksj tks?kvrs ns[kk] tks O;k[;k lquh&i<+h mls gh rdz eku dj Lohdkj fsd;k FkkA 1991 dh myvqsj ls tks flfkfr cuh vksj ftl rjg,d dffkr badykch laxbu dk tuktk fudyk mlds ckn dh flfkfr ij fopkj djuk ml le; vlehko FkkA nyksa ds tue dh dfkk crksj lalfkk,d jktuhfrd ny ds tue dk bfrgkl gsa,d le; fdlkuh ds nk;js ls ^LorU=* gksus ds Øe es a O;kikjh rcds ds çpkjeu= ^LorU=rk] cjkcjh o cu/kqro* ds dk;z:i o;ld erkf/kdkj ij vk/kkfjr turu= otwn es a vk;k FkkA pw afd turu= es a turk dh kxhnkjh fufgr gs vksj mldh lfø;rk ls ftl tu kkfä dk mn; gksxk og vikj gsa turk dh lfø;& kfä ds ^ Hkwr* ls tynh gh ;g rcdk Hk;Hkhr gqvka ;g tu kfä mlds kks k.k ij fvds ru= dh eksr dk fueu=.k gs] bls le>us es a ljek;snkj rcds us nsj ugè yxkbza og Lo;a NksVk lk rcdk gs tks vkcknh ds cgqr cm+ s kx dks oafpr j[kus o mlds kks k.k ls mrié nnz dk dkj.k gsa foæksg dk ; blh lkekftd rf; ij fvdk gqvk gsa turu= es a izfrfuf/kru= ds bfrgkl dh ;gh xkfkk curh gsa

46 a a a vius turu= dks ^çfrfuf/k&ru= dk :i nsdj bl Hk; dk fujkdj.k gqvka bls lalnh; turu= dk uke fn;k x;ka jktuhfrd ny blh çfrfuf/k ru= dks lapkfyr djus dh xt+z ls,d fnu otwn esa [km+s gq, FksA blls igys bfrgkl esa jktuhfrd ny ds vflrro dk dgha fu'kku rd ugha feyrk gsa bl ^çfrfuf/k&ru=* ds tfj;s tux.k dh lfø;rk o igydneh dks iaxw djus vfkok fu/kkzfjr nk;js esa cku/k dj j[kus dk dke bu jktuhfrd nyksa us fd;ka blh miøe us iwath dh rkdr dks turk dh kfä ds Hk; ls eqä fd;ka ;g bfrgkl gsa jktuhfrd ny ml dsuæh wr lalnh; jktuhfr dk mrd kz gsa tks if peh ns kks a o ;wjksi es m ksxks a dh lsok gsrq m j dj lkeus vkbz FkhA ml vkffkzd <kaps dh vkdka{kkvksa dks ljatke nsus ds fy, [km+h gqbz jktuhfr esa ;s ny mhkjs ftudk y{; i{k ;k foi{k esa csb dj jkt pykuk gsa ysfuu }kjk izfrikfnr lozgkjk ds vxqvk nlrs ds crksj lksfo;r la?k dh 'kkld de;qfulv ikvhz dk djnkj vurr% lozgkjk dh 'kfdr dk ugha] iw ath dh lsoknkj dk cuka blfy, mldk vyx ls lozgkjk ds oxz fgrks a dk pfj= xk;c gs ftlij bruk fo'okl djds :l ds badykch pys FksA lksfo;r la?k dk iz;ksx <g tkus ds ckn ls ogka dh 'kkld ikvhz dh dk;ziz.kyh ds lunhkz es a ^tuoknh dsunzh;rk* dk loky mhkjrk gs fd badykch eqghe es a mldh D;k lkfkzdrk cprh gs\ Lo;a de;qfulv ikvhz es lek xbz cksf)d cksusui dh tm+ks a ij fuxkg Mkyus ls iz'u dh egùkk mhkjrh gsa ftl fodkl dh jkg dks lksfo;r la?k esa ysfuu&lvkfyu ds usr`ro esa ogka ds 'kkld ny us pquk] og vks ksxhdj.k dk FkkA vhkh rd lc {ks=ksa esa fodkl ds bl egkekxz ij Hkjkslk djds pyk tk jgk gsa Hkxr flag ds ;qx esa Hkh ;gh ;qfdr lozeku; FkhA ;g lozeku; /kkj.kk gs fd vius thou dh /kkjk dks cnyus ds la?k"kz esa eksfyd QdZ O;fDroknh vksj lef"voknh utfj;s dk gsa tks mriknu'ksyh O;fDrokn dks tue ns og lektijd ugha gks ldrh gsa 74 lky ds lhkh iz;klksa ds ckotwn] lksfo;r la?k esa?kksj O;fDrokn dk dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 88 mlh rjg mhkjuk tslk iwathoknh&lkezkt;oknh if'pe ds ns'kksa esa] [kkldj vejhdk esa ns[kus dks feyrk gssa blij fopkj ugha gqvk gsa mriknu'ksyh esa nksuksa rjg ds [kseksa esa ;g lk>s dh fojklr gsa nksuksa esa m ksx o O;kikj fodkl dh /kqjh gsa vksj nksuksa?kksj O;fDrokn dks >sy jgs gsaa ij[kus dk iz u gs fd m ksx o O;fDrokn esa D;k vksj dslk leca/k gsa badykc ds iz'u ij laokn ds lunhkz esa mldh ewy 'kfdr dks fpfugr djus dk Hkh gsa ekdlz ^ihiqyl ikwoj* vfkkzr tu'kfdr dks iwathokn ds fo#) badykc dh 'kfdr dgrs gsaa ysfuuh lksp us,d va'k] lozgkjk dks bfrgkl dh izxfr'khy 'kfdr crk dj tzfr Br fd;ka lksfo;r iz;ksx us lozgkjk ds pfj= ij tslh jks'kuh Mkyh gs] mlds ckn bl igyw ij iz ufpug yxk gsa iz u mbk gs fd O;oLFkk pykus dk vf/ kdkj turk dk viuk gks vfkok mlds fdlh ^izfrfu/k* ds ikl] tslk vc rd gksrk vk;k gsa u;h lekt jpuk ds lunhkz es a jktlùkk dh Hkwfedk vksj blfy, badykc es a lùkk gffk;kus dh vo/kkj.kk] lektoknh fuekz.k vof/k es vfr&dsfunzr 'kklu O;oLFkk dh ysfuuh lksp] lozgkjk oxz dh,sfrgkfld fteesnkjh rfkk mlds fgjkoy nlrs ds crksj,d de;qfulv ikvhz dh vo/ kkj.kk 1991 es a lksfo;r iz;ksx <g tkus ds ckn xgu im+rky es a xyr Bgjh gsa bu lokyks a ij iqjkuh lksp dh vc dqn lkfkzdrk ugha gs] Hkys vius tekus es a bugs a Hkxr flag&punz'ks[kj vkt+kn us viuk;ka dky dh lhek dks igpkuus dk ;gh vfkz curk gsa blls punz'ks[kj vkt+kn&hkxr flag dh vkc c<s +xha ;gh bugks aus vius le; fd;k ftlls os ml ik;snku ij igq aps ftls ns'k vkt Hkh lyke djrk gsa bl ek;us esa punz'ks[kj vkt+kn o Hkxr flag dh fparu èkkjk dk muds fy[ks okd;ksa ls ugha mudh lksp ds lkj ls ifj"d`r djus dh t:jr gs tks yyd rfkk ospkfjd dezbrk Hkxr flag esa ns[kus dks feyrh gsa vkt Hkh mudh lkfkzdrk cuh gqbz gsa os meax Hkjs toku Hkkjr dh ;qok kfdr ds izrhd gsa ftlus ns k ds LokfHkeku dh [kkfrj vius dks Lokg fd;ka 'kghn Hkxr flag ij chrs lkyksa vusd izdk'ku lkeus vk, gsaa buesa,slk dqn ugha jgk tks igys lkeus u vk;k gksa

47 ekstwnk Bksl flfkfr ds lkfk laxfr j[krs gq, vkt,d rdzlaxr ut+j ls vius bu iqj[kksa dks ns[ksaa ljnkj Hkxr flag ds bl xr;kred pfj= ds eksfyd lkj dks le> dj gh dgk tk ldrk gs fd ;fn Lo;a Hkxr flag dk oklrk vkt tslh ifjflfkfr ls gksrk rks os Hkh blh utfj;s ls vkt ds lokyksa ij fopkj djrsa lunhkz 1- Hkxr flag vksj muds e R;qaT; iqj[ks &ohjsunz flu/kq 2- i= vksj nlrkost & ohjsunz flu/kq 3- Hkxr flag ds leiw.zk nlrkost & izks- peu yky 4- Hkxr flag vksj muds lkfkh & vt;?kks k o xksiky Bkdqj 5- Hkxr flag dh tsy Mk;jh 6- vthr flag],u,dtkbym fjoksy;q kujh & ds-,y- tksgj o ckcj flag 7- vej kghn ljnkj Hkxr flag & ftrsunzukfk lku;ky 8- dzkafr&;qx ds lalej.k & euefkukfk xqir 9- pquh gqbz jpuk,a & x.ks k kadj fo kfkhz 10- rgjhd fo ks kkad] rgjhd] flrecj] 2007 dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 90

48 [k.m&5 Lora=rk vkunksyu esa gfj;k.kk dh Hkwfedk dfkk Lojkt 92

49 The Evolution of National Movement in Haryana Prof. Ranbir Singh Consultant Haryana Institute of Rural Development Nilokheri had virtually pushed a large section of its society on the verge of starvation threshold The lack of urbanisation and the non-existence of the well off Princely states, like that of Patiala, which could promote the art and culture, the virtual absence of a Although the institutionalized form of the national movement in India, the Indian National Congress, had come into being in 1885, its progress remained rather slow in Haryana till 1912 on account of the following reasons: social reform movements and the stranglehold of the traditional institutions like, Tholedars and the powerful presence of the Jajmani System had made the people non-receptive to the progressive ideas of nationalism The repression that had been let loose on the people of the region as a punishment for their participation in the Revolt of 1857, the First War for Indian Independence, had completely demoralized them. So much so that a sort of subject political culture had emerged here. This is evident from the popular saying such as Police Key Peetay Ka aur Kichad Key Fisley Ka Bura Nahin Manna Chahiye (one should not mind the thrashing by the police and slipping the mud) and Afsar Key Agari aur Ghore Key Pichari Nahin Jana Chahiye (one should go in front of the officer and in the back of a horse). The things have reached such a pass that even a single Police Constable could drive the entire village to the Police Station The complete hold of the district administration (the Deputy Commissioner), revenue administration (the Tehsildars, Girdawars/Qanongoes, Patwaris), the police administration, the Superintendent of Police (Kaptan), Deputy Superintendent of Police (Chhota Kaptan), Sub-Inspector (Thanedar), Assistant Sub- Inspector (Chhota Thanedar), Head Constable (Hawaldar), Constables (Sipahi), Informer (Mukbar) and the Watchman (Chowkidar) had made the people so much subservient that they could not think of participation in the national movement. 4 The non-existence of the educated middle class due to the absence of colleges and other institutions of higher learning had left no scope for the emergence of a 2. The absence of means of irrigation, large scale presence of drought prone areas, lack of productivity, primitive methods of agriculture, absence of the spirit of enterprise, frequency of famines, heavy burden of land revenue, agriculture indebtedness, neglect of the development of Haryana region by the Provincial Government after it was tagged with the Punjab in 1858 political leadership capable of mobilizing the masses for the national movement. Even the creation of the Municipalities and the District Boards could not lead to its emergence. So much so that the creation of the Punjab Legislative Council by the Indian Council Act (1909) popularly known as the Minto-Morley Reforms could make no difference in this context. 5 dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 94

50 6. It were these factors that were responsible for the relatively smaller participation from Haryana region in the annual sessions of the Indian National Congress and the non-activation of the District Congress Committees from 1885 to But the second decade of the 20 th century witnessed the spread of the national movement in both urban and rural areas due to the following reasons: 7 1. The Arya Samaj movement was able to strike roots in Haryana region due to the leadership of Swami Sharadhanand, Lala Lajpat Rai and on account of the role of Zaildar Matu Ram, Dr. Ramji Lal, Master Baldev Singh and Chaudhary Piru Singh. The social awakening that the Samaj was able to bring about in the peasant castes in general and the Jats in particular through the process of sanskritization led to the creation of political awakening in them which in turn contributed to the growth of national movement. 2. The transfer of the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi in 1912 led to its emergence into an important centre of education, trade and the politics. It was this factor which had strengthened Arya Samaj Movement and had also created a small educated middle class in the urban and the rural areas of Haryana. It was this class which provided the political leadership and mobilized its masses for the national movement. 3. The starting of the First World War in 1914 too proved to be catalytic factor in the above context. It is pertinent joined army during the war. They got a chance of fighting for the British in many countries of the Europe. This exposed them to new ideas. After their demobilization they became harbingers of modernization. They played an important role in the promotion of education and establishment of educational institutions. In other words, they played an important role in creating the objective conditions which proved receptive to the national movement. The impact of the above factors is evident form the large scale participation from Haryana region in general and Rohtak district in particular in the anti-rowlett Act agitation that had been launched by Mahatma Gandhi in But, the paradoxical as it may sound, the national movement was weakened in Haryana reference in the second decade of the 20 th century due to the following reasons: 9 1. The differences in the Congress between the liberals, who believed in the constitutional methods, and the Gandhians, who advocated the use of non-violent agitation Satyagraha, had driven the liberals like Chhotu Ram out of the party. He believed that the nonpayment of the land revenue by the peasants would lead to confiscation of their lands and would deprive them of their only means of livelihood. 2. This in turn alienated the major segment of the peasantry from the Congress Party. Here, it is pertinent to mention that Chhotu Ram who became the First President of the District Congress Committee, Rohtak to mention here that a large number of rural youth had in 1916 had considerable influence on the peasantry in dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 96

51 general and the Jats in particular. He impressed upon the peasantry that their class interests demanded collaboration with the colonial regime as their primary exploiters were the traders and the money lenders and the collaboration with the British would help them in checking the same. 3. The class and caste character of the Congress leadership in Haryana region was also instrumental in the alienation of the peasants in general and the Jats in particular from the national movement. Here it is pertinent to mention that despite the presence of a few Jats peasants like Zaildar Matu Ram and Master Baldev Singh, the trading castes Banias and Khatris and the high castes Brahmins had the hegemony over the Congress organization at that time. 4. The Congress stand on the Land Alienation Act (1900) also pushed the peasantry out of the support base of the national movement. Here it is pertinent to mention that the Congress wanted its revocation as it perceived the Act as discriminatory against the non-peasant castes. The attitude of the leadership of the party towards the money lenders and the trading classes also proved harmful to it in this context. The competition within the middle class between the entrenched and the new entrants in legal profession from the agriculturists castes and the earlier entrants from the high castes also contributed to the erosion in support for the national movement. 5. The division of the constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Council into the urban and rural Mohammadan/Hindu/Sikh also adversely affected the support for the national movement. This happened because the Congress was projected and perceived as a party of urban Hindus and as a body opposed to the interests of the rural sector in general and as an anti-mohammadan, anti-sikh and anti-peasantry political party in particular. 6. The division in the Congress between those who were opposed to the participation in the election of the Provincial Legislative Council and those who favoured contesting these elections also hurt the cause of the national movement. Those who disagreed with the Gandhian line of the boycott of elections formed the Swaraj Party for contesting the elections. This divide made adverse impact on the base of the national movement. 7. The sharpening of rural and urban divide and the agriculturist, non-agriculturist divide that had been assiduously promoted by the colonial regime too proved to be stumbling block in the way of the growth of the national movement in the region. Since the leadership of the Congress was dominated by the urban elite from the non-agriculturists castes, the rural elite from agriculturist castes was alienated from it to a large extent. As a matter of fact the caste and class character of the Congress leadership at then gave the party an image of a pro-urban and pro-money lender outfit on the one dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 98

52 hand and as an anti-rural and anti-peasant party on the other hand. 8. The growth of the Congress was also hampered due to formation of the Unionist party in 1923 as a political platform of the agriculturist and the rural interests. This party was able to wean away from the Congress party the rural elite and the peasantry. Besides, the support of the colonial regime helped the party in weakening the hold of the Congress by enlisting the support of the Ex-Army men, the Zaildars and Nambardars who had considerable influence in the rural areas. Another factor that helped the Unionist party and harmed the Congress was the success of the Unionist party in claiming that the they are pursuing the creed of Gandhism by promoting the cause of rural sector in general and the peasantry in particular. 9. The Congress was also pushed into the background by the fact that the party lacked mass leaders. Its leaders had limited appeal in the urban areas and that too was confined to the merchant castes. On the contrary, the Unionist party had become unstoppable after the emergence of Chhotu Ram as a leader of the peasantry in general and of the Jats in particular. His success in getting the Golden Laws enacted for providing the relief to the peasantry from the cluches of money lenders had further strengthened his position. The national movement remained relatively weak in Haryana in 1920s and 1930s due to the failure of its leadership in creating a broad social coalition for extending its support base. Its appeal remained limited to the high castes, the Brahmins, in the rural areas and to the Banias in urban areas. It failed to get support from the peasant castes, the backward castes (the artisan castes) and the scheduled castes. It had no following among the Muslims and the Sikhs. Both these communities perceived the Congress as the party of the Hindus. And, it had to share the Hindu base not only with the Unionists but also with the Hindu Maha Sabha. Perhaps, its high caste image also prevented it form mobilizing the support of the backward castes and the scheduled castes. But another inhibiting factor was the prevalence of Jajmani System which had made the backward caste artisans and the scheduled caste agricultural labourers dependent on the landlords who were aligned with the Unionist party. 10 But the situation got changed in the 1940s and the Congress was able to marginalize the Unionist party due to the following reasons: The economic hardship that had been caused to the people due to the rise in prices of various goods and the scarcity of essential commodities after the outbreak of the Second World War in It created resentment among them against the unionist Government and that was used by the Congress leaders for weaning them away from the collaborationist Unionist party and winning them over for their party which represented the national movement. 2. The Individual Satyagraha (1940) and the Quit India Movement (1942) also strengthened the national movement in the region. A significant number of persons dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 100

53 from here had participated in these two movements. Besides, these movements had strengthened nationalist feelings in the masses and this subsequently enabled the Congress leaders to mobilize their support for the party. 3. The adoption of the resolution for Pakistan by the Muslim League at its Lahore session in 1940 brought the issue of the integrity of India and threat of partition of the country to the centre stage and pushed to the periphery the provincial, the regional, the caste and the class issues. This naturally strengthened the national movement and helped in turn in broadening the support base of the Congress which was the institutionalized form of the national movement. 4. The Congress was also benefitted by the resentment that had been caused in the peasantry of Haryana by the decision of Unionist Premier of Punjab Sikandar Hayat Khan to sign Sikandar-Jinhah Pact in 1939 in which he had agreed for the dual membership of the Muslim members of the party the membership of the Unionist party as well as the Muslim League. He had also promised to support Jinhah in the national politics. As Jinhah stood for Pakistan and was opposed to the national unity and the Hindu interests, it resulted in the alienation of the peasantry from the Unionist party. This strengthened the national movement and consequently the Congress party in Haryana. 5. The Congress party was also helped in expanding its base and in strengthening the national movement in Haryana by the role of the Indian National Army (INA) of Subhash Chander Bose during the Second World War. As the Haryanvis constituted a sizable segment of the INA, its fight against the British imperialism was bound to increase the feelings of nationalism and benefit the Congress Party. The INA trials in 1945 further strengthened these feelings. Above all, after their return to the villages of Haryana, the INA personnel created a new awakening in the rural society of the region by spreading the anti-british feelings. This in turn gave a fillip to the national movement and benefitted the Congress party due to its nationalist and anti-imperialist credentials. 6. The death of Chhotu Ram, the undisputed leaders of the peasantry, in 1945 created a vacuum of leadership in the unionist party. His successors were not tall enough to retain the support of the peasantry. They did not have his chrisma. Consequently, this class shifted its support from the Unionist party to the Congress party. The Congress leaders like Chaudhry Ranbir Singh and Pandit Sri Ram Sharma too played an important role in mobilizing their support for the Congress party. 7. Lastly, the Congress was benefitted by the political situation that had emerged in 1945 after the Second World War. The Independence had become imminent. The threat of partition had become stronger. The communal divide had been sharpened and the communal riots had become frequent. In such a situation, dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 102

54 the provincial parties like the Unionist party had become irrelevant. The Congress, which represented the forces of nationalism, was bound to fill this vacuum in Haryana. The above description and analysis obliviously leads us to arrive at the following tentative conclusions: 1. The institutionalized form of the national movement, the Congress party, could not make much headway in Haryana during the pre-first World War phase owing to historical reasons which had resulted in the social, cultural, economic and political backwardness of the region. 2. It was strengthened during the First World War and immediately after that due to the awakening that had been brought about due to the impact of Arya Samaj and the Ex-Army men who had been demobilized after the War and the emergence of the educated middle class in the region after the transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi in This got reflected in the mass participation in the anti-rowlett Act agitation in But the decision of Chhotu Ram to quit the Congress and his success in emerging as the undisputed leader of the peasantry weakened the national movement as the bulk of this class was mobilized by him in support of the Unionist party. Consequently, the national movement was weakened and this adversely affected the support base of the Congress in Haryana despite the heroic efforts of the party leaders like Zaildar Matu Ram and Sri Ram Sharma. This found reflection in the poor performance of the Congress in the elections to the Punjab Legislative Council from 1921 to 1936 and in the elections to Punjab Legislative Assembly in 1937 as well as in the limited participation from the region in the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedient Movement. 4. But the political developments during and after the Second World War helped the Congress in strengthening the nationalist movement in Haryana. It enabled it to emerge as the dominant party in the region. This is not only evident form the increased participation in Individual Satyagraha in 1940 and the Quit India Movement in 1942 but also by the resounding success of the Congress in the 1946 elections to Punjab Legislative Assembly. 5. Before closing, it may be submitted that the above generalizations should be treated as no more than tentative hypothesis and need to be further tested through an in depth study of the national movement in Haryana. References 1. For details, refer to Chattar Singh, Social and Economic Change in Haryana, National Book Organization, New Delhi, K.C. Yadav, Haryana: Itihas Avam Sanskriti, Bhag- II, Manohar Publications & Distributors, New Delhi, 1999, pp dfkk Lojkt 104

55 3. These observations are based on my discussions with Prof. D.R. Chaudhary a well known scholar based at Rohtak. 4. K.C. Yadav, op. cit., pp These observations are based on my discussions with late Dr. O.P. Grewal, Professor of English in Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra who was a perceptive scholar on the history, society, culture, economy and politics of Haryana. 6. For a different perspective see K.C. Yadav, op. cit., pp Anupma Arya, Religion and Politics in India, K.K. Publications, Delhi, 2001, pp K.C. Yadav, op. cit., pp Saroj Malik, The Emergence and Decline of the Unionist Party, Punjab Journal of Politics, Vol. XXXII-XXXIII, , pp These observations are based on my discussions with a well known expert on Punjab and Haryana Politics, Prof. Paul Wallace of University of Missouri, Columbia (USA). 11. Saroj Malik, op. cit., pp gfj;k.koh fdlkuksa dh Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkunksyu esa Hkwfedk lwjthkku nfg;k es a bl 'kks/ki= dk çkjehk I;wbZjVks fjdku bfrgkldkj lewg }kjk 1970 ds 'kq#vkr es a ifjhkkf"kr?kks"k.kki= ds va'kks a ls dj jgk gw Þge,d vleatl dh flfkfr es a gs a fd tks gekjk bfrgkl gekjs lkeus çlrqr fd;k tk jgk gs og leiw.kz bfrgkl tks?kfvr gqvk gs mldk ek=,d va'k gh gs & ;g,d tfvy flfkfr gs mu vla[; xqeuke yksxks a dks bfrgkl ls oafpr dj fn;k x;k gs tks lfn;ks a ls lkewfgd egroiw.kz fø;kvks a] vius dkjukeks a rfkk vuqdj.kh; lekt dh lsok es a jr jgsa os bfrgkl dh çfø;k dk vfhkuu gksrs gq;s Hkh csbfrgkl D;ks a jgs\þ 1 vc ges a bl bfrgkl dh ladve; flfkfr dk lkeuk djuk im+ jgk gsa esaus ;g,d fopkj/kkjk ds çfr#i dk myys[k fd;k gs tks dqn le; ls,d Bksl vk/kkj ds lkfk mhkj jgh gsa dqn gn rd ;g #l ds tkj dh vlr; o Hkzakfrd dgkuh dh çfrfø;k gks ldrh gs tc mugsa crk;k x;k fd iqfldu fdlku usrk iqxxkpo dk,sfrgkfld fooj.k nsus dh ;kstuk cuk jgs gsaa blij tkj us >qa>ykdj fvii.kh dj nh Fkh fd Þbl fdlku O;fDr dk dslk vksj dksulk bfrgkl gs\ß 2 Hkkjr ds 1857&1947 rd yacs Lora=rk vkunksyu es a gfj;k.kk ds fdlkuksa dh vkjehk ls gh lfø; Hkwfedk jgha ijarq vhkh rd ;g bfrgkl dh [kkst dk,d vnwrk fgllk jgka ;= r= ges a gfj;k.koh fdlku usrkvksa dh Lok/khurk vkunksyu esa Hkwfedk dk fooj.k fey tkrk gsa ijarq] ;g vi;kzir gh dgk tk ldrk gsa blls ;g ckr mhkj dj lkeus vkrh gs fd bfrgkldkj bl v/;k; dks /kjkry ls v/;;u vhkh rd ugha dj ik;s gsa & D;k bls,d cm+h Hkwy ugha ekuk tkuk pkfg;s\ mu gtkjksa gfj;k.koh fdlkuksa dh lfø; Hkwfedk dk bfrgkl esa myys[k D;ks a ugha] tks fczfv'kjkt ds fo#) lnso la?kz"kjr jgs] ftlds ifj.kkelo#i dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 106

56 a mugksaus jktusfrd] lkekftd,oa vkffkzd ladvks a dk lkeuk djuk im+ka bfrgkldkj Hkh xzkeh.k Lrj ij pys bl vkunksyu dks Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkunksyu dk vfhkuu vax cukus dh D;ksa vuns[kh dj x;s\ gesa gfj;k.kk ds Lokèkhurk vkunksyu dks bfrgkl dh n`f"v ls xzkeh.k ls mbk tu vkunksyu ;k fdlku?kfvr Lok/khurk vkunksyu le>uk pkfg;sa nwljh vksj] ;g Hkh fu"d"kz fudkyk tk ldrk gs fd O;kid fdlku vkunksyu dh mis{kk djds Lora=rk vkunksyu dks,dy cukdj,d fo"ksyk bfrgkl jfpr dj fn;k] ftles a O;fDr fo'ks"k dk xq.kxku gs] dqn dh thou xkfkk gsa rfkk,d vk/k ds ohjrk ds fooj.k gsa vksj dqn Lekjd fuekz.k dh çfø;k, gsaa ;g bfrgkl rks vf/kdka'k yksxksa dks bfrgkl dk vfhkuu Hkkx gh ugha ekuk( bfrgkl dh n`f"v ls muds thou dks gh xk;c dj fn;k x;k gsa ;g,d lkekftd t?ku; vijk/k gsa bl bfrgkfld osnuk dk 'kq)hdj.k gksuk furkur vfuok;z gsa rglhy ds fjdkmz rfkk vu; ç'kklfud o jktlo lzksrksa esa fdlkuks a ds thou] jgu&lgu] VSDl vkfn lacaf/kr lkexzh,oa lwpukvks dk folr`r fooj.k gs ftlls lgt gh fdlku vkffkzd bfrgkl dk ys[ku fd;k tk ldrk gsa ;gka ls uwru xzkeh.k vkffkzd bfrgkl ys[ku dk vkjehk gks ldrk gsa ;g ikjeifjd bfrgkldkjksa ds fy;s ^flyhdksu&fpi* cu ldrh gsa blls bfrgkldkjksa dks,d çsj.kk Hkh fey ldrh gs fd os bfrgkl esa xqe'kqnk yksxksa dks ryk'k djds bfrgkl ea s fjdkmz dj lkeus yk;s tslh fd yh&jk; ykmwjh dh rhoz vfhkyk"kk gsa 3 ml ç;kl dk rkri;z bfrgkl dk ekuohdj.k djuk gs rfkk vla[; Lok/khurk ds çfr lefizr,oa lfø; tu dks bfrgkl es a ykuk gsa esjs bl 'kks/k i= dh Hkkouk blh çdkj dh gs] ftlls gfj;k.kk ds Hkwrdky dks tu bfrgkl ds lkfk tksm+dj gfj;k.kk dk leiw.kz,oa LoPN&lR; bfrgkl çlrqr fd;k tk;sa o"kz 1868 es a tc lj foy;e gavj viuh,sfrgkfld lajpuk 'kq# dj jgs Fks rks mudk,d Li"V mn~?kks"k Fkk] Þesjs bl,sfrgkfld ys[ku esa tu tqm+k gs & flqz tulkèkkj.k & u de u T;knkAß dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 108 muds dgus dk edln ;gh Fkk fd og ikjeifjd bfrgkldkjks a dh Hkkafr dksbz ys[ku ugha dj jgs gsaa os dgrs gsa % ÞeSa rks ml le; ds Hkkjrh; lkekftd bfrgkl fy[kus ds fy, lefizr gw A 4 esa Hkh bl vius 'kks/k i= esa xzkeh.k ifjos'k ds tu bfrgkl dks Åij ykus ds fy, ç;ru'khy gw rfkk mu?kvukvksa ij tksj nsus ds fy, ladfyir gw ] tks gfj;k.kk esa xk o ds yksxksa ds lkfk Lora=rk vkunksyu dky es a?kfvr gqbz rfkk muds dkj.k xk o dk tuthou vkffkzd o lkekftd Lrj ij fdruk d"vnk;h cuk;k jgka gfj;k.kk ds Lora=rk vkunksyu dks le>us ls iwoz gesa bldh vkffkzd flfkfr o blds vkffkzd bfrgkl dk voyksdu djuk gksxka 19oha lnh ds çkjehk esa tc gfj;k.kk {ks= vaxzsth deiuh ljdkj ds v/ khu vk;k rks deiuh ljdkj dh yksxksa ij Hkkjh VSDl yxkdj 'kks"k.k djus ds flok; vu; fdlh ckr esa fnyplih ugha FkhA mls Hkw&jktLo ls gh frtksjh Hkjuh FkhA iwjs lky dfbu ifjje djus ds mijkur Ñf"k ij gksus okys [kpz vksj jktlo Hkj nsus ds ckn fdlku dks D;k cp ikrk Fkk\ ;g iw.kz fooj.k lksuhir ftys ds,d xk o Fkkuk dyk ds 1826&27 esa lj dsecy }kjk fd;s x;s,d losz{k.k ls Li"V gsa 5 ftldk fu"d"kz uhps fn;k tkrk gs %& Qly Ñf"k ds mriknu ¼eu½ Ñf"k mriknu ljdkj dks fdlku dk vurxzr {ks= ¼#i;s½ ns; fgllk #i;s ¼,dM+½ vukt Hkwlk vk; O;; ¼#i;s½ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [kjhq jch &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ;ksx &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& mijksdr rkfydk esa bl xk o ds lelr Ñf"k mriknu dk iwjk C;kSjk fn;k gsa nwljs 'kcnksa esa] ;gka ds 174 fdlku ifjokjksa dh okf"kzd

57 vk; ds vkadm+ s çlrqr fd;s x;s gsa] tksfd nksuksa Qlyksa dks feykdj dqy 5014 #i;s csbrh gsa vfkz gqvk fd ;gka ds,d fdlku ifjokj dh yxhkx 23 #i;s çfro"kz vfkkzr~ nks #i;s ls de çfr ekl vkenuh gksrh FkhA blh çdkj dh vkffkzd flfkfr vu; xkaoksa esa Hkh FkhA o"kz 1847 rd iwjs iatkc ij daiuh ljdkj dk vf/kdkj gks pqdk Fkk vksj fdlkuksa ij Hkkjh jktlo dk cks> vlguh; gks x;k FkkA blds fo#) okrkoj.k curk tk jgk FkkA fczfv'kjkt es a [ksrh gj lekt dh flfkfr vksj foæksg ds fy, curh tehu dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq;s Mk- gchc us fy[kk gs % Þ[ksfrgj leqnk; ds vax ds #i esa flikgh Hkh egkyokmh O;oLFkk ds mrihm+u ls cspsu FksA bls bfrgkl dh Hkkjh fomecuk gh dgk tk;sxk fd fczfv'k vf/kdkfj;ks a us ftl bykds ls vius fy, T;knkrj flikgh HkrhZ djus dk QSlyk fd;k] /khjs&/khjs nwljs lwcksa ls fuivus ds ckn] mugha bykdksa esa fczvsu dh f[kjkt&olwyh dk lcls T;knk cks> ykn fn;k x;ka caxky rfkk fcgkj ds LFkk;h&cankscLr vksj eækl&çsflms alh ds js;rokmh bykdksa esa djks dh LFkk;h njksa us daiuh ds çhkqro ds bu iqjkus bykdksa esa jktlo c<+k;s tkus dh lahkkouk dh lhek tslh r; dj nh FkhA cacbz çsflms alh dh js;rokmh O;oLFkk bl rjg lw=c) dh xbz Fkh] ftlls jktlo esa dgh T;knk yphys <+ ax ls c<+ksùkjh gks ldsa fqj Hkh ;g mùkjh Hkkjr dh egkyokmh O;oLFkk gh Fkh] tgka jktlo esa va/ kk/kqaèk c<+ksrjh dh bpnk csjksdvksd lkeus vk jgh FkhA 6 fdlkuksa }kjk vkfc;kuk u nsus dk vfhk;ku o"kz 1847 ls gh 'kq# gks pqdk gsa m/kj] fczfv'k lsuk esa Hkkjrh; flikgh Hkh lfozl ds gkykr ls nq%[kh gksrs tk jgs FksA,d flikgh dks 7 #i;s çfrekl osru feyrk Fkk vksj mlds ikl?kj Hkstus dks cgqr de cprk FkkA nwljs] og vius?kj ds gkyr ls ijs'kku jgrk FkkA,fjd LVksDl us fy[kk gs fd ^vkf[kj flikgh Hkh onhz esa,d fdlku gh rks FkkA* Hkkjr esa fczfv'k&jkt ds fo#) Hkkjrh; tuekul esa mhkjrs vkøks'k vksj Hkkjrh; Lok/khurk dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 110 vkunksyu dh lahkkoukvksa dks ysdj dkyz ekdlz us 1853 esa fy[kk Fkk fd % ^vaxzstksa }kjk çf'kf{kr Hkkjr dh ns'kh&lsuk ogka ds eqfdr laxzke dk midj.k cu ldrh gsa* 1828] 1843 vksj 1855 esa Hkh ns'k ds fofhké fgllksa esa fdlkuksa] lu;kfl;ksa vkfn }kjk fczfv'k gqdwer ds f[kykq cxkor ntz gks pqdh FkhA ftl rjg Ýkalhlh jkt; Økafr esa fdlkuksa vksj lsfudksa ds etcwr xbca/ku ¼cqf)thfo;ksa ds lefkzu ls½ dh foæksg esa vge~ Hkwfedk Fkh] Bhd mlh rjg ekdlz dh Hkfo";ok.kh ds vuqlkj ekpz&ebz&1857 esa Hkkjr esa vaxzstksa ds fo#) Hkkjrh; ym+kbz esa Hkh fdlkuksa] fdlku&iq= lsfudksa vksj 'kk;j&xk;dksa dh çkfkfed Hkwfedk jgha Hkkjrh; flikfg;ksa us veckyk esa ekpz] 1857 esa tks fpaxkjh lqyxkbz] og /khjs&/khjs esjb vksj fnyyh es a ebz rd Tokyk cudj èkèkdus yxh vksj bl rjg Hkkjr ds çfke Lok/khurk laxzke dh 'kq#vkr gqbza Mkgchc us bls lsfudksa vksj fdlkuksa dh laxfbr,drk dk laxzke dgk gsa ^vxj flikfg;ksa dh cxkor lu~ 1857 dh Økafr dh jh<+ Fkh rks bls folrkj nsus dk dke fdlkuksa us fd;ka vxj gfj;k.kk ls fcgkj rd ds folr`r bykds esa] ftlds xkaoksa ls flikgh vkrs Fks] bl foæksg us vlsfud vkcknh ds fnyksa ea s lgkuqhkwfr ds rkj >añr ugha dj fn;s gksrs rks bldk bruk fo'kky #i ugha gksrka blus,d cm+ s bykds es a [ksfrgj&foæksg dk #i ys fy;ka 7 lu~ 1857 ea s fczfv'k vkehz dh caxky deku esa 1]3]5]676 Hkkjrh; lsfud Fks] ftlesa ls vk/ks foæksg esa 'kkfey gq;s FksA vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij Hkkjrh; lsfudksa dh la[;k 2]33]000 FkhA ftlesa ls dsoy 90]000 gh bl laxzke esa lfø; gq;sa 8 fu%lunsg ;g Lok/khurk laxzke mùkjh Hkkjr esa vf/kd rh[kk jgk FkkA gfj;k.kk] tks fnyyh ls lvk jkt; gs] lnso gh fnyyh dh fons'kh lùkk ds fo#) la?kz"kjr jgk gsa vktknh dh bl ym+kbz esa gfj;k.kk ns'khkj esa vxz.kh FkkA bl {ks= ds xkao&xkao] uxj&uxj esa bl laxzke us tuøkafr dk #i ys fy;k FkkA ;gka dh [kkiksa rfkk loz[kkiksa us uxkm+ksa

58 a ij pksv dj vius vkidks bl vktknh dh ym+kbz esa lfeefyr dj fy;k FkkA cyyhkx<+ ds jktk ukgj flag] >Ttj ds uokc vcnzjgeku [kka] jsokm+h ds jko rqykjke o xksiky Ñ".k] Q#Z[kuxj ds uokc vgeydqyh] cgknqjx<+ ds 'kkld tax[kka] gkalh ds gqdepan dkuwuxks o fetkz equhjcsx] fljlk ds Hkëh ljnkj] enhuk ds pks/kjh nksyrk] esokr ds cgknqj esokrh tsls j.k&ckadqjksa us gfj;k.kk ds dksus&dksus esa bl laxzke dk usr`ro fd;k FkkA veckyk Nkouh esa iyvu 5 o 60 us foæksg dk vkjehk fd;k rks bldk nwljh deifu;ksa us Hkh lkfk fn;ka esjb dh ckxh lsuk us ;kstukc) rjhds ls 10 ebz dks ^fnyyh dwp* dk ukjk nsdj vxys fnu yky fdys ij vf/kdkj dj fy;ka blds vxqvk jko Ñ".k xksiky Fks tks ml le; esjb ds dksroky Fks o jkorqyk jke ds vuqt FksA 12 ebz] 1857 dks fnyyh ds ykyfdys esa vke njckj vk;ksftr dj cgknqj'kkg tqj dks fgunqlrku dk 'kkld?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;ka bl njckj esa gfj;k.kk dh vkb fj;klrksa cyyhkx<+] ivksnh] fjokm+h] Q#Z[kuxj] >Ttj] cgknqjx<+ vksj yksgk# ds çfrfuf/k;ks a ds vfrfjdr çeq[k [kkiksa ds pks/kfj;ksa us fgllk fy;k FkkA bl laxfbr foæksg us cgknqj'kkg tqj dks viuk usrk cuk;k vksj mugsa jk"vªoknh tu mhkkj dk uk;d cuk fn;ka foæksgh&lsfudks a dks,d usr`ro feyk,oa ykyfdys ij,d,syku dj fn;k % Þ[kYd [kqnkdk] eqyd ckn'kkg ¼cgknqj'kkg½ dk] vey voke dkaß bl njckj esa fu.kz; fy;k x;k fd ns'k ds 'ks"k Hkkxksa ls xksjh lsuk dks fudky fn;k tk;s vksj vktkn fd;s {ks=ksa dk ç'kklu iapk;rsa] [kkiksa o loz[kkisa ^turk ljdkj* ds vurxzr lahkkysaa lu~ 1757 ds Iyklh ;q) thrus ds ckn vaxzstksa dh Hkkjr esa tm+ iddh gks xbz FkhA caxky] fcgkj vksj mm+hlk ds,d lky ds ç'kklu ds ckn bzlv bafm;k daiuh ds vaxzst vqljks a us Hkw&dj yxhkx 100 çfr'kr c<+k fn;k FkkA vxys nl o"kksza esa ;g fqj 100 çfr'kr c<+k fn;k x;ka bl dejrksm+ Hkw&dj ls ;gka Hk;adj vdky im+k] ftlesa djksm+ks yksxksa dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 112 dh eksr gks xbza mlij xouzj&tujy gsflvaxt+ us daiuh ljdkj dks bzxysam esa cm+ s xoz ds lkfk fjiksvz Hksth & Þbl {ks= esa,d&frgkbz tula[;k dh eksr ds ckn vksj yxkrkj Ñf"k {ks= esa deh gksus ds ckn] 1771 esa Hkw&dj ls gesa 1768 dh rqyuk esa vf/kd olwyh gqbz gsa fnyyh vksj is'kkoj ds chp fdlkuksa us Hkw&dj dh o`f) Lohdkj ugha dha vr,o] o"kz 1857 dk tuvkanksyu visf{kr FkkA gfj;k.kk esa yxhkx gj xkao bl vkunksyu ls tqm+k]a urhtk ;g gqvk fd fczfv'k lkezkt; dh ;g toku&fdlku ;qxy 'kfdr egkure Økafr ds #i es ifjofrzr gks xbza lsfudksa us [kahkksa ls rksi cukbz] rks fdlkuksa us gy ls ryokjs aaß 10 gj xkao esa fdlkuksa us Lok/khurk laxzke dk bfrgkl jpk ftldk myys[k bl çdkj gs & & lksuhir ftys esa dqmayh xkao ds fdlku lwjtjke us vius 19 lky ds vfookfgr iq= tokgj flag] im+kslh cktsjke vksj vu; fdlkuksa ds lkfk fnyyh ls ikuhir dh vksj jln tkusokyh vaxzst lsfud VqdM+h dks canh cuk;ka laxzke ds BaMk gksus ds ckn lksuhir ds,d O;kikjh dh eq[kfcjh ij vaxzstksa us tedj xzkeh.kksa ij vr;kpkj fd;sa vktknh dh ym+kbz dh vxqvkbz dj jgs lwjtjke] mlds iq= tokgj flag o im+kslh cktsjke dks 20 lky ds fy;s dkyk ikuh Hkst fn;ka ;s Lora=rk lsukuh dhkh ugha yksvsa muds o'kat ijljke] çrh;] buæ flag o çeksn flag vkfn ds vuqlkj eq[kfcj O;kikjh dks vaxzstksa us dqmayh] ykeiqj o [kkeiqj xkaoksa dks iês ij ns fn;ka 11 & Lok/khurk laxzke ds uk;dksa esa fyckliqj ¼lksuhir½ xkao ds yksxksa dk ;ksxnku vxz.kh FkkA ml xkao ls xqtjrs vaxzst rglhynkj dks mnehjke us vius lkffk;ks a tljke] jketl] lgtjke] jfr;k o eqydpan vkfn ds lkfk feydj rst/kkj gffk;kjksa ls eksr ds?kkv mrkj fn;ka vktknh dh tax vlqy gksus ds ckn] vaxzst lsuk us fyckliqj xkao dks [kwc ywvka mnehjke dks ihiy ds ism+ ls cka/kdj eksr ds?kkv mrkj fn;ka muds lkffk;ksa dks irfkj ds Hkkjh dksygw ds uhps jksandj ejok fn;ka

59 a a & ns'k ds Lora=rk laxzke dk bfrgkl ikuhir ftys dh ohjrk o 'kkgnr ls Hkjk gqvk gsa ftys esa Lok/khurk laxzke dh deku xkao cyk ds jkeyky tkv us lahkkyha dirku g;wt Lora=rk lsukuh ls eqdkcyk ysus gsrq cyk igqapsa tcjnlr Qk;fjax nksuksa vksj ls gqbza ijarq] vaxzst vqlj dks ihns gvuk im+ka nwljs xkao ls fqj fqjaxh vk;s] bl ckj mugsa vksj >Vdk yxka vaxzstksa dks jkeyky tkv dk [kksq gks x;k vksj rhljh ckj Hkh g;wt dks gkj ns[kuh im+ha fqjafx;ksa ij thr dh lwpuk feyrs gh rhu gt+kj Lora=rk lsukuh jkeyky ls vk feys vksj vaxzsth lsuk ds gj eqdkcys dk djkjk tokc fn;ka & m/kj leky[kk ds vklikl ds xkaoksa ds fdlkuksa us fqjafx;ksa vksj muds lg;ksfx;ksa ds fo#) cxkor dj nha ns'khkdrksa us vaxzst gqdwer dks jktlo nsuk can dj fn;k Fkk vksj bl {ks= esa flfkr bzlv bafm;k daiuh ljdkj ds dk;kzy; ij dctk dj fy;ka Økafrdkfj;ksa us leky[kk ls ysdj ;equk unh ds vklikl ds bykds ij dctk dj fy;ka 11 lkfk esa fnyyh o vackyk dh vksj tkus okys lhkh jklrksa ij Hkh dctk dj fy;ka & vaxzstksa us than] dsfky] ifv;kyk ds jktkvksa o uokcksa ls foæksg dks nckus ds fy;s lgk;rk ekaxha bzuke ds ykyp esa tgka ikuhir ftys ds x<+h Nktw ds eqf[k;kvksa tks/kk] t;jke vksj t;lq[k us Økafrdkfj;ksa dh enn ugha dh vksj bl {ks= dk jktlo vaxzst ljdkj dks tek djok fn;ka ns'kh fj;klrks a dh enn ls leky[kk ds Økafrdkfj;ks ij tqye fd;s x;sa fdurq] fqjafx;ks a ds f[kykq cxkor dk nhi tyrk jgka var esa vaxzstksa us bl Tokyk dks 'kkar dj fn;k vksj x<+h Nktw ds eqf[k;kvksa dks bzuke Hkh fn;ka & ikuhir ftys dh uksyfkk] Hkkylh o dqjkuk tsy ds rgr vkus okys 35 cm+ s xkaoksa ds Økafrdkfj;ksa dk ohjrk ls Hkjk egku~ xkao uksyfkk] eamh] pejkmk] iqbj] cqvkuk] yk[kw] cka/k] 'kkgiqj] ij<+kuk] djkn] HkkÅiqj] bljkuk] tksa/kudyk] czá.k ektjk] fmmokmh] iym+h] fctkok us vaxzstks ds f[kykq cxkor dj nha uksyfkk tsy ds tsynkj mneh flag tkxyku ds Qjeku ij lhkh 16 xkaoksa us vaxzsth gqdwer dks jktlo nsuk can dj dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 114 fn;ka ogka ij vaxzst vf/kdkfj;ksa ds dk;kzy; o caxys tyk fn;sa vaxzsth gqdwer ds lsfud ogka ls Hkkx x;sa & uksyfkk tsy ds xkaoksa ds tkckat jksgrd ftys ds Økafrdkfj;ksa ls tk feys rfkk nq'eu dh lsuk dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy;s fnyyh igqap x;sa 22 fnu ds ckn os ogka ls yksvsa & Hkkylh o dqjkuk tsy ds rgr 19 cm+ s xkaoksa esa Hkh fqjafx;ksa ds fo#) iqjtks'k vkokt mbha ogha Hkh yksxksa us jktlo nsuk can dj fn;ka Økafrdkfj;ksa us vaxzstksa o budk lkfk nsus okys jktkvksa o uokcksa ds lsfudksa dks pqu&pqudj eksr ds?kkv mrkjka ;gka ns'k dh vktknh dh tax dh gok cgrh jgh vksj cgknqj xzkeh.k fqjafx;ksa dh lsukvksa ls yksgk ysrs jgsa & blh nksjku] fqj leky[kk ds ikl xkao fiukuk] ekstk 'kkemh] [kks<k ds xkaookfl;ksa us vaxzsth gqdwer ds f[kykq cxkor dha 'kkemh ds fcjyk tkv] gjlgk;] flagjke] cgknqj] gjhjke o gjdw czká.k] yhxj tkv] tequk] /kquh] gjn;ky] jkefy[k uecjnkj us cxkor dh dekam lahkkyha fd'ku tkv us fiukuk esa fqjafx;ksa ds f[kykq usr`ro fd;ka fnlacj ekg esa ;gka vaxzsth lsukvksa ds lkfk dm+k eqdkcyk gqvka vur esa] Økafrdkjksa dk la?k"kz [kre gks x;k vksj mugsa ljsvke vaxzstksa us Qkalh ij yvdk fn;ka bl çdkj iqu% ikuhir ftyk vaxzstks a ds v/khu gks x;ka & djuky ftys es a vla/k] floku] tyekuk] xksnaj] lkyoku o Mkpj ds fdlkuks a us vaxzsth 'kklu ds fo#) fcxqy ctk;ka mugks aus vla/ k ds Fkkus ij dctk dj fy;k vksj jktlo nsuk can dj fn;ka tyekuk ds Økafrohjksa us Fkkuslj dh tsy ij vkøe.k fd;ka ijarq] vaxzstksa ls os ;g tsy NqM+k u ldsa laxzke dh vlqyrk ds i'pkr~ ns'kh fj;klrks a dh enn ls Økafrohjksa dks ;gka vlguh; ;kruk,a nha bl {ks= ij fdlkuksa ij ltk ds #i es a 10 çfr'kr jktlo dh o`f) dk cks> Hkh Mky fn;ka 12

60 q & dsfky ftys ds xkao iqamjh o Qrsgiqj Lok/khurk laxzke ds dsuæ fcunq FksA twu ekl esa ;gka lhkh fdlkuksa us jktlo nsuk can dj fn;ka dsfky es a rsukr vaxzst dirku us vekuq"k neupø pyk;k FkkA Økafr ls iwoz Hkh o"kz 1943 esa vaxzstksa }kjk dsfky jkt; dks dctkus ij dm+k la?k"kz gqvk Fkk vksj 11 vçsy 1843 dks vaxzstksa }kjk LFkkfir lkr pksfd;ksa dks ns'khkdrksa us m[kkm+ QSadk vksj vaxzstksa dks ;gka ls Hkxk fn;ka ml le; dsfky dk jktlo djhc,d yk[k lkr gtkj #i;s lkykuk FkkA vaxzstksa us ckn esa bu pksfd;ksa dks iqu% LFkkfir dj fy;k vksj Økafrdkfj;ks a dks dbksj nam dk lkeuk djuk im+ka & vackyk ls Lok/khurk laxzke dh 'kq#vkr gqbza Økafr dk,syku ;gka ikapoha vksj lkblha Lons'kh isny lsuk us fd;k FkkA vaxzst Hkkjrh; Økafrdkfj;ksa ls vfr Hk;Hkhr jgrs FksA le; dh utkdr dks Hkkairs gq;s vaxzst vqljksa us ckn esa Lons'kh lsuk ls le>ksrk fd;ka ijurq ckn] esa,d gh lkfk 130 Økafrdkfj;ksa dks eksr ds?kkv mrkj fn;ka tks yksx fxj rkj fd;s x;s mu ij Hkh rjg&rjg ds tqye <k,a ftu yksxks a us Lons'kh lsuk dh Økafr gsrq enn dh Fkh] mugsa Hkh rjg&rjg dh ;kruk,a nha & jksgrd ftys esa vktknh dh tax eq[;r% [kkiksa ds csuj rys ym+h xbza ;gka ege] lkaiyk] ekamksbh xkaoksa dh Hkwfedk vxz.kh FkhA laiw.kz jksgrd ftyk vaxzsth 'kklu ls eqdr FkkA pkschlh ege ds tllh vksj HkS.kh lqjtu ds vk'kkjke pks/kjh vktkn pksd ege ds uk;d gsaa & fnyyh ds lehi xqm+xkao] Qjhnkckn vksj esokr ftys ds fdlkuks a us igyh tax&,&vktknh es a viuh cgknqjh o ns'khkfdr dk ifjp; fn;ka ;gka ds çr;sd xkao esa Økafrdkjh yks çttofyr FkhA ^ekjks fqjaxh* ds ukjs ls uwg bykds esa vktknh dh ym+kbz ym+h xbza fiuxkaok ds,d ohj fdlku lj#íhu ds usr`ro es a fiuxoka] iqugkuk] rkom+ o fqjkstiqj f>jdk ij vf/kdkj dj fy;ka esokr dh FkM+h pksiky esa esoksa dh iapk;r gqbz vksj ;gka ls vaxzstks dks Hkxkus dk QSlyk fy;k x;ka fqj] uwg] uaxyh o vmacj ds esoksa us ohjrk dk ifjp; fn;k vksj dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 116 ;gka ds vaxzst vqlj esdlu dks eksr ds?kkv mrkj fn;ka flracj esa Økafr foqy gksus ij ;gka 52 yksxksa dks Qkalh nh xbza 'kkgnr nsus okyksa ea s 'kgker [kka] othj [kka] tokgj [kka] /ku flag o /kuuq vkfn çeq[k FksA & 'kgtkn fqjkst'kkg esokrh ds usr`ro esa,d vksj vfhk;ku lksguk] rkom+ w Hkkrckjkr,oa bzanjh vkfn LFkkuksa ij pyk tgka dsivu dkyzqksvz MqeM lfgr rhu vqlj vu; fczfv'k lsuk ds lsfud ekjs x;sa & >km+lk esa Lok/khurk laxzke dk ekspkz tkye flag o fqj c[rkoj flag us lehkkyka vktknh gkfly djus ds fy, bu ohjks a us vaxzsth gqdwer ds lkeus eqlhcrs [km+h dj nha ns'k dh vktknh ds fy, ckn es a bu egkliwrks a dks Qkalh ij >qyuk im+ka jsokm+h esa vktknh dh tax dk usr`ro egkuk;d jko rqykjke ds ikl Fkk] ftugks aus gtkjks a tokuks a dh,d etcwr lsuk rs;kj dh vksj vius lg;ksxh xksikynso ds lkfk tax NsM+ nha fczxsfm;j tujy 'kkolz ds usr`ro esa 20 flracj 1857 dks fnyyh ls 1500 flikfg;ksa dh,d QkSt Hksth xbz vksj ikvksnh es a ;q) gqvk vksj ogka jko rqykjke dh ijkt; gqbza jko rqykjke ds lsdm+ks a tkv] vghj o eso ns'khkdrks a us viuh 'kkgnr nha &vaxzst vf/kdkjh esvdkwq us fy[kk gs fd xqm+xkao ds,d&,d xkao dks fu;a=.k esa ykus ds fy, gesa ikap iyvu vksj rksi[kkus ds nlrksa ds lkfk tkuk im+rk FkkA esokfr;ksa dh ohjrk ls çhkkfor gksdj vaxzsth vf/kdkjh ykmz dsfuax us fy[kk gs fd eqlyeku ckn'kkgksa dks esokfr;ksa us Hkh rax fd;k Fkk vksj gesa rks dqn T;knk gh ijs'kkuh esa MkykA 13 esokr ds çfl} bfrgkldkj líhd vgen eso ds vuqlkj igyh tax&,&vktknh dk vkxkt pkan [kka esokrh uked flikgh dh xksyh ls gqvka 12 ebz dks xqm+xkao ij vf/kdkj gksrs gh esokrh iwjs tks'k ds lkfk Økafrdkjh gks x;sa 14 & fhkokuh&fglkj&fljlk {ks=ksa esa vktknh dh 'kq#vkr gkalh ls gqbz FkhA ykbv&buqsavjh ds dekafmax vkfqlj o vu; vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ;gka ls Hkkxuk im+k & blesa ls 11 ekjs x;s FksA fetkz eqlhy csx dh

61 s vxqokbz esa nknjh ds?kqm+lokjksa us fglkj dh pqaxh ywv yha 27 ebz dks eksgeen vkte fglkj igqapsa lwcsnkj 'kkguwj[kka ds usr`ro esa foæksg fd;ka nks vaxzstksa dks xksyh ekj nh vksj tsy rksm+ dj fjgk dj fn;ka mik;qdr osmjcuz dks xksyh ekj nh vksj rglhynkj MsfoM FkkEilu dks Hkh ekj MkykA ;gka bl nksjku 12 vksj vaxzst vqlj ekjs x;sa & jkfu;k ds uokc ds usr`ro Hkfê;ksa us vius vkidks Lora=?kksf"kr dj fn;k vksj twu ds igys tujy okwu dksvys av ykgksj ls cqyk;s x;s flikfg;ksa ds fglkj igqaps vksj xkao vks<+k esa uokc jkfu;k ls tk fhkm+ vksj N% lks lsfud ekjs x;sa vaxzst fot;h gq,a nwljh ym+kbz?kxxj unh ds fdukjs gqbza blds ckn vaxzstks a us cczj vr;kpkj fd;sa fljlk ds ckn] fglkj ij dctk dj fy;ka eaxkyh] tekyiqj] gkfteiqj lfgr dbz xkaoksa ds 133 yksxksa dks Qkalh ij yvdk;ka 25 vxlr dks eksgeen vkte us iqu% eaxkyh xkwo esa vaxzstksa ls VDDj yha ijurq og vaxzth lsuk dks gjk u ldka blds ckn vaxzstksa us jksgukr xk o ij dgj cjik;ka xkao okyksa us fnysjh ls eqdkcyk fd;ka ysfdu] vaxzstksa us xkao dks u"v dj fn;ka lsdm+ksa yksx ekjs x;sa Økafrdkjh eaxy[kka idm+k x;ka vklikl ds vk/ kk ntzu xkao ds yksxks a dks gkalh es a cczj rjhds ls jksm&jksyj ls dqpydj ekj MkykA ckn esa Økafrdkjh gqdepan tsu o Hkrhtk vksj equhj csx dks fxj rkj dj fy;ka fnyyh ls nwljh ckj 25 vxlr dks fglkj yksvs vktekus rks'kke ij vkøe.k fd;ka ;gka rglhy n rkj ij dctk dj fy;ka rglhynkj uaniky] Fkkusnkj I;kjsyky] dkuwuxks [ktku flag rfkk dkqh tokuks a dks eksr ds?kkv mrkj fn;ka ijurq] chdkusj QkslZ rfkk vaxzst lsfudksa dh rkdr T;knk gksus ls foæksgh lsfudksa us rks'kke NksM+uk im+k vksj muds 50 O;fDr 'kghn gq;sa 15 yxhkx lkjk gfj;k.kk {ks= flracj 1857 rd iqu% vaxzstksa ds v/khu vk x;k FkkA ns'kh fj;klrksa dk lg;ksx vksj vu; dkj.kksa ls vaxzstksa dk 14 flrecj 1857 dks gfj;k.kk ij iqu% vf/kdkj gks x;ka 4 ekl 4 fnu gfj;k.kk {ks= esa [kki iapk;rksa dh turk ljdkjsa dk;zjr jgha bfrgkl dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 118 tkwu fofy;e us] tks ml nksj dh?kvukvks a ds çr;{kn'khz Fks] fooj.k fn;k gs fd Þlp rks ;g gs fd fgunqlrku esa gekjh lùkk dh iqulfkkziuk dk lsgjk gekjs fgunqlrku lefkzdksa ij gs] ftudh fgeer vksj cgknqjh us fgunqlrku dks vius geykojks a ls Nhudj gekjs gokys dj fn;kaß mugks aus viuh fjiksvz es a fy[kk] ÞfnYyh dh gekjh?ksjkcanh fcydqy ukeqefdu gksrh] vxj ifv;kyk vksj than ds jktk gekjs fe= ugha gksrs vksj vxj fl[kksa us gekjh cvkfy;uksa ds fy, HkrhZ ugha gksrha 16 daiuh ds,d bfrgkldkj dso czkmu us fy[kk gs Þos fnyyh ds chpks achp jgrs gq;s 'kgj esa ekstwn foæksfg;ksa ls lacaf/kr gj og lwpuk] ftldk tkuuk gekjs fy, t#jh Fkk] dkxt dh ifpz;ksa ij fy[kdj pikfr;ksa dh ijr esa] tqrksa ds ryksa esa] ixfm+;ksa dh rgksa esa ge rd igqaprh jgha 17 bl ;q) esa,d djksm+ yksxksa dh tkusa xbz tks ml le; dh Hkkjr dh tula[;k dk 7 çfr'kr FkkA eqjknkckn esa 500 mysekvksa dh e`r;q gqbza dksbz nl yk[k lukru /kehz ekjs x;sa 18 ohjlkojdj us viuh iqlrd ÞHkkjrh; Lora=rk lejþ esa fy[kk gs fd vackyk vksj fnyyh ds chp gfj;k.kk ds yksxksa dks drkjksa esa [km+k djds jk{klh rjhds ls dry fd;k tkrk FkkAÞ gfj;k.kk esa vaxzsth vr;kpkj ij,d bfrgkldkj us fy[kk gs fd QkSth vnkyr igys gh bl ckr dh 'kifk ysrh Fkh fd vijk/kh us vijk/k fd;k gks ;k u fd;k gks] mls eksr dh ltk nh tk;sxha 19 vdsys gfj;k.kk esa 24 gtkj yksx 'kghn gq;s Fks o flqz fnyyh esa gh 25 gtkj yksxksa dks Qkalh ij yvdk fn;k FkkA 20 fczfv'k lsfud fjiksvz ds vuqlkj o"kz 1857 esa gfj;k.kk ds 134 xkaoksa dks vkx yxkdj tyk;k x;ka 51 xkaoksa dks fuyke fd;ka 21 gtkjks a fdlkuks a dh tehu&tk;nkn dqdz dj nh xbza yky fdys ij jktk ukgj flag] uokc >Ttj vcnqjzgeku vkfn dks Qkalh nh xbza >Ttj dh yky fmxxh esa lkewfgd Qkafl;ka nh xbza dbz yksxksa dks o`{kksa ls cka/k dj eksr ds?kkv mrkj fn;ka cppksa vksj vksjrksa dks dwwvksa esa

62 a fqdok fn;ka gfj;k.kk çkar dks vaxzstksa us fohkkftr djds bl {ks= dh lkewfgd fojklr dks {kfr igq pkbza 22 mijksdr /kjkryh rf;ksa ls ;g ckr Li"V gks tkrh gs fd eqëh Hkj fqjafx;ksa us ns'kh nykyksa ds jk"vª/kkrh lgdkj] rrdkyhu foæksgh usr`ro ds futh LokFkZ] Mkg ds dkj.k gekjh jk"vªh; vkdka'kk dks dqpy fn;k FkkA gekjh vksifuosf'kd xqykeh xíkjh dk urhtk FkhA gfj;k.kk ds lunzhk esa bl Økafr ds ckjs ;g fy[kuk vko';d gs fd tgka dgha gfj;k.kk ds Økafrdkfj;ks aus vaxzstksa ij fot; ikbz ogk iqu% vaxzst] ifv;kyk] than] ukhkk o chdkusj dh fj;klrksa dh enn ls vkxs c<+ sa ifj.kkelo#i Økafr dh vlqyrk ds ckn ifv;kyk ds jktk dks vaxzstksa us dkuksm o ukjuksy dh futker nh] ckoy futkeu ukhkk fj;klr dks o nknjh dk {ks= than dh fj;klr dks fn;k x;ka ;gka ;g crkuk Hkh t#jh gs fd ifv;kyk ds jktk us dkuksm dk uke cnydj vius csvs egsuæ flag ds uke ij egsuæx<+ j[kk] tks vkt rd çpfyr gsa ;g gekjh xqykeh dks bafxr djrk gsa ns'kæksgh dh,d yach lwph gsa gfj;k.kk ds Økafrdkjh usrk vf/kdrj fdlku vfkok xjhc ifjokjks a ls FksA blfy;s ges a Roslie Llewellyn - Johnes dh fvii.kh "A need to look the big stories" ij xgu v/;;u djuk pkfg,a ;g ys[kd lu~ 1857 ds ml misf{kr bfrgkl ij dke dj jgs gsa ftuij fcydqy 'kks/k ugha gqvk gsa çks- foiu puæ dk dguk gs fd Ýkalhlh Økafr ls de ugha Fkk ;g foiyoa,fjd LVksDl us viuh iqlrd ^n istsva,sma n jkt % LVMht bu,xzsfj;u lkslkbvh,sma istsva fjcsfy;u bu dksyksfu;y bafm;k] dsafcztß esa ml le; fdlkuksa ds vlarks"k vksj muds foæksg dk ftø fd;k gsa D;ksafd vaxzstksa dh vkffkzd uhfr;ksa ls vxj fdlh oxz dks lcls vf/kd uqdlku gqvk Fkk] rks os fdlku vksj glrf'kyih FksA blfy, mu yksxks a us bl foæksg es a viuh O;kid Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr dh FkhA Hkys gh ;g fdlku la?k"kz viuh eafty rd ugha igqap ldk] ysfdu bl tuvkunksyu us Lok/khurk dh,d,slh dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 120 e'kky tyk nh tks ckn esa Lora=rk vkunksyuksa dks ekxzn'kzu djrh jgh ;kfu tc gy tkx mbs rks usrk Hkh isnk gks x;sa bl Lor=ark laxzke ds i'pkr~] gfj;k.kk {ks= esa a vaxzsth ljdkj dk neupø rhoz xfr ls pyka gj ekeys es a bl {ks= dh mis{kk gqbza ljdkjh uksdfj;k ;gka ds yksxksa dks nsuh can dj nha jkt; esa ugjks] lm+dksa dk fuekz.k ugha djok;ka f'k{kk] LokLF;] jsy vksj vu; lsokvksa dks yxhkx can dj fn;ka lkekftd {ks= esa [kki iapk;rksa ij fcydqy çfrca/k lk yx x;k & bl lalfkk dks lhkh vf/kdkjks a ls oafpr dj fn;ka jkt;ksa esa ugjksa dh [kqnkbz u gksus ds dkj.k gfj;k.kk dh Ñf"k çhkkfor gqbza ;g {ks= fujurj lw[ks o vdky ds çdksi es a vkrk x;k rfkk fdlkuks dh vkffkzd gkyr fcxm+ xbza gfj;k.kkoklh blds dkj.k lkekftd] 'ksf{kd] jktusfrd o lkalñfrd n`f"v ls cqjh rjg finm+ x;sa vxys 50 o"kksza esa gfj;k.kk dh fglvªh lw[ks o vdky ds bnzfxnz?kwerh jgha Økafr ds Bhd rhu lky ckn 1860&61 esa ;g {ks= vdky dh pisv esa vk x;ka blds ckn ;gka 1868&69] 1869&70] 1877&78] 1895&96] 1896&97] 1899&1900 esa Hk;adj lw[ks o vdky dh flfkfr jgha yxkrkj bl çdkj ds çdksiksa ls fdlkuksa dh vkffkzd flfkfr fcydqy pjejk xbza o"kz 1860&61 ds vdky esa fnyyh vksj vkxjk ds 53]500 oxz ehy ds {ks= esa nks djksm+ yksx çhkkfor gq;s rfkk 5 yk[k yksx vdky çdksfir xkao ls folfkkfir gks x;s FksA 23 vkus okys vdkyksa esa rks gfj;k.kk {ks= ds xkao ds xkao ¼fo'ks"kdj & fglkj] fhkokuh] fljlk,oa egsuæx<+ ftyksa ds {ks= esa½ mtm+ x;s Fks] tu o i'kq/ku {kfr ds vfrfjdr vkffkzd foink dk bfrgkl vfr d"vnk;d jgka bruh Hk;kud vkink ds dkj.k gh fczfv'k ljdkj vdky dksm & 1883 cukus ij foo'k gqbz FkhA brus yacs lw[ks o vdky ds le; dks fudkyuk fdlkuksa ds fy, pquksrh cuha mugksaus thus ds fy;s viuh tehu fxjoh j[kh Fkh] tehu csph Hkh rfkk vius lhkh lk/ku& csy] xk;&hksal vkfn Hkh cspus im+sa bl çdkj dh fdlku ihm+k yksdxhrksa

63 ds ek/;e ls bfrgkl VªStsMh cu xbza,d yksdxhr dh fueu iafdr;k bl VSªtsMh dks lr;kfir djrh gsa & Þ,d jksvh dk csy fcdk] vksj,d isls dk fcdk ÅaV] pkyhlk us [kks fn;k & HkSl xk; dk C;krA pkyhlk us pksùkhl ekjs th x;s os'; o dlkbz] oks ekjs rk[km+h vksj mlus NqjhZ pykbzaaß,sls Hk;adj dky esa rks lwn[kksj o O;kikjh fdlkuksa dks dt+kz Hkh ugha nsrs FksA fdlkuksa dh fu/kzurk,oa ihm+k ij o"kz 1879 esa Qulkos us viuh fjiksvz esa fy[kk gs%& Þ1877&78 ds lw[ks ds i'pkr~ fdlkuksa us ftys ds dqn Ñf"k {ks= ds 1-25 çfr'kr Hkkx dks cspka rfkk mldk 5 çfr'kr Hkkx fxjoh j[kka fxjoh im+h tehu ij fdlkuksa ij lk<+s N% yk[k #i;s dk dt+kz Fkk tks okf"kzd Hkw&dj dk nks&frgkbz csbrk gsa fxjoh j[kh Hkwfe ij fy;s x;s dt+sz dh C;kt nj 18 çfr'kr rfkk O;fDrxr vekur ij ;g nj 24&30 çfr'kr FkhA fxjoh im+h Hkwfe ij C;kt ih<+h&nj ih<+h pyrk jgrk FkkA yksxksa dks xgjh ihm+k Fkh fd ^m?kkbz cgqr djm+h gs* & *Hkw&dj T;knk l[r o Hkkjh gs* 24 o"kz 1869&70 esa,d,dm+ dk'r Hkwfe dk ewy; 10 #i;s Fkk rfkk 1891&92 esa,d,dm+ dh dher 90&100 #i;s rd igqwp xbza bl çdkj dh Ñf"k Hkwfe ewy; esa o`f) ls 'kksf"kr,oa fu/kzu fdlku lkgwdkjksa vksj O;kikfj;ksa dks viuh tehu LFkkukUrj.k ls foo'k gksus ds dkj.k ekuks lwn[kksjksa dk ca/kqok etnwj cudj jg x;ka C;kt nj vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k ewy/ku yksvkuk fdlku dh lefkzrk ds ckgj gks x;k FkkA nwljh vksj] bl {ks= esa,d lkekftd psruk ds ;qx dh 'kq#vkr gks pqdh FkhA ;gk fnuksa fnu vk;zlekt dk çhkko c<+rk tk jgk FkkA blls lkekftd iquztkxj.k dk lw=ikr gqvk vksj lkekftd mrfkku gsrq f'k{kk çlkj esa o`f) gksrh pyh gsa lkfk&lkfk lkekftd dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 122 dqjhfr;ksa ds fo#) n`<+rk ls la?k"kz djus dk yksxksa dks vkrecy feyka mls lkekftd oskkfud gfj;k.kk {ks= esa o"kz 1857 dh Økafr ds i'pkr~ iquz&mrfkku dk ;qx ¼1885&1915 dk dky½ ifjhkkf"kr djrs gsaa ; fi vaxzsth gqdwer lu~ 1857 dh tuøkafr dks nckus esa lqy gks xbz ijurq] bl Økafr us fczfv'k ç'kklu ds leeq[k vuur pquksfr;ka yk [km+h dj nha ç'kklu tuvkøks'k] fo'ks"kdj mùkjh Hkkjr ds fdlku dh fczfv'k ljdkj ds çfr çfroknh gksuk vfr fpark dk fo"k; cuk gqvk FkkA bl laca/k esa bzxysam rfkk Hkkjr esa xgjk efkau py jgk FkkA Hkkjr ds fczfv'k ç'kklu dks xgu v/;;u ds i'pkr~ mùkjh Hkkjr ds fdlku & ¼fnYyh ls is'kkoj {ks=½ dh ifjjerk,oa ohjrk ds ckjs esa iw.kz Kku gks pqdk FkkA lu~ 1885 esa rrdkyhu lsuk v/;{k us rks lkq&lkq vius feyvª&fmlisp esa crkzfu;k ljdkj dks fy[kdj Hkst fn;k Fkk ÞmÙkjh Hkkjr ds fdlku fo'ks"kr% gfj;k.kk iatkc ds fdlku dh gennhz fy;s fcuk Hkkjr esa vaxzsth&lkezkt; LFkkfir djuk vlehko gsaß bl ij bzxysam esa l?ku&fopkj foe"kz gqvk rfkk ;g fu.kz; fy;k fd iatkc ç'kklu bl {ks= ds fdlkuksa dh Hkkouk dh dnj djrs gq;s fdlku fgr esa dqn ;kstuk,w rqjar fø;kfuor djsa,oa QkSt esa bl leqnk; dh la[;k esa o`f) dh tk;sa,p- DyoVZ us viuh iqlrd Þn osyfk,.m osyqs;j vkwq iatkc & 1946ß esa i`"b 263 ij myys[k fd;k gs fd 1870 ds n'kd esa 90 gt+kj,dm+ Hkwfe çfro"kz csph tkrh Fkh tcfd 1890&1894 ds chp çfro"kz 3-38 yk[k,dm+ Hkwfe fdlkuksa us vkffkzd ladv ds dkj.k cspuh im+ha blls dgha T;knk Hkwfe fxjoh j[kh tkrh jgh FkhA ;s vkadm+s fdlku dh vkffkzd n'kk dks bafxr djrs gsaa dqy ftyksa ds Hkw&LFkkukUrj.k dk fooj.k fueu rkfydkvksa esa fn;k tkrk gs %&

64 a a jksgrd & ftyk &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Hkw&fcØh ¼,dM+ esa½ fdlkuksa dh fxjoh dh xbz Hkwfe ¼,dM+ eas½ o"kz fdlkuks dh Hkwfe {ks= ewy; fdlkuksa dh {ks= ewy; la[;k ¼#i;ksa esa½ la[;k ¼#i;ksa esa½ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1878& ] ]801 1]85] & ] ]571 43] & ] ]508 42] & ] ]619 84]117 fglkj ftyk 1885& ] ]640 42] & ]478 1]17] ]836 1]18] & ]105 11]22]453 1]298 16]856 1]02] & ]374 1]07]041 2]037 24]130 1]62] & ]55]81 20]442 1]856 18]566 1]65] & ]430 1]34]264 1]255 13]467 2]44]886 djuky ftyk 1887&88 5]971 64]335 7]039 82] &89 2]447 1] ]742 91] &90 7]350 93]454 4]533 49]996 veckyk ftyk 1886&87 7]630 4]65]683 18]334 9]35] &88 4]009 1]86]911 5]629 2]42] &89 8]837 5]14]508 18]222 9]66] &90 10]397 5]72]344 29]110 12]42] &91 7]008 1]30]064 2]285 81] &92 3]514 2]61]957 7]575 4]11]040 +blls ;g fu"d"kz fudyrk gs fd 19oha lnh ds vur esa Ñ"kd dk eq[; lk/ku Hkwfe muds gkfkksa ls fudyrh tk jgh FkhA ml le; ykmz dtzu Hkkjr ds ok;ljk; FksA mugksaus viuh jktlo o Ñf"k dh ç'kklfud fjiksvz esa myys[k fd;k fd Ñ"kd ds çfr ljdkj dk O;ogkj dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 124 dqn mnklhu nh[k im+rk gsa bl fjiksvz esa vkxs fy[kk fd vaxzstksa }kjk viuk;s x;s ik'pkr; dkuwu,oa dkuwu çfø;k leqnk; ds vfgr esa jgh gsa bl fjiksvz esa,d vfr egroiw.kz fvii.kh dh xbz Fkh] Þfdlkuksa dh Ñf"k Hkwfe cm+h rsth ls lkgwdkjksa] lwn[kksjksa] 'kgfj;ksa rfkk odhyksa ds ikl LFkkukUrfjr gksrh tk jgh gsa dbz {ks=ksa esa rks bl çfø;k us fodjky #i /kkj.k dj fy;k gsa bu yksxksa ds fy, dk'r tehu,d okf.kft;d iw ath gs] tcfd fdlkuksa ds fy, [ksrh Hkwfe jksth&jksvh dk ek/;e gsa bl Hk;adj çfø;k us rks lpeqp bl {ks= esa vkffkzd larqyu fcxkm+ fn;k gs rfkk xzkeh.k lekt esa,d lkekftd vkøks'k mriuu dj fn;k gsaß lkekftd U;k; ds ifjos'k esa fczfv'k vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ;g vuqhko gks x;k Fkk fd tks fczfv'k O;oLFkk viukbz xbz gs mles a fdlku lwn[kksjks ls dt+kz ysus ds ckn lnso 'kksf"kr jgsxka,d rks dkuwu brus tfvy Fks] ftls Hkksys fdlku dks le>uk cm+k dfbu Fkk] nwljs Hkwfe fxjoh j[kdj dt+z ysus ds ckn cfu;k] odhy vkfn lnso Qk;ns dh flfkfr esa gksrs FksA bl volfkk es a fdlku,d vlgk; cudj jg tkrk FkkA bruh rsth ls Ñ"kdksa ls vñ"kdksa dks Ñf"k Hkwfe dk LFkkukUrj.k gksus ls ljdkj dks,d jktusfrd ladv ds ladsr feyus yx x;s FksA fczfv'k ljdkj bl Hk;kog flfkfr ls fuivus gsrq mik; <w a<us es a dk;zjr gks pqdh FkhA ljdkj us 'kh?kz gh Hkw&gLrkUrj.k&1890 dkuwu cuk fn;k tks 8 twu 1901 ls çhkkoh gks x;ka bl dkuwu ls Hkh fdlku dh ihm+k o 'kks"k.k lekir u gks ik;k vksj og dt+ sz esa s ncrk pyk tk jgk FkkA vaxzstksa us fcuk flfkfr dk voyksdu Hkw&dj vksj vkfc;kuk es a o`f) dj nh ftlls fdlku dh vkffkzd flfkfr n;uh; curh pyrh xbza vk;z lekt ds çhkko ls iatkc esa Økafrdkjh ns'khkdrksa dk tue fdlku ifjos'k ls gksus yxka blls fdlku 'kks"k.k ds fo#) vkokt+ mbha ckds n;ky ds xhr & ^ixm+h lahkky vks têk &&* ;k ^ns[k jksaxvs [km+ s gks x;s ;k esjh Nkrh /km+ds] xjhc fdlku dh ftanxh D;wdj chrs ejds* us fdlkuksa esa vkrecy o vkreleeku dh Hkkouk tkx`r dj nh FkhA yk[kksa fdlkuksa us foæksg dk

65 jklrk pqu fy;ka fdlkuksa ds 'kks"k.k ds fo"k; esa dkaxzsl esa Hkh vkøks'k mrié gks pqdk FkkA cafde puæ pvthz us fdlkuksa dh n'kk dks lq/kkjus ds fy, dgk % ^;s os euq"; gsa tks nksigj dh rirh /kwi esa ilhuk&ilhuk gks jgs gsa rfkk?kkl&qwl o dkavsnkj >kfm+;ksa ds lkfk jsr esa lus 'kjhj ls,d&nks gkfk gks jgs gsaa bl dbksj okrkoj.k esa os nks csyksa dh tksm+h o mèkkj ds [kqvs gy ls nks lsj nkuksa ds fy;s lw[ks [ksr ls Qly mxkus esa tqvs gq;s gsaa D;k mlls os le`) gks tk;sxs\ eq>s csf>>d dguk im+ jgk gs & dhkh Hkh ugha] fcydqy ukeqefdua blls os dhkh Hkh le`f) dh v.kq Hkj Hkh ugha igqapus okys gsaa 26 yksdeku; fryd us 'kksf"kr Ñ"kd ds fgr esa s egkjk"vª ds dksda.k es a o"kz 1896 ds vadky ds fo:) vkokt mbkbza fryd }kjk fdlku la?k"kz us egkrek xka/kh ds 1918 ds [ks<+k rfkk ljnkj ivsy }kjk 1928 ds cnjksyh vkunksyuksa dks fn'kk funsz'k ns x;ka 27 fryd dh nwjnf'kzrk ls Ñ"kd mrfkku dh ygj dk fodkl gqvk ftldh Hkfo";ok.kh lu~ 1892 esa dkaxzsl lalfkkid g;we us dh FkhA 20oha lnh ds vkjehk esa gfj;k.kk dk lkekftd o jktusfrd usr`ro iwjh rjg vk;z lekft;ksa ij FkkA vaxzst ljdkj vk;zlekt ij dm+h ut+j jgus yxha vk;zlekt us viuk dk;zøe xq#dqy [kksydj vkxs c<+kuk 'kq# fd;k rfkk xzkeh.k ;qodksa dks viuh fopkj/kkjk ls çhkkfor fd;ka blls 1857 dh Tokyk /khjs&/khjs rst gksus yx xbz rfkk [kki iapk;rs a] tks fczfv'k gqdwer us fcydqy fuf"ø; dj nh Fkh] iqu% viuh Hkwfedk fuhkkus ds fy, mb [km+h gqbza efv.mw ¼lskuhir½ ds pksih#flag us Lokeh J)kuUn ds ijke'kz ij,d [kki iapk;r leesyu cqykus dk dk;zøe cuk;ka bles a pks- ekrwjke] pks- Hkheflag] pks- jktdyk tsls vk;zlekth Hkh tqm+ x;sa vksj vurr% cjks.kk xkao esa loz[kki iapk;r vk;ksftr djus dk fu.kz; fy;k x;ka jksgrd ds fmivh deh'uj bl leesyu dks vk;ksftr djus ds i{k esa ugha FksA vurr% dkqh ç;klksa ds ckn mugksaus bl egkiapk;r djus dh vuqefr bl 'krz ij ns nh fd ;gka dksbz jktusfrd çlrko ikfjr ugha fd;k tk;sxka bl dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 126 iapk;r dh rs;kjh djus esa dkqh le; yxk rfkk vurr% 7 ekpz] 1911 dks cjks.kk esa loz[kki iapk;r vk;ksftr gqbz] ftlesa 50 gtkj yksxksa us fgllk fy;ka bl iapk;r dh dk;zokgh dh fuxjkuh ds fy, ftyk iqfyl lqijbuvsumuv] rglhynkj rfkk iqfyl bulisdvj o lc&bulisdvj vkfn vf/kdkjh ekstwn FksA bl iapk;r esa dqy 28 çlrko ikl fd;s x;s ftues a çfke çlrko f'k{kk çlkj dk FkkA blh çlrko ds ifj.kkelo#i jksgrd esa 1912 esa tkv Ldwy [kksyk x;ka jksgrd ftys esa uoecj] 1917 esa ftyk dkaxszl dh LFkkiuk gqbz vksj pks- NksVwjke blds v/;{k cusa blls lfø; vk;zlekft;ksa us dkaxzsl ds lkfk tqm+dj jktuhfrd eap dks lqn`<+ dj fn;ka bl le; dkaxzsl esa fdlkuksa dh vkffkzd n'kk ij dkqh jks"k FkkA xka/kh th us dkaxzsl ds dydùkk vf/kos'ku&1920 ds çlrko ds vuqlkj vlg;ksx vkunksyu dh?kks"k.kk dj nha bl vkunksyu dks lfø; djus gsrq xka/kh th 8 vdrwcj] 1920 dks jksgrd i/kkjsa Hkw&dj u nsus ls fdlkuksa dks viuh Hkwfe ls gkfk /kksuk im+ ldrk FkkA bl fcanq ij pks- NksVwjke us dkaxzsl ls R;kxi= ns fn;ka o"kz 1920 esa iatkc dkåafly ds pquko ds fy;s pks- NksVwjke us pquko ym+k rfkk os pquko gkj x;sa 1923 esa mugksaus fqj pquko ym+k rfkk os ;g pquko thr x;sa blls iwoz lj&qty&,&gqlsu Hkh tks fd 1920 esa iatkc dkaxzsl desvh ds v/;{k Fks vlg;ksx vkunksyu ds eqís ij R;kxi= ns pqds FksA os nksuksa&lj&nksvwjke o Qty&,&gqlSu 1923 esa leidz esa vk;s rfkk leku fopkj/kkjk ds dkj.k ;wfu;fulv ikvhz dk xbu fd;ka iatkc dk fdlku ml le; dtz esa tdm+k gqvk FkkA o"kz 1921 es a iatkc ds fdlkuks a ij 90 djksm+ #i;s dk dtkz FkkA o"kz 1929 es a iatkc csfdax budok;jh fjiksvz ds vuqlkj ;g dtz+ c<+dj dksbz 135 djksm+ #i;s dk gks x;k FkkA blls dqn o"kksza ds i'pkr~ ;kuh o"kz 1932 esa bl dtz dk Hkkj 200 djksm+ #i;s dk gks x;k] ftlij çfro"kz C;kt dk Hkkj

66 a a 36 djksm+ #i;s dk FkkA ml le; iatkc dk Hkw&dj 4 djksm+ #i;s Fkk vfkkzr~ vdsyk okf"kzd C;kt Hkw&dj ls 9 xq.kk FkkA iatkc çksfoful;y csafdx budokjh desvh 1929&30 Hkkx&1 ds i`"b 10 o 129 ij fooj.k gs fd & ÞC;kt dekus dk O;olk; ;gka,d fo'kky dkj[kkuk gs rfkk iatkc esa ;g m ksx 60 gtkj yksx pyk jgs gsaaß pks- NksVwjke igyh ckj o"kz 1924 es a iatkc ea=heamy es a 'kkfey gq;s rfkk yxhkx <+kbz lky ea=h jgsa os o"kz 1937 es a iqu% ea=h cus rfkk blls iwoz mugks aus fueufyf[kr uks dkuwu ds fcyks a dk elksnk rs;kj dj fy;k Fkk] ftugs a dkuwu ds #i es a ikfjr djok fn;s & n iatkc jsxwys'ku vkwq,dkmavl,dv & 1929 n iatkc fjyhq vkwq bumsfcfmvsul,dv & 1934 n iatkc jftlvªs'ku vkwq euh ysmajt+,dv & 1936 n iatkc MsfcVsjt çksvd'ku,dv & 1936 n iatkc du'kksfyms'ku vkwq ysam,dv & 1936 n iatkc js'kvhp;w'ku vkwq eksvzxst ysam,dv & 1938 n iatkc foyst+ iapk;r,dv & 1939 n iatkc VªsMjt+,EiykbZt,DV & 1940 n iatkc,xzhdypjy çksmwl ekfdzv,dv & 1939 jktk ujsuæukfk] tks pks- NksVwjke ds jktusfrd fojks/kh Fks] ÞekMZu fjo;w&1939ß ds vad esa Þiatkc Ñf"k lq/kkj dkuwu rfkk mudk vkffkzd o laos/kkfud çhkko 'kh"kzd ls i`"b 30 ij çdkf'kr ys[k es a myys[k fd;k Fkk fd Þ70 gt+kj,dm+ fxjoh im+h Hkwfe bu lq/kkjksa ds vurxzr okil fdlkuksa dks pyh tk;sxha dksbz eqlyeku lwn[kksj o yxhkx nks yk[k fgunw o fl[k lkgwdkj bl tehu dks yksvk;saxsaß fdlkuksa dks mudh tehu tks 1901 ls Nhuh tk pqdh Fkh] okil feyus ds ckn muds u, thou dk lapkj gqvk vksj u;s lwjt dk mn; gksrs ns[kka vlg;ksx vkunksyu&1920 ls ysdj Lora=rk çkfir & 1947 rd gfj;k.kk dk fdlku pks- NksVwjke dh ;wfu;fulv ikvhz,oa dkaxzsl dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 128 ikvhz ds tqm+dj viuh vkgwfr;kw Lora=rk ds vkunksyuksa esa Mkyrk jgka dkaxzsl ikvhz ds lhkh vkunksyuksa esa gfj;k.kk dk fdlku vxz.kh cudj Hkkx ysrk jgka u tkus fdruh ckj ;gka ds fdlku tsy x;s] ;krukvksa dks lguk im+ka ijurq] Lora=rk vkunksyu dh lfø;rk ;gka iw.kz#i ls cuh jgha egkrek xka/kh us 8 vxlr 1942 dks cecbz esa ^Hkkjr NksM+ks* vkunksyu dk vkgoku fd;ka mugksaus vius Hkk"k.k esa vaxzstksa dks psrk;k & ÞeSaus viuh vurzvkrek dh bpnk dk vuqhko djus esa dkqh le; yxk fn;ka eq>s vius ns'kokfl;ks a dh lsok djus dk xksjo feyk tcfd mugks aus eq>s usr`ro djus dks dgka lsuk dh Hkk"kk es a usr`ro dks dekamj dgk tkrk gsa esa vkids lkeus,d dekamj ugha] cfyd,d uez lsod #i esa [km+k gw & pkyhl djksm+ Hkkjrh;ksa dh leiw.kz Lok/khurk gsrqa vksj bl dh mttoyk muds us=ksa esa vkuh gs & Lok/khurk dy ugha ijurq vkt vkuh gsaß bl ladyi ls gfj;k.kk esa u;s mrlkg dk Tokj çokfgr gqvk rfkk yksxksa us ÞHkkjr NksM+ksß dk mn~?kks"k fd;ka xka/kh th dh fxj rkjh ds i'pkr~ 9 vxlr 1942 ls Hkkjr Lora=rk laxzke ^djks ;k ejks* ds lkfk vkjehk gks x;ka leiw.kz jksgrd&lksuhir {ks= gm+rky ls çhkkfor Fkk rfkk Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa ds dkfqys fudy im+ sa jksgrd ds lka?kh xkao ls pks- j.kchj flag rfkk vu; muds lg;ksxh vkunksyu es a dwn im+ sa fhkokuh] fglkj] djuky] xqm+xkao vkfn lhkh LFkkuks a ij yksxks a us fxj rkfj;ka nha 30 ;g vkunksyu 1944 dks lekir gks x;k rfkk blls Lora=rk dh bckjr fy[kh xbza Hkkjr NksM+ks vkunksyu ds lkfk&lkfk usrk th lqhkk"kpuæ cksl }kjk xfbr Hkkjrh; jk"vªh; lsuk ¼vkbZ-,u-,-½ }kjk ^fnyyh pyks* vfhk;ku ds vurzxr fczfv'k QkSt ds fo#) ;q) NsM+ fn;ka vkbz-,u-,- es gfj;k.kk ds 2248 toku lfeefyr gq;s Fks] ftuesa ls ns'k dh vktknh ds fy, 273 'kghn gq;sa ; fi vkbz-,u-,- dk /ot yky fdys ij u Qgjk;k tk ldk ijarq] vktknh bl ;q) ls lehi t#j vk xbza Lora=rk vkunksyu ds bfrgkl dh leh{kk ls fofnr gs fd fnyyh ls lvs gfj;k.kk ds fdlkuksa dh Hkwfedk Lora=rk la?k"kz esa vfr egroiw.kz cuha

67 a bl 'kks/ki= ds vk/kkj ij fueufyf[kr egroiw.kz fcunqvks aij xgu fopkj&foe'kz djuk pkfg;s & 1- gfj;k.kk ds,sfrgkfld ;q)ksa & rjkom+h dh ym+kbz;ksa&1911 o 1912] ikuhir dh ym+kbz;ks a & 1526] 1556 o 1761,oa Lora=rk laxzke & 1857 dk ;q) {ks= jgk gsa buesa gfj;k.kk dh turk fo'ks"kdj] fdlku leqnk; dks dkqh {kfr mbkuh im+ha bu ij,sfrgkfld lkexzh,oa vu; fooj.k fhké&fhké ftyks a ds eq[;ky; ij miyc/k gs tks gfj;k.kk ds fdlku bfrgkl fy[kus es a dkqh lgk;d fl) gks ldrh gsa MsfYijay dh iqlrd ^n yklv eqxy* bl çdkj ds ç;kl ds fy;s çsj.kknk;d gks ldrh gsa vhkh rd gfj;k.kk dk bfrgkl v/kwjk gsa mlesa yksxksa dk bfrgkl ugha feyrka MsfYjaiy tsls bfrgkldkj gfj;k.kk ds fdlku bfrgkl ds ys[ku ea s dqrkgh cjrus ds fy;s ;gka ds bfrgkldkjksa dks lqlr bfrgkldkj dgdj dkslrs gsaa 2- 'kks/ki= esa lu~ 1857 dh tuøkafr ds lunhkz esa 51 xkaoksa dh fuykeh dk myys[k gqvk gsa bues a ls,d xkao jksgukr ¼fglkj½ gsa bl xkao ij esaus,d,sfrgkfld v/;;u fd;k gs] ftldk fooj.k vuqyxud&1 es a fn;k x;k gsa fuyke fd;s x, vu; xkaoksa dk Hkh bl çdkj dk v/;;u fd;k tkuk pkfg,a 3- ftu ck/kkvks a vksj ladvks a ds dkj.k fdlkuks a us Lora=rk vkunksyu esa lfø;rk ls Hkkx fy;k muesa Hkkjh Hkw&dj rfkk Hkw&dj fu;e] lkgwdkjksa }kjk 'kks"k.k] csxkjh] jsou;w fllve esa Hkkjh Hkz"Vkpkj rfkk Hkwfe lqj{kk tsls eqís FksA Hkwfe jftlvªs'ku dkuwu&1882 rfkk Hkwfe vf/kxzg.k dkuwu & 1894 ds vfrfjdr jktlo vf/kdkfj;ksa dk çhkko vkt Hkh fdlkuksa dks ijs'kku dj jgk gsa Hkw&O;oLFkk esa vkewy ifjorzu djus dh vko';drk gsa vkt Hkh ns'k esa 11 yk[k,dm+ tehu dk jdck eqdíeksa es amy>k im+k gsa ;g v/ ;;u iksfylh fjlpz dsuæ dkspph }kjk fd;k x;k gsa Vªkalisjalh buvjus'kuy ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; jsou;w ç'kklu gj o"kz 70 djksm+ dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 130 Mkyj dh fj'or cvksjrk gsa Hkkjr esa ysam ;wt,dv&1950 Hkh fdlkuksa ds fy;s vfhk'kki cuk gqvk gsa llrs nkeksa dh tehu [kjhndj ç'kklu dh feyhhkxr djds lh-,y-;w- cnydj tehu dk O;olk;hdj.k dj fn;k tkrk gsa o"kz 1947&2004 rd rdjhcu 6 djksm+ fdlkuksa dh tehu ls csn[ky fd;k tk pqdk gs] ftues a ls flqz 18 çfr'kr fdlkuks a dk iquzokl gks ik;k gsa fdlkuksa dks bu jktlo dkuwuksa us dkqh ladv esa Mkyk gqvk gs rfkk flfkfr fnuks afnu folqksvd gksrh tk jgh gsa vfure lseiy losz dh fjiksvz ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ds vkèks fdlku dtsz esa ncs gq;s gsa rfkk mudh vkffkzd flfkfr vktknh ls iwoz dh flfkfr tslh gks xbz gsa vr,o% xjhc fdlkuks a dk bfrgkl flqz fu/kzu bfrgkl ugha jguk pkfg,a gea s fdlku vkffkzd bfrgkl fy[kuk pkfg,a 4- Hkkjr ds Lora=rk vkunksyu dk bfrgkl cxsj fdlku vkunksyuks dh Hkwfedkvksa ds fy[kk x;k gsa oklrfod Lok/khurk vkunksyu dk bfrgkl fdlkuksa ds la?k"kksza dks tksm+dj jfpr djuk gksxka 5- lhkh fdlku vkunksyu] fgunw&fl[k eqlyekuks a dh,drk ds çrhd gsa rfkk bues a /kezfujis{k Lojks a dh 'kfdr dk ifjp; feyrk gsa ;s lhkh vkunksyu vkffkzd eqíksa dks ysdj pysaa blfy, o"kz 1857&1947 ds dky dk bfrgkl jktusfrd Lok/khurk,oa vkffkzd Lok/khurk dk la?k"kz FkkA gfj;k.kk dk bfrgkl blh Hkkouk ds vurxzr fy[kk tkuk pkfg,a 6- gfj;k.kk Hkkjr ds ekufp= ij lu~ 1966 esa vk;ka vktknh ls iwoz Hkh gfj;k.kk cu ldrk FkkA ijurq] pks- NksVwjke tsls jk"vªh; uk;dks a us bl çdkj ds ç;klks a ij fojke yxk fn;k FkkA eqflye yhx iatkc ds veckyk fmfotu dks fudkydj eqflye ckgqy iatkc ds xbu dh çcy i{k/kj FkhA blh çdkj vdkyh ny Hkh vktkn iatkc dh ekax dj jgk FkkA ykyk yktirjk; us Hkh iatkc dks nks Hkkxksa esa fohkkftr djus dh ekax dh FkhA gfj;k.kk

68 rfkk fnyyh {ks= ds dkaxszl usrkvksa us Hkh gfj;k.kk xbu dh ekax egkrek xka/kh ds le{k j[kh FkhA ijurq] budk fojks/k jk"vªh; fgr esa pks- NksVwjke djrs jgs FksA mugsa vk'kadk Fkh fd vktknh ds le; blds dkqh Hk;adj ifj.kke gekjs lkeus vkrsa bl lunhkz esa,d nlrkost vuqyxu&11 ds #i esa ;gk amiyc/k gsa 7- Hkkjr dk fohkktu gekjs Lora=rk vkunksyu dh lcls cm+h =klnh gsa,d djksm+ yksxksa dks fohkktu ds dkj.k folfkkiu dk ladv >syka 7 yk[k ls 20 yk[k rd dh ekuo gr;k,a gqbza bfrgkl bl ç'u ds mùkj dh çfr{kk es a gs fd ikfdlrku ds xbu ds fy, dksu jktusfrd 'kfdr;ka Fkh\ nhucu/kq NksVwjke ftuukg dh fohkktu dh ekax dks ges'kk fojke yxkrs jgs vksj mugksaus dhkh Hkh ftuukg ds /kkfezd muekn dks iatkc esa iuius ugha fn;ka 8- lu~ 1857 ds Lok/khurk laxzke esa gfj;k.kk çkar dh Hkwfedk vxz.kh FkhA dqn,sls,sfrgkfld rf; gekjs lkeus gsa fd nslh fj;klrsa & ukhkk] ifv;kyk] than] vkfn ;fn vaxzstksa dk lkfk u nsrh vksj gfj;k.kk fdlkuksa ds vkunksyu dks nckus esa lfø; u gksrh] rks Hkkjr dks o"kz 1857 esa gh vktknh fey tkrha lu~ 1857 ds tuøkkafr ds i'pkr~ gfj;k.kk dk fohkktu,oa dqn {ks= bl jkt; ds ukhkk] ifv;kyk o than fj;klrksa dks vaxzstksa }kjk migkj ds #i esa nsuk gfj;k.kk dh ikjaifjd fojklr dks?kkrd dj x;ka ukjuksy o dkuksm dh futker ifv;kyk fj;klr dks lqizn dj nh xbza 9- ges a lu~ 1857 ds Lora=rk laxzke dks dhkh Hkh bfrgkl ls vks>y ugha gksus nsuk pkfg,a 10 ebz] 1857 rfkk 15 vxlr 1947 nksuksa gekjs ns'k ds fy, egroiw.kz fnu gsaa nksuksa gh gekjs ioz fnol gsaa 15 vxlr dh Hkkafr gesa 10 ebz dks Hkh jk"vªh; fnol ds #i esa eukuk pkfg,a 10- gfj;k.kk Ñf"k vk/kkfjr lalñfr dks ekuus okyk çkar gsa blfy;s gfj;k.kk ds fodkl bfrgkl esa fdlku dh Hkwfedk,oa fdlku thou dks lkekftd 'kkl= ds vurxzr Ldwyksa ds ikb~;øe esa v/;;u gsrq lfeefyr djuk pkfg,a Ldwyksa esa ÞÑf"k,oa fdlkuß fo"k;,d vyx ls fo"k; Hkh gksuk pkfg,a References 1. Haryana D.C. Verma, Sukhbir Singh. National Book Trust of India The Last Mughal - William Dalrymple Penguin Veking 3. Gazetteer of India - Haryana State Gazetteer Vol. I, Suraj Bhan Dahiya. 4. Front Line - Magazine, June 29, Great Indians. Balraj Krishna Rupa & Co. 6. nfg;k Le`frA lwjthkku nfg;ka 7. Karnal District Gazetteer Hissar District Gazetteer Ambala District Gazetteer Rohtak District Gazetteer gfj;k.kk laokn & vxlr&flrecj] dypj,oa floykbzts'ku vkwq,ful,av bafm;k bu fglvksfjdy ykbzu & Mh-MhdlqEHkhA 13-,xzhDypjy fglvª vkwq bf.m;k & Mk-,e-,l- ja.k/kkoka 14- Lora=rk laxzke vksj gfj;k.kk & nsoh'kadj çhkkdja dk Lora=; lej & Mk- lrh'k feùkya dh Økafr esa gfj;k.kk dk ;ksxnku & txnh'k Hkkjrh] 7 ebz] 1989¼III½ & nsfud fvªc;wu] pamhx<+a 17- igys Lora=rk dks u Hkwys & 19 twu] 1997 & nsfud fgunwlrku & mfezys'ka 18- (a) Sir Chhotu Ram - Selected Speeches & Writings - Balbir Singh (b) Sir Chhotu Ram - In Thought & Deeds - Balbir Singh. 19. Two Nation Theory has bred practice of hatred :- M.J. Akbar - Times of India. dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 132

69 vuqyxu&1 jksgukfk ¼#gukFk½ &,d 'kghnh xk o Hkkjr dh Lora=rk dh dgkuh [kwu vksj vkalqvksa dh dgkuh gsa Lora=rk ;K esa Hkkjr ds çr;sd Hkkx esa thou vkgwfr;ka nh xbz] yk[kksa O;fDr;ksa us tsysa dkvh] gtkjksa ØkfUrdkjh Qkalh ds Qanksa ij >wys vksj lhus esa xksfy;k [kkb±a Hkkjh cfynku ds i'pkr~ ;g ;K iw.kz gqvk vksj ns'k dks LorU=rk feyha Hkkjr dh Lora=rk ds fy, tks çfke ;q) 1857 bz0 esa gqvk mldk mnkgj.k fo'o ds bfrgkl es a ugha feyrka ;g og le; Fkk tc vaxzst 'kkld lkjs ns'k ij viuk vf/kdkj dj ysuk pkgrs FksA bl ;q) esa ftl ohjrk ls egkjkuh >kalh] dqaoj lkgc] rkar;k Vksis] cgknqj 'kkg tqj vksj gfj;k.kk ds dbz xkao ym+ s mudh fe'kky ugha feyrha bl LorU=rk ds çfke ;q) us vaxzstksa dks lkspus ij foo'k dj fn;k Fkk fd fgunqlrku lnk ds fy, mudk xqyke ugha jg ldrka fgunqlrkuh Lora=rk dk eksy pqdkuk tkurs gsaa esa dsoy gfj;k.kk ds ml xk o dh xkfkk fy[kus tk jgk gw a ftlus LorU=rk nsoh dks çlé djus ds fy, viuk lcdqn U;ksNkoj dj fn;k FkkA ;g xk o #gukfk gkalh uxj ls nl ehy ds Qklys ij clk gqvk gsa lu~ 1857 bz- esa tc 11 ebz dks fnyyh esa igys LorU=rk laxzke dk vkjehk gqvk] ;g xkao fdlh çdkj ls Hkh ihns ugha jgka ;gka ds ØkafUrkfj;ksa dks cgknqj'kkg tqj dk vkns'kk fey pqdk Fkk] ftl ij bl 'kghn xkao vksj nwljs dbz xkaoksa us 29 ebz lu~ 1857 bz- dks 'kqøokj ds fnu vaxzstksa ij vkøe.k dj fn;ka lcls igys rks'kke ij vkøe.k gqvka fqj] nksigj ds ckn gkalh vksj fglkj ij geyk gqvka Økafrdkfj;ksa us ljdkjh [ktkuk ywv fy;k] tsysa rksm+ nh vksj dsfn;ksa dks Hkxk fn;ka bl fnu 12 vaxzst vqlj fglkj esa vksj 11 gkalh ea s ekjs x,a lcls vf/kd gkfu gkalh ds nsgkr dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 134 us igqapkbz FkhA blfy,] vaxzstksa us iyvu ua- 14 gaklh esa Hkst nh vksj vaxzst lsuk us Økafrdkfj;ksa ls fxufxu dj cnyk fy;ka iqëh eaxy[kku ij rksi yxkdj #gukfk xkao dks cqjh rjg ls Hkwu fn;k x;ka lsadm+ksa O;fDr ekjs x,a blds i'pkr~ xkao ds Økafrdkjh idm+ dj gkalh uxj esa yk, tkrs jgs vksj mugsa jksm #yj vfkkzr~ lm+d dh jksm+h dwvus okys batu ds uhps nsdj ihl fn;k tkrka tgka ;g vr;kpkjh dk;z gksrk jgk og lm+d [kwu ls yfkifk gks xbz ftl ij bldk uke yky lm+d im+ x;ka ;g lm+d vkt Hkh gkalh uxj ds chpksachp xqtjrh gs vksj yky lm+d ds uke ls çfl) gsa bl lm+d ij 'kghn xkao #gukfk ds,d uksank uke ds Økafrdkjh dks Hkh ihlk x;k vksj fcjm+nkl Lokeh dks rksi ls mm+k;k x;ka ukeywe fdrus vkneh ml ^jksm #yj* dh [kqjkd cusa bl lecu/ k esa ge muds uke rd ls ifjfpr ugha] D;ksafd va/kk/kqa/k idm+ gks jgh FkhA vr;kpkj vksj vkxs c<+rk gs ;g og le; Fkk tc ftyk fglkj ds fmivh dfe'uj felvj foy; [oktk FksA og #gukfk xkao dh Økafrdkjh ygj dks vpnh çdkj ls ns[k jgs FksA mugksaus rglhynkj gkalh dks 14 flrecj lu~ 1857 bzdks fy[kk fd eqdnek ua- 5 ds vuqlkj #gukfk xkao ckxh gks x;k gsa bl xkao ds ikl dqy fdruh /kjrh gs] bldh iwjh rqlhy Hksth tk, rkfd bl xkao dks tcr djus dh LohÑfr yh tk,a ftl ij rglhynkj us lkjh rqlhy rqjur Hkst nh] ftl ij lsøsvªh phq dfe'uj cgknqj iatkc us vius i= ua- 781 frffk 13 uoecj lu~ 1857 bz- ds vuqlkj nwljs dbz xkao ds lkfk #gukfk dk iwjk xkao uhyke djus dh LohÑfr ns nha bl le; fglkj esa bapktz ftyk/khu tujy fcu FksA bugksaus rglhynkj gkalh dks phq lsøsvªh iatkc ds i= dk gokyk nsdj #gukfk xkao dh uhykeh ds fy,,d ud'kk ¼fp=½ Hkstk] ftles a dqy /kjrh] dqy okf"kzd vkenuh] dqy ugjh /kjrh] dqy ckjkuh /kjrh] dqy dk'r] dqy ljdkjh Qhl vkfn rqlhy iwnh xbz FkhA ;g fp= 10 fnlecj lu~

70 1857 bz- dks Hkstk x;k Fkk ftls rglhynkj us rqjur Hkj dj Hkst fn;ka ftl ij ftyk/kh'k tujy fcu us fqyku'ky dfe'uj ls uhykeh dh rkjh[k gkfly dha uhykeh 'kghn xkao #gukfk dks uhyke djus ds fy, fquku'ky dfe'uj iatkc ds i= ua frffk 12 vçsy lu~ 1858 ds vuqlkj rk- 20 tqykbz 1858 fuf'pr gqbz vksj fuykeh ds fy, vkokt yxkbz xbza iwjs xkao dh /kjrh esa dsoy 13 ch?ks 10 fclosa /kjrh dks NksM+ fn;k x;k] ftl ij,d rkykc FkkA 'ks"k lkjh /kjrh uhyke dh xbza uhykeh dh fjiksvz esa ;g Hkh fy[kk gs fd tks o`{k vius vki mxs Fks] og Hkh uhykeh esa 'kkfey fd, x,a bl iwjs xkao dh cksyh nh rhu xkao ds yksxksa us feydj vkb gtkj,d lks #- rd nha dqy uhykeh dk pksfkk Hkkx nks gtkj ipphl #i, mlh le; nkf[ky [ktkuk fd;k x;ka bl xkao dks dqy 61 O;fDr;ksa us [kjhnk ftudk C;kSjk bl çdkj gs%& uke xkao [kjhnkjksa dh la[;k &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& mejk 29 lqyrkuiqj 20 egunhiqj 1 Hkxkuk 1 etkgniqj 4 dqy 61 [kjhnkj 'ks"k :i, uhykeh 6075 #- Hkh ckn esa ljdkjh [ktkuk esa nkf[ky gq, vksj [kjhnkjksa dks dctk fey x;ka vc bl xkao ds Økafrdkfj;ksa ij ladv dk igkm+ VwV im+k Fkk ftl ij dkqh O;fDr ;gka ls Hkkx x,a dbz O;fDr vaxzstksa us dry djk fn, Fks vksj bugsa ^ckxh* dgk tkus yxka budh lurku dks ckfx;ksa dh lurku dg dj iqdkjk tkrka iwjs 90 o"kz rd budh lekt esa vpnk LFkku u feyka buds fookg ej.k vkfn ij budks dkqh lkekftd dfbukbz;ksa dk lkeuk djuk im+rk FkkA Hkkjh dqjckuh ds ckn Hkkjro"kZ 15 vxlr 1947 bz- dks vktkn gqvk rks bl xkao us lq[k dk lkal fy;ka bugsa vk'kk gqbz fd vc budks /kjrh okfil fey tk,xh vksj xoz ds lkfk dg ldsaxs fd geus Hkh Lora=rk ds fy, [kwu fn;k gsa ns'k dks Lora= gq, 17 o"kz gks pqds gsaa ijurq] ;g xkao vkt Hkh ijru= gsa D;ksafd] vhkh rd bl xkao dh /kjrh okfil ugha feyha ;g lhkh ds lhkh fdlku gsa vksj csdkj csbs gsaa budh ekax gs fd ljdkj bugsa budh /kjrh okfil nsa buds cppksa dks f'k{kk vkfn dh lqfo/kk;sa rfkk Nk=o`fr;ka ns] rkfd vuqhko dj ldsa fd ge Hkh LorU= gsaa 1857 bz- ds LorU=rk laxzke esa ;g xkao fdlh çdkj ls Hkh ihns ugha jgka Hkkjr ljdkj dbz ckj?kks"k.kk dj pqdh gs fd 1857 bzds Økafrdkfj;ksa dh /kjrh vkfn okfil dh tk;sxha ijurq] vhkh rd buls U;k; ugha gqvka ;g mu Økafrdkfj;ksa ds uke tks viuh /kjrh cksrs Fks vksj bugsa ^ckxh*?kksf"kr djds lcdqn Nhu fy;k FkkA vksj /kjrh uhyke dj nh xbz FkhA ;g fylv fely cunksclr 1840 ls yh xbz gsa &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Øe uke firk dk uke tkfr &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1- Jh mneh Jh c['kh tkv 2- ^^ vkldj.k ^^ uhck & 3- ^^ cnjh ^^ c[k'kh ^^ dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 136

71 as 4- ^^ ckyk ^^ mnehjke ^^ 5- ^^ çse ^^ [kq'kgky ^^ 6- ^^ çse lq'o ^^ ihgyq ^^ 7- ^^ rqylk ^^ cksnhu ^^ 8- ^^ rhdq ^^ n;kjke ^^ 9- ^^ rsyfg;k ^^ ukuq ^^ 10- ^^ t;jke ^^ lsykn ^^ 11- ^^ td#j ^^ jfr;k ^^ 12- ^^ nhuk ^^ c[k'kh ^^ 13- ^^?ku'kke ^^ lkrdjke ^^ 14- ^^ jkefc;ku ^^ es;kjke & 15- ^^ jkelq[k ^^ c[k'kh ^^ 16- ^^ jkt#i ^^ jfr;k ^^ 17- ^^ ljcq ^^ n;kjke ^^ 18- ^^ gfjeq'r ^^ esg# ^^ 19- ^^ lnklq[k ^^ dyk ^^ 20- ^^ xtk ^^ irjke ^^ 21- ^^ fe;ksa ^^ c[k'kh ^^ 22- ^^ egde ^^ fujkl ^^ 23- ^^ cyyk ^^ usulq[k czká.k 24- ^^ flok ^^ Ntq ^^ 25- ^^ lkshkk ^^ usulq[k ^^ 26- ^^ Hkksgjh ^^ usulq[k ^^ 27- ^^ gjuun ^^ ekst ^^ 28- ^^ g#ey ^^ eksyk ^^ 29- ^^ t;ksuk ^^ eatkj jkaxm+ 30- ^^ fnykoj ^^ vcckl ^^ 31- ^^ jlksyk ^^ rkyk ^^ 32- ^^ ldjfg;k ^^ flyok ^^ 33- ^^ çse {kq[k ^^ flyok tkv tehnkj 34- ^^ ch# ^^ uksok jkaxm+ 35 ^^ dkyk cksyk nkjku ^^ çlkn ^^ dfkk Lojkt 138 uksv % blds vfrfjdr ^^'kkeykr nsg^^ vksj ^^fdlku dnhe^^ dh /kjrh Hkh uhyke dh xbz FkhA ;g gs a ek#lh fdlku ftudh /kjrh Hkh uhyke gqbz FkhA ;g fylv Hkh fely cunksclr 1840 bz- esa yh xbz gs & &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Øe uke firk dk uke tkr &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1- ^^ cgyq ^^ Vgyq pekj 2- ^^ ch# ^^ cgyq pekj 3- ^^ tlq ^^ lk/kq pekj 4- ^^ ft;k ^^ ekguk /kkud 5- ^^ equhj ^^ nhik /kkud 6- ^^ lqtky ^^ fcgkjh egktu 7- ^^ lnklq[k ^^ jks'ku ^^ 8- ^^ ektk ^^ fgewn /kkud 9- ^^ dlyk ^^ fgewn /kkud 10- ^^ dunsyk ^^ ekydk pekj 11- ^^ nhuk ^^ [kq'kkyk pekj 12- ^^ ekepun ^^ fla?kk pekj 13- ^^ elkfu;k ^^ ghjk /kkud 14- ^^ eyk ^^ [kq'kgky pekj 15- ^^ elkfu;k ^^ lsvks pekj 16- ^^ les# ^^ ld# rsyh 17- ^^ 'kd# ^^ 'kd# rsyh Hkkjr dks Lora= gksus ds i'pkr~ ;gka ds Økafrohjks a dh ihf<+;ks a us uhyke dh xbz viuh Hkwfe dks iqu% çkir djus gsrq la?k"kz djuk vkjehk dj fn;ka muds lrr ç;kl lqy gksrs nh[ks tc fglkj ftys ds fmivh deh'uj us 12&12,dM+ ds 57 IykV flracj] 1966 es a 'kghnks a ds ifjokjks dks forfjr djus dh ;kstuk dks vfure #i ns fn;ka rrdkyhu iatkc

72 a ljdkj us bl ;kstuk dks eatwjh ns nha ijurq] uoecj 1966 es a gfj;k.kk vflrro es a vk x;ka mijksdr ;kstuk dks fø;kuo;u djus dk nkf;ro vc gfj;k.kk ljdkj dk FkkA ijurq] uksdj'kkgh us bl ;kstuk dks fqj BaMs clrs es a Mky fn;ka 1970 esa pks- calhyky tc gfj;k.kk ds eq[;ea=h Fks] rks mugksaus Økafrohjksa ds ifjokjksa ds 175 lnl;ksa dks tehu dk eqvkotk nsus dk fu.kz; fy;ka dqy eqvkots dh jkf'k yk[k #i;s dh vuqekfur dh xbza ijurq] ljdkj us çkjfehkd 1-25 yk[k #i;s dh jkf'k gh forfjr dha 'kghnh ifjokjksa ds lnl;ksa us iqu% pks- nsohyky o Jh Hktuyky tc os eq[;ea=h Fks] 'ks"k eqvkots dh jkf'k nsus dk vuqjksèk fd;ka 12 twu 1993 dks gfj;k.kk ljdkj us bl dsl dks vfure #i ls fcuk fdlh eqvkots fn, can dj fn;ka bl çdkj Økafrohjks a ds ifjokj ds leeku ij ljdkj us dm+k vk?kkr igqapk;ka vkt ;g bfrgkl dk dkyk v/ ;k; cudj jg x;k gsa gfj;k.kk vktknh ls igys cu tkrk rks lwjthkku nfg;k dgrs gsa] bfrgkl dks iyvk rks ugha tk ldrk ijurq] ;fn gfj;k.kk vktknh ds igys cu tkrk rks ns'k dks Hkkjh dher pqdkuh im+rha rrdkyhu iatkc es a 1937 ls ysdj 1947 ds chp dbz?kvuk,a gqbz ftudk çr;{k,oa ijks{k #i ls veckyk fmohtu ij Hkh cgqr çhkko im+ka ;gka ds fuokfl;ksa esa ;g ckr gksrh jgrh Fkh fd,d,slk çns'k cus ftles a orzeku gfj;k.kk ds vfrfjdr nsgyh,oa esjb fmohtu dk bykdk Hkh 'kkfey gksa bl fn'kk esa LoxhZ; ykyk ns'kca/kq xqir vksj dbz vu; usrkvksa us dksf'k'k Hkh dha 9 fnlacj 1932 ds fgunqlrku VkbEl esa ns'kcu/kq xqir dk,d odro; çdkf'kr gqvk Fkk] ftlesa vu; ckrksa ds lkfk&lkfk mugksaus ;g Hkh dgk& ^Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa dhkh Hkh veckyk dk {ks= iatkc dk fgllk ugha jgka ;g bykdk gj fygkt ls iatkc ls dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 140 fcydqy vyx&fkyx gsa bls iatkc ds lkfk rks vdkj.k gh urfkh dj fn;k x;k( D;ks afd iatkc dk viuk xbu Hkh rks vfuf'pr ifjflfkfr;ks dk gh ifj.kke gsa ;gka dh Hkk"kk] lalñfr] bfrgkl] jgus&lgus dk <ax vksj jhfr&fjokt iatkc ls fcydqy fhké gsaa veckyk fmohtu iatkc ls fdruk vyx Fkk] bldh iqf"v,d ljdkjh fjiksvz ls Hkh gksrh gs tks 1921&22 esa ^ysam vkwq Qkbo fjotz* ds 'kh"kzd ls çdkf'kr gqbz FkhA fjiksvz ds vuqlkj ^ftl bykds dks veckyk fmohtu dgrs gsa] og Hkk"kk] /kez vksj tkfrxr xq.kksa ds dkj.k fgunqlrku ds T;knk fudv gsa ;g,d vyx ckr gs fd bls jktuhfrd #i ls iatkc dk,d fgllk ekuk tkrk gsa* iafmr Jhjke 'kekz us viuh iqlrd ^gfj;k.kk dk bfrgkl* esa fy[kk gs fd vxlr 1931 esa xksy est+ dkwuýsal ea s 'kkfey gksus ds fy, tc xka/ kh th f'keyk ls,d fo'ks"k jsyxkm+h esa lokj gksdj cacbz tk jgs Fks rks gfj;k.kk ds usrkvksa us fnyyh ds ikl xka/khth ls HksaV dh vksj muls vuqjks/k fd;k fd os vyx gfj;k.kk çkar cukus dh flqkfj'k djsaa ;s usrk Fks& ia- usdhjke] yk- ns'kcaèkq vksj ia- Jhjke 'kekza xka/khth dk mùkj Fkk fd çkarks a ds iquxzbu dk ekeyk Lora=rk çkfir ds ckn gh mbk;k tk ldrk gsa blls igys Hkh,dckj ;g ç'u mbk FkkA lkbeu deh'ku vk;k rks mlds le{k iatkc fo/kku ifj"kn~ dh vksj ls,d fjiksvz is'k dh tkuh Fkh] ftls rs;kj djus ds fy, lj fldanj g;kr [kka vksj pks- NksVwjke vksj dqn vu; egkuqhkko ukekafdr fd, x,a desvh ds eqlyeku lnl; pkgrs Fks fd pks- NksVwjke veckyk fmohtu dks iatkc ls vyx djus dh ekax çlrqr djsaa pks/kjh lkgc le>rs Fks fd tc rd gfj;k.kk,d vyx çkar ugha cu tkrk] ;g bykdk finm+k gh jgsxka ysfdu] lkaçnkf;d flfkfr dks le{k j[krs gq, mugsa ;g Hkh vglkl Fkk fd veckyk fmohtu dh iatkc ls vyx djus dk eryc gksxk iatkc es a jgus okys vyila[;d fganw leqnk; dh flfkfr dks eqlyeku cgqla[;d leqnk; ds eqdkcys esa vksj detksj dj nsuka pks/kjh NksVwjke ds 'kcnksa esa& ^veckyk fmohtu dks iatkc ls vyx djus dk vfkz gksxk iatkc dks eqflye cgqy çkar cuk nsuk] ftldk

73 Hk;adj ifj.kke ;g gksxk fd iatkc,d eqflye jkt; cu tk,xk vksj blls Hkkjr dks,d cm+k /kddk yxsxka os gfj;k.kk ds,d vyx çkar cukus ds rdz dks rks Lohdkj djrs Fks ysfdu] vyxkooknh fqjdkijlrksa ds gkfkksa esa [ksyuk mugsa Lohdkj ugha FkkA ;g,d,sfrgkfld rf; gs fd eksgeen vyh ftuuk dks vxj fdlh us iatkc ls vlqy vksj fujk'k yksv tkus ij etcwj fd;k rks os Fks pks/kjh NksVwjkeA vxj felvj ftuuk vius bjkns es a dke;kc gks tkrs rks 'kk;n orzeku iatkc dk lkjk bykdk ikfdlrku esa gksrk vksj bldh jkt/kkuh ykgksj gksrha lj fldanj g;kr [kka dh e`r;q ds i'pkr~ ;wfu;fulv ikvhz dk usr`ro efyd f[ktj g;kr [kka us lahkkyka ijarq] os jktuhfrd n`f"v ls iw.kzr% pks- NksVwjke ij fuhkzj jgs vksj ftuuk ds ncko esa ugha vk,a pks/kjh NksVwjke us eqflye yhx ds çksisxamk dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, ;wfu;fulv ikvhz vksj tehankjk yhx ds dbz cm+ s vksj lqy tyls eqlyeku cgqy bykds if'peh iatkc vksj fganw cgqy {ks= gfj;k.kk esa djk, vksj laiw.kz iatkc esa dgha Hkh eqflye yhx ds ikao ugha fvdus fn,a 9 tuojh 1945 dks pks- NksVwjke py clsa ftuuk Hkkai x, Fks fd vc iatkc es a mudk eqdkcyk djus okyk dksbz ugha jgka efyd f[ktj g;kr [kka dks xíh ls gvkus vksj iatkc ij dctk tekus ds fy, iatkc Hkj es a naxs&qlkn djok, x,a* vktknh ds dkqh le; ckn rd gfj;k.kk vyx jkt; ugha cu ik;ka yacs la?k"kz ds i'pkr~ 1966 esa ;g vflrro esa vk;ka ijarq] bldk vkdkj iwoz gfj;k.kk ¼tks 1857 esa Fkk½ ds eqdkcys,d&frgkbz gh gsa myys[kuh; gs fd lùkk glrkarfjr djus gsrq vk, dsfcusv fe'ku us 8 ebz 1947 dks dkaxzsl vksj eqflye yhx ds le{k Ldhe, vksj Ldhe ch uked nks çlrko j[ks FksA Ldhe,,dhÑr Hkkjr vksj Ldhe ch ns'k ds fohkktu ls lac) FkhA pks- NksVwjke dh miyfc/k;ksa vksj O;fDrRo dks ns[krs gq, dgk tk ldrk gs fd ;fn os thfor jgrs rks fullansg Ldhe, gh ykxw gksrha ;gh dkj.k gs fd Hkkjrh;,drk vksj v[kamrk dh n`f"v ls pks/kjh NksVwjke ds vdlekr fu/ku dks vkt bfrgkldkj,d cm+h VSªtsMh eku jgs gsaa ;g Hkh lkq gs fd pks- NksVwjke gfj;k.kk dk dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 142 xbu vktknh ls igys gh djok ysrsa ijurq] mugks aus ns'k o iatkc ds fgr esa gfj;k.kk ds vflrro esa vkus ls jksds j[kka bfrgkl dks iyvk rks ugha tk ldrk ijarq] ;fn gfj;k.kk vktknh ds igys gh cu tkrk rks ns'k dks bldh Hkkjh dher pqdkuh im+rha fdlh Hkh çns'k ;k mlds [k.m dk,sfrgkfld,oa lkalñfrd ys[kk&tks[kk çlrqr djus ls iwoz mldks ml le; dh lhek o flfkfr dks tkuuk vko';d gsa vkt dk ftyk thun LorU=rk iwoz fj;klr thun dh utker ds uke ij mldk,d Hkkx jgk gsa thun ds çkphu bfrgkl dk viuk xksjo gsa ;g fj;klr Qqyfd;ka LVsV ¼ifV;kyk] ukhkk vksj thun½ esa nwljh Js.kh esa vkrh gsa bldh jkt/kkuh lax#j cgqr nwj gksus ls ç'kklu dh n`f"v ls bldks lax#j] nknjh rfkk thun rhu Hkkxksa ea s ckavk x;k] ftugsa utker dgrs Fks vksj bldk ç'kkld ukfte gksrk FkkA thun LVsV dk tue 18oha 'krkcnh ds vur esa jktk xtir flag }kjk gqvka lu~ 1763 bz- es a xtir flag us ljfgun ds gkfde thu [kku ftldks vgen'kkg vcnkyh yksvrs le; nqjkzuh dks xozuj fu;qdr dj x;k Fkk] ds fo#) ym+kbz dh rfkk fot; çkir djus ls thun] lqhnks a] ckthniqj] djuky o ikuhir dk bykdk bugs a çkir gqvka ijurq dqn le; i'pkr~ fnyyh ds ckn'kkg dks [kjkt u ns ldus ds dkj.k ckthiqj] djuky rfkk ikuhir buds gkfk ls fudy x;ka ijurq] vkxs pydj dqn dkj.kksa ls ukhkk ls ;q) fnm+us ij lax#j buds vf/kdkj esa vk x;k] ftlls thun ds LFkku ij lax#j dks jkt/kkuh cuk;k x;ka thun LVsV ds jktk Lo#i flag us vqxkuksa ds fo#) vaxzstksa dh lgk;rk dh rfkk fe=o'k djuky ds dqn xkao vaxzstksa dks nsdj egyka] eksm+ka rfkk?kkcnk ds dqn xkao cnys esa ys fy;s( tks lax#j jkt/ kkuh ds fudv im+rs FksA thun LVsV dh lsukvks a us lu~ 1857 dh tuøkafr ¼xnj½ ea s ifv;kyk] ukhkk dh lsukvksa ds lkfk feydj vaxzstksa dh lgk;rk dha thun lsuk ds tujy dkgu flag dh ns[k&js[k esa d'ehjh xsv ls fnyyh es a lozçfke ços'k fd;ka budh lgk;rk ds dkj.k gh

74 a a vaxzstksa us fnyyh dks çkir fd;ka blh thr dh [kq'kh esa vaxzstksa us nknjh dk {ks= thun dks] ukjuksy o egsuæx<+] ifv;kyk dks rfkk ckoy rfkk dkavh ds xkao ukhkk LVsV dks fn;s vksj thun ds jktk Lo#i flag dks egkjktk dh inoh nsdj [kjkt ysus cun dj fn;sa bruk gh ugha cfyd] mudks 17 rkiksa dh lykeh Hkh nh xbza osls rks méhloha lnh ds iwokz)z esa gfj;k.kk çns'k ds la?k"kksza ds lkfk gh bl LVsV dh dgkuh Li"V gksus yxrh gsa vaxzstksa ds "km+;a=ksa ds çhkkoksa us ;gka ds LokfHkekuh yksxksa dks pquksrh nh\ jkt'kkgh 'kklu ds ladsr ij ukpus ds dkj.k] xzke&lojkt; dks Hkax djus dh pky] turk ij Hkkjh djksa ds dkj.kksa us ;gka ds yksxksa dks l'kl=&økafr esa dwnus dks etcwj dj fn;ka tsls fd Hkkjr ds LorU=rk laxzke ds iwoz dqn,sls dkj.k cus] ftugksaus yksxksa a dks foæksg djus dks foo'k dj fn;k( ftls vaxzstksa dh vikj 'kfdr ls Hkh nck;k ugha tk ldka fj;klr thun ds xkao ytokuk ds yksxksa dks Hkh jktk ds fo#) gffk;kj mbkus ij foo'k gksuk im+ka ;g ekeyk bruk tksj idm+ x;k fd bldks nckus ds fy, jktk thun dks ifv;kyk] ukhkk dh fj;klrksa ds lkfk&lkfk vaxzstksa ls Hkh lgk;rk ysuh im+ha ;g?kvuk lu~ 1854 dh gs] tc thun ds jktk mùke flag ds eqag yxs rglhynkj daojlsu 'kkeyks dyka xkao ds vunj viuk njckj yxkdj xkao okyksa ls xkyh&xyksp ls is'k vk;sa ytokuk xkao ds uecjnkj ^Hkwjk o fuxkbz;k* dks ;g lgu ugha gqvka mugksaus viuh iqjkuh nq'euh Hkqykdj la?k"kz dh Hkkoh ;kstuk dk #i ns fn;ka vxys fnu rglhynkj daoj lsu vius veys ds lkfk tc xkao ytokuk vk;k rks pksiky es a Hkwjk o fuxkbz;k uecjnkj ogka miflfkr ugha FksA bl rglhynkj us tehuks a ds QSlys lqukus dh ctk;s] lkjs xkao dks xkfy;ka nsuh 'kq# dj nh rfkk vu; dbz çdkj ls Hkh jktlh jksc fn[kk;ka xkao ds ukstokuksa us vkøks'k esa vkdj rglhynkj dks ekj dj dkyh nsoh ds eafnj ds çkax.k esa] mldks ljdkjh dkxtks a lfgr tyk fn;ka dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 144 bl?kvuk dh lwpuk thun ds jktk mùke flag ds ikl igq pus ij vkns'k vksj vogsyuk ds [ksy us ekspkzcanh dk #i ys fy;ka xkao vksj QkSt dk N% ekl rd ;q) pyrk jgka vurr% ukhkk] ifv;kyk rfkk vaxzstksa dh lsu; lgk;rk vkus ij xkao okyksa us xkao NksM+dj vu; dgha pys tkus esa gh HkykbZ le>ha vkt Hkh bl xkao ds N% vu; xkao vkckn gsaa dgrs gsa fd bl ym+kbz esa xkao dh L=h;ksa us Hkh c<+&p<+dj Hkkx fy;k rfkk,d ym+dh Hkksyh us vn~hkqr ohjrk fn[kkdj,d gh fnu es 18 QkSft;ksa dks eksr ds?kkv mrkj dj ikuh fi;ka Hkkjr ds Lora=rk&laxzke dk bfrgkl bl ckr dk xokg gs fd fj;klr thun ds yksxka s us Hkh vius fglls dk [kwu cgkus esa ladksp ugha fd;k gsa lu~ 1857 ds Lokra=;&lej ds le; idm+ s x;s ;gka ds 45 Økafrdkfj;ksa dks,d gh fnu esa o`{kksa ij yvdkdj thun ds fdys ds lkeus Qkalh ns nh xbza thun 'kgj d eksgyyk dkuwuxks ds fuoklh rfkk fudvorhz xksgkuk esa dk;zjr mn;jke rglhynkj us ebz 1857 esa lqhnksa {ks= ds xkao,apjk dyka esa lfø; 45 Økafrdkfj;ksa dks ikuhir ds,d vaxzsth vf/kdkjh dh lgk;rk ls lqhnksa esa rsukr iqfyl ds ek/;e ls idm+ok fn;k FkkA vaxzstksa us mn;jke rglhynkj dks yqf/k;kuk esa vfrfjdr fmivh deh'uj fu;qdr djds 50 #i;s çfr Økafrdkjh ds fglkc ls 2250 #i;s ds bzuke dh?kks"k.kk Hkh dh FkhA vkt Hkh ;gka ds Økafrdkfj;ksa dh,slh?kvuk,a gsa] tks mtkxj ugha gqbz gsaa eysjdksvyk ds lkdk ¼'kghnh?kVuk½ esa 17 o 18 tuojh] 1872 bz- esa Hkh fj;klr thun ds dbz uke/kkjh flgksa ¼flD[kksa½ us rksi ds lkeus Nkrh rku dj xoz ls viuh tku funkoj dh gsa çkir fjdkmz ds vuqlkj 92 'kghnksa esa ls 7 yksx thun LVsV ds fuoklh FksA dsoy uke/kkjh leqnk; gh ugha vfirq iwjs jk"vª dks gh bu 'kghnksa ij xoz jgsxka jtokm+ksa dh la?k"kz&xkfkkvksa esa thun] ukhkk o ifv;kyk fcydqy vyx iafdr es a [km+ s gsaa ijurq] tu&vkunksyu us ftl rhoz xfr ls y{; çkir fd;k] og vius vkiesa folej.kh; gsa lu~ 1857 dh tuøkafr dh

75 s a foqyrk ds ckn] ogka ds tuekul us jtokm+k'kkgh o nksgjh xqykeh dks vius ij dyad ekuka yksgk# dk xksyh dkam vksj thun] ukjuksy o ckoy dh la?k"kz xkfkk jk"vª ds xksjo dk fryd gsa Hkkjr ds ckgj ym+ Lok/khurk laxzke esa gfj;k.kkokfl;ksa dh lqhkk"k puæ cksl dh vktkn fgun QkSt ¼vkbZ-,u-,-½ esa gfj;k.kk ds 2317 vqljksa o lsfudksa esa ls 349 lsfud thun ds Hkh FksA fczfv'k lsuk esa HkrhZ tokuksa dks tkikfu;ksa }kjk dsn dj fy;s tkus ij lqhkk"k puæ cksl o tkikuh 'kkldksa dh lfu/ k gks tkus ij os lhkh vaxzstksa ds fo#) lejkax.k esa vk MVsA bu 53 vqljksa o 296 lsfudksa us thun LVsV ds uke dk xksjo c<+k;k gsa bl ;q) esa dke vk;s 55 lsfud o vqljksa esa ls buækt ysf VuSaV xkao fuejk;rh] dughjke flikgh xkao fdyk tqjx<+] xaxk lgk; fenkjhokyk xqfjyyk flikgh] punxh jke] xksih jke goynkj] thr flag flikgh xkao vysok] n;kuun ykaluk;d xkao <kalk lhkh ohjxfr dks çkir ¼ds uke½ fo'ks"k Lej.kh; gsaa Lora=rk vkunksyu esa Hkkjrh; jk"vªh; dkaxzsl us vf}rh; dk;z fd;ka ijurq] mldk dk;z{ks= vaxzst vf/kñr Hkkjr gh jgka bldk lh/ kk lk vfkz gs fd ns'k dk 35 çfr'kr rfkk tula[;k dk 20 çfr'kr Hkkx gh lh/kk mlds leidz esa vkrk Fkk vksj lelr Hkkjr dh turk dkaxzsl }kjk fd;s x;s dk;ksza ls çhkkfor FkhA ns'kh fj;klrksa ds yksx dkaxzsl tslh fdlh lalfkk dh deh vuqhko dj jgs FksA lks] ;gka ds yksx mùkjnk;h ljdkj o vu; lq/kkjksa dh ekax ds fy;s laxfbr gksus yxsa og vius laxbu dks ^çtke.my* ;k ^çtkifj"kn* dk uke nsdj] lu~ 1927 esa cecbz esa çfke vf/kos'ku vk;ksftr djus esa lqy gq,a tsls fd igys crk;k x;k gs fd nksgjh xqykeh ns'kh fj;klrksa ds fy;s vfhk'kki rks Fkk gh] blds vfrfjdr ogka çxfr] fodkl] yksd&dy;k.k vkfn dk ukeks&fu'kku rd ugha FkkA vaxzstksa dh n;k ij csbs jktk vaxzst HkfDr ds vfrfjdr nwljk jkx ugha tkurs FksA og çtk dks ekuo&vf/kdkjksa tslh lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr djus esa viuk xksjo rfkk vaxzstksa ls lqj{kk le>rs FksA og çtk }kjk dh xbz djc) çkfkzuk dks Hkh dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 146 foæksg dh lakk ns nsrs FksA buds ikl lsu; 'kfdr de rfkk ç'kklfud {kerk ux.; gksus ij Hkh dbksjrk vf/kd FkhA vaxzst laj{k.k gksus ds dkj.k bu 'kkldks a ds ikl lsuk rfkk iqfyl de gh Fkh] cfyd lqj{kk jkf'k lsuk o iqfyl lsok dh ctk; O;fDrxr [kpksza esa vf/kd dh tkrh FkhA ml le; ds ns'kh 'kkld og pkan ugha Fks] tks lw;z ls çdk'k ysdj turk dk ekxz n'kzu dj 'khryrk çnku djs aa os rks dsoy og vkdk'k&mydk,a Fkh] tks dsoy mrikr gh isnk dj ldrh FkhA,df=r gksus ij bugsa foæksgh djkj nsdj dsn dj fy;k tkrk Fkk] buds ifjokjksa dks Hkh lrk;k tkrk FkkA jktk dk uke gh ng'kr FkkA thun jkt; esa rks fujijk/k yksxks a dks tsy es a Mkydj N%&N% eghus rd rks iwnk Hkh ugh atkrk Fkk fd rqegkjk vijk/k D;k gs\ ltk fdruh yach gksxh] bldk dkuwu ugha] mudk vlarqfyr foosd gh gksrk FkkA mijksdr fo"k;ksa dks ysdj cecbz vf/kos'ku esa xgurk ls fopkj fd;k x;ka vurr% ;kstuk,a cukdj ns'kh fj;klrksa esa ^çtke.myksa* dh LFkkiuk dh xbza thun jkt; esa çtke.my dh LFkkiuk lu~ 1938 esa galjkt jgcj }kjk lax#j esa dh xbza tc vf[ky Hkkjrh; çtkifj"kn~ ds lg;ksx ls vk;ksftr yqf/k;kuk çtke.my leesyu esa ia- tokgj yky usg# i/kkjs rks tyls esa muds Hkk"k.kksa ls çhkkfor gksdj gh ;g ix mbk;k x;k FkkA 'kh?kz gh mldh 'kk[kk,a jkt; dh vu; futkersa thun o nknjh es a Hkh LFkkfir gks xbza lu~ 1857 ds ckn ;gk ads Lora=rk çsfe;ks us 50 o"kksza ls Hkh de le; esa turk dks tkx`r dj fn;ka Lokeh jkeñ".k ijegal] vk;z lekth lq/kkjd Lokeh n;kuun rfkk egkrek xka/ kh us çdk'k&iqut dk dk;z fd;k( buds fopkjksa ls yksx f'kf{kr gksdj tkx`r gq,a çtke.my dk tuøkafr dk viuk xksjoe;h bfrgkl gsa vkjfehkd dky esa budh csbdsa vius jkt; ls ckgj gh gksrh FkhaA / khjs&/khjs vkreleeku tkx`r gksus yxk] Hk; de gqvk rks çtke.my ds tyls&tywl vkfn muds vius jkt; esa gksus yxsa thun esa blds

76 vkjfehkd tyls ;k vk;kstu dk gky lquus ds lanhkz esa çr;{knf'kz;ksa dk dguk gs fd tyls ds fy;s dqn ckal&cfyy;ksa dh vko';drk FkhA çca/ kd ckal foøsrk ds ikl x;s] rks mugksaus ckal nsus ls budkj dj fn;k] ijurq dgk fd ge ckal jkf= dks esnku esa QSad nsaxs( lks vki mbk ysuka ;g Li"V gs fd mu yksxks a dh lgkuqhkwfr vk;kstdks a ds lkfk rks Fkh] ijurq os jktk vksj iqfyl ls Hk;Hkhr FksA mijksdr ;g lc ckrsa ogka [km+k Fkkusnkj pkan flag lqu jgk Fkk] mldks jktk o vaxzstksa ls?k`.kk gqbz rfkk og xqir #i ls çtke.my dk lefkzd o lgk;d cu x;ka mijksdr?kvuk ds çr;{kn'khz Fkkusnkj nqxkz çlkn] lh-vkbz-mhflikgh dqunu yky ¼iwoZ fo/kk;d½ o ia- ds'kks jke flikgh lh-vkbz-mh- ¼iwoZ esustj] Hkkjr flusek thun½ jgs gsaa bu yksxks a ls feyus ij irk pyk fd bl?kvuk ds çhkko ls rfkk ns'kçse dh Hkkouk ls thun LVsV ds eq[;ea=h xaxk jke dksyk] taxykr fohkkxk/;{k ghjkflag fpukfj;k rfkk ghjkpun xksm+ ¼ytokuk fuoklh½ tt vkfn Hkh çtke.my ls iw.kz lgkuqhkwfr j[krs FksA fugky flag r{kd rfkk cukjlh nkl xqirk çtke.my ds çeq[k lalfkkid jgsa jk"vªh; Lrj ij bl vkanksyu dh tku&çk.k iêkfhklhrkjes;k Fks] tks egkrek xka/kh ds nk;ka gkfk dgykrs Fks rfkk budh gkj xkaèkh th dh gkj ekuh tkrh FkhA Lora=rk çkfir ij bugha dh ns[kjs[k esa çtke.my dk foy; dkaxzsl ikvhz es a gqvka iêkfhklhrkjes;k Lora=rk çkfir ds ckn çfke dkaxzsl v/;{k Hkh jgsa nknjh futker fj;klr thun ds Lok/khurk dh çeq[k dsuæ jgh rfkk ogka ls çfrf"br yksxksa us Hkh Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa dks dkqh lg;ksx fn;ka j?kquunu fej] ia- elíh yky] yk- QdhjpUn] equ'khjke] bz'ojpun tsu] fjniky flag fnysfj;k] uun fd'kksj] jke Hkxr xqirk] Lokeh fxj/ kkuun rfkk jkethyky ckxyk dk çtke.my ls xgjk laca/k jgka tgka rd ns'kh jktkvksa dk laca/k gs] thun ujs'k j.kchj flag us vu; jkt;ksa dh vis{kk uehz ls dke fy;ka ogka cgqr igys gh dkuwu lkt+ vlsecyh dh ekax Lor% iwjh dj nh xbz Fkh o vu; dbz lq/kkjksa ij dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 148 iwjk /;ku j[kk x;ka ijurq] buds lk/ku cgqr lhfer FksA blds lkfk&lkfk dezpkjh ds v;ksx; o Hkz"V gksus ls çhkko cgqr cqjk jgk] tks dqn Hkh gqvk vi;kzir FkkA fo'ks"kdj jhtsalhdky esa bldk çhkko vpnk ugha jgk vksj çtke.my dks la?k"kz djuk im+ka çtke.my us laos/kkfud vf/kdkjksa o vu; lq/kkjksa ds lkfk&lkfk fgunw&eqflye,drk] esytksy rfkk lkekftd tkx`fr ds vfrfjdr dkaxzsl }kjk pyk;s x;s lhkh vkunksyuksa esa Hkkx fy;k vksj vusdksa ckj buds dk;zdùkkzvksa us tsy dkvha Jh txnh'kjk; irfkjokyk dks 1932 esa tsy Hkst fn;k x;ka tgka ls os #X.k volfkk esa e`r çk; ckgj vk;sa fugky flag r{kd dks Hkh jkt; NksM+us dk vkns'k gqvka bl laxbu us vius dks vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij ys tkus dk ç;kl fd;k rfkk jk"vªh; Lrj ds usrkvksa dks thun cqyk;s tkus dh ;kstuk cukbza vu; jkt;ksa ds usrkvksa dk thun vkuk tkuk rks jgrk gh FkkA blh lunhkz esa,dckj Kkuh tsy flag ¼iwoZ jk"vªifr½ dks cqyk;k x;ka budk tylk VkÅu gky ds lkeus j[kk x;k ¼ftles a igys ls dgha ckal okyh?kvuk?kvh Fkh½A bldk lqy vk;kstu dka'khjke dkyk rrdkyhu lfpo us fd;ka mudh lknxh] yxu o dezbrk dh rlohj ns[krs gh curh FkhA ;g dsoy ykyvsu dh jks'kuh esa gh bèkj&m/kj tk jgs FksA bl laxbu us o"kz 1944&45 ds vdky esa cm+k gh ljkguh; dk;z fd;ka ftlds QyLo#i ;g laxbu yksdfç; gks x;ka thun ç'kklu us çtke.my ls fuivus ds fy, nqk&46 uke ds dkuwu dk bruk ç;ksx fd;k fd bl nqk ls cppk&cppk ifjfpr gks x;ka fj;klrksa ds yksx lk/ku leié ugha FksA vius dk;ksza ds fy, os tyls&tywlks a ds fy, pknj fcnkdj nku ysrs FksA budk lnl;rk 'kqyd pkj vkuk çfro"kz rfkk vu; voljksa ij nks vkus] pkj vkus ds lg;ksx ds vfrfjdr vkvk] nky rfkk?kh vkfn ekax ysrs FksA ;g Hkh Lej.k gs fd mijksdr pkj vkus esa,d vkuk çkarh; Lrj ij rfkk,d vkuk dsuæh; eq[;ky; dks tkrk FkkA ijarq] yksxksa dks isls ekaxus dh flfkfr fodv jgrh FkhA nqk&46 dk yksxks a dks vkrad Fkk rfkk blhfy,

77 yksx Hkh Mj ds ekjs ugha nsrs FksA vdky ds fnuksa esa yksx tsy tkuk mfpr le>rs FksA D;ksafd] ogka Hkw[ks ejus ls nky&jksvh rks fey tkrh FkhA ijarq] le; cny x;ka jktk dh nqk&46 dk Hkwr Hkh yksxksa ds fnyksfnekx ls mrjus yxk vksj dqn nkuh ns'khkdrksa }kjk bl lalfkk dks dhkh xqir rks dhkh [kqys #i ls foùkh; lgk;rk nh tkus yxha ;kuh yksxksa esa cgu lr;korh] c`tñ".k pkunhokys o Ñ".kk us;j ¼eækl½ vkfn ds uke myys[kuh; gsaa ;g yksx thun esa çtke.my ds fy, fnyyh ls isls nsrs FksA fqj] jks>yk fuoklh /kukjke ikapky tsls yksx lalfkk ds fy, fhk[kkjh cuus ds fy, rs;kj FksA vhkh rd ;g irk yxk gs fd /kujke ikapky ds?kj çtke.my dh jlhnsa] muds ifjokjokyksa us ukle>h ds dkj.k] dqn le; iwoz gh u"v dj nh gsaa lu~ 1946 esa than ljdkj us fo/kkulhkk dh LFkkiuk vksj vke fuokzpu dh?kks"k.kk dha ijarq] ernku ds vf/kdkj lhfer gh j[ks x,a çtke.my us ernku dk cfg"dkj fd;k vksj jkt; ij tksj Mkyk fd og gj O;Ld dks er nsus dk vf/kdkj nsa tuvkanksyu dk lapkyu çhkko iw.kz <+ ax ls djus ds fy, pks/kjh ghjk flag fpukfj;k dks ç/kku pquk x;ka pquko tc fcydqy flj ij vk x;s rks LVsV ihiyt dkaxzsl us Hkh vuqjks/k djds pquko esa Hkkx ysus dk fu.kz; fd;k x;ka pquko gqvk vksj nknjh ls ghjkflag fpukfj;k rfkk cukjlhnkl xqirk fo/kku lhkk ds fy, fufozjks/k pqus x,a mugha fnuksa Jh jkeñ".k xqirk ykgksj esa LVqMSVal dkaxzsl ds dk;zdùkkz FksA igys ds yksx ckf.k;k e.my ds uke ls Hkh bls iqdkjrs FksA,d ikvhz ds vxz.kh estj vehj flag rfkk nwljs pks- nyflag jkejk; jgs gsaa vkxs pydj bu nksuks a dk foy; ml le; gqvk tc bl ukjs us tksj idm+k Þfj;klr thun dks rksm+ saxs 'ks"k dks Hkkjr ls tksm+ saxsß o tkxks Hkkjrokfl;ks] rqe 'ksjksa dh larku gksa bu ukjksa dks cqyun djus esa nsoh n;ky'kekz] jkelo#i vksj dbz yksxksa dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgka dqn le; ckn os nsohn;ky 'kekz dkaxzsl lsokfkz iqu% fnyyh pys x,a dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 150 çtke.my dh nwljh Hkkjh ehfvax lax#j esa gqbz] ftlesa çlrko ikfjr fd;k x;k fd ea=h e.myh; ljdkj esa tuçfrfufèk Hkh gksaa blds i{k esa,d vksj ehfvax nknjh esa j[kh xbz ftlesa vk'kk ls vf/kd yksx 'kkfey gq,a bl cm+h?kvuk ls?kcjkdj jktk us othjtknk vtk;c flag dks nknjh HkstkA ijarq] çtke.my us mlls feyus ds fy, budkj dj fn;ka iqu% jktk us fourh #i es a cqyk;k rks Jh cukjlhnkl xqirk] ykykjke o pks- nyflag jktk ls feyus thun x;sa bl chp esa than LVsV dks LI"V crk;k x;k fd LVsV dk rks foy; gh gksxka vki bls ekus rks Bhd] ugha ekus rks tuvkunksyu gksxka bl fo"k; ij fdlh xqir LFkku ij csbd gqbz vksj vkanksyu dh frffk Hkh fuf'pr dh xbza,dckj LVsV ds ç/kkuea=h us ia- usg# ls iwnk & ÞD;k fj;klr thun esa lekukurj ljdkj gsaß rks mugksaus mùkj fn;k & gk ] eq>s irk pyk gs fd ogka,slh ljdkj gsaaß lekukurj ljdkj dk jktk egrkc flag dks cuk;k x;k gs ftuds lg;ksxh ';ksdj.k ek.myh rfkk egk'k; eulk jke nknjh cus gsaa tc bl vkanksyu us iw.kz tksj idm+k rks pks- Hkys flag] iafo'oukfk] ck- dkywjke dks vpkud jkr dks idm+ fy;k x;k vksj lax#j tsy Hkst fn;k x;ka Jh cukjlh nkl xqir] pks- ny flag o os nsohn;ky 'kekz us rhu ekl rd xkao&xkao?kwedj tuvkanksyu dks rst fd;ka ftlds çhkko ls dsuæ ds funsz'k ij lhkh fjgk dj fn;s x;sa 10 uoecj] 1946 dks Jh ghjk flag fpukfj;k ds lhkkifrro esa çtke.my dk,d Hkkjh okf"kzd vf/kos'ku nknjh esa gqvka 'kgj esa nqk 144 ykxw gksus ij Hkh yxhkx 30 gtkj yksxksa us bl vf/kos'ku esa Hkkx fy;ka egkjkt ls ;g çlrko fd;k fd jktlùkk vuqùkjnk;h eaf=;ksa ds gkfk ls ysdj turk dks lksaih tk;sa 16 lnl;ksa dh,d ^dksafly vkwq,dlu* cukbz xbz] ftlds fuokzfpr fmdvsvj gq;s Jh ghjk flag fpukfj;ka 28 flrecj] 1946 dks iwjh fj;klr esa ^Mk;jsDVj,Dlu fnol* euk;k x;ka txg&txg frjaxs >ams ygjk;s x;s vksj yksxksa dks vlg;ksx vksj ukxfjd vokk djus ds fy;s çsfjr fd;k x;ka

78 a 26 uoecj] 1946 dks lax#j esa dksafly vkwq,dlu dh vksj ls fj;klr dks jkt; ljdkj us pks- ygjh flag dks eftlvªsv ds vf/kdkj nsdj dksafly ds lnl;ksa dks fxj rkj djus ds fy;s HkstkA ijurq pksygjh flag Lok/khurk lsukfu;ksa dks fxj rkj u djds] Lo;a Hkh çn'kzu esa 'kkfey gks x;s vksj frjaxk >amk vius gkfk esa lehkky fy;ka jkt; ljdkj ds nks vksj çfrfuf/k Jh f'ko dqekj vksj Jh lkxjnùk 'kekz Hkh ns'khkdrksa esa vk feysa jkt; ljdkj tu'kfdr dk,slk fojkv #i ns[kdj?kcjk xbza 17 fnlecj] 1946 dks flfkfr dh xahkhjrk dks le>rs gq;s egkjktk us,d Qjeku ds }kjk rrdkyhu eq[;ea=h Jh xaxkjke dksyk dks fj;klr ls rqjur pys tkus dh vkkk nh vksj jkt; dk LFkkbZ fo/kku cuus rd Jh eksgeen lkfnd dks fj;klr dk fnoku fu;qdr djds Jh ghjk flag fpukfj;k rfkk Jh fugky flag r{kd dks vius eaf=e.my esa ys fy;ka vçsy] 1947 es a Xokfy;j es a ^vf[ky Hkkjrh; LVsV~l ihiyl dkaýsl* dk vf/kos'ku gqvk] ftles a Jh ghjk flag fpukfj;k] fugky flag r{kd] cukjlhnkl xqir rfkk Jh egrkc flag lfeefyr gq;sa lu~ 1947 ds e/; es a thun jkt; us Hkkjr dh ^lafo/kku lhkk* es a 'kkfey gksus dh?kks"k.kk dj nh] ftldk jkt; çtke.my us Lokxr fd;k vksj ;g vk'kk O;Dr dh fd 'kh?kz gh thun jkt; es a mùkjnk;h ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sxha 15 vxlr] 1947 dks jk"vª Lok/khu gqvk vksj cm+ s jtokom+ks a es a mùkjnk;h ljdkj LFkkfir gksus dh?kks"k.kk gqbz( ijurq fj;klr thun es a rc rd,sls ix ugha mbk;s x;sa 10 Qjojh] 1948 esa thun çtke.my dh vksj ls?kks"k.kk dh xbz fd vc egkjktk dk ^oskkfud 'kkld* Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk;sxka Hkkjr ljdkj ls çlrko fd;k x;k fd fj;klr dks rksm+dj fglkj ftys esa lfeefyr fd;k tk;sa bl volj ij gtkjksa yksxksa us,df=r gksdj egkjktk ds fo#) ukjs yxk;s &Þfj;klr dks rksm+ sxs] fglkj esa tksm+ saxsaß 21 Qjojh] 1948 dks Jh fugky flag r{kd vksj 24 Qjojh dks est+j vehj flag rfkk ygjh flag dks fxj rkj dj fy;k x;ka blls flfkfr vksj folqksvd gks xbza nknjh ds,sfrgkfld nqxz dks 26 gtkj yksxksa us?ksj fy;ka 25 Qjojh] 1948 dk fnu thun jkt; ds iru dk,sfrgkfld egro j[krk gs] tc fojkv leqnk; us Jh egrkc flag dks viuk jktk vksj jkeñ".k xqir dks nknjh dk ukfte ¼fMIVh deh'ku½ fu;qdr dj lekukurj ljdkj dh?kks"k.kk dj nh vksj xqykeh dk tqvk QSad MkykA vktkn fgun QkSt ds estj jktk jke dks nknjh dk dksroky cukdj] lhkh ljdkjh Hkouks a ij dctk dj fy;k x;ka m/kj] ck<m+k Fkkus dks ogka ds yksxksa us?ksj fy;ka Fkkusnkj us gffk;kj Mky fn;s vksj bl rjg bl lehiorhz {ks= esa jtokm+k'kkgh ds fpug fev x;sa ;g,sfrgkfld vfgalkred vkunksyu 15 fnu pyk x;k rfkk fj;klr ds ukfte dks viuh fxj rkjh dk Hk; gks x;k vksj mlus fj;klr ls lqj{kk ekaxha,slh folqksvd flfkfr esa jkt; dk 'kkld oxz?kcjk x;k vksj fj;klr ds eq[;ea=h] ljnkj cyyhkhkkbz ivsy ls tkdj feysa ljnkj cyyhkhkkbz ivsy ds foy; ds çlrko dks egkjktk thun vksj LVsV ds eq[;ea=h us rqjur eku fy;ka ;g lc gksus ij MkWDVj iêkfhklhrkjes;k vksj pks- j.kchj falag laosèkkfud lhkk ds lnl; eq[;ea=h dks lkfk ysdj nknjh vk;s vksj fojkv tuleqnk; ds lkeus thun jkt; ds foy; dh?kks"k.kk dha 25 ebz] 1948 dks fj;klr thun dk isilw es a foy; dj fn;s tkus ds le>ksrs ij glrk{kj gq;sa bl rjg ;gka ds Lok/khurk lsukfu;ksa vksj LokfHkekuh turk ds laxfbr ç;klks a ls ijk/khurk lnk ds fy;s,d chrs ;qx dh xkfkk cu xbza lgk;d iqlrdksa dh lwph & dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 152 & & Lok/khurk laxzke vksj gfj;k.kk] nsoh'kadj çhkkdj] mes'k çdk'ku] fnyyha nslh&fj;klrksa esa Lok/khurk laxzke dk bfrgkl] jktsuæ yky gkamk] LVfyZax ifcy'ktz ¼çk-fy-½ fnyyha

79 & & & & & & & & xtsfv;j vkwq b.m;k gfj;k.kk] thun] thrjke jaxk ¼lEiknd½] gfj;k.kk xtsfv;jl vkwjxsukbzts'ku] p.mhx<+a ÝhMe ewoes av bu gfj;k.kk,.m dkaxzsl] ç qeu flag &,l-ih- 'kqdyk] gfj;k.kk çns'k dkaxszl desvh] p.mhx<+a esjs lkr tue Hkkx 2&3] galjkt jgcj] ok.kh çdk'ku] ubz fnyyha gfj;k.kk dk bfrgkl] MkW- Ñiky puæ ;kno],l-çeksn,.m deiuh] tkyu/kja gfj;k.kk bfrgkl,oa lalñfr Hkkx 1&2 ds-lh- ;kno] euksgj ifcy'ktzl,am fmlvªh] ubz fnyyha gfj;k.kk ds Lokra=rk lsukuh]jhjke 'kekz]gfj;k.kk Lora=rk lsukuh lfefr] jksgrda Lora=rk laxzke esa ftyk jksgrd dk ;ksxnku] jke flag tk[km+] ftyk Lora=rk laxzke lsfud lfefr] jksgrda lfrxq# fcykl] Hkkx igyk ¼iatkch½ leiknd tlfouæ flag] uke/kkjh njckj] Jh HkS.kh lkfgc] yqf/k;kuka dfkk Lojkt 154 gfj;k.kk esa 1857 &MkW0 egsunz flag] bfrgkl fohkkx] n;kuun ih0th0 dkwyst] fglkj Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa 1857 egt,d?kvuk ugha gs cfyd Hkkjrh; lakld`fr fojklr] thou ewy;ksa rfkk fczv'k vksifuosf'kd O;oLFkk ds ra= dks le>us dk,d egroiw.kz vk/kkj Hkh gsa 1857 bz- ds tu fonzksg ds fofhkuu i{kksa,oa vk;keksa dks le>us ds fy, Hkkjr esa rfkk ckgj cms+ Lrj ij ys[ku dk;z gqvk gsa blds ckn Hkh vhkh cgqr ls fo"k;] {ks= o vk;ke,sls gsa tgka i;kzir 'kks/k ugha gqvk gsa orzeku gfj;k.kk ds ckjs esa Hkh ;gh dgk tk ldrk gsa 1857 bz- esa fnyyh bl {ks= dk fgllk,oa ftyk FkhA ;g vaxzstksa ds fy, csgn egroiw.kz Hkh FkhA vr% fnyyh fu;u=.k djus ds fy, vaxzstksa dk lokzf/kd la?k"kz orzeku gfj;k.kk ds {ks= esa gqvka bl 'kks/k i= esa bl tu fonzksg ds fofhkuu i{kksa dks gfj;k.kk ds lanhkz esa le>us dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gsa 1857 bz- dh bl?kvuk esa gfj;k.kk {ks= dh Hkwfedk dkqh vf/ kd gsa gfj;k.kk dk {ks= vaxzsth lkezkt; dk fgllk ejkbk usrk nksyr jko flfu/k;k dh ijkt; ds ckn 30 fnlecj 1803 bz- dks lthz vtzu xkao dh lfu/k ds rgr cuka bz- ls 1857 bz- rd gfj;k.kk {ks= dh fj;klrs jkfu;k ¼lu~ 1818½] veckyk ¼lu~ 1824½] ccsy ¼lu~ 1838½] dsfky ¼lu~ 1843½] pyyksnh ¼lu~ 1844½] ykmok ¼lu~ 1845½ o gyykj ¼lu~ 1850½ vaxzstks }kjk iw.kz:i ls vaxzsth lkezkt; esa feyk nha tcfd fjokm+h] Q:[kuxj o cyyhkx<+ ¼lu~ 1805½ o NNjksyh ¼lu~ 1818½ fj;klr ds vf/kdrj fglls dks vaxzstksa us gm+i fy;ka 1857 bz0 esa tu&fonzksg ds izkjehk gksus ds bl le; ;g {ks= veckyk] Fkkus'oj] ikuhir] fglkj] fnyyh] jksgrd o xqm+xkao ds uke ls 7 ftyksa esa fohkkftr FkkA 2 buesa ls veckyk o Fkkus'oj ftys iatkc izkur dk fgllk Fks tcfd vu; ikap ftys vkxjk izkur esa fnyyh fmohtu ds fgllk FksA bl le; ;gka cgknqjx<+] cyyhkx<+] nwtkuk] Q:[kuxj] >Ttj]

80 yksgk:] ivksnh] cqfm+;k] NNjksyh] thun] djuky] fqjkstiqj f>jdk o dqutiqjk izeq[k fj;klrs FkhA 3 ;s fj;klrs dgus dks LorU= Fkh ijurq oklro esa ;s vaxzsth O;oLFkk ds izhkko esa FkhA 1803 bz0 esa ;g {ks= caxky izkur es tksm+k x;k] rri'pkr 1833 bz0 ds pkvzj }kjk vkxjk izkur ds cuus ds mijkur ;g {ks= bl u, izkur dk fgllk cu x;ka 4 vaxzsth 'kklu dks izkjehk ls gh yksx?k`.kk dh utj ls ns[krs FksA blfy, vaxzstksa ds fo:) ;gka vkunksyu gq, ftlesa csjh ¼>Ttj½ ds fdlkuksa dk fonzksg ¼lu~ 1823½ o esoks dk fonzksg ¼lu~ 1835½ eq[; FksA 5 esoks us rks vius usrk 'kelqn~nhu ds usr`ro esa] djhe [kka eso ds lg;ksx ls fnyyh ds iz'kkld fofy;e Ýstj dh gr;k dj nha blds fy, bu nksuksa esoksa dks 1835 bz0 esa Qkalh dh ltk nh xbza vaxzstksa ds fo:) vlurks"k dk ;gka eq[; dkj.k mudh jktusfrd dk;ziz.kkyh] lkekftd&vkffkzd thou esa glrk{ksi rfkk dj,df=r djus ds fy, viukbz xbz i)fr ^egkyokm+h* FkhA tsls gh Hkkjr ds vu; fgllks fo'ks"kdj caxky vkehz esa pchz okys dkjrwlksa ds dkj.k csjdiqj] esjb o fnyyh esa?kvuk,?kvh] osls gh ;g {ks= Hkh vaxzstksa ds fo:) HkM+d mbka bl {ks= ds uokcksa] tehnkjksa] d`"kdks] etnwjksa] efgykvksa o cppksa us [kqy dj blesa fgllk fy;ka /kez] tkfr] laiznk;] {ks=] /kuh&fu/kzu fdlh Hkh rjg dk HksnHkko vkil esa fd, fcuk os ym+s rfkk viuh dqckzfu;ka nhaa vaxzstksa o LFkkuh; yksxksa ds chp ;g la?k"kz yxhkx 6 eghus rd pyka vaxzstksa us bls cm+h cczjrk ds lkfk dqpy fn;k] ftlds?kko vkt Hkh fofhkuu {ks=ksa esa yksxksa dh tqcku ls lqus tk ldrs gas,oa miyc/k fjdkmz esa <wa<s tk ldrs gasa 1- mùkjh gfj;k.kk 1857 bz- dh?kvuk ds igys 'kghn eaxy ikams; dks 8 vizsy 1857 bz- dks Qkalh fn, tkus ds ckn ;g lekpkj Hkkjr dh yxhkx lhkh Nkofu;ksa esa igqap x;k Fkk fd Hkkjrh; lsuk esa iz;ksx ykbz xbz cunwdks esa ftu dkjrwlksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gs mues xk; o lwvj dh pchz iz;ksx dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 156 gksrh gs rfkk vaxzst bu dkjrwlks dk iz;ksx gj dher ij pkgrs gsaa blls lsfudksa es vlurks"k dh Hkkouk yxkrkj c<+us yxh] ftldk O;kid izhkko veckyk esaa?kfvr ekpz o vizsy 1857 dh?kvukvksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gsa bu?kvukvksa esa vf/kdrj?kvuk, vkxtuh dh FkhA 6 ;g / ;ku jgs fd veckyk Nkouh bl {ks= esa lcls cm+k cunwd ijh{k.k dsuæ Hkh FkkA ;gka lsfud vaxzst fojks/kh ckr&phr o dk;zokgh ij yxkrkj ckr djrs jgrs FksA 5oha isny lsuk ds flikgh 'kke flag us flikfg;ksa dh xfr&fof/k;ksa dh tkudkjh veckyk ds fmivh dfe'uj QksjflFk dks nha blh rjg dh ckr estj eqjsz us cktkj es lsfudks dks vkil esa ckr djrs gq, lquk fd tynh gh vaxzstks dks fu'kkuk cuk;k tk;sxk o cm+s Lrj dk drys vke gksxka vaxzstksa us Åijh rksj ij ;g fn[kkus dk iz;kl fd;k fd mugs dksbz Hk; ugh gs ysfdu bl ckr dh lppkbz tkuus ds fy, iqfyl tkap dks t:jh dgk x;ka tujy,p0 cukzm us iqfyl tkap ds vkns'k nsrs gq, Li"V fd;k fd turk dks bl ckjs crk;k u tk,] ijurq TokykukFk dksroky QksjflFk dks tkudkjh nsus okys 'kke flag dks fgjklr esa ysdj gj rjg dh lwpuk dks,d= djsa Tokyk ukfk us 8 ebz 1857 dks tujy,p0 oukmz dks bl ckjs esa fjikszv nh fd "km;u= xgjk gsa 7 Tokyk ukfk dh fjiksvz dks dek.mj & bu & phq dks Hkst fn;k x;ka ijurq mlus bls egro ugh fn;ka nwljh vksj ;gka LFkkuh; vaxzst vf/kdkjh lpsr vo'; gks x;s FksA mugksus Nkouh ls xqtjus okys ;kf=;ksa] Qdhjksa rfkk lsfudks dh xfrfof/k;ksa ij yxkrkj utj j[kha 10 ebz dks izkr% tc vaxzst ppz esa x, gq, Fks ml 60 oh jsthesav ds lsfud csjdks dks [kkyh djds,df=r gq, rfkk mugksus xksyk ck:n ij fu;u=.k esa ysdj ;wjksih; vf/kdkfj;ksa dks cunh cuk fy;ka dqn nsj ckn 5oha isny lsuk Hkh muds lefkzu esa vk xbza vaxszth?kqm+lokjksa us mugs?ksj fy;ka bl rjg nksuksa vksj ls flfkfr dkqh folqksvd FkhA vaxzstks us 5 oha o 60oh jsftesuv ds lsfudksa dks 'kl=ghu dj fn;ka 8 bl chp dqn lsfud ogka ls fudyus esa lqy gks x,a mugksus dlksyh dk

81 [ktkuk ywvk] ftlesa mugs :0 feysa vaxzstksa us vkxkeh dqn le; lqj{kk esa xqtjka ftys ds nhokuh vnkyr lfgr lhkh dk;kzy; cun dj fn, x, rfkk oqknkjksa dh yxkrkj lhkk, vk;ksftr dh] mugs fofhkuu rjg ds izykshku fn, x,a veckyk esa fu;fer xfrfof/k;ka 19 ebz ls izkjehk gks ik;ha bz- ds tu&fonzksg dk jk"vªh; Lrj ij dsunz fnyyh FkkA 11 ebz 1857 bz- ls ysdj 15 flrecj 1857 bz- rd bl ij ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dk vf/kdkj jgka bl nksjku fnyyh esa lsuk ds dekamj bu phq c[r [kka ds lg;ksxh ehj ea'kh jtc vyh }kjk ckn'kkg dks lg;ksx nsus okys {ks=ksa o usrkvksa dh lwph cukbz xbza blls Li"V fd;k x;k fd fnyyh ls 38oha] 54oha o 7oh buqsuvªh ds 300 toku o 6 rksis] efkwjk dh pksfkh dsoyjh ds 200 toku] 44 oha o 67 oha usfvo buqsuvªh ds 100 toku fnyyh igqapsa blh lwph ds vuqlkj gfj;k.kk {ks= dh gkalh ls gfj;k.kk pksfkh dsosyjh ds 400] >Ttj ls 300] nknjh ls 200 rfkk cyyhkx<+ ls 100?kqM+lokjksa us fnyyh dh lqj{kk o fot; izkir djus esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkbza 10 fnyyh dh lùkk ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds gkfkksa esa jgus dh tkudkjh nsus okys fofhkuu nlrkost bl ckr dks Li"V djrs gsa fd fnyyh dks lqjf{kr j[kus ihns gfj;k.kk dh Hkwfedk egroiw.kz FkhA bl fo k; ij vaxzsth iz'kklu Hkh bl ckr ij tksj nsrk gs fd fnyyh ij fu;u=.k djus ls igys blds rhu eq[; izos'k ekxksz ¼lksuhir] ikuhir o djuky ekxz] fljlk] fglkj o jksgrd ekxz] fjokm+h o xqm+xkao ekxz½ ij fu;u=.k djuk t:jh gsa ebz] twu o tqykbz 1857 bz- ds fnuksa esa yxkrkj cjlkr gksus ds dkj.k ;equk unh esa ck<+ vkbz gqbz Fkh ftlds dkj.k fnyyh ;equkikj iwohz {ks= ls dvk gqvk FkkA bl rjg dwvuhfrd n`f"v ls gfj;k.kk {ks= dks dkcq esa j[kuk vaxzstks dh etcqjh gks x;h Fkh] tcfd izkjehk esa mugksus ;g {ks= 'kj.k LFkyh ds :i esa iz;ksx esa fy;ka veckyk o fnyyh dh?kvukvksa ds pyrs gq,] buds chp ds {ks= dh xfrfof/k;ka cgqr egroiw.kz FkhA bl {ks= esa Fkkus'oj] dsfky] ikuhir 157@Lojkt dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 158 o lksuhir ds [k.m izeq[k eq[; :i ls vfr lfø; FksA 11 bu {ks=ksa dh?kvuka, vkil esa Hkh tqm+h gqbz Hkh gsa rfkk vyx&vyx Hkh gsa ftl le; fnyyh esa ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us lrrk LFkkfir dh rks ml drys vke esa ikuhir dk U;k;k/kh'k esdfogjvj Hkh ekjk x;ka fjpmzlu ml le; ogka mi DySDVj FkkA mlus ekspkz lahkkyk o {ks= dks 'kkur djus dh fn'kk esa dk;z fd;ka ikuhir esa ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk dsuæ cqvyh 'kkg dyunj dh njxkg FkhA bl Hkkx esa leky[kk o uksyfkk {ks= ds fdlkuksa us fonzksg djds ljdkj dks dj nsus ls euk dj fn;ka ;gka cyk] vlu/k] tyekuk] mjykuk [kqnz] Mkpj] lkyou br;kfn xkoksa us vaxzstks ds fo:) gffk;kj mbk fy;sa 12 djuky dqutiqjk o thun ds 'kkldksa us [kqydj vaxzstks dk lkfk fn;ka 13 vaxzst bu 'kkldksa dh la;qdr lsuk ds lkfk Hkh vklkuh ls bu {ks=ksa dks fu;fu=r ugh dj ik,a vaxzstksa us neu dh uhfr viukrs gq, vluèk o cyk xkoa dks vkx yxk nh rfkk vu; xkaoksa ds yksxksa dks Hk;Hkhr djus ds fy, rksiksa ls xksys cjlk, x,a bl rjg ls dyunj 'kkg dh isu'ku 1950 :i;s ls?kvkdj 1000 :i;s dj nh xbz o?kjkssamk ds rglhynkj dks ikuhir esa ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dk lkfk nsus ds dkj.k gvk fn;k x;ka 14 Fkkus'oj {ks= ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us Hkh vaxszth lrrk ds fo:) [kqyk fonzksg fd;ka veckyk ds ckn 'kkgckn eas Hkh vaxzsth 'kklu dks lekir dj fn;ka Fkkus'oj ds lgk;d vk;qdr ysfo;u us ;gka fonzksfg;ksa ds fo:) dk;zokgh dh] blds ckn ihiyh] ykmok o Fkkus'oj ds uecjnkj o pks/kjh ljdkj ds fojks/kh gks x,a tc ifv;kyk ds 'kkld ds }kjk bl {ks= ij dk;zokgh dh xbz rks dsfky o lhou ds d`"kdksa ds lkfk feydj Økafrdkfj;ksa us ifv;kyk ij vkøe.k dj fn;ka blls ifv;kyk dh lsuk dks ihns gvuk im+ka blds i pkr] iw.mjh] dksy] gkcm+h] lhou] ikbz ds {ks=ks us,df=r gksdj dsfky ij dctk dj fy;ka 15 dsfky dk esftlvªsv 'kgj NksM+dj pqunm+h ds fojke x`g esa Nqi x;ka ;gka ij Qrsgiqj ds fxj/kj vgyqokfy;k ds usrz`ro esa mldk dry dj fn;k x;ka Fkkus'oj {ks= esa 135 yksxksa dks Qkalh

82 nh xbz rfkk ckn esas 62 dks ljdkj us ywvsjk?kksf"kr dj ejok fn;ka dsfky {ks= esa neu pø ysqfvusav isjlu us pyk;ka ;g {ks= tqykbz 1857 bz- ls ysdj vdrwcj 1857 bz- rd vaxzstks ds fy, fujurj [krjk cuk jgka 'kkfur LFkkfir gksus ds ckn bl {ks= ls feys yxhkx 7000 gffk;kjksa dks ljdkj }kjk vius dcts esa fy;k x;ka fnyyh ls veckyk ekxz dh vksj fnyyh ftys ds vyhiqj] fyckliqj] dqamyh] eqjfky] [kkuiqj] gehn iqj ljk;] cgkyx<+] xkem+h o xksgkuk xkao dh turk us Hkh vaxztksa ds fo:) cxkor dh] fnyyh ij vkøe.k djus okyh lsuk rfkk vaxzstks dks ;s fu'kkuk cukrs FksA estj gm+lu ftlus fnyyh ij vf/kdkj fd;k fy[krk gs fd gj rjg dh lqj{kk ds pyrs gq, Hkh bu {ks=ksa ls xqtjuk [krjs ls [kkyh ugh FkkA fyckliqj ds mneh jke us yxhkx 25 lkffk;ksa dh,d Vksyh cukbz Fkh] 16 ftlus bl {ks= ls xqtjus okys vaxzstksa dks ekjk tcfd mudh iruh o cppksa dks lja{k.k fn;ka jkb/kkuk ds jkeyky br;kfn ds /kks[ks ls budk vfhk;ku detksj gqvka bles 'kkfey gksus okyks dks vaxsztks us lkoztfud :i ls ism+ks ij Qkalh nh,oa jksyj ds uhps dqpy fn;k tcfd mneh jke dks ism+ ls ckaèkdj 'kjhj esa dhys Bksddj rm+ik dj ekjka mneh jke dh iz'kalk esa vkt Hkh bl {ks= esa yksd xhr lqus tk ldrs gsa blh {ks= dh,d vu; efgyk dk o.kzu Hkh gm+lu ds 29 tqykbz 1857 bz- ds i= esa gksrk gs] ftlesa mldh fnyyh fot; ds le; cknyh ekspsz ij ohjrk dk o.kzu feyrk gsa gm+lu us i= esa Li"V fd;k gs fd veckyk dk mik;qdr QksjflFk mldh Qkalh dh ltk ekq u djsa 17 fnyyh ls veckyk rd th0 Vh0 jksm+ o mlds lehiorhz {ks=ksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks ns[kdj ;g Li"V gksrk gs fd bl {ks= dh turk vaxzsth O;oLFkk ls =Lr gksdj gj rjg ls mls fevkus ds fy, dk;z dj jgh FkhA 2- nf{k.kh gfj;k.kk nf{k.k gfj;k.kk esa ml le; eq[; :i ls xqm+xkao ftyk o dqn vu; LorU= fj;klrs FkhA fnyyh dh?kvukvksa ds lkfk gh bl {ks= dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 160 esa fonzksg dh Tokyk HkM+d mbha 13 ebz 1857 bz- dks bl {ks= esa fnyyh ls dqn foæksgh lsfud vk, rfkk muds lkfk LFkkuh; turk 'kkfey gks xbz,oa xqm+xkao ij vf/kdkj dj fy;ka xqm+xkao ds ftyk eftlvªsv MCcyq QksMZ us bugs fctoklu xkao ds ikl jksdus ds iz;kl fd;k ijurq mls gkj ds ckn tku cpkdj Hkkxuk im+ka ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us ;gka lhkh dsfn;ksa dks fjgk djok;k rfkk [ktkus ls 7]84]000 :i, ywv fy,a 18 blds ckn ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh 'kfdr o la[;k esa yxkrkj o`f) gksrh xbza fiuxqvk ds ln:n~nhu ds usr`ro esa esoksa us vius dks laxfbr fd;k rfkk uwag esa vaxzst lefkzdks dks viuk fu'kkuk cuk fy;k bles gksmy ds jkor tkv] gffku ds jktiwr o flvksyh esa ibku Hkh ln:n~nhu dk fu'kkuk cusa èkhjs&/khjs fiuxqvk] rkcmw] fqjkstiqj f>jdk] lksguk o uwag ds lhkh Fkkuksa] rglhyksa o jktlo fohkkx ds dk;kzy;ksa ij ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us dctk dj fy;ka 19 vaxzstks us bl {ks= dh folqksvd flfkfr dks ns[krs gq, t;iqj jsftmsulh ds estj,mu dks 7]000 lsfudks o 7 rksiksa dks nsdj Hkstk x;ka mlus ebz 1857 bz- ls ysdj 20 flrecj 1857 bz- rd yxkrkj bl {ks= ij dbz ckj vkøe.k fd, ijurq lqy ugh gks ldka mldh lsuk esa yxkrkj ywvekj gksrh xbza bl lsuk ds dqn jktiqr lsfudksa us Bkdqj f'koukfk flag ds usr`ro esa vaxzsth lsuk dks fu'kkuk cuk fy;ka,mu dks okfil t;iqj tkuk im+ka,smu us vyoj ds 'kkld rfkk fqjktiqj f>jdk uawg o nksgk ds LFkkuh; vaxzst izlrksa ds lg;ksx ls vkøe.k fd;k ysfdu og esoks dks ijkftr ugh dj ldka bl {ks= es ibku] tkv] eso] xqtj o jka?km+ yxkrkj viuh rs;kjh djrs jgsa 20 flrecj 1857 bz0 esa fnyyh ij vaxzstks ds vf/kdkj ds ckn flfkfr esa cnyko vk;ka vaxzst lqjf{kr gks x, ftlds dkj.k mugksus vkl&ikl ds {ks= es a neu dh uhfr viukbza 2 vdrwcj 1857 bz- dks tujy 'kkotz us 1500 lssfudks] 18 rksiks] 2 cm+h rksiks lfgr vkøe.k fd;ka 20 ;g lsuk cyyhkx<+] Q:[k uxj] nknjh o >Ttj ij vf/kdkj djus esa lqy jgh ysfdu esokr vc Hkh lqyxrk jgka uoecj 1857 bz- esa ysfqusav

83 a jkaxvu us esokr dks fu'kkuk cuk;ka mls cvksjk] jsoklu o dlsm+k xkao esa eqdkcyk djuk im+ka jsoklu esa eqdkcyk vf/kd Hk;adj gqvka ;gka yxhkx 600 eso ;q) Hkwfe esa dke vk,a 19 uoecj 1857 bz- dks dsivu M;qeaM us fqj esokr ij vkøe.k fd;ka mldh lsuk esa gm+lu gklz 50] Vksgkuk gklz 50?kqM+lokj lsuk ds rfkk dqek; w cvkfy;u ds toku FksA bl lsuk us :ijdk ispdk] ekyiqjh] phyh] mrkoj dksv] eyqdk o >kamlk xkaoksa dks rckg dj fn;ka ;gka vfr egroiw.kz la?k"kz?kklsm+k o :im+dk uked xkao esa gqvka ;gka ij 400 esokrh ekjs x,a nwljh vksj jk;lhuk o eqgeniqj ds esoks us vfllvsav dfe'uj fdyqksmz ij vkøe.k fd;k tgka mldh cgu ekjh xbza ckn esa fdyqksmz us bu xkaoksa ij vkøe.k fd;k] ijurq og Hkh ekjk x;ka 27 uoecj 1857 bzdks esoks us ln:n~nhu ds usr`ro esa fiuxqvk ij vkøe.k fd;ka mldk eqdkcyk dsivu jkels ls gqvka vaxzst vf/kdkjh esyde dsivu vkjpmz o jkels dks bl vkøe.k essa ihns gvuk im+ka ijurq ;g mudh pky Fkh D;ksafd os esoks dks ckgj fudkyuk pkgrs Fks] mlesa mugs lqyrk feyh rfkk ;gka ln:n~nhu dk csvk lfgr yxhkx 100 eso ekjs x,a bl ym+kbz ds ckn esoksa dh flfkfr dqn detksj gqbz ijurq vaxztks dk neu pø rsth ls pyka 21 mugksus 'kkgiqj] cyyh [ksm+k] [ksjyk phrksm+k] Hkjriqj] ughjdk] >km+lk] josjh] tykyiqj] nsoyk] dkuwliqj HkkSuk o fcuksyk xkao dks ywvekj ds ckn vkx yxk nha ;gka 235 esoks dks ism+ks ij yvdkdj Qkalh nh xbza nf{k.k gfj;k.kk ds {ks= es a fjokm+h dh Hkwfedk Hkh egroiw.kz jgha ;gka ij ØkfUr dk usr`ro jko rqyk jke] jko fd'ku o jko xksiky nso us fd;ka jko rqykjke bl {ks= dk eqf[k;k Fkk,oa mldk {ks= 1803 bz- es 87 xkaoks dk FkkA 1857 bz- rd ;g dsoy 4 xkaoks rd lhfer jg xbza jko rqyk jke us fjokm+h] HkkSjk o 'kkgtgkaiqj ds ijxuks a ij vf/kdkj dj fy;ka mlus fjokm+h rglhy ds [ktkus ls 8364 :0 Hkh ywvsa blds ckn mlus fjokm+h ds ikl jkeiqjk uked xkao es a,d dpps fdys dk fuekz.k djok;k,oa bles a 18 rksis rfkk vu; ;q) lkexzh dks j[kka bl fdys dh lqj{kk dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 162 djus dh fteesokjh rqylh jke dks nha jkorqyk jke us vius {ks= ls dj,df=r djds 40]000 :0 cgknqj 'kkg tqj ds ikl HkstsA 22 cgknqj'kkg tqj us mls fjokm+h dh tkxhj dks migkj ds :i es a ns nha ftrus le; rd fnyyh ij ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dk 'kklu jgk mrus le; rd vaxzstksa }kjk bl {ks= ij dk;zokgh dk mn~ns'; fnyyh igqapuk FkkA ijurq 20 flrecj ds ckn vaxzstks dk O;ogkj o n`f"vdks.k neu o vr;kpkj iw.kz gks x;ka 2 vdrwcj 1857 bz- dks fczxsfm;j 'kkotz 1500 lsfud] 18 NksVh rksi o 2 cm+h rksiks dks ysdj fnyyh ls pyka jko rqyk jke bl ckjs es tkudkjh ysus ds mijkur vkeus&lkeus ds ;q) ls cpuk pkgrk FkkA mls bl ckr dk Kku Fkk fd jkeiqj ds NksVs o dpps fdys ls 'kkotz dk eqdkcyk ugh gks ldrk FkkA 23 mlus bl fdys dh lqj{kk dk Hkkj rqylhjke dks fn;k,oa dqn lsfud mlds ikl NksM+ fn,a 6 vdrwcj dks 'kkotz us jkeiqjk ds fdys dks dcts esa fy;ka mls rqylh o mlds pkj lkffk;ksa lfgr xksyk&ck:n] rksi o cunwds feyh rks og pfdr jg x;ka blds ckn 'kkotz us bl {ks= ij vf/kdkj dj fy;ka 'kkotz us jko rqyk jke dks lans'k igqapk;k fd og fonzksg dk jklrk NksM+dj] viuh ;q) lkexzh lfgr leiz.k dj ns rks mlds lkfk U;k; laxr O;ogkj fd;k tk,xka jko rqyk jke us 'kkotz ds bl izlrko dks Bqdjk fn;ka 'kkotz us fjokm+h o vkl&ikl ds {ks=ksa ij ywvekj dh rfkk,d lirkg :dus ds i'pkr] >Ttj o dkuuksm+ ds ekxz ls fnyyh vk x;ka jko rqyk jke 'kkotz ds yksvrs gh tks/kiqj o tkvqlkuk ds jka?km+ks ls feydj jkeiqj ij vkøe.k dj vf/kdkj dj fy;ka jkeiqj o fjokm+h ij jko rqykjke ds vf/kdkj ds i'pkr] vaxzstks us ysf VusaV duzy xsjkmz dks bl {ks= ij vf/kdkj djus ds fy, HkstkA og 10 uoecj dks fnyyh ls pyk o 13 uoecj dks fjokm+h igqapka jko rqykjke fjokm+h NksM+dj dkuksm+ gksrs gq, ukjuksy {ks= vk x;ka ukjuksy esa >Ttj dk lsukifr len [kku fglkj dk eksgeen vkte o tks/kiqj ds dqn ckxh lsfud mls feysa jko fe'ku xksiky Hkh vius lg;ksfx;ksa

84 a lfgr mlls vkdj fey x;ka xsjkmz Hkh fjokm+h ls pydj ukjuksy dh vksj c<+ka 16 uoecj 1857 bz- dks ukjuksy ds ikl ulhc iqj uked LFkku,d egroiw.kz,oa fu.kkz;d ;q) gqqvka 24 bl ;q) esa 100 ØkfUrdkjh ekjs x,,oa 500 ls vf/kd?kk;y gq, tcfd vaxzsth QkSt ds 70 lsfud ekjs x, rfkk ysf VuSaV xjsth] dusmh] ih;lz o gseýst?kk;y gq,a jko rqyk jke] jke xksiky nso] vccnql len [kka eksgeen vkte ;gka ls fudyus esa lqy jgs tcfd jko fd'ku xksiky] jke yky o len [kku dk iq= ;gka ekjs x,a jko fd'ku xksiky dh 'kgknr ds ppzs yksd xhrksa esa cgqr feyrs gsaa bl {ks= esa foæksfg;ksa dk lkfk nsus ds fy, xqm+xkao ds mik;qdr ul:yyk [kka dks vinlfk dj fn;k x;k] tcfd vaxzstks dks lg;ksx nsus okys ekstk eksguk ds [kq'kgky] gjnso rqylh] uaxyk xkao esa 'kkfyu o :ik dks ljdkj us buke o tkxhjs nha fonzksg ds nksjku ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us jktlo fohkkx ds dysdvj dk;kzy; dks vkx yxk nh bldk tqekzuk Hkjriqj dh fj;klr ls fy;k x;k D;ksfd mls bldh lqj{kk dh fteesnkjh nh xbz FkhA bl fj;klr us blds fy, 3000 :i;s dks"k esa tek djok;sa 3- e/; gfj;k.kk e/; gfj;k.kk ds lunhkz esa jksgrd o blds vkl&ikl ds {ks= dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks fy;k x;k gsa ;g {ks= fnyyh ds cgqr djhc Fkk,oa eqyrku] fqjkstiqj] fglkj] gkalh {ks= dks ekxz }kjk fnyyh dks tksm+rk FkkA bl {ks= esa foæksg ebz 1857 bz- esa fnyyh dh?kvukvksa ds rrdky ckn izkjehk gks x;k FkkA jksgrd ds mik;qdr yksp us flfkfr dks Hkkairs gq, vius ftys ds NqV~Vh ij vk, lhkh lsfudks dks vkns'k fn;k fd os viuh&viuh Nkouh ;k dk;zlfky ij rrdky fjikszv djs] mlus >Ttj ds uokc ls lsuk dh ekax Hkh dha uokc us igyh ekax dks egro ugh fn;k ysfdu nwljh ekax ij 18 ebz dks dqn lsfud o nks rksis Hkst nha 23 ebz 1857 bz- dks rqtty gqlsu,d lsfud nlrs ds lkfk vk;k,oa dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 164 mlus LFkkuh; yksxks dks crk;k fd cgknqj 'kkg tqj us mls bl {ks= ij 'kklu djus dh fteesnkjh nh gsa 24 ebz dks LFkkuh; turk us rqtty gqlsu ds usr`ro esa jksgrd ftyk dk;kzy; o vu; ljdkjh Hkouksa ij vkøe.k fd;ka 25 Loa; yksp us mldk eqdkcyk fd;k,oa gkj x;ka blds ifj.kkelo:i mik;qdr jksgrd yksp] rglhynkj c[rkoj flag o Fkkusnkj Hkwjs [kku ds usr`ro esa vf/kdrj vxsazt jksgrd NksM+dj Hkkx x,a mugksus xksgkuk esa tkdj 'kj.k yha ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us vaxzstksa ds vkokl] dpgjh] jktlo fohkkx ds dk;kzy; dks vkx yxk nh,oa tsy ij vkøe.k dj dsfn;ksa dks fjgk djok fn;kka jksgrd dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk vlj lkaiyk] ege] enhuk] ekumks<+h o yk[ku ektjk esa gqvka bu LFkkuksa ij jka?km+ks] tkvks] jktiwwrks] nlrdkjksa] cqudjks o vu; fdlkuksa us vius&vius LFkkuksa ls vaxzsth 'kklu dks u"v dj fn;ka 26 gfj;k.kk ykbzv buqsuvªh rfkk pksfks fjlkys ds isny lsfud Hkh ØkfUrdkfj;ks ds lkfk feydj viuh Hkwfedk fuhkk jgs FksA 28 ebz 1857 bz- dks mik;qdr yksp] lsukifr Fkkel lhvu 60oha usfvo isny VqdM+h ds lkfk jksgrd vk;k,oa jksgrd ij vfèkdkj djus esa lqy jgka dpgjh {ks= dks vlfkk;h Nkouh esa cny fn;k x;ka 31 ebz dks jksgrd esa fqj foæksg gks x;ka dpgjh dks HkhM+ us vkx yxk nh o [ktkus dks ywv fy;k x;ka yksp,d ckj fqj flfkfr dks lahkkyus esa vlqy jgk] ysfdu Loa; dks vo'; lqjf{kr j[k ik;ka 10 twu dks 60 oh usfvo isny lssu; VqdM+h us gh fonzksg dj fn;k blds ckn yksp o vu; vf/kdkfj;ksa dks,d ckj fqj jksgrd NksM+uk im+k,oa cgknqjx<+ esa tkdj 'kj.k yha 8 vxlr 1857 bz- dks fcxzsfm;j tujy fudylu us jksgrd ij vkøe.k fd;k,oa ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds j[ks gq, ck:n esa vkx yxha bles 500 ls vf/kd ØkfUrdkjh ekjs x,a vaxzstks dh jksgrd ij vf/kdkj djus ds uhfr ;gka 'kkfur LFkkfir djus rd ugh Fkh cfyd fnyyh ij vf/kdkj djus ds fy, fqjkstiqj dh lsuk o jln esa lqjf{kr jklrk Hkh nsuk FkkA blfy, dsivu gm+lu dks 6 cm+s lsu; vf/kdkfj;ksa o 103

85 S Z lgk;dksa lfgr ;gka HkstkA mlds 233?kqM+lokj Fks o thun ds jktk }kjk Hksts x, 23?kqM+okj FksA ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us gmlu dk eqdkcyk igys ckcj [kku ds usr`ro esa rfkk ckn esa fojklr vyh ds usr`ro esa fd;ka fojklr vyh Loa; vius 25 lsfudksa lfgr bl la?k"kz esa 15 vxlr 1857 bz- dks ekjk x;ka 17 vxlr dks gm+lu jksgrd igqpus esa lqy jgka 27 jkr dks jka?km+ks us ml ij vkøe.k dj fn;k ftlds dkj.k gm+lu us vlfky cksgj dks viuk dsuæ cuk;ka ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us ckcj [kku ds usr`ro vlfky cksgj ij Hkh vkøe.k fd;k rfkk Nkikekj i)fr viuk dj mls yxkrkj nq[kh fd;ka gm+lu us,d pky py dj lsuk dks ihns gvus dk vkns'k fn;k tsls gh ;g lsuk ihns gvh ØkfUrdkjh lkeus vk x,a gm+lu viuh ;kstuk esa lqy jgk,oa vkeus lkeus dh ym+kbz esa lqyrk gkfly dha mlus [kj[kksnk] lkaiyk] ege o xksgkuk dk {ks= thun ds jktk dk ns fn;k,oa Loa; fnyyh yksv x;ka gm+lu ds fnyyh dh vksj eqm+rs gh ØkfUrdkjh fqj laxfbr gks x;sa ;gka dh LFkkuh; [kki iapk;rks us vius lsfud nlrs cuk fy,,oa bl {ks= esa viuh 'kklu O;oLFkk LFkkfir dj yha flrecj esa fnyyh ij vf/kdkj gksus ds ckn vaxzstks us bl {ks= dks fu;fu=r djus dh fteesokjh fqjkstiqj ds mik;qdr tujy oku dksvzys.m dks nha tujy oku dksvzys.m] bl tu&foæksg ds le; fglkj ds fdys es Bgjk gqvk FkkA mls gm+lu o fudylu ls jksgrd ds ckjs es a fjiksvz ekaxha mlus lkaiyk] ege] enhuk o [kj[kks ank es a ØkfUrdkfj;ks a ls ;q) fd;ka 28 blds i'pkr jksgrd dh dpgjh es a :dk rfkk mu xkaoks o yksxks dh lwph cuokbz tks bles 'kkfey FksA dpgjh ds ikl Vhys ij lkoztfud :i ls Qkalh ds Qans yvdk, x,a ogka ij bl foæksg es a 'kkfey yksxks dks yk;k tkrk,oa Qkalh nh tkrha bl {ks= ds yksxks dks bu n`';ks a dks ns[kus ds fy, Hkh etcwj fd;k tkrk FkkA foæksgh xkao ds Åij tqekus yxk, x, rfkk muls 63]000 :i;s olwy fd, x,a blh rjg dbz xkaoks dh tehus a Hkh tcr dj yh xbza nwljh vksj tks yksx vaxz st lefkzd Fks] mugs buke] tkxhj o iqjldkj fn,a cknyh xkao ds mn; jke 500 :0 udn rfkk èkweu xkao dk vk/kk jktlo vkthou fn;k x;ka dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 166 bl rjg ;g Li"V gs fd gfj;k.kk dk ;g {ks= Hkh bl tu foæksg esa lfø; Fkk rfkk bl dkj.k ;gka ds yksx Hkh vaxzstks dh ;kruk dk f'kdkj cusa 4- if'peh gfj;k.kk if'peh gfj;k.kk esa gfj;k.kk ds orzeku fglkj] fljlk] Qrsgkckn o fhkokuh ds ftys dgs tk ldrs gasa 1857 bz- esa ;g {ks= eq[; :i ls fglkj ftys esa vkrk FkkA blds vfrfjdr yksgk: dh fj;klr bl {ks= esa FkhA mùkjh Hkkjr esa 1857 bz- dh ØkfUr ds folqksv ds ckn bl {ks= esa Hkh foæksg gks x;ka 'kq:vkr esas vaxzst bls fu;fu=r djus es lqy jgs 29 ysfdu 27 ebz 1857 bz- dks eqgeen vkte ds fglkj vkus ds ckn flfkfr cnyha og HkV~Vq dk tkxhjnkj Fkk,oa og cgknqj 'kkg tqj dk ifjfpr,oa fj'rsnkj Hkh FkkAbl {ks= ds yksxks us mls viuk usrk Lohdkj dj fy;ka mls fglkj ds fmivh fmivh dsysdvj 'kkgckt csx dk iw.kz lefkzu feyka bl {ks= dh izr;sd dk;zokgh esa mls :dquwnhu eksyoh us Hkh gj izdkj dk lg;ksx fn;ka 29 ebz 1857 bz- dks izkr% 11 cts gkalh dh pksngoh bjjsxqyj?kqm+lokj lsuk us foæksg dj 14 vaxzstks dks fu'kkuk cuk;ka 30 lhkh vkfqlj LVsQksMZ] Ldhuj lfgr o vu; vaxzst chdkusj fj;klr ds jktx<+ uke LFkku ij Hkkx x,a blh fnu,d cts ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us fglkj ij vkøe.k fd;ka ;gka dk ftyk dysdvj csmjcuz] mldh iruh] cppk] gsm DydZ] rglhynkj Fkkelu br;kfn 15 vaxzst ;gka ekjs x,a ØkfUrdkfj;kssa us ;gka 1]70]000 :0 ywvs rfkk tsy rksm+dj dsfn;ksa dks NqM+ok;kA 31 gkalh o fglkj dh rjg dk folqksv fljlk esa Hkh gqvka ;gka ls vf/kdrj vaxzst ifv;kyk fj;klr o fqjkstiqj Hkkx x,a ;gka foæksg dk usr`ro ehj len [kka o mlds pkpk vyh xksgj us fd;k] ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks ;gka 8000 :i;s [ktkus ls ywv ds :i esa feysa 32 blds ckn ;s ØkfUrdkjh vius {ks= esa vu; lg;ksfx;ksa dks lkfk ysdj jksgrd gksrs gq, fnyyh igqapsa bl rjg twu ds izfke lirkg rd gh

86 bl {ks= esa vaxzsth 'kklu lekir gks x;k Fkk bls 'kkgckt csx us vius gkfk esa ys fy;ka mlus vkl&ikl ds xkao ds yksxksa ds lg;ksx ls 'kklu pyk;ka tujy oku dksvzys.m bl {ks= ij vf/kdkj djus ds mn~ns'; ls 550 lsfud o 2 rksi ysdj fqjkstiqj ls pyk 33 mls ekxz esa 120 d'ehj ds jktk }kjk Hksts x;s lsfud feysa nwljh vksj fljlk {ks= ds ØkfUrdkjh jkfu;k ds vinl; uokc uwj eqgeen [kka ds usr`ro ds bdv~bs gks x,,oa mugksus dksvzys.m dks fljlk ls ckgj jksdus dh ;kstuk cukbza 17 twu 1857 bz- dks vks<+k esa uokc uwj eqgeen [kka ds usr`ro esa ;q) gqvk] 34 ftles 600 ØkfUrdkjh ekjs x,a jkfu;k dk uokc ;gka ls fudyus esa lqy jgk mls yqf/k;kuk ds ikl idm+k x;k,o ckn esa fqjkstiqj esa Qkalh nh xbza 35 vks<+k ds ckn dksvzys.m dks [ksjdk] Nrfj;k o [ksjk xkao esa ;q) ym+us im+sa bu ;q)ks esa vaxzst vf/kdkjh fgykmz o mldk,d lecu/kh Hkh ekjk x;ka dksvz ys.m us ;gka xkao es ywvekj ds ckn vkx yxk nh o drysvke djok;ka dqn dks mlus lkoztfud Qkalh Hkh nha 20 twu dks dksvzys.m fljlk igqapk ogka mls chdkusj ds 800 lsfud o 2 rksi vksj fey xbza 36 dksvzys.m Loa; fljlk esa :dk rfkk fi;lzs dks fglkj HkstkA og Loa; 17 tqykbz dks fglkj igqapka ekxz esa mls HkV~Vq] [kkjk cjokyk] ch?km+] HkksfM+;k] tkamyh] xksj[kiqj o vxzksgk ds yksxks ls la?k"kz djuk im+ka mlus fglkj igqap dj eqgeen vkte dh csxe dks cunh cuk fy;k o mlds edku dks vkx yxok nha og 2 vxlr rd ;gka vf/kdkj dj ik;ka blds ckn mlus gkalh ij vkøe.k fd;ka ;gka mls [kjm+ vyhiqj] HkkVksy] jksgukr] gkfteiqj] tekyiqj] iqv~bh eaxyk [kka o lqy[kuh ds yksxks ls ym+uk im+ka 37 eksgeen vkte dks dksvzys.m dh dk;zokgh dk irk pyk rks og 1500?kqM+lokj] 500 isny o 2 rksiks dks ysdj fnyyh ls vk;ka mlus fglkj ij dctk dj fy;ka dksvzys.m us fglkj esa flfkfr dks xahkhj ns[krs gq, vksj vf/kd lsuk dh ekax dha blfy, mls feymos] ys VhusaV dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 168 gv] cqysu o gc dh lsuk lg;ksx ds fy, nh xbza Vksgkuk ls 50 fo'ks"k?kqm+lokj lsuk o iatkc dh dqrjeq[kh 45 uecj jsftesuv Hkh mldh lgk;rk ds fy, vk;ha vxlr 1857 bz- dks gfj;k.kk ykbzv buqsuvªh ds lsfud bjsxqyj dsoyjh ds Øe'k 2000 o 400 flikfg;ks us fdys eq[; njokts ij vkøe.k fd;ka ukxksjh xsv fglkj ij gq, ;q) es ØkfUrdkjh gkjs ysfdu Mksxjk ekssgyyk ls fqj,d vkøe.k fd;k x;ka nksigj ckn,d vkøe.k Hkknjk xsv ¼orZeku rykdh xsv½ ij gqvka 19 vxlr dks 300 ØkfUrdkjh fdys ds xsv ij rfkk 180 ØkfUrdkjh uxj esa fofhkuu {ks=ks es ekjs x,a 39 ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dk lkfk feymos dh lsuk ds 28 lsfudks us Hkh fn;ka gkj ds i'pkr 133 ØkfUrdkjh idm+s x, mugs Hkknjk xsv ds lkeus Qkalh nh xbz] tcfd dqn dks jksm+ jksyj ds uhps dqpyk x;ka 25 vxlr dks ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us rks'kke ds rglhy dk;kzy; ij vkøe.k dj rglhynkj uuniky] Fkkusnkj I;kjs yky] dkuwuxks [ktku flag lfgr 80 yksxks dks ekjk o [ktkuk ywvka bles uyok] jrsjk] dkyokl o ryoamh br;kfn xkaoks dh Hkwfedk egroiw.kz FkhA blds ckn ØkfUrdkfj;ksa es vkeus lkeus dk ;q) gqvk ftles dksvzys.m thrk,oa fqj ogh jgka 30 flrecj dks gkalh ds ikl tekyiqj esa ;q) gqvk ftles dksvzys.m lqy jgka 40 mlus blds ckn neu pø pyk;ka gkalh ds vkl&ikl ds xkaoks ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks gkalh es tkdj jksm+ jksyj ds uhps dqpyka iqv~bh o jksgukr xkao dks vkx yxok nha jksgukr eas ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks rksi ls cka/k dj ejok fn;ka bles Lokeh fhkjm+h nkl o :ik [kkrh eq[; FksA jksgukr es 25 efgyk, vius cppks lfgr xkaoks ds ckgj dq, esa dwn xbz rkfd vaxzstks dh ;krukvks dk f'kdkj u cuuk im+sa eksgeen vkte ;gka ls fudydj jko rqykjke ls tk feyk o mlus 16 uoecj dks ulhciqj dh ym+kbz es fgllk fy;ka 41 blh rjg 'kkg ckt Hkh Hkwfexr gks x;ka ckn esa mls canh cuk fy;k rfkk 24 flrecj dks mls Qkalh ns nh xbza

87 dksvz ys.m dk neu pø bl {ks= es blds ckn dbz efguksa rd pyrk x;ka bl {ks= ds cgknqj [kku dks e`r;q n.m fn;k x;k tcfd gkalh es gqde pun tsu] mlds Hkrhts Qdhj pun] eqrztk csx o equhj csx ij ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dk usr`ro djus] cgknqj 'kkg dks lg;ksx nsus o i= fy[kus ds vkjksi ess cunh cuk;ka gqde pan o equhj csx dks muds?kj ds lkeus Qkalh nh xbz tcfd Qdhj pun dks fglkj esa Qkalh nha bu lhkh dh leifùk Hkh vaxzstks }kjk tcr dj yha blh rjg iqv~vh eaxy [kka ds vf/kdrj o jksgukr xkao dh lkjh tehu dh vaxzstks }kjk uhyke dj nh xbza vaxz stks }kjk thun] ifv;kyk o chdkusj ds jktkvks a dks leekfur fd;k x;ka mugs fofhkuu {ks= fn, x,a fofhkuu xkaoks ds pksfdnkj o tkxhjnkj Hkh leekfur fd, x,a HkV~Vw ds,d Qdhj dks Hkh fo'ks"k buke ljdkj }kjk fn;k x;ka 5- fj;klrks dh Hkwfedk 1857 bz- ds tu&foæksg es gfj;k.kk ds fofhkuu {ks=kas us viuh lfø;rk fnykbz rfkk vaxzsth 'kfdr ls yksgk fy;ka ogh bl {ks= dh dqn fj;klrks dh Hkwfedk Hkh egroiw.kz jgha cyyhkx<+ fnyyh ds vfr utnhd fj;klr Fkh ;g bl {ks= dh lcls cm+h fj;klrks es ls FkhA ØkfUr ds le; ;gka jktk ukgj flg dk 'kklu FkkA vaxzstks us fnyyh dh?kvuk ds i'pkr gh ukgj flag ij lg;ksx ds fy, ncko MkykA ukgj flag izkjehk eas cpuk pkgrk Fkk] ysfdu ckn es mls lg;ksx nsuk im+ka fnyyh ij cgknqj 'kkg ds lùkk es vkrs gh ukgj flag us mls lsfud o /ku ls gj izdkj dk lg;ksx fn;ka cgknqj 'kkg mlds lg;ksx ls izhkkfor gqvka fnyyh iru ds i'pkr 'kkotz us cyyhkx<+ ij vkøe.k dj 23 flrecj dks fxj rkj dj fy;ka mls 6 fnlecj dks yky fdys canh cuk fn;ka mlds ckn eqdn~nes dh vksipkfjdrk iw.kz dk;zokgh gqbza 2 tuojh 1858 dks mls nks"kh Bgjkdj Qkalh dh ltk lquk nh xbza 9 tuojh 1858 fnyyh ds dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 170 pkanuh pksd es mls Qkalh ns nh xbz,oa mldh leifùk tcr dj yh xbza 42 cyyhkx<+ dh rjg >Ttj Hkh fnyyh dh lehiorhz fj;klr FkhA ;gka ij uokc jgeku [kku dk 'kklu FkkA bl uokc us cgknqj 'kkg tqj dks 5 yk[k :i;s]?kqm+lokj o dqn rksis nh FkhA vaxzstks us mls cgknqj'kkg ls nwj jgus ds fy, dgk] ijurq bls ekuus ls euk dj fn;ka 18 vdrwcj dks duzy ykjasl us dqn fnuks ds fy, ogka Msjk Mkydj uokc ij leiz.k djus ds fy, ncko MkykA vaxzstks us >Ttj uxj] fdyk o uokc ds fuokl ij ywvekj dha 8 fnlecj 1857 bz- dks fnyyh ds yky fdys es eqdn~nes dh dk;zokgh izkjehk gqbza mls [krjukd] ckxh] ns'kæksgh?kksf"kr djrs gq, mls yky fdys ds lkeus 23 fnlecj 1857 bz- dks Qkalh ns nha 43 mldh fj;klr ds vk/ks fglls ij vaxzstks us dctk fd;k] tcfd vk/kh ifv;kyk ds jktk dks ns nha fnyyh ds nf{k.k if'pe es NksVh lh fj;klr Q:[kuxj Hkh vaxsztks dk fu'kkuk FkhA ;gka ds uokc vgen vyh xqyke [kka ij cgknqj 'kkg dks lg;ksx djus turk dks vaxzstks ds fo:) HkM+dkus] vaxzstks dh gr;k djus ds vkjksi yxk,a 3 uoecj 1857 bz- dks mls fxj rkj dj fy;k x;ka 'kkotz dh dksvz es ml ij eqdn~nek pyka mls 23 tuojh 1858 bz- dks pkanuh pksd dh dksrokyh es Qkalh nh xbz 44 rfkk mldk 'ko ifjtuksa dks u nsdj x<+s esa Qssad fn;k x;ka mldh lkjh leifùk tcr dj yh xbza cgknqjx<+ fj;klr ds uokc cgknqj tax ij Hkh 1857 bz- esa vaxzst fojks/kh xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, eqdn~nek pyk;k x;ka mldh fj;klr dk eq[;ky; nknjh FkkA ml ij vkjksi izekf.kr ugh gks ldsa fqj Hkh ljdkj us mldh fj;klr tcr dj ykgksj Hkst fn;k x;k mls,d gtkj :i;k okf"kzd isu'ku nh xbza 45 bu fj;klrks ds vfrfjdr uokc uwj eqgeen [kka jkfu;k] jko xksiky nso] eksgu flag] cgknqj[kku tsls ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ij Hkh ljdkj }kjk eqdn~nes ntz fd, x, rfkk mudks nks"kh Bgjkdj ;kruk, nsdj

88 e`r;q n.m fn;k x;ka bu lhkh dh leifùk dks Hkh ljdkj }kjk tcr dj fy;k x;ka gfj;k.kk dh turk] tkxhjnkjks] pksdhnkjks] uokcks] etnwjks] nlrdkjks us 1857 bz- dh ØkfUr es c<+ p<+ dj Hkkx fy;ka mugs lqyrk ugh fey ikbz] ijurq neu pø dk f'kdkj vo'; gksuk im+ka bl {ks= dh ØkfUr ds neu ess ;gka dh LFkkuh; o im+kslh jkt;ksa dh dqn fj;klrks dh ¼tks vaxzstks dh lg;ksxh Fkh½ Hkwfedk Lok/khurk fojks/kh FkhA mùkjh gfj;k.kk dh ØkfUr ds neu esa ifv;kyk] ukhkk] thun dh fj;klrksa dh Hkwfedk,a vf/kd Fkha] ftlds dkj.k mugs leeku] mikf/k o {ks= izkir gq;sa nf{k.k gfj;k.kk ds neu es t;iqj] Hkjriqj ivksnh] nqtkuk o yksgk: dh Hkwfedk Hkh vaxzst lefkzd o ØkfUr fojks/kh FkhA 46 if'peh gfj;k.kk dh ØkfUr esa neu ds chdkusj o ifv;kyk] d'ehj ds 'kkldks us vaxzstks dk u dsoy lefkzu fd;k cfyd LFkkuh; yksxks ij vr;kpkjks es Hkh Hkwfedk fuhkkbza buds vfrfjdr izr;sd LFkku ij LFkkuh; tkxhjnkj] pksdhnkj] jktlo fohkkx ls lecfu/kr O;fDr;ksa us Hkh vaxzstks dks lg;ksx fn;ka ØkfUr lecfu/kr fofhkuu lwpuk, vaxzstks rd LFkkuh; yksxks ls gh igqaprh FkhA mu ij fu;u=.k djus ds fy, jklrs Hkh ;gh crkrs FksA vaxzst leku;r fdlh {ks= ls fudyus ds ckn rhkh vkrs Fks tc LFkkuh; Lrj ij 'kkfur LFkkfir gks tkrh FkhA ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh lwph cuokus] idm+okus o nf.mr djokus esa Hkh blh oxz dh Hkwfedk gksrh FkhA gfj;k.kk esa 1857 bz- dh ØkfUr dh fofhkuu?kvukvks ds vè;;u ds mijkur ;g dgk tk ldrk gs fd ;g {ks= bl lunhkz es cgqr vf/ kd lfø; FkkA bl {ks= ds yksx pkgs os fdlh Hkh oxz] tkfr] /kez o {ks= ds gks] mugksus vaxzsth O;oLFkk dks m[kkm+ Qsdus ds fy, dk;zokgh dha vaxzstks us bl {ks= esa lùkk LFkkfir djus ds ckn ftl rjg ds dk;z fd, rfkk O;oLFkk pykbz] og lhkh ds fy, gkfudkjd FkhA gfj;k.kk dk vf/ kdrj {ks= dqn fj;klrkas ds fglls dks NksM+dj tc fonzksg dh Tokyk esa 'kkfey gks x;k rks vaxzstks us bl mn~ns'; ls neu dh dbksj uhfr dk lgkjk fy;ka igyk {ks= es 'kkfur O;oLFkk dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, rfkk nwljk fnyyh ij vf/kdkj djus dh uhfr ds :i esaa ;g ckr rf;kas rfkk dk;zokgh dh uhfr ls Li"V gks tkrh gs fd vaxzst us 20 flrecj 1857 bz- ls igys j{kkred uhfr viukbz tcfd blds ckn os vkøked gks x;sa mùkjh gfj;k.kk es veckyk bldk 'kq:vkrh dsuæ vo'; jgk ysfdu vaxzstks dh idm+ etcwr gksus ds dkj.k ;gka ifj.kke vaxzstks ds i{k es jgka ijurq Fkkus'oj] djuky] ikuhir] dsfky o lksuhir dh?kvuk,a yksxks dh tkx:drk dk mnkgj.k gsa blh rjg nf{k.k gfj;k.kk es esokr] xqm+xkao] fjokm+h o ukjuksy dk {ks= Hkh vaxzstks ds fy, pquksfr cudj mhkjka tc&tc Hkh vaxzstks us bl {ks= dks lkeku; <+ax ls fu;fu=r djus dk iz;kl fd;k rks mugs ckj&ckj eqag dh [kkuh im+ha e/; gfj;k.kkk o if'peh gfj;k.kk vaxzstks dks eqyrku o iatkc ds fqjkstiqj {ks= dks tksm+us okyk FkkA ;gka ij Hkh yxhkx 6 eghus cxkor gksrh jgh gsa dhkh xkaoksa ym+kbz dk dsuæ cus rks dhkh uxj dk {ks=a vaxzstks ds fy, ;g foæksg csgn pquksrh iw.kz FkkA mugksus ifjflfkfr;ksa dks vius o'k es djus ds fy, mfpr o vuqfpr lhkh uhfr;ksa dk lgkjk fy;ka bl {ks= dh dqn fj;klrksa o LFkkuh; turk ds lg;ksx ls ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks fu;fu=r dj ik;sa ;g tuøkafr vlqy gks x;h] ijurq bldh vlqyrk Hkh lqyrk dk lwpd gs D;ksfd igyh ckj brus cm+s Lrj dk foæksg muds lkezkt; ds vflrro ds fy, [krjk cu x;ka leiw.kz Hkkjr es bl tu foæksg ds nksjku yxhkx 1-50 yk[k yksx ekjs x,] ftles ls ls dqn vf/kd la[;k bl {ks= dh jgha vaxzstks }kjk bl bl {ks= dks detksj djus ds fy, fu.kkz;d QSlyk ysdj bls vkxjk izkur ls rksm+dj iatkc izkur dk fgllk cuk fn;ka iatkc izkur dk fgllk cuus ds ckn Hkh ;gka neu pø pyrk x;k rfkk yksx xyr tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij f'kdkj curs x;sa dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 172

89 lunhkz fviif.k;ka 1- xtsfv;j ftyk fglkj] ykgksj] 1892] i` B QkbZuy fjiksvz vkwq lsavªy esauv vkwwq jsou;q fmikvzesuv fnyyh jsftmsulh fjdkmz 1882] izdkf kr 1911] i` B 152& mijksdr] i` B ,MfefuLVs ªfVo fjdkmz vkwq fnyyh jsthmsulh] fglkj fmfotu fjdkmz [k.m ua- 1] QkbZy ua- 37] nlrkost ua fl)hd vgen eso] ^esokr,d [kkst* J`a[kyk&3] laxzke 1857] esokfr;ksa dk ;ksxnku] esokr lkfgr; vdkneh] 2006] i` B 9 6- E;wfVuh fjdkmz] [k.m % 7] Hkkx&1] ykgksj 1911] i` B 3&14 7- mijksdr] i` B 13&14 8- mijksdr] i` B eksbzuqn~nhu glu ^^[knaxs xnj** vuqokn vcnqy gd ^^xnj 1857** vk [kksa ns[kk fooj.k] fnyyh 2006] i` B fnyyh jsftmsulh fjdkmz] MkdqeSUVl jsm QksVZ] [k.m 7] i` B 429& eksbzuqn~nhu glu] iqokszor] i` B E;qfVuh fjdkmz] [k.m 7] i` B 59] 309] mijksdr] i` B mijksdr] i` B 39& mijksdr] i` B 47& eksbuqn~nhu glu] i` B 48& E;wfVuh fjdkmz dkslziksuml] fo ks ki= 29 tqykbz 1857] jk Vªh; vfhkys[kkxkj] fnyyh ua E;wfVuh fjdkmz] [k.m 7] Hkkx&2] i` B 442& fl)hd vgen eso] ogh] i` B 36& mijksdr] i` B 62& mijksdr] i` B 76& E;wVhuh fjdkmz] ogh] i` B 219& mijksdr] i` B 239& mijksdr] i` B eksbuqn~nhu glu] iwokszdr] i` B mijksdr] i` B 36& E;wfVuh fjdkmz] ogh] i` B 78& mijksdr] i` B 141& mijksdr] i` B mijksdr] i` B xtsfv;j ftyk fglkj] ogh] i` B mijksdr] i` B phq dfe'uj dk;kzy; ykgksj] fo ks ki=] vxlr 1] 1857] jk Vªh; vfhkys[kkxkj] fnyyh 34- E;qfVuh fjdkmz] ogh] i` B n Vªk;y vkwq uwj eqgeen [kku] jk Vªh; vfhkys[kkxkj] fnyyh ua xtsfv;j] ftyk fglkj] ogh] i` B E;qfVuh fjdkmz] ogh] i` B mijksdr] i` B mijksdr] i` B xtsfv;j ftyk fglkj] ogh] i` B E;qfVuh fjdkmz] ogh] i` B eksbuqn~nhu glu] ogh] i` B 20 E;qfVuh fjdkmz] ogh] i` B E;wfVuh fjdkmz] ogh] i` B mijksdr] i` B mijksdr] i` B mijksdr] i` B 378 dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 174

90 The Role of Women in the Freedom Movement in India : A Case Study of Haryana -Dr. Nirmala Kumari Assistant Professor Deptt. of History Govt. College, Dubaldhan (Jhajjar) The account of Indian history has been enriched by the contribution that many women of eminence have made in various fields of human activity from time to time. Their courageous deeds and notable accomplishments have been well recognised. In the modern period, particularly since the beginning of the struggle for freedom a considerable number of them made remarkable contributions in the prolonged and the unique fight for India's freedom. These women left an indelible mark through their achievements. The aim of this paper is to assess the role of women in Haryana region during the freedom movement of India from 1919 to Though the social set-up in the country was dominated by backwardness, orthodoxy, conservatism and traditionalism, at that time, many women came forward and advanced the cause of India s freedom. Education was the preserve of the chosen and privileged section of the society in the days of the British rule. In the case of women many, social evils like the custom of purdah and early marriage decisively limited their number in the schools. As a result the girls were denied the opportunity of acquiring any worthwhile knowledge of the letters. As a matter of fact, the women education was, during those days, regarded as unnecessary, unorthodox and dangerous 1 Twentieth century ushered in a new era of political consciousness in this region. The Arya Samaj made a significant impact on its social set-up. It stood for progress and was engaged in building up a strategy to spread knowledge and dispel ignorance. 2 The first branch of Arya Samaj was set up at Rewari in 1880 and later on at Rohtak, Hissar, Ambala, Karnal and Gurgaon, etc. Further, these were opened in many villages and towns of the region as well. 3 With the object of remodeeing and transforming the society, it paid ample attention to female education. It opened numerous schools for girls, where education was to be imparted in their mother tongue. 4 The Arya Samaj also created political awakening in the women. Some of the women of Arya Samajist families started participating in the politico-religious meetings of the Samaj. 5 The prominent anong them were Sarla Devi Chaudharani, the wife of Ram Raj Datt, Har Devi, the wife of Lala Roshan Lal of Lahore, Bhag Devi, wife of Lala Duni Chand of Ambala, Chand Bai of Lala Shyam Lal of Hissar and Smt. Purani Devi of Hissar, Luxmi Arya, Chitra Devi, Kasturi Bai of Rohtak etc. 6 Smt. Purani Devi of Hissar toured various districts for advocating Swadeshi. 7 What is significant to note is that owing to various factors this social awakening movement could not permeate into the common masses. It, remained limited to the educated families wherein the sisters, wives or mothers of activist Arya samajists could get an opportunity to join the national movement as women leaders. And when Gandhian movement came into force the participation of women was further accelerated by its constructive programme which enabled them to organize simultaneously social reform activities at local level. This work was also acceptable in the conservative section of the society as a commendable form of activity. 8 These women, therefore, could play supportive as well as leadership role in the constructive programme without any fear of stepping outside the limits of conventional behaviour. Their involvement in Khadi work and prohibition would not expose them to criticism from their family or their communities. 9 These aspects of the constructive programme which decisively brought the women into national movement were used as tools in dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 177

91 Haryana as well. One may notice that soon after the Khadi resolution The Swadeshi propaganda was carried out at Bhiwani by was adopted by All India Congress Session in 1921, its propagation organizing processions of volunteers daily alongwith singing national started in Haryana as well. Smt. Mula Devi took a lead role in it with songs while passing through the main bazaars. All this was done her impressive speeches in Bhiwani area. 10 Similarly Lajwanti did an with the efforts of Kamla Devi wife of Lala Mela Ram, who was a excellent work in the same context at Hissar. She used to address prominent man of the city. She went around with the women-folk to gatherings of men and women. Her lecturers created a wholesome propagate the Congress activities. 19 effect throughout the district of Hissar. 11 So far as the commitment of women to the Congress In Ambala, Smt. Bhag Devi wife of Lala Duni Chand who movement was concerned, their meetings, processions and was deeply influenced by Gandhi's speeches started wearing khaddar propagation of Khaddar continued even after the suspension of the and changed into a true follower of Gandhi. She also attended the movement. They continued the non-violent programme to stop the annual session of the Indian National Congress at Ahmedabad in sale of foreign cloth by dealers and the use of liquor. These tasks After the arrest of Lala Duni Chand and Abdul Rashid Khan had been specially assigned to them by Mahatma Gandhi, as he felt in 1922, Mrs. Duni Chand and Bibi Amtu Salam (sister of Abdul that women have greater power of persuasion and patience than Rashid Khan) jumped into the fray and devoted their lives for to men. 20 And many a times, it also proved fruitful as has been testified ongoing struggle. 13 in statement of Mrs. Bhag Devi of Ambala. She recalls that no buyer In January, 1922, the Non-Cooperation Movement dared to come near the shops where women picketers were seen. It commenced at Bhiwani. Smt. Parmeshwari Devi, wife of Chaudhary may further be added that even the shopkeepers used to behave Ake Singh actively participated in it. Beside highlighting the need well with folded hands before the women picketers. When faced and importance of Swadeshi before the women of Bhiwani in a public with a delicate situation, they generally compromised with the meetings, she organized a procession. 14 situation. Sometimes after shutting the doors of the shops, they placed At Hissar, a large number of women gathered to make the the keys at the feet of the women picketers. 21 Inspite of all the bonfire of foreign clothes a success. Several hundred foreign clothes above discussed cases, the participation of women did not take were consigned to fire by them. Similarly women took a keen interest place at a mass scale. It was mainly confined to those of them whose in bonfire of foreign clothes at Bhiwani and Rohtak. 15 It is significant husbands, brother's and sons had already joined the struggle and to note that, Muslim women also participated in the boycott were in jail. movement at Rohtak. 16 Door to door campaign was launched to As the news of Gandhi's historic march to Dandi on 12th make the movement successful. Chand Bai, (a purdah nashin lady) March 1930 for breaking salt law reached Haryana, 22 the Congress as well as the wife of Lala Shyam Lal Vakil and Mrs. Ram Krishan women in different towns and villages immediately came forvard to Bakshi of Hissar, organized spinning classes and spinning make it success. The salt was manufactured by a group of them at competitions. Mrs. Chand Bai, who was an expert in spinning, guided Ambala city under the leadership of Kumari Vidhyawati, daughter other women. 17 In 1923, she also attended the annual session of the of Lala Dunichand, Advocate. 23 Indian National Congress held at Concanada. 18 Kasturi Bai, a twelve year old girl, purchased the so-called contraband salt at Rewari for Rs.60 which she had collected through her paltry savings at the rate of two paise a day. 24 The picketing dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 179

92 programme was also carried out side by side. The Congress women also picketed the temples at Ambala Cantt.. They allowed the entry only to those who came wearing khaddar. It proved a successful experiment. Again on the occasion of Janam Ashtami, ladies picketed the temples to prevent the entry of those who were wearing foreign clothes. 25 Women volunteers also picketed the local schools as a protest against the arrest of the Congress leaders at Bombay. They did not allow even the teachers to enter the school compound. 26 Under the auspices of the Congress, thewomen organized picketing of foreign cloth shops and liquor shops at various places as well. They organized meetings and took out processions and exhorted people to boycott foreign cloth. Kasturi Bai and Durga Devi of Rohtak delivered impressive speeches on 3rd May 1931 in a Conference held at village Nahri (Rohtak) asking people to follow the Congress programme. 27 At Mokhra (village of Rohtak) a Rural Conference was held on 20th April 1931, where Chitra Devi unfurled the National Flag. 28 In July 1931, she was arrested from Rohtak for making speeches under sections 108 (Criminal Procedure Code) and 53 (Indian Penal Code). She was the first woman of Haryana to be arrested for her political activities. 29 Women picketeers were also active at Bhiwani, Hissar, Ambala and Rohtak. Their participation was higher at Rohtak where 55 womens were registered. Theyhad done a vigorous picketing during the months of January and February Among the women Satyagrahis of Rohtak district who were imprisonmed in 1930 included Smt. Manni Devi (Deeghal Village), Smt. Dhapo Devi (Rohtak), Smt. Darka Devi (Kanhi village) and Smt. Kasturi Bai (Rohtak). 31 On the direction of Gandhi, the then Punjab Provincial Congress Committee was transformed into a Supreme Satyagraha Committee on April 5, It directed all the district Congress committees to follow suit and to enroll satyagrahis. During the individual Satyagarh, Smt. Kasturi Bai cournted arrest on 18th February 1941 after offering Satyagrah at a public meeting, she was sentenced to 9 months rigorous imprisonment under rule 38 D.I.R. She, had been earlier convicted twice during the Civil Disobedieince Movement ( ).31 In 1941, women like Smt. Chand Bai, Mrs. Jugal Kishore and Mrs. Madan Gopal sold khadi worth rupees several thousand on the eve of the Khadi National Week. 32 It was also celebrated at Bhiwani, Hissar with great enthusiasm. Everywhere, women took a keen interest in spinning and its disposal as door to door sale in form of khadi. 33 At Hissar, ladies Charkkha competition was organized at a grand scale in which over 200 women took part and prizes were given to the best ten spinners. 34 The women of Haryana did not lag behind in the Quit India Movement in At Rohtak, Smt. Kasturi Bai took a leading part in it. She was arrested and sentenced to one years imprisonment but was released before the expiry of her sentence due to her husband's death. 35 Luxmi Arya of Rohtak went underground during the movement. She went from door-to-door to keep the movement alive among the masses. 36 At Bhiwani, Mohini Devi led the movement among women, though she was not arrested. Smt. Chitra Devi who belonged a village of district Hissar was arrested in 1943 for organizing Satyagraha movement at Hissar. Smt. Lilawati Singhal from Sonepat also courted arrest and Smt. Kamla organised meetings and processions at Gurgaon. 37 Smt. Bhag Devi took a leading part in organizing the movement in the rural areas of district Ambala. 38 The movement, however, slowed down after the celebration of Independence Day on 26 January 1943 and the activities and it was withdrawn in 1944 and Congress women volunteers were then... to concentrate on maintaining communal harmony. 39 The above discussin leads to the conclusion that despite the serve economic and political backwared may of Haryana region dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 181

93 during the colonal Period, the women of the region were inspired by Arya Samaj to participate in the freedom struggle. Some of them played inportant roles in various movement that had been launched from time to time. References and Footnotes 1. Census of India, vol. I, part-i, 1921, p Lala Lajpat Rai, The Arya Samaj (Bombay, 1915), p Yadav K.C., Haryana Ka Itihas, Vol. II, pp Home Political File B, Govt. of India Proceedings, February 1908, No Verma Manju, Role of Women in Freedom Movement in Punjab ( ), p Home Political File B, Govt. of India Proceedings, February 1908, No Home Department Political Secret No. 48, March Agnew Vijay; Elite women in Indian Politics, p Ibid. 10. The Tribune, January 18, Ibid. September 20, Report of the 36th session of the Indian National Congress held at Ahmadabad in 1921, p Verma Manju; op.cit., p The Tribune, January 7, Verma Manju; op.cit., p The Tribune, October 2, 4, 6, 7, 15, 18, Verma Manju; op.cit., p Report of the Indian National Congress held at Concanada, 1923, p The Tribune, January 20, 25, Verma Manju; op.cit., p Ibid. 22. Young India, March 12, 1930, p Home Department Political File, 1941, No. 3/3/ The Bombay Chronicle, January 8, Verma Manju; op.cit., p The Tribune, August 7, Ibid., May 9, Ibid., April 24, Ibid., July 25, Jakhad Ram Singh; Ap Biti Aur Anubhav, p The Tribune, February 20, The Tribune, April 12, 15 and 16, Ibid., April 10, 11, 12, 15 and 16, The Tribune, April 15, Verma Manju; op.cit., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Home Department (Political) No. 18/1/43 and 18/2/ Verma Manju; op.cit., p.141. dfkk Lojkt 183

94 CONTRIBUTION OF HARYANA IN NATIONAL MOVEMENT -Rakesh Vats M.A. History, M.Ed., MBA (HR) (PGT History) D.A.V. Public School, Bahadurgarh National movement is a glorified aspect of Indian History. Contribution of Haryana in the National movement can not be ignored.haryana has been considered a place of heaven on the earth. Since Vedic age the people of this region played a vital role in every field. The brave people of Haryana contributed in national movement since 1857 A.D. revolt. No doubt Haryana was exploited economically,socially and politically by the Britishers. Haryana people played a prominent role in 1857A.D. revolt.major incidents of rebellion in Haryana are The revolt was started from Ambala by 60 TH Infantary at 9:00 a.m. on 10 TH May 1857 A.D. before Meerut. On 13 May, 300 soldiers of Delhi attacked at Gurgaon and looted. The battle of Narnaul on 16 TH Nov.1857A.D. is remarkable in the History of Haryana. Rao Tularam of Ahirwal fought this battle bravely against the Britisher. Brave Ranghara,Jat,Rajput gave leadership to revolt at Rohtak. Haryana Light Infantary soldiers gave leadership at Hansi,Hissar and Sirsa. Jats of Asandh,Kaithal,Jalman opposed the Britishers. Patiala,Nabha,Kunjpura,Karnal helped the Britishers during the revolt. Yet 1857 A.D. revolt prepared the platform for freedom from the British Raj. After revolution in Feb 1858 A.D. the British govt. removed Haryana from North-West Province and merged it with Punjab.This region was punished due to take part in revolt, no development took place in this region. Indian National Congress was founded in 1885A.D. by A.O.Hume at Bombay. Lala Murlidhar from Ambala represented Haryana in first session of Congress in total 72 representatives. Since 1885 to 1905 A.D. Congress was headed by moderate and since 1905 to 1919 A.D Congress was headed by extremists. Same scenario was existed in the agitation in Haryana. Major facts of national movement since 1885 A.D. to 1919A.D. are Lala Murlidhar pointed the issue of foreign goods at Nagpur Congress session 1891 A.D. Swadesi and boycott movment ran successfully at Rohtak and Hissar. Lala Lajpat Roy motivated people of Hissar against the Britisher.He gave more stress on indigenous goods.he was exiled on 9 TH may 1907 to Mayanmar. Pt.Deend Dayal Sharma launched news paper named Harijan and Rafia-a-aam from Jhajjar youth were recruited from Rohtak district by the British Army due to Mahatma Gandhi motivation. Home rule movement was started by Anne Besent and B.G.Tilak.In 1917 Pt.Neki Ram Sharma from Bhiwani dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 185

95 was appointed the president of Home rule movement of North India.He was also known as Haryana Kesari. Tilak accepted that Pt.Neki Ram Sharma taught him HINDI. In 1917 the Deputy Commissioner of Rohtak offered 25 Murraba land to Sh.Neki Ram.He said I want the whole land of India. Neki Ram Sharma Started a weekly magazine Swadesh from Bhiwani. Strong agitation was seen at Rohtak and Hissar.Jats Strongly opposed this act at Rohtak under the leadership of Ch.Piru singh and Ch.Chhotu Ram. Rowllet Act was also opposed in Haryana by Arya Samajist Swami Sardanand. On 30 th 1919 A.D. day was decided for nation wide strike against this act. Later on date of strike was changed and new date was 6th April.But this message did not reach to Haryana. On 11 TH Feb A.D.under the presidentship of Sardar Jhanda Singh opposed the act in Ambala. On 9 th April 1919 A.D. Mahatma Gandhi was arrested first time at Palwal railway station in Haryana. On 13 th April 1919 A.D.Jaliawala bagh massacre was occurred. On 14 th April 1919 A.D.labourer and workers attacked on railway station against Jaliawala bagh massacre at Bahadurgarh. On 20 th April in front of Jat high school students cut the wire of telephone at Rohtak. Rohtak congress leader Sh. Tek Ram was arrested on 28 th April 1919 A.D. Non-co-operation Movements was started by Mahatma Gandhi in On 4 th Sep A.D. Non-co-operation movement resolution passed in Calcutta Congress session.. Sh.Ram Sharma was the president of Rohtak congress committee. Ganpat rai,gokul Chand Nain Sukh of Bhiwani returned the title Kursi-Nasini-Medal to the govt. Akhe Ram from Hissar returned his badge to the govt. The student Union President of Law college Lahore Pt.Molli Chand left the college with many students.he was the native of Jhajjar. The students of the Gaur High School and Jat High School left school and took part in ant-british activities. Gandhi. dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 187 On 8 th Oct 1920, a great procession was organized by Mahatma Gandhi with Ali brothers at Rohtak Ram leela ground. Under the presidentship of Murlidhar from Ambala a rally was organized at Bhiwani with Mahatma

96 Pt. Shri Ram Sharma started a newspaper named Haryana Tilak on 18 TH March 1923 from Rohtak. At Bahadurgarh the movement was headed by a school student Ramchander On 8 th Nov. under the presedentship Rambaz dutt Lahore congress leader with Lala Lajpat roy put the programme of the movement.kissan leader Ch.Chhotu Ram opposed the movement, conflict arose and Sh.Neki Ram was hurt at Rohtak. Mahtma Gandhi laid the foundation stone of National vaish high school at Bhiwani on 17 TH Feb 1921 A.D muslim opposed foreign clothes at Hansi for the sake of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhiji addressed 30,000 people at Bhiwani on 15 th Feb On 16 th Feb 1921 Gandhi ji addressed farmers at Rothak with the help of Sh Neki Ram,Sh Ram sharma,master Baldev singh. Civil Disobedience Movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi by Dandi yatra (12 th March to 6 th April) 1930 AD. On 30 th March 1930, SC/ST of the village Pudimangla distt Hissar decided not to work for those who would be against Congress. On 10 th April 1930 salt was made from a well water in the temple of mohalla Kallanla at Rohtak. On 15 TH April 1930 the people of Jahidpur village Jhajjar opposed the govt. to make salt from a well.. On 20 th April a 12 years girl named Kasturibai bought a packet of salt with 60 in the auction of salt at Rewari. Shahbad D.A.V.students agitated during this movement. On 21th April Neki Ram made salt at Hissar. Dunichand and his daughter Vidhawati and khan Abdul made salt at Ambala. Sh.Ram Sharma, Ch.Chandgi Ram organized the people at Rohtak. Due to Gandhi Irwin pact all the struggler freed and Gandhi ji was persuaded by the Britisher to take part in 2 nd round table conference in London. On 17 TH Octo.1940 Gandhiji started individual Satyagrah and Sh.Vinobha Bhave was chosen first Satyagrahi. Sh.Gopichand, Sh. Neki Ram, Sh.Devilal, Sh.Sahib Ram actively participated in individual Satyagraha. Sh.Shri ram and Sh.Mangali Ram sent jail during this time. Quit India Movement resolution was passed in July 1942 A.D. at Wardha after the failureness of the Cripps Mission.. The resolution was implemented on 8 th Aug next day 9 th Aug. all the leadrers of congress along with Gandhi ji were arrested. Major incidents of Haryana during that period are dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 189

97 On 14 th Aug Pt.Neki Ram was sent to Hissar Jail. On 23th Aug.Sh Ram Sharma,MangeRam Vats,Bharat Singh,khair mohammad,munni bai,luxmi devi were sent to Rohtak jail. Ch.Devilal,Sahib Ram,Jati Puranchand sent to Hissar Jail. People of Haryana were full of motivation to achieve complete swaraj. This was the last and final mass movement of Gandhiji. Indian National Army was founded by Rasbihari Bose in 1941 AD.Sh.Subhash chander Bose gave a organized shape it in 1943 A.D. Major facts of INA with reference of Haryana which are There were 2715 soldiers and officers in INA from Haryana. 22 Officers and 324 soldiers were killed from Haryana. Conel Ram Swaroop of village kosli was the incharge of Intelligence department. Mundsa village native Dilsukh man was the quarter master general in INA. Ran singh of village Dandlan was the chief of the second battalion of INA. Subhash Chander Bose gave the title Sher-a-Hind to captain Kanwal Singh of Mandauthi and captain Preet Singh Dakla of Sonipat. In 1943 AD Captain Kanwal Singh came from Germany to Singapur along with S.C.Bose. Sh.Mehar Singh of village Sisana was the driver of S.C.Bose in Japan and Burma. Prazamandal Movement was such a movement to integrate the movement in Riysats.All India State People Conference was organized in 1927, but it worked rapidly during second world war. Major facts of movement of Riyasats of Haryana are: Pataudi-In 1940 Iftkar Ali khan was the Nawab of this Riyasat. He was an Internatiional Cricketer. People of Riysat were facing very critical problems due to high land tax, no facilities were provided by Nawab. The Prazamandal movement was organized by Molana- Nur-Uddin in June 1939 AD. Babudayal sharma was first person who raised voice against Nawab. Dujana- In 1945 Rao Devkaran started the movement against Nawab Iktdar Ali Khar. There were same problem like Dujana. Pt. Hariram and Tarachand prepared mass movement there. Loharu- Mirza Ajijuddin Ahmad Khan was the Nawab of the Riysat. There was main issue of freedom to religion. Nawab wanted to convert all the follower of different religion into Muslims. dfkk Lojkt dfkk@191

98 Neki Ram, Nathu Ram,The Baghwant Singh,Ganga sahay played an important role to agitate against the Nawab. Jind/Patiala/Nabha-These Riyasat had been in favour of the Britisher since 1857 reolt but common people raised their voice time to time not only against Nawab but also against the Britisher. Ranbir was the king of Jind, Yadvendra of Patiala and Pratap Singh was the kind of Nabha Riyasat. Banarasi Dass gupta & Nihal Singh gave shape to the movement at Jind. Sh.Ramkisan & Sh Matadin raised the voice against Nawab of Patiala. Sh.Madho singh & Mathura Prasad motivated the people towards the movement. Role of Arya Samaj to increase national feeling in Haryana. To create a healthy and free from orthodox society Swami Dayanand Sarswati founded Arya Samaj on 10 th April 1875 in Bombay. Major facts of Arya Samaj special reference to Haryana are Swami Dayanad visited Rewari and established a branch of Arya Samaj in 1880 AD. Lala Lajpat Roy was major Arya samaji activists of Haryana. He started DAV School in 1886AD with Sh.Hansraj Major personalities of Haryana who contributed in Arya Samaj Swami Shardanand, Ch.Piru Mal, Ch.Matu Ram of Rohtak,Pt.Basti Ram of Sultangarhi Jhajjar,Rav Yudhister of Rewari. To spread Arya Samaj in rural area of Hissar and Rohtak credit goes to Dr. Ramji lal Jat from village Sanghi There were suitable condition for Arya samaj in Haryana like- 1. To be pure vegetarian of native of Haryana. 2. Composition of Vedas was occurred at the land of Haryana. 3. They have been giving a secred position to cow 4. Gita updesh was delivered by Lord Krishna in Haryana. 5. Different cast, religion but there was a single occupation cultivation. 6. Favourable teaching of Arya Samaj Arya samaj was considered a political party by the Britisher,so the British govt.took many steps against Arya Samaj. The commissioner of Rohtak stopped the Nagar Kirtan procession of Arya Samaj to see the out comes of this procession. Contribution of Sh.Matu Ram in National movement Sh.Matu Ram was a great freedom fighter of Haryana from village Sanghi district Rohtak.The major facts about Sh.Matu Ram are dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 193

99 He was a great Arya Samaji activist, he worked with Lala Lajpat Rai,Ch.Piru Singh at Rohtak for Arya Samaj. Sh. Matu Ram played a role to promote Swadeshi movement and gave more emphasis on indigenous goods at Rohtak. He and Master Baldev Singh of Jat school were famous leader of congress after leaving congress by Ch.Chhotu Ram in 1920AD. He had been a social worker.he lodged an election plea against Sh.Lal chand due to malpractices in election, as a result Lalchand had to leave the post. Contribution of Sh.Ranbir Singh in National movement Ch. Ranbir Singh was born on 26 th Nov.1914 AD in the house of Sh.Matu Ram at Sanghi Village of Rohtak.He got his initially education at his village school and later at the Gurukul Bhainswal Kalan near Gohana ran by Sh.Bhagat Phool Singh Arya Samaji.He Graduated from Delhi Ramjas college in 1937 AD. Some land mark facts about Sh.Ranbir Hooda are He was a great Arya Samaji activist. He played a major role in development of Bhakhara Nangal Power Project as then irrigation minister of joint Punjab. He closely associated with Gandhiji,he organized rally at Rohtak.He joined Gandhian in 1930 AD. Indian National Congress sent him to Constitution Assembly in July 1947AD and he worked actively in the framing of Indian Constitution. dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 195 He was a member of Provisional Parliament ( AD) He was elected for first Loksabha ( AD) and for Punjab Assembly( AD) He was elected for Haryana Assembly ( AD) and also elected to Rajya Sabha in 1972 AD. Sh.Ranbir Singh founded primary school at village Munger and Polangi. He started a weekly named Hindi Haryana He was arrested 8 times, first time he was arrested in 1941 AD for one year.he spent total three and half year in jail and under house arrest for two years.he went to different jail at Rohtak,Hissar,Ambala,Lahore and Sialkot. He was the founder secretary of Bharat Krishak Samaj He had been the president of Freedom Fighter Association Of India at last phase of his life. Kurukshetra University conferred the title D Lit to Sh.Ranbir Singh Hooda on 26 th Nov.2007 AD. He died on 1 Feb 2009 AD. Thus we can say that the people of Haryana played and will be playing a very crucial role in making a strong nation. cyyhkx<+ ds jktk ukgj flag dk

100 Lora=rk vkunksyu esa ;ksxnu lqjs'k ns'koky lu~ 1857 dk Lora=rk laxzke oklro es a xzkeh.k i` BHkwfe ls mbh tuøkfur FkkA rrdkyhu gfj;k.kk es a bldh ckxmksj cyyhkx<+ ujs k ukgj flag ds gkfkks a es a FkhA fczfv k bzlv bf.m;k deiuh us Hkkjr es a izhkqro tekdj vr;kpkjh o funz;h uhfr ls d`f k {ks= ij Hkkjh VSDl ykndj flfkfr cm+h folqksvd cuk nh FkhA 19oha lnh ds kq: ea s bl deiuh us tc mùkjh Hkkjr es a viuk izhkqro c<+k;k rks ;gka ds esgurh fdlku ls jktlo dj dh ekax c<+k nh rfkk bls olwyus dk <+ ax T;knk vkøed dj fn;ka bl izdkj dh daiuh dh xfrfof/k;ks a dh [kcj fdlku ujs k dks nsrs jgrs FksA dqn eso pks/kfj;ks a dks tks uxhuk ds ikl jgus okys Fks] idm+dj ys x,a esoks a dh iapk;r us jkt ukgj flag dk /;ku bl vksj fnyk;ka nwljh rjq rsofr;k iky ds pks/kjh Hkh ujs k ls vkdj feys vksj vaxz stks a ds izfr viuk vlarks k O;Dr fd;ka lu~ 1856 es a xaxk&?kxxj ds chp ds iwjs {ks= dh,d izfrfuf/k lhkk loz[kki iapk;r dh csbd fnyyh ds vyhiqj xkao es a gqbz] ftles a jktk ukgj flag ds vfrfjdr vusd izeq[k O;fDr miflfkr gq,a bl izpk;r es a Hkh bl iwjs {ks= es a vaxz stks a dh uhfr;ks a ds izfr Hkkjh jks k O;Dr fd;k x;ka 1 loz[kki iapk;r vksj fo ks kdj jktk ukgj flag }kjk fd;s x;s vieku dk cnyk ysus ds fy, daiuh us lu~ 1857 es a cyyhkx<+ ds nhoku ckadsyky dks jktdks k ls Hkkjh /kujkf k dk xcu djus dk izykshku fn;k vksj,slk djus ij mls fnyyh esa fczfv k jsthmsuv }kjk vkj; iznku fd;ka 2 jktk ukgj flag dks bl km+;a= dk irk yxus ls iwoz gh nhoku dks jsthmsuv us ckn kkg ls iukg fnyok nha blls jktk dk vkøks k c<+ x;k vksj mugksaus ckn kkg ds f[kykq cxkor dk >.Mk cqyun djus dk fu p; dj fy;ka jktiq: kkas us jktk dks bl dne dks rqjar u mbkus dh lykg nha 3 mugksaus deiuh dh kfdr kkyh lsukvksa 196@Lojkt dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 197 vksj ckn kkg ls ukjktxh ysus ls iwoz jktk dks viuh lsuk dk iquzxbu djus dks dgka jktk dh lsuk dks lqn`<+ djus gsrq xk oksa ds gtkjksa yksx mlds lsfud cu x;sa {ks= esa vaxsztksa ds fo:) Tokyk igys gh izttofyr gks pqdh FkhA esjb ls Økafr ds kq: gksus dh lwpuk tc cyyhkx<+ ujs k dks feyh rks os rqjar Økafr ds izeq[k lapkyd cu x,a mugksaus fgumu ds ;q) esa viuh lsuk,a HksthaA fnyyh ij pkjksa vksj ls vaxzsth lsuk dk ncko c<+us yxk rks ckn kkg us jktk ukgj flag dks fnyyh dh lsuk dh dek.m lahkkyus gsrq cqykok Hkstuk im+ka 4 jktk ukgj flag dk vkxjk vksj iwoz ds nwljs LFkkuksa ls gks jgs ;krk;kr o lapkj iz.kkyh ij iw.kz fu;u=.k FkkA cgknqj kkg tqj ls fopkj&foe kz djus ds iz pkr~ jktk ukgj flag us ikyh] iyoy o Qrsgiqj dlcksa esa rglhy o Fkkus [kksy fn,] rkfd fnyyh ij vaxszth lsuk dh?kwlisb u c<+ sa ;s Fkkus jktekxz dh efkqjk rx yxkrkj fuxjkuh djus yxsa 5 bl le; jktk ukgj flag cyyhkx<+ esa jgdj nf{k.k ls vaxztksa dh vkus okyh lsfud dqeqd dks efv;kesv djrs jgsa cyyhkx<+ ds ikl gh,d ;q) eas cgqr ls vaxszt ekjs x;s Fks vksj muds jdr ls jke ljksoj dk ikuh yky gks x;k FkkA blh le; ckn kkg dh cm+h t:jr cyyhkx<+ ujs k Fks vksj mugsa fnyyh esa vkuk im+ka ihns ls cyyhkx<+ dh deku lsukifr xqykc flag ds gkfk esa jgha duzy ykajsl us [kqn Lohdkj fd;k Fkk fd tc rd jktk ukgj flag ds gkfk esa deku gs] rc rd fot; vlehko gsa 6 vaxzstksa us jktk ukgj flag dk /;ku gvkus ds fy, cyyhkx<+ ij vkøe.k dj fn;ka ijarq lsukfir xqykc flag us vaxzstksa dk MVdj eqdkcyk fd;ka 7 iyoy vksj Qrsgiqj lu~ 1857 ea s fczfv k {ks= FkkA ogka ij Økafr ds i pkr~ vjktdrk dk ekgksy cu x;k FkkA 25 ebz] lu~ 1857 dks jktk ukgj flag us bu dlcksa ij viuk vf/kdkj dj fy;k rfkk ogka dh ftyk Vsªtjh dks vius vf/kdkj esa ys fy;ka jktk us mu {ks=ksa dks

101 Hkh vius dctksa esa dj fy;k] ftudks vaxzstksa us muds iwoztksa ls Nhu fy;k FkkA jktk ukgj flag Økafr ds nksjku fnyyh ds,d izdkj ls HkkX; fo/kkrk cu x, FksA mugksaus vaxzsth vkf/kir; ls eqdr jkt/kkuh fnyyh dh iwohz lsuk ij viuh lsuk rsukr dj nha vaxzstksa ls Lora= fnyyh ds 134 fnuksa esa jktk us jkt; lqo;olfkk,oa etcwr ekspkzcunh ds fy, dbksj ifjje fd;ka 8 mudk iz;kl Fkk fd ftl ykyfdys dks ns khkdrksa us vusd dqckzfu;ka nsdj vktkn djk;k gs] mlij nksckjk fons kh >.Mk u Qgjk ldsa 9 ykmz dsfuax tks ml le; Hkkjr ds xozuj tujy Fks] dks ykajsl us,d i= fy[kk Fkk& ^^;gka iwoz vksj nf{k.k dh vksj cyyhkx<+ ujs k dh etcwr ekspkzcanh gs vksj ml lsfud nhokj dks rksm+uk vlehko gh nh[k im+rk gsa tc rd fd phu vfkok baxys.m ls gekjh dqeqd ugha vk tkrha** 10 ;gh gqvk HkhA 13 flrecj] dks tc vaxzsth iyvuksa us fnyyh ij vkøe.k fd;k rc og d ehjh xsv dh rjq ls gh fd;k x;ka,d ckj tc vaxzst kgj esa?kwl vk;s rc vf/kdka k Hkkjrh; lsfud frrj&fcrj gksus yxsa ckn kkg dks Hkh fdyk NksM+dj gqek;qa ds edcjs esa kj.k ysuh im+ha bu fcxm+h flfkfr esa jktk us ckn kkg dks cyyhkx<+ pyus dk vkxzg fd;ka ijurq] bykgh c[ k uked,d vaxzst,stsav ds cgdkus ls ckn kkg us ;gka ls tkuk vlohdkj dj fn;ka 11 jktk ukgj flag dh ckr u ekuus dk izfrqy ;g gqvk fd 21 flrecj dks dirku gm+lu us pqipki cgknqj kkg dks fxj rkj dj fy;ka ijurq] jktk ukgj flag us cgknqjh fn[kkdj vius lsfudksa dks jk VªHkfDr ls iszfjr djds vaxzstksa dks?ksj fy;ka [krjs dh igpku dj dirku gm+lu us kgtknksa dks xksyh ekj nh vksj ckn kkg dks Hkh ekjus dh /kedh nha vr% jktk us ckn kkg ds izk.kksa dh j{kk dh n`f V ls viuh?ksjkcunh mbk yha fnyyh ds r[r dk ;g vafre v/;k; FkkA 12 fnyyh es a viuh idm+ etcwr djus ds ckn vaxz stks a us ;q) u ym+dj jktk ukgj flag ds le{k lfu/klwpd lqsn >.Mk fn[kk fn;k dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 199 vksj pkj?kqm+lokj vqlj fnyyh ls cyyhkx<+ igq apsa mugks aus jktk ls fuosnu fd;k fd ckn kkg ls lfu/k gksus okyh gsa mles a vkidh miflfkfr t:jh gsa 13 fu.kkz;d le; es a ckn kkg us vkidh miflfkfr dh bpnk dh gsa 14 bl lwpuk dks ikdj jktk vius dq ky 500 flikfg;ks a ds lkfk fnyyh dh vksj py fn,a tc os vks[kyk o futkeqn~nhu ds chp cnjiqj ls dqn vkxs c<+ s rks rqjur taxyks a es a fnis vaxz st lsfudks a us mu ij tksjnkj geyk cksy fn;ka vius FkksM+ s ls lsfudks a ds lkfk os cgknqjh ls ym+ sa ysfdu] muds lsfud ohjxfr dks izkir gks x, vksj jktk ukgj flag dks canh cuk fy;k x;ka ujs k dh yksdfiz;rk fnuksafnu c<+h] bldk dkj.k ;gh Fkk fd jktk ukgj flag us viuh fj;klr cyyhkx<+ esa nqdkunkjksa dks ;g vkns k ns j[kk Fkk fd tks Hkh vaxzst fojks/kh lsuk cyyhkx<+ ièkkjs] mugsa nqdkuksa ls tks Hkh os [kkuk&ihuk pkgsa] jktk ds [kkrs ls iznku fd;k tk,a jktk ukgj flag us ckn kkg ds rglhynkj ehj buk;r vyh dks i= fy[kk fd og uhpe ls vkus okyh fonzksgh lsukvkas dk Lokxr djs vksj muds fy, jln,df=r djs rfkk Qjhnkckn esa muds Bgjus dk mfpr izcu/k djsa ehj buk;r vyh jktk }kjk iyoy vkfn dlcksa ij dctk djus ds ckn rglhynkj fu;qdr fd;k x;k FkkA jktk ukgj flag us [kqn Hkh uhep ls vkus okyh lsukvksa esa vius dezpkfj;ksa }kjk febkbz;ka vkfn cavokbza jktk ukgj flag dks dsn djus ds i pkr muij eqdn~ek pyka eqdnes ls iwoz mugsa gm+lu us dgk&^^rqe ekqh ekax yksa esa rqegsa Qkalh ls cpk ldrk gw A** jktk us gmlu dh vksj ihb djrs gq, mùkj fn;k] ^^dg fn;k fqj lqu yksa xksjs esjs k=q gsa] esjs ns k ds k=q gsaa muls {kek esa dnkfi ugha ekax ldrka----yk[k ukgj flag dy isnk gks tk,axsa** mu ij eqdnek pyk,oa 2 tuojh] lu~ 1858 dks QkSth vnkyr us QSlyk fn;k & ^^jktk us fonzksfg;ksa dks jln] lsfud lgk;rk] vkffkzd enn vksj iyoy vkfn dlcksa ij vukf/kd`r dctk djds vaxsztksa ls lh/kh VDdj yha vr% bl rjg dh dk;zokgh Hkkjr dh fo/kku ifj kn

102 1857 ds,db&16 dh /kkjkvksa ds vurxzr,d t?ku; vijk/k gsa xokgksa }kjk fn, x, lcwrksa ls Hkh jktk ij yxk;s x, vkjksi fl) gksrs gsaa vnkyr jktk ukgj flag dks Qkalh dh ltk nsrh gsa mldh lhkh izdkj dh leifr tcr dj yh tk,a** 9 tuojh] lu~ 1858 dks bl egku Økafrdkjh uk;d dks pkanuh pksad fnyyh esa Qkalh nh xbza Qkalh dk QUnk pwers gq, jktk ukgj flag us ;gh dgk & ^^nhid cq> u tk,a** jktk ukgj flag dh lsu; izfrhkk] Lok/khurk izkfir dh yxu] pfj= dh n`<+rk] iddk fu p;] ns khkfdr] viuh turk ds fgr ds fy, thouhkj fd;s dk;z rfkk /kezfujis{krk muds pfj= dh vyksfdd fo ks krk,a FkhaA muds iz kklfud laxbu] lsu; izca/k] vne; lkgl vksj fno; izfrhkk ns[kdj gh esvdkwq us ^Vw usjsfvot vkwq E;wfVuh bu nsgyh* iqlrd esa i` B 73 ij dgk gs fd] ^^fnyyh ij vaxzstksa ds?ksjs ds nksjku ukgj flag gh fnyyh dk kkld FkkA** ve`rlj ds rrdkyhu mik;qdr ÝSMfjd dwij }kjk fyf[kr iqlrd] ^Økbfll bu iatkc* esa muds vne; lkgl dk o.kzu feyrk gsa 36 o kz dh vyik;q esa gh jkt ukgj flag dh e`r;q ls turk esa kksd dh ygj nksm+ xbz Fkh] ftlls mldh fj;klr iwjh rjg fgy xbz FkhA ;fn mugsa thou ds vksj nks n kd fey tkrs] rks os vius jkt; dks dgha vf/kd [kq kgky vksj etcwr NksM+dj tkrsa mi;qzdr fooj.k ds i pkr vc esa lu~ 1857 dh tuøkafr esa jktk ukgj flag dh lgh Hkwfedk dk fo ys k.k dj jgk gw A jktk ukgj flag dh fj;klr fnyyh ds cgqr djhc gksus ds dkj.k cgqr T;knk egro j[krh FkhA pkgs og vaxzst gks ;k eqxy ckn kkga nwljk ;g tkv ckgqy bykdk Fkk vksj tkv cyyhkx<+ ujs k ds izfr vxk/kk izse,oa leiz.krk j[krs FksA blfy, ckn kkg us jktk ukgj flag dks bl Økafr dh ckxmksj Fkek nh Fkh vksj fnyyh o mlds vklikl ds leiw.kz {ks= dh iz kklu O;oLFkk o izcaèk dk leiw.kz nkf;ro mugsa ns fn;k FkkA eqxy ckn kkg [kqn cgqar cqtqxz vksj detksj FksA dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 201 blfy, muds fy;s bl Økafr dk lapkyu djuk eqf dy vksj vlehko FkkA mugsa ukstoku] ns khkdr,oa l{ke usr`ro dh vfr vko ;drk Fkh] tks mugas cyyhkx<+ ujs k ls feyka cyyhkx<+ ujs k dks Hkh,d volj dh izfr{kk Fkh fd os vius iwoztksa dh xfjek dks iqu% thfor djs] ftlij vaxzstksa us muds tkxhj rfkk iwoztksa dh izfr Bk dks lq kksfhkr djuk pkgrs FksA blfy, Lora=rk Økafr kq: gksrs gh mugksaus cgknqj kkg tqj ls eqykdkr djds Økafr dh ckxmksj vius gkfkksa esa ys yh FkhA bfrgkl lk{kh gs fd fnyyh ds vklikl clk tkv leqnk; Lora=rk izseh jgk gs rfkk mldh viuh xqykeh ds fo:) fonzksgh izo`fr jgh gsa jktk ukgj flag gh,dek= tkv usrk Fks] ckdh gfj;k.kk ds lhkh fj;klrksa ds izeq[k eqlyeku FksA,d ek= fgunw jktk cyyhkx<+ ds ukgj flag gh Fks] ftugksaus vius v/khu iztk dh Hkkoukvksa ds vuq:i usr`ro iznku fd;k vksj fonzksgh lsukvksa dk lkfk fn;ka bl izdkj dh izo`fr dk vkhkkl lgt gh [kki iapk;rksa ds fjdkmz+ ls Hkh gks tkrk gsa lu~ 1856 ds vur rd vkus okys fonzksg dks Hkkairs gq, ukgj flag us viuh kfdr dks laxfbr dj fy;k FkkA 11 ebz] lu~ 1857 dks tc fnyyh Økafr dh Tokyk ls izhkkfor gqbz rks ml le; jktk ukgj flag] igys gh cgknqj kkg tqj ls Hkkoh uhfr fu/kkzfjr djus gsrq fopkj&foe kz dj jgs FksA bl vkikrdky flfkfr esa jktk ukgj flag dh lqiq=h dk fookg igys gh 17 ebz] lu~ 1857 dks QjhndksV ds jktdqekj foøe flag ls fu/kkzfjr Fkk] tks vc vlehko lk gks x;k FkkA nksuksa i{kksa ds chp le>ksrs ds vuqlkj ukgj flag dh iq=h ds Qsjksa dh jle jktdqekjh dks lksus dh rjyokj ds lkfk iwjh dh xbza bl izdkj vius bl?kjsyw nkf;ro dks fuhkkdj jktk ukgj flag Økafr lej ds usr`ro ds fy, lefizr gks x,a f ko efunj cyyhkx<+ esa jktk ukgj flag us fqjafx;ksa dks viuh ekr`hkwfe ls ckgj Hkxkus dh kifk yh vksj Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa dks usr`ro ds lkfk&lkfk /ku vksj jln lkexzh dh vr;f/kd lgk;rk iznku dha mugksaus vius nqsnkj dyunj c[ k ds usr`ro esa?kqm+lokjksa dk,d nlrk

103 fnyyh Hkstk] tks ckn esa ckn kkg dksvz esa jktk dh QkSt dk izhkkjh fu;qdr fd;k x;ka vehj vksj mejk ds dm+s fojks/k ds ckotwn ukgj flag vkarfjd iz kklu dk izhkkjh cuk jgk rfkk mugksaus viuh iz kkldh;,oa lsu; ekeyksa dks cm+h dq kyrk ls fuhkk;ka iz kkldh; izeq[k gksus ds dkj.k mugksaus lhkh txgksa ij ^^turk ljdkjsa** xfbr djds yksdra= O;oLFkk dks ykxw fd;k rfkk turk dk fo okl vftzr fd;ka cknyh dh ljk; dh ym+kbz 8 twu] lu~ 1857 esa jktk ukgj flag us LFkkuh; yksxksa dh lgk;rk ls gh vaxzstksa ds vkøe.kksa dks l[rh ls ukdke dj fn;k FkkA bfrgkldkj vc bl ckr dks Lohdkj djrs gsa fd mùkjh Hkkjr esa rks Lora=rk jktk ukgj flag us lu~ 1857 esa gh yk nh FkhA mugksaus x.kra= jkt; ds :i esa turk ljdkjsa xfbr djds x.kra= dk bfrgkl igys gh jp fn;k FkkA vusd bfrgkldkj blhfy, jktk ukgj flag dks x.kra= Hkkjr dk izfke iz/kkuea=h rfkk cgknqj kkg tqj dks Hkkjr dk izfke jk Vªifr uke nsrs gsaa jktk ukgj flag,d lpps uk;d] dq ky jktuhfrk,oa egku ns khkdr FksA os vius uke ds vuq:i ¼ukgj dk vfkz& ksj½ dh Hkkafr cm+h cgknqjh vksj fnysjh ls x.kra= Hkkjr LFkkfir djus gsrq ym+s rfkk viuk lozlo bl iz;kstu gsrq U;kSNkoj dj fn;ka 9 tuojh] lu~ 1858 dks bl egku uk;d dh vafre >yd ikus ds fy, Hkkjh HkhM+,df=r gqbza fnyyh vksj mlds vklikl dh fcy[krh turk dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, Hkkjh la[;k esa vaxzst lsfudksa us pkanuh pksd tkus okyh izr;sd lm+d ;k xyh dks jksd fn;k FkkA ;g HkyhHkkafr tkurs gq, fd jktk ukgj flag dkqh yacs le; rd yksxksa ds pgsrs ;qok uk;d jgs gsa] vaxsztksa us turk dks nckus ds fy;s vkrad dh uhfr viukbza pkanuh pksad fnyyh dh dksrokyh esa ukgj flag us Qkalh ds QUns dks Lohdkj fd;k] pwek vksj mugksaus ogka [km+s fczfv k vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lkeus ksj dh rjg ngkm+rs gq, dgk] ^^ukgj fqj isnk gksxka** lunhkz 1- izhkkdj nsoh kadj % Lok/khurk laxzke vksj gfj;k.kk] 1997] i` B 88A 2- nyky] lq[kchj flag] tkvohj] 1997] i` B 111A 3- izhkkdj nsoh kadj ¼iwoksZ)`r½ i` B 88A 4- izhkkdj nsoh kadj ¼iwoksZ)`r½ i` B 88A 5- cgknqj kkg Vªk;y isijl ua- 75] 25 ebz] 1857],u-,-vkbZ-, fnyyha 6- Lekfjdk jktk ukgj flag] 1990A 7- izhkkdj nsoh kadj ¼iwoksZ)`r½ i` B 89A 8- ljlorh vksekuan % ns khkdrksa ds cfynku] 1986] i` B 134A 9- izhkkdj nsoh kadj ¼iwoksZ)`r½ 1976A 10- ljlorh vksekuan ¼iwoksZ)`r½ i` B 134A 11- ljlorh vksekuan ¼iwoksZ)`r½ i` B 134A 12- ljlorh vksekuan ¼iwoksZ)`r½ i` B 135A 13- ljlorh vksekuan ¼iwoksZ)`r½ i` B 135A 14- nyky] lq[kchj flag ¼iwoksZ)`r½ i` B 115A dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 203

104 [k.m&6 Lora=rk vkunksyu ds ifjis{; esa pks/kjh ekrw jke,oa pks/kjh j.kchj flag dfkk Lojkt 205

105 Legacy of the Freedom Movement in Haryana: Chaudhry Ranbir Singh speaks in Constituent Assembly -Dr. Balbir Kaur, Pro-VC, BPSWU, Khanpur Kalan (Sonepat) I will confine myself in this paper for the seminar devoted to the contribution of Chaudhry Ranbir Singh in the freedom struggle and his brilliant espousal for rural India in the Constituent Assembly. I admit it was difficult to choose from the interesting sub-themes of this seminar. But the subject lastly selected has interested me more for its unique character. I was surprised to find in Chaudhry Ranbir Singh such a devout champion of rural cause in the first National Assembly of its sorts at a transient period in its history. In passing reference, I may say that Haryana s contribution to the freedom movement has been less appreciated till now for want of perhaps devoted souls on its behalf in the academic fraternity going for a laborious research on the topic. British historians view, however, still dominate who were reluctant to appraise Haryana in this context; they were not much happy with this zone for its strong association with the uprising in 1857 and rated it off as a zone of conservative and self-conceited farmers. I wish something more tangible research could be done to appreciate the indomitable spirit of this region. It will serve the state of Haryana substantially. Now I come to my subject. A stalwart of freedom struggle, the late Chaudhry Ranbir Singh ( ) represents truly a generation that lived by values and principles of personal integrity and devotion to social cause led by a galaxy of leaders of his times. dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 207

106 The legacy this generation leaves behind is a different trajectory to discipline that led the country to its cherished goal of freedom from what the present young squad dreams by. Personal career did matter slavery. to the then young volunteers also, but of a different category Even a cursory glance over the political history of his life altogether. Nation and its cause was much dear to them and to be will reveal that the freedom movement shaped his personality and a free nation from a dehumanizing slavery was a charming goal to left a deep imprint on his life values. The heat from the struggle achieve. Chaudhry Ranbir Singh was a brilliant example of this tempered him, like many other great personalities of this era, to category from rural Haryana of his time. Personal career was left sparkle like a star and attain dizzy heights of social recognition in behind by him to join the ranks of freedom struggle at the prime of short time. He was an embodiment of virtue and human values his youth with a saga of untold sufferings. He breathed his last (on with a clear heart of a saint. You can find him sharing moments of 1st. February, 2009) with the same zeal for his ethical convictions. grief and joy with all; tales are plenty when he was with his known political adversaries in moments of grief. None was an enemy with A rare voice of rural India at a critical juncture in its history him. His story tells it so eloquently. A rare human being, he was. The late Chaudhry was a great patriot, a veteran freedom When, recently, I happened to have a glance over his fighter, an eminent social reformer and a notable parliamentarian speeches in the Constituent Assembly, it left me speechless a while from Haryana. The striking feature of his stint in the Constituent for his forthrightness and boldness in espousing the cause of rural Assembly makes him a rare voice for rural India with passionate India at that high forum of deliberation. He was hardly 34 years of urge to stand by it when the country was taking shape as a free age when he arose to deliver his maiden speech on in nation. Born in a modest peasant family of repute, at village Sanghi the Constituent Assembly and stood their as a staunch believer in in Rohtak district, Ranbir Singh inherited an inspiring legacy of the destiny of rural masses. Later, till the term of this Central social-cultural and political awakening. His father and mother were Assembly ended in the beginning of 1952, he was on his feet on pioneers of social reform and community service, duly inspired by every issue that concerned rural people in general and his area of the message of Arya Samaj led by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. A operation in particular, to literally fight on their behalf for issues at renowned name for homely hospitality and simplicity of a dedicated debate. The discrimination towards rural folks in treatment on any peasant, the house of Hooda s at Sanghi in fact had become the account, in matters of policy or practice was not tolerable to him. hub of inspired zeal in social service, religiosity and political One cannot but has a deep sense of appreciation for his grit and awakening. With tender blessings from his ailing father, he staunch advocacy; sometimes with the pain of a mother like participated in the Individual Satyagraha (1940) and the Quit India fondness for the sons of the soil. Agriculture was his subject of Movement (1942) with remarkable zeal and Gandhian sense of major interest in the debates. He was for according priority to agriculture as a source of development in the country. dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 209

107 Chaudhry Ranbir Singh was elected to seven different the Unionist Party, which was in power and collaborating with the houses in his span of political career. Apart from being a member British administration with a claim of defending the interests of of Constituent Assembly and the Provisional Central Legislative peasantry. Chaudhry Chotu Ram, also from Rohtak district, was a Assembly from 1950 to early 1952, he was a member of 1 st and powerful minister in the cabinet and enjoyed mass support from 2 nd. Lok Sabha. Thereafter, he was elected to Punjab Legislative peasantry. He had parted company with the Congress Party and Assembly and Haryana Legislative Assembly. Again, in 1972 he became a leading figure of the ruling Unionist Party in Punjab and was elected to Rajya Sabha for a term till When this term championed the cause of debt-ridden peasantry. The relief from ended, he told about his mind not to aspire for any elected post heavy debts proved a boon to the farming community. further. Thereafter, he devoted to organizational affairs of Pradesh Peasantry in this zone was hard pressed. It was in trouble Congress and looked after social formations like Harijan Sewak for wrong colonial pursuits followed by government administration Sangh and to the welfare tasks of Freedom fighters. to make it unviable, as a measure to punish Haryana for its leading This peasant family in village Sanghi was known in the area role against the British in 1857 mass uprising. The area was visited as a hub of social and political activities for long. The grandfather by repeated famines and it was converted into a recruiting ground of Chaudhry Ranbir Singh was a prominent figure in the area. For for British military forces in quest of expeditions abroad and police his social activities, Chaudhry Bakhtawar Singh was appointed establishment inside. The area was in virtual ruin with agricultural Numbardar, then as first grade Numbardar in the village and later land mortgaged against unpaid loans on usury interest. as a Zaildar. His father Chaudhry Matu Ram was a pioneer of At a very difficult juncture in the life of peasantry, Chaudhry Arya Samaj movement in the area. He was also made Zaildar, Matu Ram along with his many other friends of Arya Samaj worked though for participation in freedom struggle as a collaborator with hard to advance the cause of freedom struggle and awaken the Sardar Ajit Singh in the peasant movement he was stripped off this farming community too to the movement ahead. The courage and Zaildari in He moved with more vigour thereafter to his relentless efforts were not in vain. This area thereafter never proved activities despite the displeasure shown by the establishment and wanting in various struggles launched by the Congress party to continued with zeal his activities in Congress and Arya Samaj. Later, further the cause of freedom. this legacy was inherited by Chaudhry Ranbir Singh to carry it Despite the transitory role of Unionist party during this forward. phase, the zeal for freedom from British subjugation, did not die in Chaudhry Matu Ram was one of the early leaders of the the region and rural areas too reverberated with songs of liberation, Congress Party who kept the flame of freedom movement burning thanks to stalwarts like Chaudhry Matu Ram and later his son, the in rural areas at a time when peasantry was virtually won over by dynamic Chaudhry Ranbir Singh. I quote only a small piece about what he said in the Constituent Assembly on I have dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 211

108 no hesitation in saying so because those who have power in the Rajya Sabha during his parliamentary career of about three this country have no direct concern with the cultivators. It decades, this paper is confined to discussion and an analysis of the was only Chaudhry Ranbir Singh who could be so forthright at speeches that Chaudhry Ranbir Singh had made in the Constituent such an exalted place of power in expression at his age! And in Assembly. This delimitation has been done on account of important pleading for the cultivators! reasons. Firstly, it was not possible for the author to cover the I may refer here a bit of history: when the Constituent whole gamut of speeches in a single article. Secondly, his speeches Assembly met to deliberate on the shape Independent India would in the Constituent Assembly have far more symbolic importance to take, a resolution of faith was adopted on after a month represent the legacy of freedom movement than speeches in other long debate in the beginning to tell the world at large what principles Houses in different contexts, as these seem to have made a are to guide it in its task. On November 4, 1948 the Law Minister significant impact on the Constitution making process. presented the draft Constitution to the house for detailed discussion He arose to deliver his maiden speech in the Constituent and adoption. This draft divided the whole Assembly with two Assembly on 6 th November, 1948 and raised many vital issues in distinct viewpoints; one was for a modern industrial world to follow, it. These had, in a manner of speaking, paved the way for things to while the other view stood firm for following Gandihan prescription come. He spoke on the issues of the National Anthem, the National in developing the country on its own strength by relying upon rural Flag and the National Language. He had recognised the significance self-sufficient economy with 7 lakhs little republics to constitute a of the National Anthem for the country and pleaded for Rabinder federation. While the first was firmly for Westminster form of Nath Tagore s song as the National Anthem for adoption. Likewise government with representative democracy at its core, the other the stand he took on the issue of Reservation for scheduled Castes was for Panchayat system of governance in a participative and the Scheduled Tribes also explicitly reflect the deep impact of democracy. Chaudhry Ranbir Singh made his choice. Here the the legacy of freedom movement on him. legacy of freedom movement as also his upbringing in the milieu of He pleaded for the adoption of Tri-coloured National Flag a peasant family seems to have played its role in shaping his as each colour represented a community of India. This was for selection. ensuring the secular character of the India polity. And, he argued This explains why and how the legacy of freedom in for the adoption of Hindi as the National Language because it was movement finds reflection in the speeches of Chaudhry Ranbir Singh the language of the Indian masses and English was the language of during the deliberations of Constituent Assembly. Although he made the elite. His stand on the issues of the National flag, National a large number of powerful speeches as a member of the Anthem and the National Language do reflect the profound impact Constituent Assembly, the provisional parliament, Lok Sabha, of this legacy of freedom movement on his thinking. And he gave Punjab Legislature Assembly, Haryana Legislature Assembly and dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 213

109 vent to his opinion at an opportune time on these aspects very the farmers. He further advocated that the prices for agricultural clearly. products should be fixed and the profession Tax should be reconsidered as it would be a heavy burden on the Harijans and the He proposed that this reservation should be on the class basis. He was against reservation on the basis of religion as it would other poor. He also advocated that the families from rural kill the basic idea of a secular State that India had aspired to become background should be given ample support for the education of during the freedom movement. However, he did plead for the their children. reservation on demographic basis for the rural people who had His plea for the exemption of rural people from the been lagging far behind than urban brothers. Here it is pertinent to profession tax and advocacy of educational advancement of the mention that the Father of Nation, Mahatma Gandhi had advocated rural areas should not be ascribed to his rural background alone. for the upliftment of Harijans in particular and the rural masses in It has also to be perceived as the legacy of freedom movement general during the freedom struggle. Chaudhry Ranbir Singh had because these too were based on the Gandhian ideas which gone to the extent of arguing that if villages die, India would not be constituted the very bone of the struggle for India s Independence. able to survive in dignity. He also stood for Cow Protection and Chaudhry Ranbir Singh also supported the idea that there Prevention of slaughter of certain animals and strongly advocated should be restrictions on the purchase of land by non-tillers. Giving for these step in the Constituent Assembly. It was the efforts of the land to non-tillers will only add to the Zamindari system that India persons like him that these steps were incorporated in the Directive was trying to abolish, he argued. He also raised the profile of the Principle of the State policy in the governance of the country pest control and pleaded for the help to farmers in dealing with despite their non-justiciable character and some others found place the menace. For this he suggested that the issue be included in in those categorised as Fundamental Rights. But his plea for these Concurrent List as the states are sometimes not able to tackle it was not motivated by religious consideration or by the impact of and the centre has to intervene in it. the Arya Samaj on him. On the contrary, it was on account of the Chaudhry Ranbir Singh reminded the Assembly on August deep impact of the supreme leader of the freedom movement, 02, 1950 of the resolve during the freedom struggle on land reforms Mahatma Gandhi, on him. And, Mahatma s concern for the Cow and pleaded for implementing the prominent slogan in the struggle and other milch cattle was on account of their importance in the on peasant question i.e. land to the tiller. While participating in the rural economy of India. Chaudhry Ranbir Singh also advocated debate on February 1, 1950 Chaudhry Ranbir Singh strongly came that Land Revenue and Tax should be rationalised and based on out against exploitation. In this context he declared his conviction the principles of equity and justice. He deplored that the that it is the hard working landholding peasantry that does not agriculturalists are asked to pay both, while the non-farmers escape exploit anyone, neither it likes to be exploited. Can anybody be the former. He also wanted a uniform system of Land Revenue for as emphatic with such confidence as he exhibited on this aspect of dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 215

110 peasant character, without the influence of freedom struggle and its philosophy that pervaded it in India? It testifies eloquently that he had imbibed the spirit of this struggle and stood firmly by it. His advocacy of the cause of peasantry and his passionate plea on the question of adequate wage for agriculture labour, as he did on April 14, 1951, cannot be attributed to his peasant background alone. The peasant question had remained the agenda of the freedom movement for long. When he raised the issues relating to the welfare of peasantry it reflects that legacy of the freedom movement. It was difficult to counter it for adversaries. Here it is pertinent to mention that the institutionalised form of national movement, the Indian National Congress had began to focus on the rural peasantry since 193o s due to the powerful impact of the ideas of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru who had become its President in the year It was Chaudhry Ranbir Singh who with brilliant candour stood by those who could not find opportunity to get education in colleges and universities and said that they cannot be deprived of their political rights on this account. Speaking on the question of qualifications for a parliamentarian or a legislator, on April 4, 1951, he was forthright not to minimise the intelligence of a common man even in matters of administration, no matter if one is lettered or not and bantered those who questioned the very contribution of unlettered citizens to the nation. He pointedly referred to the valuable role of Kabir, among others, in the life of this nation. It is interesting to note that Chaudhry Ranbir Singh also stood for the decentralisation of powers to Panchayats because he was an ardent supporter of the Participative democracy that Mahatma Gandhi had advocated during his stewardship of the national movement. The Mahatma stood for Gram Swaraj -a political system in which the Panchayats have the maximum powers and the central government the minimum one. Chaudhry Ranbir Singh stood for Panchayati Raj system. Still, he was opposed to the creation of small provinces. Perhaps, he feared that this will not only lead to top-heavy administration but could also weaken the national unity, which the freedom movement had been striving to achieve. Interestingly, he argued that New Delhi should be retained as the seat of the central government and the old city of Delhi as well as its rural areas need be merged with Punjab. Here, it is pertinent to mention that Delhi district had been a part of Punjab before it was excluded from it in 1914 when the capital was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. This had excluded it from the democratic process. It was for its inclusion in the same that he advocated its merger in Punjab. It may also be relevant to mention that the Congress had been pleading for making Delhi a province by including western U.P. and Ambala division of Punjab in it since 1920 s. But Chaudhry Ranbir Singh s had a different perception. He was guided by the primacy of the national interest which has to be seen as a legacy of the national movement. It is interest that it was Chaudhry Ranbir Singh who first pleaded for the creation of a separate Haryana state, while speaking in the Constituent Assembly on November 18, 1948 itself. Many people may not know this fact of history. Haryana is now a flourishing state in the Indian Union for which he had raised voice in the Constituent Assembly. The above narration, in brief, on the speeches that Chaudhry Ranbir Singh had made in the Constituent Assembly of India underlines the fact that he had been strongly influenced by the legacy dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 217

111 of freedom movement on vital issues of common interest. This he had not only inherited from his family but also from his participation in the freedom movement. He was particularly influenced by the ideas of its guide and mentor, Mahatma Gandhi. The ideas of Jawahar Lal Nehru, whom Gandhi had declared as his political heir, too made a profound impact on him. In true sense he was the voice of rural India and a valiant son of the soil. LorU=rk vkunksyu esa pksñ ekrwjke vk;z dk ;ksxnku %,d v/;;u & txr flag gqm~mk lgk;d fodkl vf/kdkjh] [kknh o xzkeks ksx vk;ksx] veckyk Hkkjr ds LorU=rk vkunksyu dks esa eq[; :i ls 3 Hkkxksa esa ck V dj ns[krk gw A igyk lu~ 1857 dk LorU=rk laxzke] tks Hkkjr ds LFkkuh; jktkvksa] eqxy 'kkldks o vke turk }kjk vaxzstksa ds f[kykq ym+k x;ka nwljk Hkkx 1885 esa dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ls 1919 rd dk LorU=rk vkunksyu gs ftldks jktusfrd uo tkxj.k vkunksyu Hkh dgk tkrk gsa rhljk vksj egroiw.kz Hkkx 1919 ls 1947 ¼LorU=rk izkfir rd½ ym+k x;k ftldks dkaxzsl dk xka/kh ;qx Hkh dgk tk ldrk gsa vr% Hkkjr ds LorU=rk vkunksyu ds nwljs o rhljs Hkkx esa pksñ ekrwjke dh fpjlej.kh; Hkwfedk jgh gsa dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 219 pksñ ekrwjke dk izkjfehkd thou %& pksñ ekrwjke th dk tue lu~ 1865 bzloh esa gfj;k.kk jkt; ds jksgrd ftys ds izfl),sfrgkfld xkao&lka?kh esa pksñ c[rkoj flag ds?kj esa Jherh /kuuksa nsoh dh dks[k ls gqvka Jherh /kuuks nsoh xkao vvk;y ftyk jksgrd ds pksñ nkrkjke efyd dh lqiq=h FkhA pksñ c[rkoj flag dk ifjokj {ks= dk izfrf"br ifjokj FkkA pksñ ekrwjke ds nknk pksñ gj/ku flag us,d ¼ekbZuj½ 1 eks?kk xkao ds fdlkuksa ds fy;s [kqnok;k Fkk vksj pksñ gj/ku flag ds iznknk pksñ Hkh[kw rglhynkj Fks2 A bl izdkj ls,d izfrf"br ifjokj esa pksñ ekrw jke dk tue gqvka pksñ ekrwjke us isr`d xkao lka?kh ls pksfkh d{kk rd f'k{kk izkir dh 3 A budh iruh Jherh ekedksj Fkh 4 tks nknjh ds pksñ tokgj flag QksxkV dh csvh FkhA pksñ tokgj flag vklvsªfy;k egk}hi ds fqth ns'k esa Hkh lqcsnkj ds in ij lsu; lsok es a jgs FksA vkids pkj iq=&iqf=;k gq,] T;s"B iq=

112 s cychj flag ¼1904½] iq=h punzorh ¼1909½] e>ays iq= j.kchj flag ¼1914½ esa o dfu"v iq= Qrsgflag 1924 esa isnk gq,a 5 j.kchj flag us vkids crk, jklrs ij pydj vkidh rjg LorU=rk vkanksyu esa Hkkx fy;ka vkids lqiks= pksñ HkwisUnz flag gfj;k.kk ds eq[;ea=h gsa o iziks= pksñ nhisunz gqm~mk jksgrd yksdlhkk {ks= esa dkaxzsl ikvhz ds lkaln gsa pksñ ekrwjke th cgqr cm+ s ns'khkdr FksA 'kk;n mùkj Hkkjr ds nsgkr esa dkaxzsl ds igys cm+ s usrk Fks 6 A muds leca/k ykyk eqjyh/kj ¼tksfd dkaxzsl ds 72 lalfkkidksa esa ls,d Fks vksj orzeku gfj;k.kk ls,dek= lnl; Fks½ FksA buds vfrfjdr rrdkyhu dkaxszl ds cm+ s usrkvksa ykyk nquhpun veckyoh,moksdsv] ykyk yktirjk;,moksdsv+] f'k{kkfon egkrek galjkt o Lokeh J)kuUn] 'kghn Hkxrflag ds Økafrdkjh pkpk ljnkj vthrflag] ykyk ';keyky tsu,moksdsv] egkrek xka/kh iñ xksihpun HkkxZo] iñ eksrhyky usg:] [kku vcnqy xqkj [kka] l- fd'ku flag] lsb Nktwjke] ia- tokgj yky usg:] Hkxr Qwyflag] pksñ jktey tsynkj] ia- usdhjke 'kekz o i- Jhjke 'kekz ] pksñ ih: flag] pksñ jkeukjk;.k efyd] 'kksdr vyh] iatkc ds lcls cm+ s lekt lq/kkjd MkWñ jketh yky gqm~mk o nhucu/kq pksñ lj NksVw jke vkfn cm+ jktusrkvksa] f'k{kkfonks o lekt lq/kkjdksa esa ls FksA pksñ ekrwjke ds dk;z{ks= ds vk/kkj ij muds ;ksxnku dks izeq[k :i 3 Hkkxksa esa ckavk tk ldrk gsa 1- f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ;ksxnku 2- lkekftd {ks= esa ;ksxnku 3- jktusfrd o iz'kklfud {ks= es a ;ksxnku 1- f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ;ksxnku gfj;k.kk es a f'k{kk dk izlkj vu; izns'kks a dh vis{kk cgqr nsj ds ckn gqvka lu~ 1870 ls igys rks ;gk if'peh f'k{kk nsus okys dkystks a dh ckr rks nwj] Ldwyksa dh O;oLFkk Hkh valrks"ktud FkhA 1870 ds ckn 10 oxz ehy ds {ks= esa,d Ldwy [kksyk x;ka ysfdu] dkystksa dk vhkko cuk jgka gfj;k.kk {ks= esa jksgrd esa 1926 esa igyk dkyst [kqyk Fkk og Hkh bavjfefm,v Lrj dk FkkA jksgrd esa 1912 esa tkv Ldwy lcls igys [kqyk] rri'pkr 1918 es a xksm+ Ldwy] 1921es a os'; Ldwy] fo'odekz o lsuh Ldwy lu~ 1940 esa f'k{k.k lalfkku [kqysa ^^tkv,xayks lald`r gkbz Ldwy** jksgrd dh LFkkiuk %& 7 ekpz 1911 dh cjks.kk xkao dh loz[kki egkiapk;r esa lekt lq/ kkj ds 28 izlrko ikl gq, FksA ftuesa ls igyk izlrko jksgrd esa f'k{k.k lalfkk [kksyus dk FkkA 7 ml le; MkWñ jkethyky gqm~mk lekt ds f'kf{kr o leekfur O;fDr Fks mudks o pksñ ekrwjke dks ;g fteesokjh lksaih xbz vksj 1913 esa jksgrd esa igyk Ldwy ^vk;z osfnd lald`r oukzdqyj gkbz Ldwy* ds uke ls 'kq: fd;k x;ka pksñ ekrwjke bldh LFkkiuk esa vxz.kh jgs8 A pksñ ekrwjke ds vfrfjdr lj NksVwjke] MkDVj jkethyky gqm~mk] gsmeklvj pks- cynso flag] pksñ nsoh flag cksgj o lsb pksñ Nktwjke Hkh bl Ldwy dh LFkkiuk esa vxz.kh jgsa MkW- jketh yky ds lqiq= j.kthr flga blds igys vosrfud gsmeklvj cusa 9 ckn esa ;gh Ldwy ^tkv ghjkst+ eseksfj;y,xyksa lald`r gkbz Ldwy ds uke ls tkuk x;k gs] tks vkt,d ovo`{k dk :i ys pqdk gsa bles a i<+dj fudys vurjkz"vªh; f'k{kkfon MkWñ l:i flag gqm~mk xkao lka?kh] vurjkz"vªh; uklk oskkfud MkW- txthr flag jkbh xkao HkkijkSnk] vurjkz"vªh; bfrgkldkj MkWñ Hkheflag (IRS) vkfn [;kfr izkir O;fDr cus gs 10 blds vfrfjdr vusd vurjkz"vªh; Lrj ds f[kykm+h] ijeohj pø o v'kksd pø fotsrk jgs gsa orzeku es a Hkh rhu dqyifr lozjh vkj-ih- gqm~mk],e-mh-;w-] gjl:i flag pgy Mh-lh-vkj- ewjfky],oa ds-,l- [kks[kj d`f"k fo'ofo ky; fglkj blh Ldwy dh nsu gsaa ckn esa 9 twu 1914 dks bl Ldwy dk iathdj.k ^tkv,xayksa lald`r gkbz Ldwy* ds uke ls gqvk 11 A pksñ NksVwjke blds miiz/kku o MkDVj dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 221

113 s jkethyky lfpo cus o pksñ cynso flag gsmeklvj cusa jksgrd ds rrdkyhu mik;qdr Jh fdyovz us pks- ekrw jke dks f'k{kk dk izlkj djus ds fy, 18 fnlecj] 1914 dks iz'kflr i= Hkh iznku fd;ka 12 Ldwy dh eku;rk jn~n djokuk %& jk"vªfirk egkrek xka/kh us 1920 esa vlg;ksx vkunksyu NsM+ fn;k] ftldk,d izlrko f'k{k.k lalfkkvksa dh eku;rk okfil ysuk FkkA xka/kh th dk lkfk nsus ds fy, ^^tkv,axyksa lald`r gkbz Ldwy** dk iatkc fo'ofo ky;] ykgksj o iatkc f'k{kk cksmz ls ukrk rksm+ fy;k o eku;rk okfil yksvk nh vksj ykyk yktir jk; }kjk ykgksj esa LFkkfir jk"vªh; fo'ofo ky; ls ukrk tksm+dj ^tkv us'kuy gkbz Ldwy** uke j[k fy;k 13 'kghn Hkxr flag us Hkh jk"vªh; fo'ofo ky; ykgksj esa nkf[kyk ys fy;k FkkA 14 lehkor% Hkkjr dk ;g igyk Ldwy Fkk] ftlus ljdkjh eku;rk yksvk nh FkhA xka/kh th dk jksgrd nksjk %& egkrek xka/kh bl dk;z ls cgqr izhkkfor gq, vksj tkv Ldwy vkus dh bpnk tkfgj dha 16 Qjojh 1921 dks tkv Ldwy esa gh tulhkk gqbz ftlesa dh gktjh Fkh] bl lhkk dh iz/kkurk pksñ ekrwjke us dh FkhA 15 tcfd ykyk ';keyky,moksdsv iz/kku ftyk dkaxzsl jksgrd Hkh eap ij miflfkr FksA ;g tulhkk pksñ ekrwjke ds fo'ks"k iz;klks ls lqy gqbz FkhA D;ksafd pksñ NksVw jke 7 uoecj 1920 dks dkaxzsl ls R;kxi= ns pqds Fks vksj nsgkr dk :>ku pksñ NksVwjke dh rjq c<+ jgk FkkA rc Hkh ;g lhkk leiuu gqbza,sfrgkfld iapukek %& pksñ ekrwjke okys ^^tkv us'kuy gkbz Ldwy** ds ikl Hkou Fkk ysfdu eku;rk okfil gks xbz FkhA pksñ NksVwjke okys ^^tkv ghjkst eseksfj;y Ldwy** ds ikl eku;rk Fkh] Hkou ugha FkkA blls de;qfuvh ds cqf)thoh oxz us nksuksa Ldwyksa s ds feyki gsrw,d iapk;r djus dk fu.kz; dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 223 fd;k o iap ds uke dk izlrko nksuksa ls ekaxk x;ka iapk;r dh ckr ekurs gq, ^tkv,xyksa lald`r gkbz Ldwy* us 18 tqykbz 1926 dks nks izlrko ikl fd, fd iapk;r ds ljiap lsb Nktwjke o iap MkWjkethyky gksaxs o nwljs Ldwy dk tks Hkh iap gksxk eku; gksxka nwljk izlrko cgqr egroiw.kz Fkk ftlesa ;g 'krz Fkh fd nksuksa Ldwyksa ds feyki ds ckn ^tkv,axyksa lald`r gkbz Ldwy* ds lalfkkid pksñ ekrwjke gqm~mk ds [kkunku ls,d LFkk;h esecj esusftax desvh esa fy;k tk;sxka mlds cxsj desvh eku; ugha gksxha 16 pksñ NksVwjke okys TkkV ghjkst eseksfj;y gkbz Ldwy dh desvh us 40 fnu ckn 26&8&1926 dks ehfvax dh o blds lfpo pksñ yky pun dks feyki desvh dk iap fu;qdr fd;ka iapk;r dh rkjh[k 3 flrecj 1926 fuf'pr gqbz vksj iapk;r ds ljiap lsb pksñ Nktwjke us nksigj cts Hkkjh HkhM+ ds lkeus QSlyk lquk;ka nksuksa Ldwyksa dks feykdj u;k Ldwy cuk;k ftldk uke ^TkkV ghjkst eseksfj;y,axyksa lald`r gkbz Ldwy* j[kk x;ka 17 lsb Nktwjke blds iz/kku cus] pksñ ekrwjke miiz/kku o pksñ ykypun lfpo cusa 2- pksñ ekrwjke dk lkekftd {ks= esa ;ksxnku lkekftd HksnHkko ds fo:) vkokt %& egf"kz n;kuun us vk;z lekt dh LFkkiuk 1875 esa dh FkhA pksñ ekrwjke us bles a [kwc fnyplih yh] D;ks afd mles a mugs a vius xjhc] finm+ lekt dh muufr ds lk/ku utj vk,] [kkldj vk;z lekt dh lcdks cjkcj dk ntkz nsus ds ckr mudks cgqr ilun vkbza ml le; fdlku tkfr;ksa ¼tkVksa] xqttjksa] vkfgjka s o vu;½ dks lekt esa nwljs ntsz ij j[kk tkrk FkkA u gh bugs a tuså iguus dh vktknh FkhA lu~ 1881 esa pksñ ekrwjke us vk;z lekt dks viuk;k 19 vksj vu; tkv HkkbZ;ksa dks Hkh,slk gh djus ds fy, dgka gfj;k.kk esa tkv tkfr ds yksx vfr izkphu dky ls izcy,oa lqn`<+ [ksrhgj ds :i esa LFkkfir

114 s s gs vksj vkffkzd n`f"v ls tkv gfj;k.kk esa dsoy cfu;k tkfr dks NksM+dj vpnh flfkfr esa FksA ysfdu] lkekftd O;oLFkk esa mudks dk;z ds fglkc ls 'kqnz dh Js.kh esa j[kk x;k FkkA ml le; lekt esa lukrfu;ksa us nks izdkj ds 'kqnz cuk j[ks FksA,d rks vnwr 'kqnz ftudks Nqvk ugha tkrk Fkk] tsls nfyr oxz o nwljs 'kqnz os Fk]s ftudks Nqvk rks tk ldrk Fkk] tsls fd dk'rdkj o nlrdkja czkãk.kks a dk ml le; lekt es a izhkqro FkkA bl leekfur tkfr dk fojks/k djuk dksbz vklku dke ugha Fkk] fqj pks/kjh ekrwjke us viuh tkfr dk Hkh fojks/k lgka iqjkuh :<+hoknh O;oLFkk dks pquksrh nsrs gq, mugks aus vk;z lekt dk lans'k?kj&?kj rd igq pk;ka blls lekt esa gypy isnk gqbz] fo'ks"kdj lukrfu;ksa esaa iatkc esa 'kghn&,&vkte Hkxr flag ds nknk ljnkj vtqzu flag us Hkh yxhkx mlh le; vk;z lekt dks viuk;k FkkA 20 C;kg&'kkfn;ksa ds volj ij o jkr ds luukvsa esa fl=;ksa ds e/ kqj xhrksa ds ;s 'kcn dkuksa esa xqatrs 21 %&?kj &?kj ckavks febkbz] gs ekrwjke vk;z gks x;ka jy fey xkvks c/kkbz] gs ekrwjke vk;z gks x;ka >wbka dh iksy [kqykbz] gs ekrwjke vk;z gks x;ka lu~ 1883 esa s ;Kksifor /kkj.k djus ds ckn lukrfu;ksa us pksñ ekrwjke dh tkfr ds Hkksys&Hkkys yksxksa dks dgk fd iki gks x;k] ekrwjke us tuså ugha mrkjk rks izkd`frd izdksi gks tk,xk] vdky im+ axsa egkekfj;k vk tk,axh] izy; gks tk,xka Hkxoku ukjkt gks tk,xka fdlku dk cqjk gky gks tk,xka ck<+ vk tk,xh vkfna blls cgqr ls vutku yksx?kcjk x,a 22 nfg;k [kki ds izeq[k xkao [kk.mk dk fuoklh czãpkjh gjqwy mqz ckck dqmsukfk bl eqfge dk la;kstd FkkA 23 mlus vius i{k dks etcwr djus ds fy, dk'kh ls iafmr cqyok fy,a iapk;r izkjehk gqbza dk'kh ds iafmrksa }kjk pksñ ekrwjke ls dgk x;k fd tuså iguuk rks czkã.kksa dk gh vf/kdkj gsa vki tuså mrkjs vksj ekqh ekaxsaa bl ij pksñ ekrwjke xjts vksj dgk fd] ^^tkvks tks bpnk gks dj ysuk] ;g tuså lw[ks [kw am esa ugha Vaxk gs ekrw jke dh xnzu esa gsa vxj nwljk vkdj mrkjuk pkgs og Hkh lqu ys] xnzu mrj ldrh gs] tuså ugha mrj ldrka tuså esjh xnzu dkvdj gh mrkjk tk ldrk gsa vkvks]mrkj yksa** lc rjq luukvk Nk x;ka dk'kh ds if.mr us nwljk ikalk Qsadk] ^^;fn pksñ ekrwjke tuså ugha mrkjrs rks budk lkekftd cfg"dkj fd;k tk,a bugs a gqddk ikuh dksbz ugha nsxka u dksbz buds?kj tk,xk] u ;s fdlh ds }kjk cqyk;s tk,axsaa** budk mùkj Hkh pksñ ekrwjke us mlh ygts esa fn;k] ^^if.mr th esa rks fcuk cqyk;k dgh tkrk gh ughaa esjs HkkbZ izse ls]vknj ls eq>s cqykrs gs] muds?kj tkrk gw A gekjk lkekftd fj'rk bruk gydk ugha fd dksbz Qw ad ekjs vksj mm+ tk,a** cl bruk dgrs gh lka?kh o f[kmokyh xkao ds cgqr ls yksx [km+ gks x, vksj dgk] ^^ if.mr D;k cfg"dkj] cfg"dkj yxk j[kk gsa ekrwjke gekjk HkkbZ gsa vkvks pks/kjh lkgc] gekjs?kj pyksa dj gekjk Hkh cfg"dkj vksj ns[k rek'kka ifj.kker% iapk;r fc[kj xbza ekrwjke dh ^t; ds ukjs* 24 yxus yxsa u Qwyk if.mr dgha utj vk;k] u gh mlds lefkzda vk;z lekt ds izlkj esa ;ksxnku %& pksñ ekrwjke us vk;z lekt ds izlkj gsrw 1884 ls 1886 rd ykyk yktirjk; ds lkfk feydj jksgrd es a vk;z lekt dh xfrfof/k;k c<+k nha ykyk yktirjk; vk;z lekt jksgrd ds izlkj gsrw dbz ckj pksñ ekrwjke ds xkao lka?kh Hkh buds ikl jgsa ykyk yktirjk; us 'kgjh o pksñ ekrwjke o iñ clrh jke us nsgkrh {ks= esa vk;z lekt ds izlkj dk ekspkz lehkkyka pksñ ekrwjke us xkao dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 225

115 lka?kh] xkao dkim+ks] ftyk fglkj 25 esa vk;z lekt dh LFkkiuk dh o jksgrd esa egroiw.kz ;ksxnku fn;ka vdky ihfm+rksa dh lgk;rk 1897 %& pksñ ekrwjke esa lekt lsok dh Hkkouk cpiu ls gh dwv&dwv dj Hkjh gqbz FkhA lu~ 1897 ¼fo- l- 1954½ esa tc >Ttj esa vdky im+k rks pksñ ekrwjke us vdky ihfm+rksa dh Hkjiwj enn dh vksj dkqh jkgr lkexzh,d= djok;h vksj vdky ihfm+rksa rd igq pk;ha ftlls izluu gksdj rrdkyhu mik;qdr jksgrd Jh th-,y- csmy }kjk vkidks 4 Qjojh 1898 dks iz'kflr i= fn;k x;ka 26 fofhkuu jksxksa ds fo:) turk dh lsok %& jrpksu/kk (Night Blindness) o Iysx ihfm+rksa dh lgk;rk %& lu~ 1919 esa izfke fo'o;q) dh lekfir ds ckn iqjkus fglkj ftys esa jkpksu/kk dh fcekjh dk izdksi c<+k rks vius ppsjs HkkbZ MkW- jketh yky ds lkfk xkao&xkao tkdj MkWjketh yky gqm~mk }kjk fufezr ns'kh pus dh nokbz ckavh ftlls chekjh ij dkcw ik;k x;ka 27 blh izdkj 1923 esa lksuhir ds [kknj {ks= esa Iysx dh chekjh QSyh FkhA vius pquko dks NksM+dj Iysx ihfm+rksa dh Hkjiqj lgk;rk dha pquko izpkj Bhd us gksus ds dkj.k foi{kh meehnokj us / kka/kyh o xm+cm+h djok dj vkidks gjk fn;k] ftls ckn esa vnkyr us jn~n dj fn;ka 'kqf) vkunksyu %& lu~ 1923 esa Lokeh J`)kuUn o egkrek glajkt us Hkkjrh; fgunw lhkk dh LFkkiuk dha ftldk izeq[k dk;z Fkk fgunw ls eqflye cus O;fDr;ks a dks iqu% fgunq cukus dk A mudks eqyyk dgrs gs] tks tkv iqu% fgunw cus mudks ^ewys tkv* dgrs gsaa lu~ 1929 esa bl vkunksyu dks bl {ks= esa pykus ds fy, izeq[k [kkiksa dh iapk;r gqbz dh ewys TkkVksa esa ( eqflye tkv] tks tkv fgunw èkez esa ifjofrzr gks x,] muds cppksa dh 'kkfn;k dsls gksa\ bl vkunksyu ds rgr pksñ ekrwjke us dgk lcls igys esa viuh gqm~mk [kki dk ym+dk ewys tkvksa esa C;kgw xk] ym+dh crkvksa pksñ ih: flag us lksuhir ds ikl [k=h xks= ds jk;iqj xkao dh ym+dh crkbz vksj gqm~mk [kki ds fdyksbz xkao ds ym+ds dk fj'rk r; dj fn;ka mesn iz/kku fdyksbz rik ds pkpk jke l:i dh 'kknh jk;iqj dh ym+dh NksVks ¼tks dsgj flag dh cgu Fkh½ ds lkfk gqbz FkhA pksñ?kklhjke th efyd iz/kku xbokyk [kki us Hkkrh cuuk Lohdkj fad;ka bl volj ij,d Hktu xk;k x;ka ^^,d ewys tkv dh ckr crkå ] fgunw cuuk pkgos Fkk] xbokyk cksyk Hkkr Hk:axk] nfg;k csvh C;kgoS FkkA gqm~mk cksy;k cjkr p<koka] uk ej.k rs?kcjkos Fkk] efltn ds /kksjs ls fudyk] ekrw Iyku cukos FkkA bl volj ij pksñ ekrwjke o fdyksbz xkao ds pksñ nyhi flag nqygs ds lkfk gkfkh ij lokj Fks o f[kmokyh xkao ds pksñ Vsdjke gkfkh ds ihns py jgs FksA ;g ckjkr lksuhir ds ekek&hkk.ktk pksd ls xqtjh FkhA ekek&hkk.ktk nks eqflye Fks o cgqr [kqa[kkj Hkh FksA >xm+ s dh iwjh lahkkouk FkhA ysfdu] dksbz >xm+k ugha gqvka mlds ckn ekek&hkk.ktk pksad ls fgunqvksa dk xqtjuk vkjehk gqvk FkkA blls igys ;gka dksyk iwtk tkrk FkkA NqvkNwr ds fo:) dk;z %& blds vfrfjdr /kkem+ xkao gqm~mk [kki dk gh izeq[k xkao gs] egkhkkst dk vk;kstu fd;ka ogka ij pks- ekrwjke ds dkqh 'kqhk fpurd Fks ysfdu ogka [kkuk u [kkdj /kkudksa ds?kj x, vksj mugha ds gkfkksa ls cuk gqvk [kkuk [kk;ka loz[kki iapk;rksa esa Hkkx %& ml le; lekt lq/kkj es a o lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dks nwj djus esa [kki iapk;rksa dh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk gksrh FkhA pksñ ekrwjke dh ml le; izeq[k iapk;rh ds :i esa igpku Fkh vksj yxhkx gj cmh iapk;r esa mudh egroiw.kz Hkkxhnkjh gksrh Fkh] pkgs cjks.kk dh loz[kki iapk;r gks] tfl;k dh] fdyksbz dh iapk;r gks ;k dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 227

116 lka?kh dh iapk;r gksa nfg;k [kki ds izeq[k xkao cjks.kk esa 7 ekpz 1911 fnu eaxyokj dks,d loz[kki iapk;r gqbz Fkh] ftles a mrjh Hkkjr ls yxhkx O;fDr;ks a us Hkkx fy;k FkkA pksñ ekrwjke us Hkh bl iapk;r esa s gqm~mk [kki dk izfrfuf/kro fd;k FkkA bl iapk;r esa lekt lq/kkj ds 28 QSlys fy, x;s FksA ;g,d,sfrgkfld iapk;r Fkh 30 ftldh iz/kkurk pksñ Hkheflag ¼tVjk.kk [kki½ xkao dknhiqj fnyyh us dh FkhA vk;z lekt mrloksa o dkýslksa esa Hkkx %& pksñ ekrwjke ykgksj rd ds vk;z lekt mrloksa esa Hkkx ysrs FksA lka?kh esa gj o"kz okf"kzdksrlo gksrk FkkA pksñ ekrwjke us [kkamk[ksm+h] dkim+ks ¼ftyk fglkj½] jksgrd] ujokuk vkfn LFkkuksa ij vk;z lekt mrloksa esa Hkkx fy;k o 4 uoecj 1927 dks egkrek galjkt dh iz/kkurk esa fnyyh esa vk;z lekt dh dkaýsl es a nycy lfgr 'kkfey gq,a 3- jktusfrd o iz'kklfud ;ksxnku tsynkjh ds :i esa %& pksñ ekrwjke 1 uoecj 1896 dks lka?kh tsy ds tsynkj cus 31 vksj vusd tufgrs"kh dk;z fd,a viuh tsy esa lektksi;ksxh dk;z fd,a vki vke tsynkj ugha FksA cfyd,d izhkko'kkyh tsynkj FksA lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dks lekir djok;k %& ml le; vaxzst vf/kdkjh xkao esa vkrs Fks rks gfjtuksa ls ^csxkj* 32 yh tkrh Fkh ftldk vfkz gs vf/kdkjh tc xkao esa s vk, rks mldk O;fDrxr dk;z uksdj ds :i esa tcjnlrh djuk] ftldk dksbz islk Hkh ugha feyrk FkkA bl izfkk dks ^csxkj izfkk* dgrs FksA blh izdkj fdlkuksa o gfjtuksa ls dw<h dehuh VSDl olwyk tkrk FkkA fdlku ls mlds tehu ds ekfyd ds lkfk eyck olwy dj fy;k tkrka gfjtu dks ^dw<h* 33 ds uke ls eyck olwyk tkrk FkkA vaxzst vf/kdkfj;ksa ds xkao esa vkus ij mu ij gksus okys [kpz dks blls olwyk tkrk FkkA ml le; ugj fohkkx dks NksM+dj lkjs fohkkx ftyk cksmz ds vurxzr vkrs FksA lu~ 1924 esa pksñ ekrwjke tc lka?kh gyds ls ftyk cksmz ds lnl; cus 34 rks mugksaus ftyk cksmz esa izlrko ikl djok dj bu nksuksa dqizfkkvksa] csxkj o dq<h dehuh] dks cun djok;ka lgdkjh csad dh LFkkiuk %& fdlkuksa dks dtz ysus esa cm+h lel;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk im+rk FkkA lkgwdkj dtkz nsdj cm+h jde olwyrs FksA nknk dtz ysrk Fkk] iksrk Hkjrk jgrk] _.k dh iwjh vnk;xh ugha gksrh FkhA fdlkuks a dks bl lel;k ls NqVdkjk fnyokus ds fy, lozizfke vius isr`d xkao lka?kh esa 23 tuojh 1913 dks fdlkuksa ds fy, tehnkjh csad] lgdkjh csad [kqyok;ka 35 dkaxzsl dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx %& 1885 esa eqecbz dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk djus okys 72 lnl;ksa esa ls,d o gfj;k.kk ds,dek= lalfkkid lnl; ykyk eqjyhèkj,moksdsv o ykyk yktirjk;,moksdsv] 'kghn&,&vkte Hkxr flag ds ØkfUrdkjh pkpk ljnkj vthr flag th o ykyk ';keyky tsu jksgrd ds lkfk dkaxzsl ikvhz esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkk;h o fo'ks"kdj nsgkrh {ks= esa dkaxzsl dk izpkj fd;ka vki mùkj Hkkjr ds izeq[k usrk Fks ftugksaus nsgkr dks dkaxzsl ls tksm+ka dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk esa ;ksxnku %& jksgrd esa dkaxzsl dh igyh ehfvx 12 vdrwcj 1888 dks gqbza 36 ftlesa vkius izeq[krk ls Hkkx fy;ka 1920 esa s xåd.kz ikdz esa dkaxzsl dh lhkk djokbza 1907 esa ykyk yktirjk; o l- vthr flag ds fu"dklu dk fojks/k fd;ka dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 229

117 ^iaxm+h lahkky tv~vk* fdlku vkunksyu esa ;ksxnku %& ml nksjku ckads n;ky dk ;g xhr Økafrdkjh xkrs Fks & ^^ixm+h lahkky tv~vk] ixm+h lahkky vks,] yqv fy;k eky rsjk] gkyksa csgky vks,a** lu~ 1905 ls 1907 esa ljnkj vthr flag ds usr`ro esa 'kq: ^iaxm+h lahkky tv~vk* uked fdlku vkunksyu ds rgr 7 ebz 1907 dks ljnkj vthr flag o ykyk yktirjk; ds okj.v fczfv'k ljdkj ds x`g lfpo,p-,p- fjtys ds glrk{kj ls fudkys x,a 37 9 ebz dks ykyk yktirjk; dks ek.mys ¼cekZ] tks fd lu~ 1935 rd Hkkjr dk gh Hkkx Fkk½ tsy Hkst fn;k x;ka ljnkj vthr flag Hkwfexr gks x, FksA xqirpj fohkkx cgqr lrdzrk ls muds dk;ksz ij utj j[k jgk FkkA 38 bl nksjku 10 ebz 1907 ls 31 ebz 1907 ds chp esa dbz fnu ljnkj vthr flg] lka?kh xkao esa pksñ ekrwjke ds?kj ij jgs39 vksj 2 twu dks ve`rlj esa MCy;w,p- psmfoy iqfyl v/kh{kd ds }kjk jsxwys'ku rhu 1818 ds rgr idm+ s x, 40 vksj mudks ek.mys tsy esa Hkstus ds fy, 11 iqfyl dehz lkfk Hksts x,a ljnkj vthr flga o ykyk yktirjk; dh fxj rkjh ds ckn cgqr ls usrk mudk lkfk NksM+ x, FksA vaxsztksa us vusd usrkvksa dks yk;yvh dk ykyp fn;k vksj vius i{k esa fd;ka gfj;k.koh lkfgr;dkj ckcw ckyeqdqun xqir us fueu izdkj ls o.kzu fd;k gsa 41 lcds lc iatkch vc gs yk;yvh esa pdukpwj] lkjk gh iatkc ns'k cu tkus dks gs yk;yiqjaa yk;y gs lc fl[k] vjksm+ s] [k=h Hkh lc yk;y gsa] es< jfgr;s] cfu;s] /kqfu;s] yk;yvh ds dk;y gsaa /kez lekth idds yk;y] yk;y gs v[kckjs & vke] n;kuafn;ksa dk rks gs yk;yvh ls gh dke rekeaa yk;y lc odhy csfjlvj] tehankj vksj ykyk gsa] E;wfufliYVh okys rks yk;yvh dk ijukyk gsaa [kku&cgknqj]jk; cgknqj] fdrus gh ljnkj ucko] lc feytqy dj ywv jgs gs] yk;yvh dk [kwc lckcaa,sjk xsjk urfkw [ksjk lc ij bldh elrh gs] yk;yvh ykgksj esa vc Hkwls ls Hkh dqn llrh gsaa dsoy nks fmlyk;y Fks] oks,d yktir],d vthr] nksuks a x, fudkys muls ugha fdlh dks gs izhraa nwljh rjq pksñ ekrwjke Fks ftugksaus gkj ugha ekuh vksj foijhr ifjflfkfr;ksa esa Hkh ljnkj vthr flg dks lka?kh xkao esa vius?kj ij j[kka blls vxzsth ljdkj cgqr ukjkt gqbza iatkc ds rrdkyhu ysf Vus av xouzj] lj Ms afty bccvlu us mugs a buds fe=ks a ykyk yktirjk; o ljnkj vthr flag dh rjg ns'k ls fu"dkflr djus dh lkspha ij pks/kjh ekrwjke ds f[kyki xokgh nsus okyk dksbz ugha feyka 42 nwljs muds nksuksa fe=ksa ds fu"dklu dks ysdj cm+k Hkkjh c[ksm+k [km+k gks x;k Fkk] ftlds dkj.k mugsa NksM+ nsuk im+k FkkA blfy, Hkh ysf VusaV xouzj <hyk im+ x;ka 1907 esa fhkokuh LVs.M jksgrd ij,d tulhkk gqbz Fkh] ftls vusd vk;z lekth usrkvksa lfgr pks/kjh ekrwjke vk;z us Hkh leckksfèkr fd;k Fkk vksj ljdkj dks [kqys 'kcnksa esa psrkouh nh FkhA Mh- lh- jksgrd ds ek/;e ls pks/kjh ekrwjke ds ykyk yktirjk; o ljnkj vthr flag ls lecu/k fopnsn dj ysus ds fy, psrkouh nh xbz vksj mugsa dkyk ikuh Hkstus dh /kedh nh xbz vksj dkys ikuh dh ltk ds vkns'k dh fjiksvz Åij ysf Vus av xouzj ds ikl Hkst nh xbza pks/kjh jktey tsynkj us bl volj ij fo'ks"k rrijrk fn[kkbza vaxzst ljdkj ls ml le; tsynkj lh/ks fey ldrs FksA mugksaus iatkc ds ysf VusaV xouzj ds lkeus pksñ ekrwjke dh tksjnkj isjoh dh fd pksñ ekrwjke ns'knzksgh ugha gs( lekt lq/kkjd] bzekunkj vksj esgur djds [kkus okyk fdlku gsa 43 pksñ jktey tsynkj lka?kh esa fookfgr FksA pksñ ekrwjke ls Hkyh Hkkafr ifjfpr FksA vk;z lekt ls tqm+ s gksus ds dkj.k lekt lq/kkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysrs FksA pksñ ekrwjke dk uke blls bz";kzo'k tksm+k x;k gsa xouzj dh ckr le> esa vk xbz vksj pksñ ekrwjke dh dkys ikuh dh ltk jksd dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 231

118 a nh xbza ysfdu tsynkjh ls c[kkzlr dj fn;k x;ka izfke fo'o;q) esa vaxztksa dh lsfud HkrhZ dk fojks/k ¼1914½%& 1914 esa izfke fo'o ;)q vkjehk gqvk A vaxzstksa us Hkkjrh;ksa ls lsuk esa HkrhZ gksus dk vkg~oku fd;k] ysfdu pksñ ekrwjke us dgk fd tezuh ds jk"vªh; /ot esa ( ) LokfLrd dk fu'kku gsa 45 vr% tezuh gekjk HkkbZ gs gekjs ns'k esa Hkh ( ) LokfLrd dks iwt;uh; LFkku gsa vr% ge vius HkkbZ;ksa ds f[kykq fdlh Hkh lqjr esa ugha ym+ sxsa gkaykfd dkaxzsl ikvhz o xka/kh th o lj NksVwjke Hkh vaxsztksa dh enn esa [km+ s gks x, ysfdu dqn vk;z lekth blds viokn jgs ftuesa pksñ ekrwjke izeq[k FksA ljdkj us pksñ ekrwjke dks vusd izykshku fn,a mudh pank djus o HkrhZ es a enn u djus ij Mjk;k /kedk;k ij ekrwjke ij dksbz izhkko ugha im+ka ljdkj us bls xehkhjrk ls fy;ka ;q) ds nksjku,slh gjdrksa dks ljdkj cxkor ls de ugha ekurh FkhA jksgrd ds fmivh deh'uj us rks pksñ ekrwjke dks dkys ikuh ¼v.Mseku½ Hkstus rd dh flqkfj'k dj Mkyh Fkh 46 ] ij ljdkj us ;q) ds nksjku bl ckr dk craxm+ cukuk Bhd ugha le>ka dkaxzsl ds jk"vªh; vf/kos'kuksa esa Hkkxhnkjh %& lu~ 1918 esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl desvh dk f}rh; fo'o ;q) dh lekfir ds ckn 34ok jk"vªh; vf/kos'ku fnyyh esa gqvk FkkA 47 ftles jksgrd ftys ls 5 MsyhxsV x, Fks ftuesa pksñ ekrwjke] pksñ nsoh flag] pksñ ih: flag]ykyk ';ke yky o nksyrjke xqirk bl vf/kos'ku esa iñ Jhjke 'kekz crksj okyuvh;j 'kkfey FksA jksyv,dv dks dkyk fcy crkdj fojks/ k fd;ka blds ckn 1919 esa tfy;kokyk ckax gr;kdkam ds ckn dydrk esa 4&9&1920 dks ykyk yktirjk; dh iz/kkurk esa jk"vªh; vf/kos'ku gqvka blh vf/kos'ku esa vlg;ksx vkunksyu pykus dk fu.kz; gqvk FkkA blesa pksñ ekrwjke] pksñ ih: flag o pksñ nsoh flag o iñ usdhjke 'kekz 'kkfey FksA ds ukxiqj vf/kos'ku es a Hkkx fy;k Fkk 49 vlg;ksx vkunksyu cun gksus ls ykyk yktir jk;] ia- eksrhyky usg:] fprjatu nkl] cky xaxk/kj fryd] ia- enueksgu ekyoh;] pks- ekrwjke] i- Jhjke 'kekz ] ykyk nquhpun veckyoh o i- usdhjke 'kekz ukjkt FksA yky&cky&iky dh frdm+h tks xez ny ds uke ls tkuh tkrh Fkh us vyx Lojkt ikvhz dk xbu fd;k o ykyk yktirjk; iatkc esa blds LrEHk FksA fofhkuu LorU=rk vkunksyuksa esa Hkkx %& jksyv,dv dk fojks/k %& lu~ 1919 esa jksyv,dv ds fojks/k esa xåd.kz rkykc&jksgrd es a lqy dkýsl es a enn dh o Hkk"k.k fn;k vksj Hkw[k gm+rky dha lj NksVwjke] ykyk ';ke yky] nsohflag] gsmeklvj cynso flag] fe;ka eqlrkd gqlsu Hkh miflfkr FksA blds ckn jksgrd ds vklikl ds {ks= esa ljdkjh leifùk;ksa dks uqdlku igq pk;k x;ka jksgrd o blds vklikl ds {ks= o jsyos ykbzu dh lqj{kk ds fy, fnyyh fcxzsm ds tujy vkqhlj dekf.mx us vkmzj fudkys o lka?kh vksj f[km+okyh ds yksxksa us fczfv'k ljdkj ds f[kykq fo'ks"k cgknqjh dk ifjp; fn;ka 50 lka?kh esa pksñ ekrwjke] f[km+okyh esa pksñ Vsdjke us vxokuh dh o vusd xkaoksa esa tulhkkvksa dks lecksf/kr fd;ka vlg;ksx vkunksyu esa ;ksxnku %& 6 uoecj 1920 dks jksgrd esa pksñ NksVwjke o mlds lefkzdksa }kjk izkurh; usrkvksa dh ekstwnxh esa s tehu ds ekfyd o f'k{k.k lalfkkvksa dh eku;rk lekfir ds izlrkkoksa dk fojks/k izdv fd;k vksj tulhkk esa gxkaek dj fn;k vksj ftyk dkxzsl ds iz/kku lj NksVwjke ds lkfk cgqer us mudk fojks/ka 51 eqv~bh Hkj yksx gh dkaxzsl esa jg x,a NksVwjke us iz/kku in ls R;kxi= ns fn;k rks ';keyky tsu dks iz/kku cuk;k x;ka ykyk ';keyky] pksñ ekrwjke] pksñ nsoh flag] gsmeklvj pksñ cynso flag] ljnkj cwvkflag vkgywokfy;k o gkth [ksj eksgeen] nksyr jke xqirk dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 233

119 vkfn eqv~bh Hkj usrkvksa us xkaèkh th dh fopkj/kkjk dk lefkzu fd;k o vkunksyu dks lefkzu nsus ds fy, 8&11&1920 dks xåd.kz rkykc ij tulhkk gqbz ftles a vlg;ksx vkunksyu ds izlrko ikl fd, x,a Qjojh 1921 dks xka/kh th tkv Ldwy vk, vksj fo'kky tulhkk dh ftldh iz/kkurk pksñ ekrwjke th us dha /keziruh ekedksj }kjk vlg;ksx vkunksyu %& bl volj ij egkrek xka/kh dh /keziruh Jherh dlrqjck xka/ kh dh v/;{krk esa efgykvksa dh,d lhkk gqbza pksñ ekrwjke dh /keziruh Jherh ekedksj xkao dh fl=;ksa ds lkfk ^xka/kh dh vka/kh vkbz] Hkk.k jax cjlsxk* xhr xkrh gqbz blesa 'kkfey gqbz FkhA 53 buds vfrfjdr Lons'kh vkunksyu] ued vkunksyu] nfyr leesyu o fdlku dkýs al vkfn ds ek/;e ls lekt lq/kkj o LorU=rk vkunksyu es a Hkkx fy;ka jktuhfr dh pqukoh izfø;k esa fgllk %& lu~ 1923 es a pksñ ekrwjke us iatkc fo/kku ifj"kn dk pquko mùkj if'pe jksgrd xzkeh.k gyds ls pksñ yky pun ds f[kykq ym+ka ysfdu] pksñ yky pun xyr rjhds viukdj pquko thr x, o iatkc es a d`f"k ea=h cusa pksñ ekrwjke us dksvz esa pksñ ykypun ds f[kykq ;kfpdk Mkyh] ykyk yktir jk; odhy FksA dsl esa pksñ ekrwjke dh thr gqbz o yky pun dks ea=h in ls gvk;k x;ka lu~ 1924 esa pksñ ekrwjke ftyk cksmz ds lnl; cus o vusd tufgrs"kh dk;zøe fd,a jksgrd ftyk dkaxszl ds iz/kku Hkh jgsa 55 pksñ NksVwjke ds dsfj;j fuekz.k esa ;ksxnku %& lu~ 1923 esa pksñ ekrwjke }kjk pksñ ykypun ds f[kykq pquko ;kfpdk djus ls iatkc jktuhfr es a cgqr cm+k ifjorzu vk;ka pks ykypun d`f"k ea=h FksA pksñ ykypun dks U;k;ky; esa gkjus ls ea=h in ls gvk;k x;k o ys VhusUV xouzj esydksye gsyh us pksñ NksVwjke dks ea=h cuk;k 56 vksj mudh jktuhfrd ikjh dh 'kq:vkr gqbza muds tufgrs"kh dk;ksz ls iatkc dh jktuhfr esa rwqku vk x;ka bl izdkj ls pksñ ekrwjke dk lj NksVwjke ds dsfj;j fuekz.k esa ;ksxnku jgka iatkc dkaxzsl dh jktusfrd dkýslksa esa ;ksxnku %& iatkc dh dbz jktusfrd dkýsl jksgrd ftys esa gqbza pksñ ekrwjke us lc ls c<+&p<+ dj Hkkx fy;ka fdlku dkýa sl dh vksj fdlkuksa dks dkaxzsl ls tksm+ s j[kka jk"vªh; vf/kos'kuksa esa iq=ksa dks Hkstuk %& tc vlolfkrk ds dkj.k Lo;a ugha x, rks vius T;s"B iq= cychj flag o e>ys iq= j.kchj flag dks 15 o"kz dh vk;q esa gh dkaxzsl ds ykgksj vf/kos'ku esa Hkkx ysus gsrw HkstkA 57 blh vf/kos'ku esa iw.kz LojkT; dk izlrko ikl gqvk FkkA j.kchj flag dks vkunksyu esa >ksadk %& j.kchj flag] tks Mh- lh- vkfql esa uksdjh djrs Fks] ds vuqjks/ k ij muds jk"vªh; eqfdr vkunksyu esa s c<+&p<+ dj Hkkx ysus dks dgka 58 e`r;q %& 77&78 o"kz dh vk;q esa 14 tqykbz 1942 dks nsgkur gks x;ka buds nsgkur ls leiw.kz vk;z txr dks] f'k{k.k lalfkkvksa] LorU=rk lsukfu;ks a ds fy, viw.kzuh; {kfr FkhA 59 lanhkz 1- gqm~mk txr flag %& nsgkr jru pks/kjh ekrwjke vk;z thou o`ùk(1865&1942) 2009 izdk'kd % vfurk gqm~mk 655@5 U;w izdk'k uxj] rglhy Vkmu] ikuhir 2- ogh i`- 60 dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 235

120 3- ogh i` ogh i` ogh i` flag j.kchj %& Lojkt ds Loj ¼2006½ gksi bafm;k ifcyds'ku] xqmxkao i`- 7- gqm~mk txr flag & ogh i` ;kno MkDVj ch-mh-,.m flag Kku %& ÝhMe LVªxy bu gfj;k.kk,.m n duvªhc;w'ku vkwq pksñ j.kchj flag izdk'kd % pksñ j.kchj flag 'kks/k ihb],e-mh-;w- jksgrd i`- XXIII, & Ja)ktfy & egkuk;d pksñ j.kchj flag ds pj.kksa esaa izdk'kd % pksñ j.kchj flag 'kks/k ihb],e-mh-;w- jksgrd i` gqm~mk txr flag & ogh i`- 130,oa tkv f'k{k.k lalfkk,a] jksgrd dk laf{kir bfrgkl,oa miyfc/k;k Qjojh 2006] jksgrd i` tkv f'k{k.k lalfkk,sa] jksgrd dk laf{kir bfrgkl,oa miyfc/k;k Qjojh 2006] jksgrd i` gqm~mk txr flag & ogh i`- 136& ogh i`- 131&132 (nlrkost 13- ogh i` flu/kq fojsunz %& ;qxn`"vk Hkxrflag ¼1992½ jktiky,.m lul & d'ehjh xsv] ubz fnyyh 15- gqm~mk txr flag & ogh i`- 144] n fvªc;wu 19 Qjojh ogh i` ogh i` tk[km+ jkeflag %& pks- cynso flag thou ifjp; i`- 35] jkuh uhye %&y?kq 'kks/k xzufk & vksifuos'kd gfj;k.kk es a vk;z lekt] MkW- jkethyky ds ;ksxnku esa,d v/;;u i` ;kno MkDVj ch-mh-,.m flag Kku %& i`-18] gqm~mk txr flag & ogh i`- 20- flu/kq fojsunz %& ;qxn`"vk Hkxrflag ¼1992½ jktiky,.m lul & d'ehjh xsv] ubz fnyyh 21- gqm~mk txr flag & ogh i`- 165&167] flag lqyrku %& pksñ j.kchj flag,d O;fDrRo dqn vunq, igyw izdk'kd % pksñ j.kchj flag 'kks/k ihb],e-mh-;w- jksgrd i` gqm~mk txr flag & ogh i`- 165&167] flag lqyrku i` Lekfjdk & egkfo ky; efv.mq xq:dwy i`ñ 32& flag lqyrku i`- 24& gqm~mk txr flag & ogh i` ogh i`- 182& ogh i` ogh i`- 180& ogh i` ogh i`- 116& ogh i`- 72& ogh i` ogh i` ogh i` ogh i`- 186& ogh i` flu/kq fojsunz i`- 38- flu/kq fojsunz i`- 39- flag lqyrku i` flu/kq fojsunz i`- 41- ;kno MkDVj ch-mh-,.m flag Kku %& i`-32] flag lqyrku i` gqm~mk txr flag & ogh i`-81] 'kkfur /kehz %& flrecj 2009 lqhkk"k pksd] than 44- gqm~mk txr flag & ogh i`-82] dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 237

121 45- flag j.kchj i` flag j.kchj i` gqm~mk txr flag & ogh i`-83] 48- gqm~mk txr flag & ogh i`-92] 49- ogh i` ogh i` ogh i` ogh i` flag lqyrku i` gqm~mk txr flag & ogh i`-94& ogh i`- 181] flag j.kchj i` ogh i`- 96] flag j.kchj i`- 52] flag lqyrku i` flag j.kchj i` gqm~mk txr flag & ogh i` ogh i`- 197 INDIAN VOYAGE FROM A DOMINION STATE TO A REPUBLIC ONE: CONTRIBUTION OF CH. RANBIR SINGH Dr. Raj Kumar Lecturer, Govt. Senior Secondary School, Jamawari (Hisar), Haryana. Though, British Rule in India ended on 15 th August, 1947, technically the appointed day 1 can not be considered as complete freedom for India. The Indian Independence Act of 1947 which was enacted by the British parliament,created two Dominion States namely India and Pakistan. 2 These states existed until the promulgation of their own individual constitutions. In the case of India, this occurred on 26 th January 1950 and the Republic of India came into existence. During the dominion phase i.e. from August 15, 1947 to January 25, 1950, the British monarch remained the ceremoniol head of the Union of India, and was represented by a Governor General. The real happiness and a matter of great satisfaction for Indians was that our Constitution was written and debated by the Indians and for the Indians. This task was given to a constituent Assembly. As to its composition, members were chosen by indirect election by the members of the Provincial Legislative Assemblies, according to the scheme recommended by the Cabinet Mission. The arrangement was that 292 members were elected through the Provincial Legislative Assemblies; 93 members represented the Indian Princely States; and 4 members represented the Chief Commissioners Provinces. The total membership of the Assembly thus was to be However, as a result of the partition under dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 239

122 the Mountbatten Plan of 3 rd June, 1947, a separate Constituent Assembly was set up for Pakistan and representatives of some provinces ceased to be members of the Assembly. As a result, the membership of the Assembly was reduced to 299. The Punjab legislatures elected 28 members -16 Muslims, 8 Hindus, and 4 Sikhs. After some time, Muslim members belonging to the Muslim League withdrew from the Assembly. In the new situation that developed then, some other members elected to the Constituent Assembly had to stay back at the provincial level. As a result, a fresh election was held on July 10, 1947 when the members of the Punjab Legislature elected 12 members for the Constituent Assembly. Ch. Ranbir Singh 4 was one of the 12 elected members. 5 The Government of India issued a notification in this regard and along with other members of Punjab, Ch. Ranbir Singh signed in the register and became a member of the August Assembly. 6 The Constituent Assembly sat for the first time on December 9, 1946 as it embarked on the high adventure of giving shape, in the printed and written words, to a nation s dreams and aspirations. 7 The Constituent Assembly took almost three years (two years, eleven months and eighteen days to be precise) to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for Independent India. During this period, it held eleven sessions covering a total of 165 days. In the backdrop of these facts, the present analytical study discusses at length the contribution made by Ch. Ranbir Singh in the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly of India ranging from peasantry to national integration. The contribution of Ch. Ranbir Singh in the Constitution-making process has been unvoiced so far. Hence, this humble effort tries to fill the gap. Debates to write the future of India whether initiated or participated by Ch. Ranbir Singh have been grouped into six exclusive categories which include matters related to a) National Integration earlier decision upon National Anthem, National Flag and National Language protested reservation of parliamentary seats for minorities or sectarian groups supported reservation for backward strata of society with new nomenclature as peasants and wage-earners b) Ruralites disfavoured reserving legislative seats on urban-rural distinction. favoured joining rural constituencies with their urban counterparts setting up of Public Service Commissions c) Peasantry fixing the economic price of agricultural products continue the Alienation Act to do away with the zamindari system profession tax pests problem in the concurrent list execution of irrigation and hydro-electric projects d) Protection of Cows e) Finances of the Provinces dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 241

123 land revenue on the same basis as the income tax special concession to East Punjab f) Concern for Haryana merging Delhi with Punjab formation of new province The wide range of issues debated by the visionary leader in the Constituent Assembly serve to bring to fore the social, economic, cultural, and political agenda close to the heart of Ch. Ranbir Singh. National Integration Ch. Ranbir Singh was in favour of an earlier decision upon National Anthem, National Flag and National Language before the motion of the Draft Constitution itself by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. He accrued the advantage as people would have come to know which language was to be their national language and which language they should seek to learn. However, conceding with Maitraji, he highlighted the problem to be faced by Deccan people in learning the national language i.e. Hindi at once. 8 Besides, he showed strong apprehension against reservation of parliamentary seats for minorities or sectarian groups. He contended that our aim today is to set up a secular state - a nondenominational State and it would defeat the realisation of ideals which the people of India had in view. On the contrary, he supported reservation for backward strata of society as so-called Harijans with a new nomenclature peasants and wage-earners. 9 Ruralites Being a staunch follower of Gandhian ideology and a villager as well, Ch. Ranbir Singh suggested that in building the nation, the villagers should get their due share and they should have their influence in every sphere. He argued that the village people cannot be blinded to the fact that the power of the press and the intelligentsia was centered in the cities alone, and that the villagers had little say in the affairs of the nation. At that time, a distinction had to be maintained in our country between the rural and the urban seats. He urged the House to do away with the practice of reserving legislative seats on urban-rural distinction. 10 About the delimitation of constituencies under Article 327, he did not favour joining rural constituencies with their urban counterparts because it would be perpetuating serious injustice against those people who can neither express themselves, nor have any press or leadership. 11 Debating the setting up of Public Service Commissions to keep appointments away from day to day politics, he saw no point in open competition under the prevailing circumstances where ruralites will certainly segregated to disadvantaged situation as compared to their urban competitors. In his view, there were two ways of setting this right; one method was that in the public services a certain proportion should be reserved for the candidates from the countryside and they should be allotted the reserved number of posts in the services, and for those posts only persons from among the rural population should be allowed to compete. The other method was that while appointing the members of the Public Service Commissions, it should be particularly kept in mind that at least 60 to 70 per cent of the members should be such as may sympathize with the rural people and understand their difficulties. 12 dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 243

124 Peasantry Ch. Ranbir Singh emphasized that without fixing the economic price of agricultural products, there could be no stability in the economic life of the agriculturists and it was very necessary to make it stable. 13 He favoured to continue the Alienation Act, according to which certain classes were debarred from acquiring land by law. Simultaneously, he advocated that the Harijans and other persons who were actually the tillers of the soil should have the right to acquire land. In his view, this would help doing away with the zamindari system in our country. 14 Crying over the article on profession tax, he stated that the people of meagre income have to pay profession tax as the poor Harijans have to pay twenty to twenty-four rupees on account of profession tax, though their capacity does no permit them to pay even two or three rupees, while the rich industrialists and factory owners, who are capable of paying far more than the Harijans, do not pay their full share. The maximum limit of profession tax prescribed under this article was Rs It would operate inequitably against the poor people. 15 Concerning over the pests problem that was inter-provincial by nature, He requested the House that pests should particularly be included in the concurrent list. Secondly, India is an agricultural land and there was shortage of food at that time in this country. This subject was directly connected with agriculture and for this consideration too it ought to be placed in the concurrent list. 16 He also emphasized to insert in the Constitution that in discharge of the primary duty of the state to provide adequate food, water and clothing to the nationals and improve their standard of living the state shall endeavour: as soon as possible to undertake the execution of irrigation and hydro-electric projects by harnessing rivers and construction of dams and adopt means of increasing production of food and fodder. 17 Protection of the Cows Along with Pandit Thakurdass Bhargava, Ch. Ranbir Singh jointly moved a resolution on slaughter of cows in the Congress party and at that time it was unanimously adopted. But unfortunately no mention of it has been made in our Constitution. He humbly submitted that resolution should be carried out as a whole: In discharge of the primary duty of the state to provide adequate food, water and clothing to the nationals and improve their standard of living the State shall endeavour: to preserve, project and improve the useful breeds of cattle and ban the slaughter of useful cattle, specially milch and draught cattle and the young stocks. 18 Finances of the Provinces Ch. Ranbir Singh submitted that the finances of the provinces should be on a sound basis. He asserted that there was not a single pie of the income of the peasants who earn it by his sweat and blood, which is not taxed. If he cultivates even a single bigha of land he has to pay a tax on it. As compared to this even an dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 245

125 income of rupees two thousand of other people of India is not taxed. This is a great injustice to the peasant, particularly in a country where they dominate and have a large population. It should rather be considered how the continuance of this injustice in a country of peasants would look like? He, therefore, wanted that the provincial governments should realize land revenue on the same basis as the income tax; for this purpose their finances should be strengthened. He observed that Punjab was partitioned as a consequence of the Freedom of India and partition completely dislocated the entire administration of this province. To bring it again in line with the other provinces it is necessary that at least for the next ten years, in so far as its finances are concerned, special concession should be made to East Punjab. 19 Concern for Haryana Advising Deshbandhu Gupta about the future constitutional set-up for Delhi, Ch. Ranbir Singh urged him to give up his demand of autonomous Delhi and agree on the idea of merging Delhi with Punjab. It will, in future, press for their joint demand for a non- Punjabi Province. Moreover, almost all the administrative services of Delhi were manned by personnel on from deputation Punjab. If the opinion of the people of Delhi, of course excluding New Delhi, is taken, he claimed that more than 60 to 70 per cent of the people will vote for Delhi being joined to East Punjab. 20 Over the formation of new province, he protested the amendment initiated by Dr. Ambedkar. The Amendment read as: if a minority, whether based on religion or caste, which is not in majority in any state or any area thereof might undoubtedly secure such alteration in the boundaries of a State as it chooses through the President or the Government of India. He feared that the amendment would reduce the chance of success of any community which is in majority in any area but happens to be in minority in that state. He feared so because, according to this amendment, the matter would be referred to the state Legislature for consideration and as the people of that area would be in minority in the state although they may be in majority in their own area, it would naturally be recorded that only a few members of the State Legislature desired a change in the boundary of the State. His implied view was that the new provision would definitely harm the interest of the territory of Haryana. So he simply wanted that it should be changed so as to include without any doubt the provision that when the Centre consults the provincial legislature the opinion of the majority of the representatives of the territory, which wants to separate itself and join another province, should also be on record and that their recorded opinion should appear before the Central Assembly so that it may know what that particular territory desires. 21 Conclusions Taking in account the ongoing deliberation, it can safely be inferred that: Ch. Ranbir Singh was in earnest favour of early settlement of crucial issues like National Anthem, National Flag and National Language that will facilitate in promoting the integrity of India. Besides, to cherish the secular sentiments dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 247

126 in the Constitution of India, he successfully voiced against reservation of parliamentary seats for minorities or sectarian groups. He made sincere efforts to bring the rural India at par with the urban. For this he not only urged the House to do away with the practice of reserving legislative seats on urbanrural distinction but convinced the same to shun away from joining rural constituencies with their urban counterparts. Also, he felt helplessness of rural unemployed youths while competing with the well-to-do convent educated youngsters and demanded some sort of discriminate favour for the ruralites in recruitments. Ch. Ranbir Singh championed the cause of poor farmers also be it raising the demand to fix the economic price of agricultural products, or supporting the continuation of the Alienation Act. He showed his reservation over the profession tax also which seemed to him discriminatory as compared to the share of rich factory owners. He considered pest problem inter-territorial and rightly proceeded to include the subject in the concurrent list. He contended in the Assembly and urged the State to undertake the execution of irrigation and hydro-electric projects by harnessing rivers and construction of dams and adopt means of increasing production of food and fodder. He turned the attention of the House towards the protection of cows and other milch animals and reiterated it to preserve, project and improve the useful breeds of cattle and ban the slaughter of useful cattle, specially milch and draught cattle and the young stocks. Keeping in view the lurching fear of the financial obligations, he was in favour of strong and sound economy of the provinces. Hence, he demanded special economic concessions for the province of Punjab. As, Ch. Ranbir Singh kept the concerns of Haryana at top slot. Arguing with Deshbandhu Gupta who wanted separate Delhi, he not only convinced him to wait for some time for his demand but advised the House also to insert a provision of taking the opinion of the majority of a particular area but minority in its respective assembly while forming a new province. NOTES AND REFERENCES (Footnotes) 1. The 15 th August, 1947 had been referred as Appointed Day under the Indian Independence Act, 1947 passed by the British Parliament to grant India and Pakistan with dominion status. 2. Section 1, Indian Independence Act, B.L. Grover and Alka Mehta, Modern Indian History, S. Chand & Company Ltd.: New Delhi, 2009, p Ch. Ranbir Singh was born at Sanghi village in Rohtak district on 26 November, 1914 and passed away on 1 February, 2009 as quoted from B.D.Yadav and Gian Singh, Freedom Struggle in Haryana and Chaudhry Ranbir Singh, Ch. Ranbir Singh Chair, M.D.University: Rohtak, 2010, pp. 39 and K.C.Yadav and Gian Singh, Making of Our Constitution, Ch. Ranbir Singh Chair, M.D.University: Rohtak, 2009, p. 26. dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 249

127 6. Ch. Ranbir Singh, Swaraj Ke Swar, Hope India Publications: Gurgaon, 2005, p Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru as quoted by Sankar Dayal Sharma, the then President of India in his address to the Parliament of India on the occasion of the 50 th Anniversary of the first sitting of the Constituent Assembly. 8. Constituent Assembly Debates, vol. VII, November 6, For details search 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid. 11. Constituent Assembly Debates, vol. XI, November 24, For details search Constituent Assembly Debates, vol.ix, August 22, For details search Constituent Assembly Debates, vol. VII, November 23, For details search Ibid. 15. Constituent Assembly Debates, vol. IX, August 9, For details search Ibid. 17. Constituent Assembly Debates, vol. VII, November 6, For details search Ibid. 19. Ibid. 20. Constituent Assembly Debates. Vol. IX, August 2, For details search Constituent Assembly Debates, vol. VII, November 17, For details search [k.m&7 jk"vªoknh fpuru o vk;z lekt dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 251

128 Arya Samaj & Genesis of Freedom Movement in Haryana Dr. Anupma Arya Associate Professor P.G. Deptt. of Pol Science, Arya Girls College, Ambala Cantt. This paper aims at highlighting the importance, genesis, ideology and character of the Arya Samaj as a religious move ment. It further seeks to answer the following questions: How far is the Arya Samaj different from other Hindu sects? How far can it be described as a distinct religious order and how far can it be viewed as a reform movement or a protest move ment within Hinduism? The answers of these questions are essential for an in-depth understanding and analysis of the role of the Arya Samaj in the of freedom movement in Haryana. The Arya Samaj movement, one of the most important socio-religious and reform movements that emerged in India in the 19th century as a response to the process of Westernization initiated by the British rule in India. Although the Brahmo Samaj founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the first socio-religious and reform movement of that century. The Arya Samaj had a far more momentous impact on the Hindu society than the Brahmo Samaj, the Prarthana Samaj, the Dev Samaj, the Ramkrishna Mission and. other such movements which had preceded it. The greater success of the Arya Samaj than them was due to its relatively more radical ideology and militant approach in comparison with the movements. Its nationalistic character also dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 253

129 made it more popular than. Although it had emerged mainly to counter the increasing influence of the Christianity on the Hindus, its activities had significant consequences for the Muslims and the Sikhs of India in general and Punjab (which included Haryana) in particular. The Arya Samaj was founded by a Gujrati youth, Mul Shanker, who later on adopted the name of Swami Dayanand after becoming a Sanyasi. He was born in a Brahmin family at Tankara in the princely state of Morvi situated in the Gujarat in AD1824. He had undergone a thorough schooling in the traditional orthodox Sanatan Dharma tradition owing to his family background. But this highly inquisitive youth became disenchanted with the religious ideology of the Sanatan Dharma due to various incidents which brought about a dramatic change in his entire thinking. These incidents included climbing of a mouse on the idol of Lord Shiva on the eve of Shiuratri: This caused restlessness in his mind and forced him to quit his home in search of truth and learning from various religious scholars. This quest made him to become a disciple of Swami Virjanand of Mathura. There he imbibed the fundamentals of his ideology from AD1860 to AD1863 and acquired a great deal of knowledge about the Indian culture. After that he developed a crusading zeal of a missionary and decided to undertake the task of reforming the Hindu religion. He delivered lectures and participated in debates and discussions at various places all over India for this purpose. After realizing the need for launching a movement for achieving his goal, he decided to set up the institution of the Arya Samaj on April 10, 1875 at Bombay, The ideology of the Arya Samaj has been summed up in the following principles or commandments that had been adopted by the Samaj on June 24, 1877 at Lahore in Punjab. 1. God is the primary source of all true knowledge and of all that is known by its means. 2. God is all-truth, all knowledge, all beatitude, incorporeal, almighty, just, merciful, unbegotten, infinite, unchange able, beginningless, incomparable, the support and lord of all, all pervading omniscient, imperishable, immortal, fearless, external, holy and creator of the universe. He alone is worthy of worship. 3. The Vedas are the books of all true knowledge. It is the paramount duty of all the Aryas to hear, read and to recite them to others. 4. All persons should remain ever-ready to accept the truth and to renounce untruth. 5. All actions ought to be performed in conformity to virtue, i.e., after due consideration of right and wrong. 6. The chief object of the Arya Samaj is to do good to mankind, i.e., to ameliorate physical, spiritual and social condition of all men. 7. All ought to be treated with love, justice and with due regard to their merit. 8. Ignorance ought to be dispelled and knowledge must be diffused dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 255

130 9. No one ought to remain contented with his personal progress. One should count the progress of all as one s own. 10. In matters, which affect the well being of all, the individual should subordinate his personal linkings. The overview of the above stated basic principles of the Arya Samaj makes it clear that it aimed at modifying or reinter preting the Hindu tradition. This also shows that the Samaj believed in the supremacy of God and stood for its worship. However, it opposed the Puranic view of God which recognises many forms of God and also believes in the reincarnation of God in the form of an Avatar, or the birth of God in human form. Moreover, instead of preaching the worship of many Gods and Goddesses, the Samaj believes in monotheism. It resembles the Islam, the Christianity and the Sikhism in this context. However, it does not accept the Islamic concept of Prophet or the Christian concept of accepting Christ as a representative of God or the Sikh concept of Gurus. Like the Sikhism, the Christianity and the Islam it could also be viewed as a religion which lays stress on the acceptance of particular book as the basis of religion 1. This paper is a modest attempt to describe and analyze the role of the Arya Samaj in the freedom movement of Haryana. This is being done because the Samaj had played an important role in bringing about political awakening in Haryana in the colonal period. The areas which constitute the present state of Haryana had come under the British rule through the Treaty of Sirji Anjangaon on December 30, 1803 that had been signed by Marathas with the East India Company after then defeat in it. These areas had been initially included in the Bengal presidency but subsequently these were made a part of the North Western Province (present U.P.) when it was created in AD Later on, these were tagged with the Province of Punjab in AD 1858 by the British allegedly as a punishment for the participation of the princes and people of Haryana region in the Revolt of AD 1857 also known as the First War of Indian Independence by the nationalist historians and as the Sepoy Mutiny by their British counterparts 2. This step was taken by the colonial administrate inspite of the fact that Haryana region differed from Punjab linguistically, culturally and socially and it was akin to the areas of the western U.P. in these respects. Although the Arya Samaj was basically a social and religious reform movement in Hinduism, the process of political awakening in Haryana was initiated by it through the creation of social awakening in the region. This was brought about by it in the region through the promotion of social reforms. It pleaded for widow remarriage. The Arya Samaj also advocated discarding of the undesirable and evil traditions and unhealthy rituals that were being practiced by the Hindus of Haryana during those days. It also opposed untouchability and started making efforts for improving the condition of depressed sections of Hindu society. The distortions which had degenerated the Varna system were also sought to be rectified by it. The Samaj pleaded that the Varna status of a person should be determined on the basis of merit and not on birth. It also launched a vigorous campaign against the dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 257

131 widespread superstitions and irrational beliefs that were prevalent among the Hindus of the region at that juncture 3. Being an agriculturist caste dominated region, the story of Jat in Chapter XI of the Satyarth Prakash, appealed to them very much. It particularly attracted the Jats who were the most numerous caste among them. That is why the agriculturists caste in general and the Jats in particular were influenced by the Arya Samaj 4. The Arya Samaj used both traditional and the modern idioms for spreading its message. It also organized annual conferences, weekly satsangs, morning processions (Prabhat Pheries) and used preaches and singers (Bhajhiks) and conducted debates (Shartraths) for this purpose. Its appeal for the protections of cow and encouragement to eat vegetables touched their hearts. The efforts of the Arya Samaj to bring social reforms in Haryana played an important role in creating social awakening in the region 5. The Arya Samaj also launched a programme for combating the increasing influence of western ideas on the educated youth who had begun to perceive the western civilization as a superior civilization and the Indian civilization as an inferior one. As a result they had lost the feelings of national pride and developed a slavish mentality. The Arya Samaj restored their national pride by highlighting the ancient glory of the Aryan civilization.8 This role of the Arya Samaj was instrumental in inculcating political awakening and in developing national consciousness 6. It also contributed in the creation of national consciousness in Haryana by spreading the teachings of its founder Swami Dayanand who, had declared in clear cut terms that better government is no substitute for self government. Besides he had openly preached that all out efforts should be made to destroy the oppressors. Although Swami Dayanad did not use the term British for the oppressors, he certainly had the colonial rule in mind while making these remarks. His teachings went a long way in injecting the spirit of nationalism in Haryana and created conditions that helped the genesis and development of national movement in the region 7. The Arya Samaj also contributed to the growth of nationalism in Haryana through its powerful propaganda to check the spread of the Christianity in the region. It was able to create an impression that the Vedic Dharama, the original form of the Hindu religion, was superior to the Christianity. Since the Christianity happened to be the religion of the British, the Arya Samaj also succeed in spreading anti-british feelings among the Hindus in general and its own followers in particulars by spreading anti- Christianity feelings in them. This helped in strengthening the sentiments of nationalism in a substantial segment of the Hindus of Haryana 8. Besides the religious and social spheres, some efforts were made by the Arya Samaj in education also. Many Gurukuls were set up by it in the area. The very aim of these institutions was to impart traditional education to the male & female students for creating feelings of patriotism in them. These Gurukul dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 259

132 indoctrinated the ideology of Arya Samaj among them. They also insisted on the wearing of traditional Indian dress and the adoption of other symbols of Vedic religion by their students. Moreover, the cult of nationalism too was preached by them 9. However, it is pertinent to point out at this place that the process of political awakening and growth of national consciousness which was started by the Arya Samaj in the western and the central Punjab in the last quarter of the 19 th century began in Haryana region only in the early 20 th century. Moreover, its pace was slower in this region than that in the rest of Punjab province. This was due to the fact that Haryana region was economically, socially and culturally behind than other parts of Punjab. But the process of political awakening and growth of national consciousness could, however, gather movement in Haryana region only after the transfer of India s capital from Calcutta to Delhi in The emergence of Delhi as an important educational commercial and political centre, after it became capital of India, had a significant bearing on Haryana due to its geographical proximity to Delhi 10. The contribution of the Arya Samaj in creating political consciousness in Haryana region and in promoting the growth of national movement in Haryana is evident from the fact that most of the early leaders of Congress from the Arya Samaj background. The leadership of Arya Samaj from the Haryana was also active in mobilizing mass support for the agitation against the Rowlatt Act in the region in Swami Shraddhanand, a Delhi based Arya Samajest leader, played the most important role in it. He was ably assisted by the Jat Arya Samajist leaders of Haryana like Zaildar Matu Ram, Chhotu Ram, Master Baldev Singh, Piru Singh. As a result, of their efforts, Hartals (strikes) and protest meetings were organized at many town of the region. This agitation, however, was not confined to the towns of Haryana, it had also spread in its rural areas 11. It was in recognition of his role in the anti-rowlatt Act agitation that Swami Shraddhanand was appointed as the Chairman of the Reception Committee for the annual session of the Indian National Congress held at Amritsar in December Another important Arya Samajist leader from Haryana Lala Murlidhar of Ambala was made its Vice Chairman. 12 But the Arya Samajists of Haryana got divided on the eve of the Non-Cooperation Movement theat had been launched by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Mohatama Gandh in While Zaildar Matur Ram, Master Baldev Singh and Peeru Singh gave whole hearvend support to and it, Chhotu Ram opposed it vehmently. He argued that the non-payment of land zenenue would deprive the peasantry from its land which will be co,[seated nu tje Governmnent and auctimed. This This wrakened the national movement to some extent. 13 Thinatural movement got futher weakened at the time of the launching of the Civil Disobedience Movemnt for the achivement of Puran Swaraj (Complete Independence) in 1932 because the hard of the Unionist Patry of Chhotu Ram had been shengthaned by that time, by progeeting itself as a champion of the peasantry. This is endent form the landside irrelony of the dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 261

133 Unionist Party in 1937 election and the Punjab Legislative Assembly. But in spite of this, Zaildar Matu ram and later Arya Samaj leaders from Haryana, whose names have already been mentioned, kept the flame of the national movement burning gainst heavy odds. 14 But the Arya Samaj samajist leaders like Chaudhry Ranbir Singh were able shangthan the national movement in Haryana on the eve of the Indidual Satyagraha in 1940 despute the enactment of the so called Golden Laws by Chhotu Ram for purdmg relief the peasantry fine economic difficulties caused the peple by the War on the one hand and on account of the adoption of the Resolution for Pakistan by the Muslime league on the other hands. 15 The Arya Samajist and other leaders of the Congress like Pandi Sri Ram Sharma were further able to shangthen the national movement at the time of the Quit India Movement in 1942 because the possibility of the attainment of independence on the one hand and the threat of the partition due to the demand for Pakistan had made the Unionist Party rather irrelevant. The role of the INA, in which the peasantry of Haryana was in a sizeable shength, further shengthened the national movement. The vacuum of leadership that had emeiged in the Unionist Party after the death of Chhotu Ram too pirved helpful to the Congress in shanthaning the national movement. This found reflection in the thumping success of the Congress in the 1946 election Punjab Legislative Assembly in genual and the success of its Arya Samajist leaders like Prof. Sher Singh and Sumer Singh in particular. 16 Thus we may conclude that it was the impact of the Arya Samaj that lead to the genesis of the national movement in Haryana in the just qurter of the 20 th century. But the movement was weakened after one of the important leaders of the Samaj quit the Congress in But leaders like Zildar Matu Ram kept in alive Lala on the changed political situation after the only leader of the second world war enabled Chaudhry Ranbir Singh and other shengthan. References 1. For details refer to Chapter-3, The Arya Samaj-A Profile, in Anupma Arya, Religion and Politics in India, KK Publications, Delhi, 2001 pp Refer to K.C. Yadav, The Revolt of 1857 in Haryana, Manohar Publications & Distributors, New Delhi, Anupma Arya, op. cit., pp Ranjit Singh, Haryana Ke Arya Samaj Ka Itihas (Hindi), Arya Pratinidhi Sabha, Haryana, Rohtak, 1976, pp Anupma Arya, op. cit., p Ibid, pp For details refer to K.C. Yadav and K.S. Arya, Arya Samaj and Freedom Movement, , Vol. 1, Manohar Publications, New Delhi Anupma Arya, op. cit. p Dr. Bhavani Lal, Arya Samaj-Atit Ki Uplabdiyan Tatha Bhavisya Ka Prashan, Arya Pratinidhi Sabha, Punjab, Jalandhar, 1978, pp M.M. Kishore, The Beginnings; in Pardaman Singh & S.P. Shukla (eds), Freedom Struggle in Haryana and the Indian National Congress, dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 263

134 1985, Haryana Pradesh Congress (I) Committee, Chandigarh, 1985, p Ranjit Singh, op. cit., p Anupma Arya, op. cit., p Madan Gopal, Sir Chhotu Ram, A Political Biography, B R Publshing Corporation, Delhi, 1977, pp Prem Choudhry, Punjab Politics, the Role of Sir Chhotu ram, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1984, pp Dr. B.D. Yadav and Gian Singh, Freedom Struggle in Haryana and Chaudhry Ranbir Singh, Chaudhry Ranbir Singh Chair, M.D. University, Rohtak, 2010, pp Ibid, pp Impact of Arya Samaj Movement on peasant Community in The Early Twentieth Century : A Historical Analysis Dr. Subhash Balhara Asstt. Professor in HistoryGovt. College, Meham By the early twentieth century the Jats of the South-East Punjab became a highly self-conscious and integrated peasant community. Colonial and Indian historians have usually emphasized the role of political institutions and administrative and economic changes in the formation of identities among rural communities in the Punjab. In their writings the colonial structure appears as the fountain of community consciousness. 1 The Jats are seen as one of the important communities representing the interests of agricultural classes as categorised by the Land Alienation Act of In an economic sense, the urban middle classes of Punjab among Hindus and Sikhs came to depend heavily on the bureaucratic structures of the Raj and on its largesse. In time, they also came to perceive themselves as especially disadvantaged as the British came to be associated in their minds with the agrarian Jats and the Muslims. Politically, the assertion of middle classes was in the sphere of occupation and contest over public spaces. It was in the ideological battles that took place in the public sphere that claims to dominance could be made whether in the power-play among the indigenous elites or in the subtle challenges posed to the power of the colonial state. However, in very significant ways the material, ideological and social structures on which a middle class life could be built were provided by the practice of caste. It may be pointed out that the dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 265

135 Sikhs had an intellectual tradition that denied caste among them, and that also among some Hindus, the Arya Samajis being the prime example, caste was atleast intellectually reconceptualized. However, the idea of caste, both as a marker of status, and as an organizing principle of daily life persisted. The purpose of this research paper is to discuss some historical facts to know how the Jats of Hindu community utilized the preachings and ideology of Arya Samaj to augment their social status in Eastern Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh especially in contemporary Rohtak region. The fundamental agriculturist in Punjab for the British was the Jat. Ibbetson lauded the Jats, while underlining their importance to the colonial administration in Punjab : The Jats is in every respect the most important of the Punjab peoples. In point of numbers they surpass the Rajputs. Politically they ruled the Punjab till the Khalsa yielded to our arms. Ethnologically jat peasant is the peculiar and most prominent product of the plains of the five rivers. And from an economical and administrative point of view he is the husbandman, the peasant, the revenue payer parexcellence of the province. 3 Ibbetson could have also added that the Sikh Jat was the finest soldier in the British army. Though the Jats as a whole were thought to share these characteristics, it was the Sikh Jats of the Central districts of Punjab that Ibbetson had in mind while giving the above description. Apparently, the Hinduism of the Jats of the South-Eastern Punjab did not mar their Jat virtues, but according to Ibbetson, the same could not be said of the Muslim Jats of the western Punjab. 4 Basically, the society of Punjab was apparently not affected by the pulls of religion or caste. Thus, Sir Charles Roe in his Tribal Law in Punjab wrote : The Hindu agriculturist of the Punjab knows nothing of castes, except as represented by his tribe. No doubt he respects the Brahman, and calls him and feeds him on the occasion of rejoicing or sorrow, but he would never dream of referring to him or to the Hindu law for guidance in his daily life. 5 A close study of vernacular sources, local Jat texts and Jat narratives, however, show the deep interaction between the Arya Samaj and the Jats, an aspect ignored by historians either because of the inaccessibility of these sources or because of the dominant historiographical trends which depends mostly on the narratives of British officials posted or working in central and western parts of Punjab. 6 Scholarly studies have trended to emphasize that the Arya Samaj was a product of colonial modernity with no real roots in Hindu society. It was no more than an urban movement of the Englisheducated elite in Punjab. 7 Towards the end of the nineteenth century the existing sects and cults in the rural south-east Punjab began to lose the commanding position they had earlier occupied. The roots of Arya Samaj lay in this local tradition. But after 1880, the Jats in this region came to perceive themselves collectively as Jat. 8 They established their clear identity from their specific interpretation of the Arya Samaj theology. Consequently, the Jats identified themselves as a devout and self-controlled warrior caste, as distinct from the past when they were seen as a sturdy country-folk. dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 267

136 In this research paper I discuss how the Arya Samaj movement Jat peasants were attracted to Dayanand since he was seen entered South-east Punjab especially Rohtak region from western as an admirer of Jats. As a Jat stated: By giving us the status of Uttar Pradesh and how Jat identity crystallized, and became manifest being gurus of Brahmans Dayanand elevated us to a higher through the kaumi (community) narratives constructed by its leaders, status. 14 He stressed that Dayanand hailed from a place on the river particularly between 1912 and Saraswati in Kurukshetra and that he had inherited the tradition of On the eastern shore of the Jamuna lay Jat hinterland (Present logical subtelity from the Jats: Dayanand was fascinated by the day western Uttar Pradesh) where the Jats in the 1860s followed the intelligence of the Jats and had appreciated their rejection of idol precepts of Dayanand who was visiting several towns and villages worship. In one of the popular devotional song, Dayanand was there. These Jats assimilated the anti-caste vedic sermon of Dayanand. identified with Ram and portrayed as a hero, fighting the righteous They were also concerned about their identity, particularly their origin battle of truth against evil. 15 and status. 9 This growing self-consciousness began to influence their But spread of the Arya Samaj in Jat society was not an easy counterparts on the other side of the Jamuna to whom they were task. 16 A large number of them reacted sharply to the growing linked culturally. In the 1880s the Arya Samaj established itself in influence of the Arya Samaj. In 1883, when Ramji Lal became an Rohtak, which became its nerve centre by the early twentieth century. 10 Arya Samajist, a panchayat of Hooda Jats was held in village Sanghi Initially the Arya Samaj appealed mainly to the educated Jats, Khap in Rohtak district. Presided over by Satnamiya Brahmachari, this leaders, peasant sepoys and zaildars. A large scale conversion of the famous panchayat of twelve villages decided to ostracize Ramji and Jats to the Arya Samaj took place during , first in the army his brother Matu Ram. 17 and then in the rural tracks of Rohtak and Hissar. 11 Such conflicts characterised the process through which Arya A veteran Arya Samaji, Chaudhry Ranbir Singh, from Rohtak, Samaj ideas were assimilated in the region. Under the influence of recalled that during the British period and even before, the Brahmans the Arya Samaj, the popular tradition of Sang (a form of popular denied the Jats any right to wear the sacred thread. He said that these drama performed by men) came under scathing attack. By the early were two main divisions within Hindu Society, Dvija and Shudras. twentieth century the tradition was transformed. On the one hand, We were placed somewhere in the middle. He further added that Sangis began to conform to the code of the Arya Samaj programme there were very few Jats in the government schools, and if any Jat as Sangis began to join the bhajan mandlis of the Samaj. 18 Similarly, student went into the kitchen, the members of the superior castes the Guga fair, which once symbolized the popular and shared culture threw away the entire flour and he was asked to pay for the whole of the region, began to be exploited by the Arya Samajists for the stock of flour. 12 Such experiences reveal a shared culture of inferiority, Vedic Prachar. 19 This was how certain features of popular tradition and throw light on Jat perceptions of caste hierarchies in the Hindu were, after much conflict, integrated into the Arya Samaj system of society. 13 beliefs, creating the social basis of its influence. dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 269

137 (Footnotes) 1. An Important statement on this theme has been made by Richard Fox in his Lions of the Punjab, Culture in the Making, California, David Gilmartin, Empire And Islam, Punjab and The Making of Pakistan, University of California Press, Berkley, D.C. J. Ibbetson, Govt. Printing Lahore Reprint by B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, See Anshu Malhotra, Gender, Caste And Religious Identities, Restructuring class in Colonial Punjab, Oxford University Press, 2002, p Anshu Malhotra, Ibid. p W.H. Rattigan, A Digest of Civil Law for the Punjab, Lahore, 1929, p Generally speaking, the Jats have been studied within the framework which emphasizes the role of imperial patronage and control. See e.g. Gilmartin, Empire and Islam, Prem Choudhary, Punjab Politics: The Role of Sir Chhotu Ram, New Delhi, 1984; Ian Talbot; Punjab and the Raj New Delhi, K.W. Jones, Arya Dharam Hindu Consciousness in Nineteenth-Century Punjab, Berkeley, Jones overlooks the impact of the Arya Samaj on rural society and its appropriation by the Jats in particular. He emphasized that the Arya Samaj was an ideology of the English-educated urban nationalists of the Punjab, who were disenchanted with colonial rule. 8. Generally the word Jat is applied to a congeries of tribes, Jats proper, Rajputs, lower castes, and mongrels, who have no points in common save their Muhammadan religion, their agricultural occupation, and their subordinate position. See Anshu Malhotra, op.cit., p Lekh Ram, Maharishi Dayananda Saraswati Ka Jiwan Charitra, translated by Kavi Raj Raghuknandasing Nirmal (ed.), Pandit Harischandra Vidyalankar, Delhi, Rai Sahib Sansar Chand was the person responsible for the foundation of a local branch of the Arya Samaj in Rohtak. The merchant community and lawyers of Hisar played a prominent role also. 11. In Rohtak, the Jats of Sanghi and Kiloi were the first to follow Arya Samaj teachings. These villages became the main stronghold of the Arya Samaj by the early twentieth century. By 1911, about 30,000 Hindu Jats were purified or raised socially in South-East Punjab. Census of India, Punjab Vol.14. Lahore, 1912, p Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi, MSS Oral History transcript. Choudhary Ranbir Singh. No. 544, See Set Chajju Ram s view in S.N. Malik, Seth Chajju Ram. A Life with a purpose , Hissar, 1994, p.47 and K.S. Ahlawat, Jat Viron Ka Itihas, Dayanand Math, Rohtak, 1987, p Mahavir, Maharishi Dayanand Par Haryana Ka Prabhav, Arya Pratinidhi Sabha Haryana, Dayanand Math Smarika, Rohtak, 1976, p K. Sharma, Haryana Ke Prasidh Lokgayak Pandit Basti Ram, Haryana Research Journal, Vol.3, 1967, p With the coming of Arya Samaj, the mela of Gulfaroshan held in Mehrauli lost its importance amongst the Jats after See The Tribune, 21 September, 1906, p.4. Similarly under the influence of Arya Samaj, the Tradition of Sang came under severe attack and Jat began to consider the sang as vulgar. 17. S.S. Choudhary, Ramji Lal Hooda : Sir Chottu Ram Ke Prerak, Souvenir, Deenbandhu Chhottu Ram Jayanti Samaroh Samiti, Haryana Jat Sabha, Bhiwani, 1984, p Puran Chand Sharma, Haryana Ki Lok Dharmi Natya-parampara, Haryana Sahitya Academi, Chandigarh, 1983, pp The most prominent shrine of Guga was in Bikaner and the Sirsa Arya Samaj began to celebrate a mela here. Vidyalankar, Arya Samaj Ka Itihas, p.191. dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 271

138 [k.m&8 Lora=rk vkunksyu esa l'kl= cxkorsa dfkk Lojkt 273

139 dfkk Lojkt 275 Lora=rk vkunksyu esa vktkn fgun QkSt dk ;ksxnku &ysf V- duzy ¼v-izk-½ punz flag nyky la;kstd xzkeh.k Hkkjr vf/kdkj eap] jksgrda Lora=rk vkunksyu esa vktkn fgun QkSt ds ;ksxnku dk vkadyu djus ds fy, gesa ml le; ds jktuhfrd ifjos'k ij tkukdjh izkir djuh im+ sxh] ftlds fy, finyh 'krkcnh ds pksfks n'kd dk rks xgjkbz ls foospu djuk gh gksxk] vfirq lu~ 1858 ls lu~ 1945 rd dh le;kof/k ds nksjku dh i`"bhkwfe dk Hkh gesa ekywe gksuk pkfg,a blh lwjr esa gh ge vktkn fgun QkSt dh leiw.kz Hkwfedk dk vfkziw.kz vkadyu dj ik,axsa lu~ 1857 esa LorU=rk vkunksyu,d cm+k Hkkjh loky cudj mhkjk] ftls geus Lora=rk ds fy, izfke ;q) dh lakk nh FkhA blh nksjku vaxszth ljdkj }kjk Hkkjrokfl;ksa ij tqye <+kus dk flyflyk cgqr o"kksza rd pyrk jgk rfkk ikwfylh ds rksjij ;g fu.kz; fy;k x;k fd fdlh Hkh gkyr es a LorU=rk vkunksyu dks u iuius fn;k tk,a vfirq 'kus&'kus ;g vkunksyu jk"vªh; :i /kkj.k djus esa lqy jgka blh ds QyLo:i lu~ 1885 esa bafm;u us'kuy dkaxzsl dk xbu gqvk FkkA osls Hkh bldk vlj rks de gh gqvk Fkk] vfirq ykyk yktirjk; ds vuqlkj vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl ds vkunksyu dk ykmz dtzu }kjk e[kksy mm+k;k x;k Fkk rfkk lk/kkj.k tuekul dks Hkh bldh lkfkzdrk ij ;dhu ugha gqvka ysfdu muuhloha 'krkcnh ds vfure n'kd esa fons'kh 'kkldksa ds izfr?k`.kk us tm+ idm+uh 'kq: dj nh FkhA blh le; u, usr`ro us tue fy;k] ftles a yksdeku; cky xaxk/kj fryd] fofiupunz iky rfkk ykyk yktir jk; ds uke eq[; gsaa bl frdm+h dks cky] iky vksj yky ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gsa ;s lhkh Økafrdkjh izo`fùk ds FksA mugha fnuksa caxky] iatkc o egkjk"vª esa ØkfUrdkjh vkunksyu 'kq: gks x;k FkkA

140 bl vkunksyu dks fons'kksa rd igqapkus dk loky Fkk] ftlls Lora=rk vkunksyu vksj O;kid gks ldsa bl dk;z dh ckxmksj ';keth d`".k oekz] oh-mh- lkojdj] ykyk gjn;ky] rjdukfk nkl] ohjsunzukfk pv~vksik/;k;] cjdr myykg] jkl fcgkjh cksl] Kkuh izhre flag],p-,y-xqirk rfkk HkkbZ ijekuun br;kfn ds gkfkksa esa FkhA bugksaus fczfv'k gqdwer ds fo:) yunu] isfjl] U;w;kdZ] tkiku] cfyzu] nf{k.kh iwohz,f'k;k esa dsunz LFkkfir fd, Fks vksj viuk izhkko fo'o ds lhkh ns'kksa esa QSykus dk iz;kl fd;ka dguk u gksxk fd tkiku ls lcls T;knk lgk;rk rfkk izksrlkgu feyk FkkA bldh [kcj vaxzsth lkezkt; dks Hkh FkhA lu~ 1914 es a izfke fo'o ;q) 'kq: gks x;k Fkk] ftlds QyLo:i Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkfj;ksa esa uopsruk mriuu gqbz vksj u;k tks'k isnk gks x;ka tezuh esa Hkh,aXyks&teZu desvh dh LFkkiuk dh xbza blh ds QyLo:i Hkkjr esa lgk;rkfkz gffk;kj rfkk vlyk Hkstk tkuk vkjehk gks x;ka Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us FkkbZyS.M esa iatkch fl[kksa dh enn ls fczfv'k jkt; ds f[kykq dsunz LFkkfir dj fn, FksA tkiku dh lgkuqhkwfr ls ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds gksalys cqyun gks x;s FksA fo'ks"k rksjij fczfv'k ;q) ds lekir gksus ds mijkur Hkkjrh;ksa us tkikfu;ksa dh enn ls viuk dkjksckj FkkbZyS.M] eyk;k] cekz gkaxdkax] 'ka?kkbz rd c<+k fy;k Fkk] tks vkxs pydj bf.m;u us'kuy vkehz ds xbu es a lgk;d fl) gqvk FkkA vkbz-,u-,- dh LFkkiuk blh Hkwfedk ds lkfk&lkfk chloha 'krkcnh ds rhljs n'kd esa flaxkiqj ea s vkbz-,u-,- dh LFkkiuk dh xbz] tks LorU=rk ds vkunksyu ds fy,,d ehy dk irfkj lkfcr gqbza vkbz-,u-,- dk ikyu&iks"k.k vksj mldh izkjfehkd ns[khkky ckck vej flag] Kkuh izhre flag] jkl fcgkjh cksl rfkk tujy eksgu flag br;kfn }kjk gqbza vkbz-,u-,- dh LFkkiuk Økafrdkfj;ksa }kjk tkikfu;ksa dh lgk;rk ls vaxzstksa ds fo:) fd, x, dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 277 ;q) dh,d gdhdr gsa Hkkjr ds Lora=rk vkunksyu dh lgk;rkfkz,d egroiw.kz dm+h gsa bugh fnuksa,d lekpkj i= ^xnj* ds uke ls izdkf'kr fd;k x;k Fkk] ftls phu] tkiku] cekz vksj Hkkjr esa Hkstk tkrk jgka lu~ 1937 esa jkl fcgkjh cksl us bafm;u bamhisumsal yhx dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh] ftldk dsunz tkok esa FkkA blh o"kz Vksfd;ks esa,d dkaýsl cqykbz xbz Fkh] ftldk eq[; mn~ns'; Fkk fd jktuhfrd izpkj o izlkj ds fy,,d dk;zøe rs;kj fd;k tk,] ftlesa FkkbZyS.M] tkok] phu] eyk;k] cekz o Hkkjr esa fo'ks"k rksjij fczfv'k Hkkjrh; lsfudksa esa vktknh dh ygj ds fy, izksisxa smk cusa bugha fnuks a FkkbZyS.M es a,d cqtqxz iatkch Økafrdkjh ckck vej flag us csadkd esa fl[k izpkjd Kkuh izhre flag dh enn ls vktkn fgun la?k dk xbu fd;k FkkA blh nksjku f}rh; fo'o ;q) 'kq: gks x;k vksj Lora=rk ds vkunksyu dks vksj rst dj fn;ka lu~ 1941 es a gh bf.m;u us'kuy vkehz dk chtkjksi.k gks x;k Fkk] Kkuh izhre flag th us Lora=rk izkir djus ds fy, Hkkjrh; okyafv;j vkehz tkiku esa canh Hkkjrh; lsfudksa rfkk ogka ds LFkkuh; Hkkjrh; ewy fuokfl;ksa esa okyafv;j HkrhZ djus dh ckr gks pyh FkhA vaxzsth jkt esa Hkkjrh; lsfud brus fujk'k o grk'k ugha gq, Fks] ftrus eyk;k vksj nf{k.k iwohz,f'k;k esa mu fnuksa 1@14 iatkc jsthesuv ds eksgu flag] tks ogka dsnh Fkk] mlus fnlecj] 1941 esa tku&cw>dj vaxszt lsfudksa ls vyx djds taxy esa,d xqzi cuk fy;k Fkk] tks Hkkjr dh vktknh ds fy, ym+uk pkgrk FkkA 15 fnlecj] 1941 dks estj&qwthokjk us Kkuh izhre flag ds lkfk dsivu eksgu flag ls feydj ;g vkre&leiz.k djok;k Fkk vksj tkikfu;ksa dh vksj ls Hkjkslk fnyk;k Fkk vksj ;g?kks"k.kk djok;h Fkh fd lkjs Hkkjrh; la?k dsivu eksgu flag dh deku esa jgsaxsa 15 Qjojh] 1942 dks tkikuh lsukvksa us flaxkiqj ij dctk dj fy;k FkkA blds mijkur lsfudkas dks cunh cuk fy;k x;k] ftuesa ls 43000

141 a a Hkkjrh; lsfudksa us Hkh duzy gsm dh deku esa leiz.k fd;k vksj os Hkh cunh cuk fy, x;s FksA 1 flrecj] lu~ 1942 dks vkbz-,u-,- dk xbu fd;k x;ka tujy vkwfqlj dekafmax eksgu flag dh deku es a izfke fmohtu] ftlesa lsfud Fks] dk xbu gqvk FkkA ysfdu fomecuk gs fd lu~ 1942 ds vur rd tujy eksgu flag us vkbz-,u-,- dks Hkax dj fn;k Fkk tksfd ijlij vurjfojks/k dk ifj.kke FkkA vr% igyh ckj vkbz-,u-,- yxhkx Ng eghus rd gh fvd ikbz FkhA ysfdu] jkl fcgkjh cksl us lqhkk"k punz cksl ds vkus rd flfkfr lehkky yh FkhA rqjur gh vkbz-,u-,- dk iquxzbu djds ts-ds- Hkksalys dks Mk;jsDVj fefyvjh C;wjks cuk;k x;k vksj bldk eq[;ky; flaxkiqj esa cny fn;k x;k FkkA bugha fnuksa 16 ebz] 1943 dks mugksaus Vksfd;k igaqp x;sa 16 twu] 1943 dks lqhkk"k punz cksl us tkiku esa iz/kkuea=h rkstks ls eqykdkr dha iz/kkuea=h rkstks us lqhkk"k punz cksl ls lger gksdj cm+h fgeer c<+kbz vksj tkikuh vkdk'kok.kh ls fczfv'k ds fo:) py jgs bf.m;u bumsisamsal vkunksyu dk lefkzu djus dk,syku fd;ka twu vksj tqykbz] 1943 esa jkl fcgkjh cksl us bf.m;u bumsisumsal yhx ds iz/kku in dks R;kx nsus dh?kks"k.kk dha mugksaus vius lecks/ku esa dgk Fkk & ^^fe=ks rfkk lkffk;ks! vkids leeq[k esa yhx ds iz/kku in ls R;kxi= ns jgk gw vksj ns'k lsod lqhkk"k punz cksl dks bf.m;u bafmisums al yhx dk iz/kku in lksai jgk gw A** ;gka ij gh igyh ckj lqhkk"k punz cksl dks ^^usrk th** ds uke ls iqdkjk x;k Fkk vksj ^^t;fgun** dk ukjk Hkh ;gha ls vkjehk gqvk FkkA ;g 5 tqykbz] 1943 dk fnu Fkk] ftl fnu lqhkk"k punz cksl us vkbz-,u-,- dh deku lahkkyh vksj mldk iquxzbu djds bls ^vktkn fgun QkSt* dk uke fn;ka ;gka ^^fnyyh pyks** dk mn~?kks"k fd;k x;k vksj blh volj ij fnyyh es s ok;ljk; gkål ij frjaxk Qgjkus dk y{; fu/kkzfjr fd;k x;k rfkk fot; ijsm,sfrgkfld ykyfdys es a djus dh ckr dgh xbza tqykbz] 1943 esa gh jkuh >kalh jsftesav ds xbu djus dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 279 dh Bkuh rfkk dks jkuh y{ehckbz ds tuefnu ij bl jsftes av dk xbu fd;k x;ka Mk-y{ehckbZ LokehukFku dks bldh deku lksaih xbza lkfk&lkfk gh ^cky lsuk* dk xbu Hkh fd;k x;k FkkA 21 vdrwcj] 1943 dks bf.m;u bfumisamsal yhx dh ikapoha csbd esa vlfkk;h ^^vktkn fgun ljdkj** dk xbu fd;k x;ka flaxkiqj eq[;ky; ls 23 vdrwcj] 1943 dks izksfotuy vktkn fgun ljdkj us fczfv'k ljdkj ds fo:) ;q) dh?kks"k.kk Hkh dj nha ;q) djus ds fy, puns dh eqfge pykbz xbza usrk th Q.M desvh cuha ys0 duzy,-lhpvthz mlds ps;jesu cuk, x,a blh izdkj ls tkikfu;ksa dk lgk;ksx feyrk jgk rfkk 5&6 uoecj] 1943 dks izhfe;j rkstks }kjk cqykbz xbz beihfj;y ljdkj dh fefvax esa usrk th us Hkkx fy;ka blh vlfkkbz vktkn fgun ljdkj dks v.mseku fudksckj }hi] ftuij tkiku dk dctk Fkk] dks LorU= Hkkjr Hkwfe ekurs gq, ys0 duzy yksdukfku dks ogka dk deh'uj fu;qdr fd;k x;k rfkk ogka ij frjaxk >.Mk Qgjk;k x;k vksj bu }hiksa dk uke Hkh cny fn;k x;ka v.mseku dks ^'kghn* rfkk fudksckj dks ^Lojkt* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA ;gha ij gh bafm;u okj dksaflay dk xbu fd;k FkkA flaxkiqj lqizhe dek.m dk eq[;ky; jaxwu esa cny fn;k x;ka ;gka ij lqhkk"k punz cksl us ukjk fn;k fd] ^vki eq>s [kwu nks] esa rwegsa vktknh dk oknk djrk gw A* 7 tuojh] 1944 dks tkikuh lsukvksa us Hkkjr ij vkøe.k dj fn;ka ;gka crk nsuk vko';d gs fd lqhkk"k cksl us tkikfu;ksa ls ;g QSlyk fd;k Fkk fd vkbz-,u-,- tkikuh lsukvks a ds rgr ;q) ugha ym+ sxh] cfyd cjkcj dh fgllsnkjh es a viuk ;q) ym+ sxha eq[; vkøe.k beqky] dksfgek ij djus dk fu.kz; fy;k x;ka dsivu 'kkguokt [kka] estj tujy,e-ts-fd;kuh] estj th-,l- f<+yyks rfkk ys- duzy lgxy us viuh viuh jsthesav dh deku lahkkyha 7 uoecj] 1944 lqhkk"k fczxsm dsivu 'kkguokt dh deku es vjkdku dh vksj dwp dj x;k] tgka vktkn fgun QkSt dh Hkkjh thr

142 a a gqbza blh lsuk dh VqdM+h us Hkkjr es a izos'k fd;k vksj Hkkjr ekrk dh Hkwfe dks pwek vksj frjaxk Qgjk;kA vkbz-,u-,- jk"vªh; xku Hkh xk;k vksj cm+h cgknqjh ls ym+rs jgsa lqhkk"k us ym+kbz ds chp Hkkx fy;k vksj ;g QSlyk fd;k fd ;gka ij bu gkykrks a es a T;knk fnu fvdk ugha jgk tk ldrk FkkA vr% lksp&fopkj ds mijkur] cekz ls okilh ds vkns'k tkjh fd,a fnlecj] 1944 esa usg: fczxsm estj th-,l- f<+yyksa dh deku esa feax;ku Hkstk x;ka mldh j{kk ds fy, Qjojh] 1945 esa ua 2 buqsavjh jsthes av estj ih-ds-lgxy dh deku es a ikik ds fy, Hksth xbza ikikfgy esa QeZ csl cukus ds fy, dgk x;k FkkA ;gka ij vesfjdk }kjk Hkkjh ceckjh dh xbz vksj tkikuh lsuk dks bamks&cekz ckwmzj ls okilh djuh im+ha 24 viszy] 1945 dks vktkn fgun QkSt dks okfil vkus dk gqde fn;k x;k FkkA bu lhkh dks okfil tkrs le; cunh cuk fy;k x;k vksj fnyyh ds yky fdys esa Hkst fn;k x;ka ;gka ij muds fo:) dksvz ek'kzy dh dk;zokgh dh xbz FkhA 15 vxlr] 1945 dks tkikuh lsukvksa us Hkh vkre&leiz.k dj fn;k Fkk] D;ks afd fgjksf'kek o ukxk'kkdh ij ijek.kq ce fxjk fn, x, FksA vr% lu~ 1941 ls lu~ 1945 rd gh vkbz-,u-,- dk ;ksxnku jgka fczfv'k ikwfylh vpkud f}rh; egk;q) dk vur gks x;k vksj tkiku dh gkj gks xbza lkjk ekgksy cny x;ka vkbz-,u-,- ds lsfud cm+h la[;k esa cekz] FkkbZ ns'k eyk;k rfkk flaxkiqj esa fczfv'k lsuk ds dsnh gks x, FksA mudks Hkkjr esa yk;k x;k vksj ykyfdys esa cunh cukdj j[kk x;k FkkA budh la[;k yxhkx FkhA ckgj ls ykus dk dke ebz] 1945 ls 'kq: gksdj ekpz] 1946 rd iwjk gks ik;k FkkA tcrd fczfv'k lsuk,a jaxwu] eyk;k vksj csadkad izos'k dj ikbz] rc rd ogka ls yksdy vktkn fgun QkSth xk;c gks pqds Fks vksj muds gkfk ugha vk;sa ogka rks dsoy Hkkjrh; iwoz lsfud Fks] ftugsa Hkkjr yk;k x;k FkkA 27 lsfudksa dks idm+ esa vkrs gh dksvz ek'kzy djds ogha ij Qk lh dh ltk nh xbz FkhA dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 281 bruh cm+h la[;k dks ltk ns ikuk bruk vklku ugha Fkk] ftruk le>k tkrk jgk FkkA blds fy,,d ikwfylh dh vko';drk im+ha fczfv'k ljdkj dks,d deckbz am lfozlst Mk;jsDVksjsV vkwq buoslvhxs'ku Qksj] ftls lh-,l-vkbz-lh- dgk x;k Fkk] dk xbu fd;k] ftudks bl lalfkk }kjk iwnrkn ds fy, Hkstk tkrk FkkA bl nksjku es a vkbz-,u-,- ds lsfudks dh vyx&vyx Jsf.k;ka cukbz a xbza OgkbZV] tks rc Hkh fczfv'k lsuk ds oqknkj Fks] xz s mudks tks ncko es a vkbz-,u-,- es a x, rfkk CySd] ftugks aus tku cw>dj LorU=rk ds ;q) es a Hkkx fy;ka lhfu;j fczfv'k vqlj rks vkbz-,u-,- ds l[r fojks/kh Fks vksj [kqk FksA os rks lhkh vkbz-,u-,- okyks a dks Økafrdkjh ekurs FksA ysfdu] nwljh vksj ;s vkwfqlj ;g ugha tkurs Fks fd vkbz-,u-,- lsfudks a ds izfr l[rh ls dke ysus ls iwjs ns'k es a dgha vjktdrk u QSy tk,xha ykmzosoy vkbz-,u-,- ds l[r fojks/kh Fks] mugks aus 1 vdrwcj] 1945 es a isffkd ykjs al] lsøsvjh vkwq LVsV dks fy[kk Fkk fd ^^bu lcds Åij fczfv'k ds fojks/k es a jax p<+k gqvk gs vksj dqn yksxks a dk dguk gs fd usg: dh Ldhe gs fd og bl flfkfr dk ykhk mbk,a** bl fo"k; es lsøsvjh vkwq LVsV dh jk; ;g Fkh fd lhkh dks leku :i ls gh j[kk tk,] u fd dqn dks NksM+ fn;k tk,a dek.mj bu phq tujy vks[kuysd dk fopkj bu dsfn;ks a ds lkfk l[rh ls fuivus dk FkkA bl chp es a cn:n~nhu }kjk tksxk flag dks l[r ltk fn, tkus dh dgkuh Hkh izpkfjr dh tk jgh FkhA ; fi vkbz-,u-,- ds fdlh Hkh lsfud dks fcuk fdlh eqdnesa ds NksM+us dk rks iz'u gh ugha mbrk Fkk],slk Hkkjr ljdkj dk fopkj FkkA vkbz-,u-,- ds yksxksa dks rks føfeuy le>rs Fks] ftugksaus vius lkffk;ksa ds lkfk tqye fd, gks aa mpp lsfud vkwfqlj bls dsoy fefyvjh ds fojks/k dk loky u ekudj ;g Hkh dg jgs Fks fd ;g jktusfrd iz'u Hkh gs vksj ;g ikwfylh nksuks a dks izhkkfor djsxha fqfyi eslu Hkkjr ljdkj okj fmikvzes av ds lfpo gksus ds ukrs bl fo"k; es a ikfylh cukus es a n[ky j[krs FksA mudk dguk Fkk fd vkbz-,u-,- ds lhkh lsfud dkuwuh rksjij eksr dh ltk ds gdnkj gsaa

143 a s ysfdu iz'u mbrk gs fd O;fDr;ksa dks D;k Qkalh yxkbz tk ldrh gsa ;g Øwj] vekuoh; rfkk vu;k;iw.kz gsa nwljh vksj] fonzksg HkxkSM+k gksus ds dlwj dks ekq Hkh ugha fd;k tk ldrka mldk dksbz vksj jklrk fudkyuk im+ sxka mugksaus rhu jklrs crk, FksA izfke] dkuwu ds rgr eqdnek pyk,a vksj {kek ns nsaa nwljk ltk nsa nsa vksj ckn esa ltk ekq dj nsaa rhljk] muds lkfk FkksM+k lk de l[r O;ogkj fd;k tk, rfkk cgkuk ;g cuk;k tk, fd ;g yksx nwljksa ds ncko esa vkdj cgd x, FksA fczfv'k ljdkj ds yanu vkfql us bl ikwfylh dks D;k :i nsuk gs] og Hkkjr xksjh ljdkj ij NksM+ fn;k FkkA blh izdkj ls vxlr] 1945 rd mhkjdj nks&,d Fkhesa TokbaV lkeus vk,] ;k rks fcydqy NksM+ nks ;k l[r ltk nksa dkaxzsl ikvhz }kjk dgk x;k fd bu ij eqdnes pykuk lkjs Hkkjrokfl;ksa ij eqdnesa pykus ds cjkcj le>k tk,xka buds cgknqjh ds fdlls?kj&?kj izpkfjr fd, x,a tokgj yky usg: us 20 vxlr] 1945 dks,syku fd;k fd vkbz-,u-,- ds dsfn;ksa ds izfr dbksj O;ogkj djuk Bhd ugha gsa vxj,slk gqvk rks ifj.kke Hkqxrus ds fy, vaxzsth ljdkj dks rs;kj jguk gksxka budks nh xbz ltk yk[kksa Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks ltk ekuh tk,xha ljnkj cyyhk HkkbZ ivsy us pksjh ls yk, x, vkbz-,u-,- okyks a ds fo"k; es a irk yxkdj xka/kh th dks crk;k FkkA tsls bl ckjs esa xka/kh th dks irk pyk rks mugksaus ykmz osoy dks fy[kk FkkA lqhkk"k ckcw }kjk tks QkSt cukbz xbz Fkh] mlds lsfudksa ij eqdnesa pyk, tkus ds ckjs esa esa fpfurr gw A Hkkjr budks pkgrk gs] ftuij eqdnesa pyk, tk jgs gsaa ;g nwljh ckr gs fd ljdkj dh rkdr buds fo:) gsa ysfdu ge bldk fojks/k djrs gsaa lkjk fgunqlrku bldk fojks/k djrk gsa ftl le; xka/kh vius vkidks vkbz-,u-,- lsfudksa dks viukdj lkfk ns jgs Fks vksj lkjk Hkkjr,d lkfk muds ihns [km+k Fkk vksj usg: th lkfk FksA mlh dkaxzsl ikvhz us dgk fd cs'kd ge bu lsfudksa ds lkfk gsa] ysfdu Lojkt dh izkfir ds fy, vfgalkoknh gh cus jgsaxsa dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 283 Hkkjr esa ml le; vaxzsth ljdkj ds ikl dksbz nwljk jklrk ugha jg x;k flok, blds fd lsuk ds ncko esa eqdnesa pykus 'kq: fd, tk,aa ysfdu,slk cgqr gh FkksM+ s yksxks a ij eqdnes a pyk, tk,a],slk lkspk x;ka tokgj yky usg: us,dne ls dgk fd tynh gh lk/kkj.k turk dks irk yx x;k Fkk fdrus lsfud fdl tsy esa dgka Qals gsa vksj fdruks a ij eqdnes a pyk, tk,axsa Hkkjroklh gh QkbZuy vnkyr gksus pkfg,a buds lkfk es a dek.mj vkbz-,u-,- QkbZy ds- 802 ¼vkbZ-,u-,-½ ij eqdnesa pyk, tk,axs] vdrwcj 1945 rd ;g QSlyk gks pqdk FkkA yxhkx iwoz Hkkjrh; lsuk ds yksx vkbz-,u-,- esa 'kkfey gq,a iwnrkn dh xbz] ftlds vuqlkj 2565 CySd fylv es a vk, FksA fqj iwnk x;k Fkk fd bu 2565 esa ls fdruksa dk dksvz ek'kzy djus dk fopkj gsa dek.mj bu phq tuyj vksfnuysd us 92 dk vkadm+k fn;k Fkk] ftudks oklro esa dksvz ek'kzy gksuk FkkA ysfdu] vur esa lkr yksxksa ds uke gh vkxs Hksts x,] ftudks Vªk;y ds fy, NkaVk x;k FkkA muds uke Fks& cn:n~nhu] ih-ds- lgxy] th-,l- f<+yyu] 'kkguokt [kku] vcnqy jlhn] fla?kkjk flag rfkk Qrsg [kkua bu ij eqdnes a pykus ds fy, xokgksa dh fylv esa cn:nhu igyk lsfud Fkk] ftldk dksvz ek'kzy vkjehk fd;k x;k FkkA bafm;u vkehz,dv 1911 ds vuqlkkj cn:nhu dk Vªk;y fyfevs'ku ds vurxzr vk x;k vksj mldks ogha ij NksM+uk im+ka :Vhu ds vuqlkj flrecj] 1945 esa gh yk ldrs FksA vdrwcj] 1945 esa ok;ljk; us vkfmzua sl ds }kjk fyfevs'ku dk le; c<+k;k rks ikap fnu ds ckn izfke eqdnek pkyw fd;k x;ka cn:n~nhu dks pktz'khv ns nh xbza ysfdu ckn es a,m~t;wvs av tujy us ih-ds- lgxy] th-,l- f<+yyks vksj 'kkg uokt [kku dk eqdnek cn:n~nhu dh txg pkyw dj fn;ka cnj:n~nhu ij dsl D;ks a ugha pyk;k x;k] ;g ckr le> es a ugha vkbza lkfk gh] 5500 CySd dsvsxjh ds yksxks a dks dksvz vkwq budokjh djds lsok ls c[kkzlr dj fn;k x;k] ftues a ls 3580 igys gh Hkkjr ea igq ap pqds FksA gkse fmikvzes av dh QkbZy ua- 21@13@45 ds vuqlkj] ftu

144 a yksxks a dks c[kkzlr dj fn;k Fkk] mudks dsnh Hkh ugha cuk;s j[kk tk ldka mugs a rks ogha ls?kj Hkst fn;k x;k] ; fi fczfv'k ikwfylh ds vuqlkj vkbz-,u-,- dsfn;ks a dks HkxkSM+ s o fo'okl?kkrh djkj fn;k x;k FkkA eqdnesa dh dk;zokgh ;g eqdnek,sfrgkfld ykyfdys es a gksrs gq,,sfrgkfld gh Fkk] D;ksafd vkbz-,u-,- dk fu'kkuk Fkk fd vktknh ds ckn ykyfdys ij >.Mk Qgjk,axsA ogka ij muij eqdnes a pysa gkse fmikvzes av dh QkbZy ua,q-ua- 21@13@45 ¼,u-,-vkbZ-½ ds vuqlkj bl txg dk pquko cgqr lksp le>dj fd;k x;k FkkA ;g eqdnek 5 uoecj] 1946 dks ykyfdys es a vkjehk gqvk vksj 31 fnlecj] 1946 dks lekir gqvka dkaxz sl ofdz ax desvh us iwuk vf/kos'ku es ;g fu.kz; fy;k Fkk fd bl eqdnes a es a,d fmqs al desvh fu;qdr dh tk,] ftles a ofj"b odhy 'kkfey fd, x,] ftuds uke gs a % ia-tokgj yky usg:] lj rst cgknqj li:] Hkksyk HkkbZ nslkbz] dsyk'kukfk dkvtw] jk;cgknqj cnjhnkl] vklq vyh] daoj lj nyhi flag c['kh] lj VsdpUn] ih-,u-lsu] bunznso nqvk] f'ko dqekj 'kkl=h] j.kchjpun lksuh] jktsunz ukjk;.k] lqyrku;kj [kku] ukjk;.k,.mys rfkk ts-ds- [kuuka bu rhuks a vkbz-lh-&58 dsivu 'kkguokt [kku] 1@144] 714 ¼vkbZ-,u-,-½] vkbzlh-&226] dsivu ih-ds- lgxy] 2@10 CyksfpLrku vkbz-lh-&336 ys- xq: c[l flag f<+yyks a 1@14 iatkc jsthes av dk TokbaV Vªk;y gqvk Fkk vksj / kkjk 41 ljdkj ds fo:) cxkor rfkk /kkjk 302 vkbz-ih-lh- yxk, x, FksA bu lcdks feykdj dqy nl pktz FksA bl Vªk;y ds ljdkjh odhy lj,u-lh- buthfu;j,moksdsv tujy] Hkkjr ljdkj FksA ljdkj us tks xokg is'k fd,] os bl izdkj Fks & ysf V- duzy vks-okyl] ys- th-lh- ukx] ds- ds-ih- /kjax/kj] teknkj brqkd jtd] uk;d larks[k flag] estj ckcwjke] yka- uk;d xaxk jke fuokj] lwcsnkj vtyuwj [kku] goynkj lwppk flag] dkdk flag] teknkj QkgEe] g;~;kr [kku] goynkj ofyu cgknqj] jkel:i] yka- uk;d dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 285 fqvj efgunj flag] fnykoj [kku] uokc [kku] Hkky flag] egewn lbzn] xqyke eqgeen vyykfnrk] tkxhjk jke] ljnkj eqgeen ] vcnqy gehe [kku] Kku flag] ys- duzy ts-,s- fdvlu rfkk xaxkljua 7 fnlecj] 1946 dks bu rhuksa ds c;ku dksvz esa fjdkmz+ fd, x, FksA 8 ls 13 fnlecj] 1946 rd cpko i{k ds xokg is'k fd, x,a Hkksyk HkkbZ nslkbz us,d lks ls T;knk cpko i{k ds xokgksa ds uke fn, Fks] ysfdu vur esa X;kjg xokgksa ds gh c;ku ntz djok, FksA muds uke gsa] jsatks okbzl fefulvj vkwq Qksjsu vqs;tz felvj Vsjcks] gkfp;k] tkiku ds fons'kea=h] Jh,l-,- v;~;j] yksxukfku,mfefulvsªvj vktkn flag] ljdkj v.mseku rfkk Jh nhukukfk Mk;jsDVj vkwq vktkn fgun csada Jh f'ko flag esecj vkbz-,u-,- rfkk Jh ch-,u- uunk] dkweu osyfk fmikvzesav] Hkkjr ljdkj] tks 9 n' kksa }kjk ekuh xbz Fkh] ftldk dkuwuh rksjij vktknh dh ym+kbz ym+us dk vf/kdkj FkkA bl ljdkj dh viuh lsuk Fkh] ftudk dkuwuh rksjij vktknh dh ym+kbz ym+us dk vf/kdkj FkkA tkikuh tujy dkmksdkjk us rks ;g Li"V dj fn;k Fkk fd vkbz-,u-,- us da/ks ls da/kk feykdj viuh vktknh ym+kbz ym+h gsa Hkksyk HkkbZ nslkbz us vur esa viuh ftjg esa rks deky gh dj fn;k FkkA vurjkz"vªh; dkuwu dk gokyk nsrs gq, mugks aus ;g lkfcr dj fn;k Fkk fd ;g vkbz-,u-,- ds yksxksa dk gd FkkA mugksaus dgk Fkk fd dsoy ogh pktz gs fd vaxszt ds f[kykq ;q) fd;k] emzj pktz rks mldk Hkkx gsa D;k ;g lahko gs fd dsoy mu rhu O;fDr;ksa ds fo:) tax ntz FkhA ;s rks ml lsuk ds vax Fks] ftlus vaxzsth jkt; ds fo:) ym+kbz NsM+hA vr% ;g O;fDrxr eqdnek u gksdj],d lkewfgd eqdnek gsa Lora=rk ds fy, tax djuk dksbz tqez ugha gsa HkksykHkkbZ nslkbz us vkxs pydj ;g dgk fd Lora= Hkkjr dh izksfotuy ljdkj dk,syku Fkk vksj lkezkt; ds fo:) ym+kbz djus dk og gd izkir dj pqdh FkhA vkbz-,u-,- dk xbu djus ds nks edln FksA,d rks eq[; :i ls Lora=rk izkir djuk] nwljk Hkkjrh;ksa dh rfkk izoklh Hkkjrh;ksa dh tku o eky dh j{kk djuk] nf{k.k iwoz,f'k;k esa vkbz-,u-,- us ym+kbz

145 dsoy fczfv'k lsukvks a ds fo:) ugha ym+h] vfirq le; im+us ij mlus tkikfu;ks a ls Hkh ;q) fd;ka dsoy flaxkiqj esa 30]000 esa ls 4500 Hkkjrh; lsfudksa us vkre&leiz.k fd;k Fkk vksj os lhkh vkbz-,u-,- esa vk x, FksA mugksaus tujy vkbztu gksoj dh?kks"k.kk dks ;kn fnyk;k] tks mugksaus ekdzdohl vkwq Ýkal ds fo"k; esa dgh FkhA var esa Hkksyk HkkbZ nslkbz us dgk Fkk fd lu~ 1776 es a tkucw>dj vesfjdu dkyksuh o jktk dh ljdkj dks udkj fn;k Fkk vksj vius eqyd dks rjthg nh Fkh rks Hkkjroklh rfkk vkbz-,u-,- Hkh blh izdkj ls dgus vksj djus ds gdnkj gsaa 22 fnlecj] 1945 dks lj,u-th- buthfu;j us ljdkjh i{k dh vksj ls cgl dh FkhA mugksaus dgk fd vurjkz"vªh; dkuwu dks ;gka ij ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrk] D;ksafd ;g nks eqydksa dk vkilh loky ugha FkkA ;g rks ljdkj rfkk mlds rgr jgus okys yksxksa }kjk ljdkj ds fo:) ym+kbz dk ekeyk curk gsa ;s bf.m;u vkehz,dv] 1911 dh / kkjk&2 ds vurxzr vkrs gsaa mugksaus vkxs pydj dgk Fkk fd ;g dksvz vurjkz"vªh; vnkyr ugha gsa ;g rks bf.m;u vkehz,dv ds rgr xfbr dh xbz gs vksj mlh ds rgr fu.kz; djus ds fy, emzj dk pktz] tks vyx ls n'kkz;k x;k gsa blh izdkj tt,moksdsv us 29 fnlecj] 1945 dks viuh ckr dgdj dksvz ds QSlys dks LFkfxr dj fn;ka mlds mijkur dksvz us rhuksa eqyfteksa dks dkuwuu dlwjokj ekuk vksj rkmez dh ltk rfkk reke osru br;kfn dks tcr djus dh ltk lquk nh vksj dek.mj&bu&phq dks du jes a'ku ds fy, Hkst fn;k x;ka jk"vªh; tkx:drk rfkk fjgkbz tc ;g dksvz ek'kzy py jgk Fkk] rc lkjs Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh fuxkgsa ykyfdys ds dksvz ij fvdha gqbza FkhA bl Hkkoqdrk o tkx:drk ls fczfv'k ljdkj Hk; [kkrh Fkh vksj mugksaus viuh ikwfylh esa cnyko djus dh lkspha tks vc Hkkjroklh Lora=rk ds fudv igqapus okys FksA bl ym+kbz ls tqm+ s gkykr tkuus ds fy, gesa FkksM+k lk ihns tkuk gksxka dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 287 dkaxzsl }kjk vkbz-,u-,- okyksa dks enn nsuk] dqn dkaxszfl;ksa dks gte ugha gks jgk FkkA ;g ckr tokgj yky usg: dks,d laoknnkrk us crkbz vksj muds fopkj tkuus pkgsa usg: us blds mùkj esa dgk Fkk fd ;g lc dqn dkaxszl dk lozlo n`f"vdks.k FkkA 16 vxlr] 1945 dks mugksaus dgk fd ; fi esa lqhkk"k pun cksl dh Hkkjr dh Lora=rk laxzke esa nwljs QkflLV eqydksa dh lsukvksa dh enn ls ;k mugsa enn nsdj tkikfu;ksa ds gkfkksa ugha [ksy jgs gsaa vkbz-,u-,- us rks xka/kh dh uku ok;ysal eqoesav dks dvgjs esa [km+k dj fn;ka gkykafd dkaxzsfl;ksa us ekuk fd vfgalk ds }kjk gh Lora=rk izkir djuh pkfg,] ysfdu] o"kz 1945 ds e/; esa ;g vo/kkj.kk cny xbz FkhA tqykbz 1945 ds pquko esa baxys.m esa yscj ikvhz dk cgqer vk;k Fkk] vksj og ljdkj Hkkjrh;ksa ds izfr lgkuqhkwfr j[krh FkhA blls Hkkjrokfl;ksa ds eu esa Lora=rk ds fy, vk'kk c<+ pyh FkhA 19 flrecj] 1945 dks bl ekeys dk fuivkjk djus dk,syku Hkh ok;ljk; us dj fn;k FkkA gkykafd ;g izlrko dkaxszl us ugha ekuk FkkA blh ds ifj.kkelo:i lu~ 1945 ds e/; esa lhkh dkaxszl ds usrkvksa dks tsy ls fjgk dj fn;k x;k FkkA 25 vdrwcj] 1945 dks ikvhz us viuk n`f"vdks.k Li"V dj fn;k Fkk vksj ljdwyj Hkst fn;k FkkA vr% tkikfu;ks a }kjk lsfud lgk;rk nsus okyh ckr dks eku fy;k x;ka 15 vdrwcj] 1945 dks gh dkaxs zl us ok;ljk; dks,d i= Hkstdj ;g Li"V dj fn;k fd vkbz-,u-,- dh tks dk;zokgh gs] og lhkh fgunqlrkfu;ks a dh gs rfkk Lora=rk laxzke dk,d fgllk gs vksj ykyfdys es a tks eqdnek pyk;k tk jgk gs] mls vxzflr djus ns aa bl izdkj ls vkbz-,u-,- Vªk;y ls lkjs Hkkjr es a rgydk ep x;ka,syku dj fn;k x;k fd ;fn vkbz-,u-,- ds yksxks a dks ltk gks xbz rks Hkkjr es a xnj gks tk,xka blds QyLo:i Hkkjr dh reke vu; jktuhfrd ikfvz;ks a ds lkeus flfkfr [km+h FkhA fgunw egklhkk us,syku dj fn;k Fkk fd Vªk;y dks cun djksa eqflye yhx ds fy, vyx jguk dfbu gks x;ka vr%

146 lhkh dks gh vkbz-,u-,- dk lefkzu djuk im+ka lkjs jk"vª esa vkbz-,u-,- dh dgkuh rfkk cgknqjh ds fdllks a dk izlkj.k gqvka blls fczfv'k gqdwer vpfehkr jg xbza mugha fnuks a xkus xk, tkus yxsa jk"vªh; rwqku [km+k gks baxys.m cuke bafm;k dh 'kdy xzg.k dj yh FkhA lqhkk"k punz cksl dks jk"vªh; usrk ekuk tkus yxk rfkk vkbz-,u-,- dh iwtk gksus yxha fqfyi esa'ku us fy[kk Fkk fd jk"vªh; Hkkouk dh ygj py pqdh gsa vktknh ds fy, bl ubz ygj us Mk;jsDV vkwq buvsfyts al dks fpfurr dj fn;k FkkA mudh fjiksvz ij lj ovzums,.m Xykulh iatkc ds xozuj us dgk Fkk& ^^iatkfc;ks a dh utjks a es a lgxy] f<+yyu rfkk 'kkguokt cm+ s usrk gsaa lk/kkj.k turk buds izfr lgkuqhkwfr j[krh gsa budks ;fn e`r;qn.m ns fn;k x;k rks 1919 dk ve`rlj dk gknlk nksgjk fn;k tk,xk vksj Hkkjr esa igys ls Hkh rhoz vkunksyu gksus dh meehn gsa** vkbz-,u-,- dk izhkko vktkn fgun QkSt us vius rjhds ls Lora=rk vkunksyu ds vafre o"kksza esa jk"vªh; Lrj ij tks viuk izhkko NksM+k] og vpwd o iaz'kaluh; gsaa pkgs vkbz-,u-,- dk thou Lora=rk vkunksyu dh vis{kk cgqr vyi Fkk] vfirq ljkguh; jgk gsa fo ks k rksjij vkbz-,u-,- ds Vªk;y us Lora=rk vkunksyu ds vafre o"kksza esa rsth ykdj fczfv'k lkezkt; dks Hkxkus ds fy,,d egroiw.kz dk;z fd;ka vkbz-,u-,- dk vkunksyu rfkk rhu vf/kdkfj;ksa ds dksvz ek'kzy ds izkslsl us lk/kkj.k turk ds eu dks izhkkfor fd;k FkkA buds :[k ls fczfv'k ljdkj dks ;g vglkl gksus yxk Fkk fd og Tokykeq[kh ij csbs gsa] tksfd fdlh Hkh le; QV ldrk gsa vr% vafre QSlyk ysus ds fy, muds eu es a mrkoysiu dh Hkkouk dks tue fn;ka ;q) ds esnku esa fczfv'k lsukvksa dks dbz ekspksza ij gjkdj mugksa sus Lora=rk ds vkunksyu dks Å pkbz;ksa ij p<+k fn;ka 14 tqykbz] 1944 dks lqhkk"k punz cksl us vkbz-,u-,- ds vfèkdkfj;ks a dks lacksf/kr djrs le; dgk Fkk fd ^^fgunw] eqflye fl[kksa dk [kwu cg jgk gs] tks Hkkjr dks Lora= ns[kuk pkgrk gsa** blh lunhkz esa xka/kh th us dgk Fkk fd ^^; fi vkbz-,u-,- vius rqjur ds fu'kkus ls pwd xbz gs] ysfdu] tks dqn bugksaus fd;k gs] og ljkguh; gs vksj mugsa blij xoz gksuk pkfg,a lcls cm+h ckr ;g gs fd ;s fdlh /kez ds ikcun u jgdj,d gh >.Ms ds uhps,df=r gks x,a fcuk fdlh /kez vksj HksnHkko ds budh,drk dks ueu djrk gw A** ml le; lhkh jktuhfrd ikfvz;ka dkaxszl ds lkfk Fkha] muesa pkgs eqflye yhx gks] pkgs fgunw egklhkk gks] vkbz-,u-,- ds Vªk;y ds fo:) [km+h fn[kkbz nha rfkk fczfv'k ljdkj dks ;g Hk; gks x;k fd ;g dgha flfoy fmlvksfcfm;al vkunksyu u gks tk,] ftlls ns'k esa vjktdrk QSyus dk Mj FkkA bl vkunksyu us vkbz-,u-,- vqljks a dks Økafrdkjh rfkk ns'khkdr dh lakk ns nh vksj buds ihns etcwr gksdj [km+ s gks x,a ml le; ds lekpkj i=ksa ds ek/;e ls vkbz-,u-,- ds fofhkuu ekspksza ds fo"k; esa rfkk jkuh >kalh jsthesuv ds fo"k; esa rgydk epk fn;ka vkbz-,u-,- Vªk;Yl dks baxys.m cuke Hkkjr djkj ns fn;k FkkA iwjs Hkkjro"kZ esa lqhkk"kpunz cksl dks jk"vªh; usrk ekudj vkbz-,u-,- ds yksxksa dh,d izdkj ls iwtk gksus yxh FkhA 18 Qjojh] 1946 dks Jh,u-vks- gjs dkfuzd us U;w;kdZ VkbZEl esa,d ys[k fy[kdj crk;k Fkk fd fgunw] eqlyeku ds HksnHkko dks Hkwykdj] nksuksa /kez,d gksdj] xksjksa ds fo:),d gks x, gsaa bls lqhkk"k punz cksl dk dfj'ek crk;k FkkA Qjojh] 1946 ds nksjku tks >xm+ s gq, Fks] muesa rks ;s ckr [kqydj lkeus vk xbz Fkh fd fgunw vksj eqlyeku nksuksa /kez xksjksa ds fo:) ykecan gks x, gsaa ;gka rd fd lu~ 1921 dh ckr Hkh ;kn dh xbz] tc ;s nksuksa,d lkfk xksjksa ds fo:) cecbz vksj fnyyh esa lkfk&lkfk [km+ s gks x, FksA vkbz-,u-,- ds dsivu jke flag jkor ds vuqlkj u dsoy /kkfezd cu/ku VwV x,] vfirq NqvkNwr Hkh uslrukcwn gks x;k FkkA lhkh /kez] oxz dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 289

147 a vksj tkfr ds yksx,d gh txg ij [kkuk [kkrs FksA fczfv'k ljdkj dks Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh Hkkouk ds vkxs >qduk im+k FkkA bl QSyrh gqbz vkx ls fudyus ds fy, ftu rhu vqljks a dks mez dsn dh ltk nsdj dkyk ikuh Hkstuk Fkk] mudh fjgkbz ds fy, lkspuk im+k vksj ;g QSlyk djuk im+k fd mugs a fjgk dj fn;k tk,a mudh ltk flqz fmlfelsy rd gh eku yh tk,a usg: us dgk Fkk fd ;s rhu vqlj rfkk vkbz-,u-,- dks Lora=rk laxzke dk izrhd ekuk tkrk jgsxka,d vaxzst vylvs;j ys.m us bl eqdnes a vksj vkbz-,u-,- ds ckjs esa dgk Fkk fd vaxzstksa ds fy, Hkkjrh; lsuk ij Hkjkslk lksp le>dj djuk pkfg,a fo'ks"k rksjij usoh dh cxkor ds ckn D;k Hkkjrh; lsuk ds cyij vksj Hkjksls ij vaxzst Hkkjr esa jkt; dk;e j[k ldsaxsa blh?kvuk us vaxzstksa ds eu esa ;g ckr isnk dj nh Fkh fd vc rks vktknh dh ckr dks 'kh?kz gh vkxs c<+k;k tk,a vkbz-,u-,- ds rhuksa vqljksa ds dsn ls NwVus ds ckn tks Hkk"k.k fn, x,] ftlls Hkkjrh;ks a dk eu vktknh dh ym+kbz ds fy, vksj Hkh c<+ka tks dsnh tsyksa ls fjgk dj fn, x, Fks] mugksaus ;g le> fy;k fd gekjh vktknh dh ym+kbz dks vaxzstksa us eku fy;k gsa blls dkaxzsl }kjk ym+h tk jgh vktknh dh ym+kbz esa rsth vkbz vksj bles a Hkkjh btkqk gqvka rhuks a vqljks a us lekpkj i= es a c;ku fn;k Fkk fd] ^^gekjh fjgkbz Hkkjr dh thr gsa geus usrkth dks opu fn;k FkkA bl vktknh ds fy, ym+us esa tku dh Hkh ijokg ugha gsa ;g oknk vkt Hkh T;ksa dk R;ksa gsa ge Lora=rk ds fy, ym+ s vksj ym+rs jgsaxsa vc rks ge tsy ls ckgj gks x, gsa vksj vc viuh lsok,a viz.k djus ds fy, iafmr usg: vksj eksykuk vktkn dks fjiksvz djsaxsa gekjk edln vkxs Hkh fgunw&eqlyeku dh,drk gs] t;fguna** vkbz-,u-,- ds Vªk;y us ml le; dh vktknh dh ygj dks,d u;k eksm+ fn;k FkkA ;g Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh usfrd thr FkhA bu dksvz ek'kzy ds Vªk;yksa ls Hkkjr esa vktknh ds izfr leiw.kz tkx`fr isnk gks xbz FkhA cpko i{k ds fy, cgl djrs gq, Hkksyk HkkbZ nslkbz us dgk Fkk fd ^^ge viuh xqykeh dh tathjksa dks rksm+us ds fy, ;q) dj jgs Fks] u fd vu; fj;k;r ds fy,a** twu] 1945 esa tc vkbz-,u-,- ds lsfudksa dks cu/kd cuk;k x;k Fkk] rhkh lqhkk"kpunz cksl us dg fn;k Fkk fd Hkkjr dh turk dh lgkuqhkwfr gekjs lkfk gsa yksxksa dh vkokt buds lkfk Fkh] ftlesa u dsoy bu rhuks a dh tku cpkbz] vfirq lkjs Hkkjro"kZ dh ykt jg xbz FkhA bl okrkoj.k ls Hkkjrh; lsuk esa jg x, lsfudksa ds fnekx esa vktknh dh Tokyk HkM+dus yx xbz FkhA Hkkjrh; lsuk ds rhuksa vaxksa dh ;g tkudkjh vaxzst vf/kdkfj;ksa dks Hkh FkhA dek.mj bu phq dks bldh psrkouh ns xbz Fkh fd dksvz ek'kzy us Hkkjrh; lsfudksa ds fnekx ij usfrd vlj dj fn;k gs vksj vuq'kklu Hkax gksus dk vans'kk iui jgk FkkA vaxzst ljdkj dh lsuk ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ;g eglwl gksus yxk Fkk fd vktkn fgun QkSt }kjk vkre&leiz.k djuk Hkh vktknh gkfly djus dh j.kuhfr dk,d fgllk FkkA 15 Qjojh] 1946 dks,;jqkslz ds 200 tokuks a,oa vfèkdkfj;ks a us jkw;y bf.m;u,;jqkslz fnyyh vksj dydùkk es a gm+rky dj nh Fkh vksj dksvz ek'kzy ds fojks/k es a ukjsckth dh FkhA blh ds QkSju ckn jkw;y bf.m;u usoh us Qjojh] 1946 es a cecbz es a cxkor dh FkhA ;g iwjh usoy QkslZ }kjk dh xbz FkhA 78 tgktks a us tc cecbz] djkph] dydùkk] enzkl] dksfpu] fo'kk[kkiv~vue] tkeuxj] v.mseku vksj reke usoh ds LFkkuks a ij lhkh us bles a Hkkx fy;k Fkk vksj ;g cxkor vkbz-,u-,- Vªk;y ds ifj.kkelo:i FkhA ;g cxkor dsoy lkr fnu dydùkk es a] nks fnu djkph es a] rhu fnu cecbz es a],d fnu enzkl es a pyh FkhA bl nksjku Hkkjrh; lsfudks a }kjk xksfy;ka Hkh pykbz xbz a FkhaA mugks aus dgk Fkk fd ;g lc geus vktkn fgun QkSt ls lh[k fy;k gsa blds mijkar tgktks a ij ;wfu;u tsd ds LFkku ij frjaxk /ot ygjk;k FkkA bl gm+rky es a fgunw] eqflye] fl[k] bzlkbz vkfn lcus cjkcj Hkkx fy;k Fkk vksj vktknh vkunksyu es lgk;rk dh FkhA blls vaxz stks a ds dku [km+ s gks x, FksA dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 291

148 a a 22 Qjojh] 1946 dks bldh lgkuqhkwfr esa cecbz LVwMsUVl ;wfu;u us gm+rky dk vkg~oku fd;k FkkA tqywl fudkyrs gq, 500 fo kffkz;ksa ij ykbhpktz fd;k x;k FkkA 22&23 Qjojh] 1946 dks dydùkk esa Hkh,d yk[k fo kffkz;ksa us gm+rky dh FkhA enzkl esa Hkh ;gh gky jgka fo kffkz;ks a us t;fgun ds ukjs yxk,a [kqfq;k fjiksvz }kjk vaxzst ljdkj dks ;g ekywe gks x;k Fkk fd Hkkjrh; ewy ds lsfudksa ij Hkjkslk ugha fd;k tk ldrka fjoksyw'kujh lsuvhesav] tks vkbz-,u-,- }kjk isnk dj fn, Fks] us lkjs Hkkjr dks viuh ckgka s esa ys fy;k FkkA uoecj] 1945 rfkk Qjojh] 1946 esa tks fgalk HkM+dh Fkh] og,d vuks[kh Fkh vksj ftlls vaxzsth ljdkj dh pwysa fgy xbza Fkha] ftlls vaxzstksa dk izhkko de gksrk tk jgk FkkA gkål vkwq dkweu~l es a dgk x;k Fkk fd] ^Hkkjr vc jktuhfrd rksjij ifjido gks x;k gsa bl lppkbz dks eku ysuk pkfg,a* bugha fnuks fczfv'k ljdkj us dsfcusv fe'ku cukdj Hkkjr Hkst fn;k Fkk] tks vktknh nsus ds fo"k; esa Hkkjrh;ksa dh lgk;rk djsxka Hkkjr esa varfje ljdkj dk xbu fd;k x;ka bl ljdkj us lozizfke nks ckrks a ij /;ku fn;k] vkbz-,u-,- ds cfun;ksa dks NksM+uk rfkk muds osru vkfn nsus ds ckjs esa fopkj djuka dek.mj bu phq rfkk ok;ljk; rks cfun;ksa dks u NksM+us ij vm+ s gq, FksA ;gka rd fd dek.mj bu phq us rks dg fn;k Fkk fd ;fn vkbz-,u-,- ds cunh fjgk dj fn, x,] og blrhqk ns ns axsa bl xfrjksèk dks u, ok;ljk; ykmz ekåuvcsvu us gy fd;k fd bl iz'u dks dksvz ek'kzy dks lksai nsaa blij dek.mj bu phq lger gks x;k FkkA 29 ekpz] 1946 dks usg: us laln dks crk;k Fkk fd vkbz-,u-,- okyksa dks isa'ku nh tk,xh] ysfdu mugsa lsuk esa okfil ugha fy;k tk,xka rhu cgknqj lsukuh ykyfdys es a cunh cukus ds mijkur fczfv'k ljdkj us 'kkg uokc [kku] izse dqekj lgxy rfkk xqjc['k flag f<+yyksa dh tkudkjh ds fcuk vkbz-,u-,- dk bfrgkl iwjk ugha gks ldrka blfy, bu rhuks a dk laf{kir ifjp; ;gka fn;k tk jgk gsa 'kkg uokt [kku ;g ;ks)k jkoyfi.mh tuwtk jktiwr ifjokj esa lu~ 1914 esa isnk gqvka muds firk Vhdk [kka ml ftys esa vkfnokfl;ksa ds usrk Fks vksj Hkkjrh; lsuk esa 30 o"kz uksdjh dj pqds FksA ;g ckyd 1932 esa ^fizul vkwq osoyl*] ftls vkj-vkbz-,e-lh- nsgjknwu dgrs gsa] es a i<+us ds fy, pys x, Fks vksj bugksaus mlds mijkar vkbz-,e-,- nsgjknwu esa izos'k fd;k rfkk lu~ 1934 esa vkbz-lh- 58 dk uacj ysdj deh'ku izkir fd;ka mugksaus ^nh jkw;y ukwfkz QkWd jsthesuv* esa >kalh ds LFkku ij Hkkjrh; lsuk esa izos'k fd;ka lu~ 1941 esa bl uo;qod vf/kdkjh dks eyk;k tkus dk gqde gqvk vksj lc ;q)ksa esa Hkkx ysrs gq, vafre flfkfr esa lu~ 1945 esa ykyfdys ds vunj dsnh ds rksjij vk,a tuojh] 1942 esa tc iyvu dsn gqbz rks fczfv'k vqlj rks Hkkx x, vksj Hkkjrh; ewy ds vqlj lsfudksa ds lkfk gh tkiku dh dsn esa pys x,a 16 Qjojh] 1942 dks fczfv'k vqljksa dks NksM+dj Hkkjrh; ewy ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks dsfn;ksa ds lkfk gh tkikfu;ksa ds gokys dj fn;k x;ka izkjafhkd fnuksa esa vki vkbz-,u-,- ds fo:) Fks] ysfdu varr% vkius eyk;k esa Qjojh] 1943 esa vkbz-,u-,- esa izos'k fd;ka uoecj] 1942 esa dsivu eksgu flag vksj tkikfu;ksa ds chp eueqvko gksus ls fnlecj] 1942 esa vkbz-,u-,- dks rksm+ fn;k x;k FkkA 'kkg uokt [kku dks izksfotuy ljdkj esa ea=h ds in ls lq'kksfhkr fd;k x;k FkkA vdrwcj] 1943 esa vkius lqhkk"k fczxsm dh deku lahkkyh vksj vaxzstksa ds fo:) ;q) fd;ka mlds mijkar gkykr us iyvk [kk;k vksj flfkfr,slh vk xbz fd vki?ksjkcunh esa vk x,a vkids ikl rhu jklrs Fks] igyk jklrk] vkregr;k djuk] nwljk] 'k=q dh ckr ekudj ekqh ekax ysuk vksj rhljk Fkk] vius vkidks lefizr dj nsuka vkius rhljk jklrk viuk;k vksj ;g dgk fd eq>s dksvz ek'kzy djds 'kwv dj fn;k tk,a varr% dksvz ek'kzy ds ckn fjgk gks x,a dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 293

149 a Z izse dqekj lgxy 25 ekpz] 1917 dks gksf'k;kjiqj ftys esa Jh vn: jke ds?kj tue fy;ka tkyu/kj esa buds firk odkyr djrs FksA vk;z lekt ds lefkzd FksA bugksaus Hkkjrh; bf.m;u feysvjh vdkneh esa lu~ 1936 esa izos'k fd;ka bugksaus 19 tuojh] 1938 dks vkbz-lh-ua- 226 izkir djds 2@10 fcyksp jsthesav esa izos'k fd;ka lu~ 1940 esa f}rh; cvkfy;u esa rcnhyh gks xbz vksj vki eyk;k pys x,a tkiku ds lkfk ;q) gqvk vksj 4 Qjojh] 1942 dks tkikfu;ksa us dsn dj fy;k vksj lh/ks dsivu eksgu flag dks lksai fn;ka 17 Qjojh] 1942 dks gh cvkfy;u ls vkbz-,u-,- esa inkiz.k dj fd;ka vkidks Hkkjr ljdkj dh vlfkk;h ljdkj esa feyhvjh lsøsvjh ds in ij rsukr fd;ka vkius vkwfqfl,fvax phq vkwq LVkQ rfkk fmivh],m~;wvsuv tujy Hkh jgsa 28 flrecj] 1945 dks dsivu curk flag dh txg vkidks Hkstk x;k vksj viszy] 1945 es a vkidks cunh cuk fy;k x;ka cunh ds rksjij 18 twu] 1945 dks ykyfdys es a Hkst fn;k x;k] tgka vkidk Vªk;y gqvka vkids firk Jh vn: jke mu fnuksa iatkc gkbzdksvz ds U;k;k/kh'k ds in ij rsukr FksA xqjc['k flag f<+yyksa 18 ekpz] 1914 dks ve rlj ftys ds vyxks xk o ea s lk/kkj.k fdlku ifjokj es a ckyd xqjc['k flag us tue fy;ka izkjafhkd f'k{kk xozues av gkbz Ldwy] pqfu;u ykgksj es a gqbza 1933 es a Hkkjrh; lsuk es a izos'k dj x, vksj lu~ 1938 es a vkbz-,u-,- TokbZu djds vkbz-lh-ua- 336 ds rgr 26 tqykbz] 1939 dks deh'ku izkir djds 1@4 iatkc jsthes av es a izos'k fd;ka QkSju gh budks eyk;k Hkst fn;k x;ka tkrs gh jsthes av dsn gks xbz vksj buga s dsnh ds rksjij lh/ks gh dsivu eksgu flag dh vkbz-,u-,- es Hkst fn;k x;ka 1 flrecj] 1942 dks vkbz-,u-,- es a ysf Vua sv ds in ij uoktk x;k vksj fmivh D;w-,e-th- cuk fn;k x;ka 13 uoecj] 1944 dks vkidks usg: fczxsm dk dek.mj cuk;k x;ka vkius vktkn fgun QkSt ds dek.mj gksus ds ukrs u;kamtw rfkk rkatkax dh ym+kbz es a Hkkx fy;k vksj dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 295 xqfjyyk ;q) Hkh djrs jgsa Qjojh] 1945 es a vkidh iyvu iqu% cunh cuk yh xbz vksj vkidks ykyfdys es a cunh cukdj Hkst fn;k x;ka vki Hkkjr dh vktknh ds ckn] lu~ 1962 es a,d ckj fqj vkius viuh lsok,a Hkkjrh; lsuk dks nh vksj vki lu~ 1964 ls lu~ 1967 rd,u-lh-lh- es a,fdvax dsivu ds in ij jgsa vkidh lsokvks a dks 12 viz Sy] 1998 dks gh igpkuk x;k vksj in~e Hkw"k.k ls uoktk x;ka mugha fnuks a vkids uke ij,d Mkd fvdv Hkh tkjh fd;k x;ka tgka vki rhuks a vf/kdkjh dsn Fks] ml txg dks ykyfdys ds lyhex<+ fglls dk uke vktkn fgun QkSt ds uke ij Lora=rk Lekjd cuk;k x;ka vki 92 lky dh vk;q es a 16 Qjojh] 2006 dks fu/ku gks x;ka milagkj vktkn fgun QkSt ds fo"k; esa pks/kjh j.kchj flag ds fopkj Li"V rfkk l'kdr FksA vurfje laln dh fmcsv~l ds i` B 304 ij 7 Qjojh] 1950 dks pks/kjh lkgc }kjk mbk;k x;k eqn~nk vkt Hkh lkfkzd gsa esa mugha ds 'kcnksa esa c;ku djuk pkgrk gw A pks/kjh lkgc us dgk] ^^bf.m;u us'kuy vkehz fdlh vkehz ls de ugha Fkh] ysfdu muds lkfk esa] esa ;g rks ugha dgrk fd crkzo cgqr T;knk [kjkc fd;k x;k] ysfdu bruk vpnk Hkh ugha fd;k x;k] ftruk vpnk crkzo muds lkfk djuk pkfg, FkkA** blds vykok Hkkjro"kZ es a bu 64 o"kks a ds nksjku lhkh ikfvz;ks a dh ljdkjs a vkbz vks aj viuk dke djds pyh xbz aa blh nksjku ges a geus viuh iqjkuh lh;rkvks a dks iquftzfor djus ds fy, dbz txgks a ds ukes a dk ifjorzu fd;ka tsls cecbz ls eqecbz] enzkl ls puubz] dydùkk ls dksydkùkk] iwuk ls iw.ks br;kfn vksj vktdy Hkksiky dk uke ifjorzu djds bls Hkkstiky cukus dh eqfge pyk jgh gs aa ysfdu] cm+h fomecuk dh ckr gs fd Hkkjr es a vktknh ds vkunksyu ds nksjku v.mseku rfkk fudksckj }hiksa dks tkiku us thrdj vkbz-,u-,- dks lksai fn;k Fkk] tgka ij Hkkjr dh izksfotuy ljdkj dk xbu fd;k x;k vksj lozizfke frjaxk

150 a ygjk;k x;ka blds lkfk gh bu }hiks a ds uke cnydj v.mseku dks ^'kghn* vksj fudksckj dks ^Lojkt* uke fn;k x;k vksj ys-duzy yksxukfku dks ogka dk phq dfe'uj fu;qdr fd;k x;k FkkA ge fdl dkj.k ls bu nks }hiks a dk ukedj.k fqj ls ^'kghn* vksj ^Lojkt* ugha j[k jgs] tksfd ;g dke cgqr igys gks tkuk pkfg, FkkA ;g Hkwy lq/kkj ;Fkk'kh?kz dj ysuh pkfg,a vkbz-,u-,- ds fo"k; esa cgqr de iqlrdsa izki; gsaa bu ij T;knk 'kks/k ugha gqvka bldk dkj.k le> esa ugha vk jgk gsa vktkn fgn QkSt ds vf/kdrj lsfud /khjs&/khjs LoxZ fl/kkj jgs gsaa gesa ;g fojklr cpkus iz;kl djus pkfg,aa gekjh vktknh dh ym+kbz dk ;g lqugjk v/ ;k; gsa eqecbz esa jkw;y bf.m;u usoh fonzksg %,d ehy dk irfkj &fot; xzsoky ¼i=dkj½ Hkkjr ds Økafrdkfj;ks a ds la?k kz] etnwjks a] fdlkuks a] l kl= lsukvks ds la?k kz ¼is kkoj dk.m] jkw;y bf.m;u usoh dh cxkor vksj vkbz-,u-,-½ ns'kh jtokm+ks a dh iztk ds la?k"kz rfkk ;q)ksùkjdky ds mhkkj us fofhkuu /kkjkvksa dks,d,sls Tokj dk :i iznku fd;k] ftlds rwqkuh osx ds QyLo:i fczfv'k 'kklu pjejk dj /kjk'kkgh gks x;ka fgvyj dh ijkt;] QkflLV bvyh vksj tkiu dk fcuk 'krz vkre&leiz.k rfkk QkflLV&fojks/kh la?k"kz dh leiw.kz fot;a bu lc?kvukvksa ls fo'o Økafrdkjh 'kfdr;ksa dks vhkwriwoz xfr vksj rkdr izkir gqbza blls lkjs fo'o es a jk"vªh; eqfdr vkunksyu dh,d tcjnlr ygj isnk gks xbza ;q)ksùkj dky esa eqfdr vkunksyuksa dh bl izpam ygj dh vof/k esa Lora= Hkkjr dk mn; gqvk vksj fo'o ds vu; Hkkxksa esa ns'k Lora= gks x,a ;q)ksùkj vhkkj dh xwat Hkjr esa lu~ 1945 esa gh lqukbz im+us yxh FkhA bldh lcls tcjnlr vfhko;fdr jkw;y bf.m;u usoh ds dsfn;ksa ij py jgs eqdnesa ds fo:) tcjnlr izn'kzu ls gqbza jkw;y bf.m;u usoh ds dsnh turk dh n`f"v esa egku ohjksa dk LFkku ys pqds FksA Nk= vksj etnwj izn'kzu dh lcls vxyh drkjksa esa Fksa izn'kzu brus cm+s isekus ij Fkk vksj turk dk n`< fu'p; bruk izcy Fkk fd tc izn'kzudkfj;ksa ij xksfy;ka pykbza xbza rks Hkh og n`<+rk ds lkfk [km+s jgs] lkezkt;okfn;ksa dh mppre Lrj ij Hkh?kcjkgV isnk gksus yxh] mudh :g dkai x;ha muds chp tks i= O;ogkj gqvk] mlesa mudh?kcjkgv Li"V ns[kh tk ldrh gsa vurr% mugsa dqn le> vk;h vksj mugksaus vktkn fgun QkSt ds dsfn;ksa dks fjgk dj fn;k] ij vkunksyu mùkjksùkj c<+rk gh pyk x;ka 18 Qjojh] 1946 dks jkw;y dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 297

151 bf.m;u usoh dh VqdfM+;ksa us fonzksg dj fn;ka mugks aus cecbz] djkph vksj dkphu cunjxkgks a ij [km+ s tgktks a ij dctk dj fy;ka jkw;y bf.m;u usoh dh bl dk;zokgh ls ljnkj oyyhk HkkbZ ivsy dkqh vkgr gq, vksj mugksaus,d c;ku tkjh djds turk ls,slh dk;zokfg;ks a ls nwj jgus dh vihy dha turk ij mudh bl vihy dk dksbz izhkko ugha im+ka vxys fnu] 19 Qjojh] 1946 dks cecbz ds etnwj oxz vksj gj vkneh us viuk mùkj fn;ka cecbz esa,d Hkh ey dk ifg;k ugha?kweka jsyos ds rhuksa dkj[kkus vksj NksVs&cM+ s lc dy&dkj[kkuka s es a gm+rky gqbza bl fnu rhu yk[k etnwj gm+rky ds tqywl lm+dksa ij?kwe jgs FksA iwjs cecbz 'kgj esa jsfy;ka gqbzaa lc nqdkus a&cktkj cun jgsa turk ds bl vkunksyu dks nckus ds fy, fczfv'k lsuk us glr{ksi dj xksfy;ks a ds tfj, turk dks Hkwudj fonzksg dks nckus dh dksf'k'k dha [kwu dh ufn;ka cg fudyha] ij turk us lalk/kuka s vksj izfrjks/k dk vn~hkwr mnkgj.k izlrqr fd;k vksj muds 'kks;z,oa n`<+rk us fczfv'k neu vksj vkrad dks ijkftr dj fn;ka jkw;y bf.m;u usoh ds lefkzu es a Hkkjrh; turk dh bl dk;zokgh ls fczfv'k ljdkj fgy mbh FkhA bl vkunksyu ds nksjku fczfv'k lsuk dh xksfy;ksa ls rhu fnuksa esa ejus okyksa dh la[;k ljdkj dh rjq ls 250 ls vf/kd crkbz xbz FkhA buea s 17 e`rd vdsys ijsy&ckx ds etnwj {ks=ksa ls FksA tgka etnwj oxz ds dsunz cecbz esa cm+ s isekus ij xksfy;ka pykbza xbzaa ejus okyksa dh vlyh la[;k 500 ds yxhkx FkhA blh nksjku 22 Qjojh] 1946 dks fnyyh es a ok;qlsuk us Hkh gm+rky dj nha tcyiqj es a isny lsuk vius gffk;kj mbk,a jkw;y bf.m;u usoh ds lefkzu esa izn'kzu djus lm+dksa ij vk xbza tc cecbz esa ;g HkkoksÙkstd?kVuk,a py jgha Fkha] 23 Qjojh] 1946 ds vad esa fy[kk Fkk] ^^lkezkt;okn&fojks/kh la?k"kz esa brus yksxksa ds mrj tkus ls ns'k esa,d u;h flfkfr isnk gks xbz gsa** 27 Qjojh] 1946 dks djkph ls xouzj lj,q ewmh us ok;ljk; dks,d fjiksvz Hksth] dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 299 ftlesa xouzj us fy[kk Fkk fd jkw;y bf.m;u usoh ds lefkzu esa Hkkjr dh turk dk vkunksyu fnu&izfrfnu c<+rk tk jgk gsa bl ij vc dkcw ikuk dfbu gsa tc tgkth o etnwj cecbz vksj djkph esa viuk [kwu cgk jgs Fks vksj vhkh tehu ij udk [kwu tek Hkh ugha Fkk fd 2 ekpz] 1946 dks dkaxszl v/;{k eksykuk vktkn us c;ku fn;k & ^^gm+rkysa] dkecanh vksj vkt dh vurfje lùkk dh vokk vksj f[kykqothz fcydqy vuko';d dk;zokbz;ka gsa fons'kh ljdkj tks vc dkepykå ljdkj dh rjg dk;z dj gh gs] mlds lkfk bl rjg la?k"kz 'kq: djus dh dksbz otg ugha gsa** ijurq Hkkjr dh turk ;g ns[k jgh Fkh fd og ^^dke pykå** vksj ^^vurfje lùkk** ml le; lsdm+ksa etnwjksa dks xksfy;ksa ls Nyuh dj jgh Fkh rfkk iwjh dh iwjh usoh dks mlds tgkft;ksa lesr leqnz esa Mqcksus dh /kedh ns jgh FkhA jkw;y bf.m;u usoh ds lefkzu esa etnwjksa }kjk dh xbz gm+rky esa dksxzsl }kjk lg;ksx u djus dk fczfv'k ljdkj us ;g vfkz yxk;k fd mugsa Hkkjrh; turk ij neu&vr;kpkj djus dh iwjh NwV gsa dkaxszl ds usr~ro] pkgs bl ij fo'okl u djs] ij gdhdr ;g gs fd ¼dkaxszl usr`ro ds½] c;ku dk neu&vr;kpkj vf/kd djus ds fy, blrseky fd;k x;k gsa,d lekpkj i= ^^fiiqyl,t** us ml le; fy[kk Fkk & ^^gekjh lsuk ds tokuksa vksj ukxfjd thou esa muds HkkbZ;ksa dk [kwu Lora=rk la?k"kz bfrgkl es a igyh ckj?kqyfey dj cgk gsa Hkkjrh; Økafr,d u, nksj esa nkf[ky gks xbz gsa** bl tu fonzksg esa etnwj oxz dk tcjnlr ;ksxnku Fkk vksj muds lkfk gh l'kl= lsuk ds rhuks a fgllks a es a Hkh fonzksg dk okrkoj.k cu x;k FkkA etnwj oxz dk vkunksyu vksj lsuk esa fonzksg dk okrkoj.k bu nksuksa dk lgesy gh o9g dkj.k Fkk] ftlesa vaxzstksa dh Hkkjr ij vf/ kir; j[kus dh lkjh ;kstukvksa ij ikuh Qsj fn;ka vkehz gsmdokvzj ls

152 fjiksvz vk jgh Fkh fd ^^lsuk dh lkeku; dk;zfofèk ds rjhds ls ;g vuqeku yxkuk lehko ugha gs gs fd D;k gksus okyk gs] fdl Lrj rd fojks/k tk ldrk gs vksj mls dsls fuiv tk,xk\** dkaxzsl usr`ro }kjk [kqyk fojks/k O;Dr djus ds dkj.k ukslsuk dh VqdfM+;ksa dks gm+rky okil ysuh im+ha ijurq,slk djrs le; Hkh mugksaus leqfpr vkre&leeku ds lkfk?kks"k.kk dh fd og fczfv'k vkdkvka s ds lkeus ugha] Hkkjrh; turk ds le{k vkre&leiz.k dj jgs gsaa ijurq] gm+rky dh ygkj dh rhozrk c<+rh gh jgha 1 tqykbz] 1946 dks Mkd dezpkfj;ska us jk"vªo;kih gm+rky dj nh 21 tqykbz] 1946 dks muds lefkzu es a vhkwriwoz vke gm+rky gqbza bfrgkl djov cny jgk FkkA fczfv'k gdwer dks psrkouh fey xbz Fkh fd [ksj blh ea s gs fd vc og ;gka ls pyh tk,a fczfv'k laln es a gewer ds izodrk us dgk fd fczvsu ds ikl nks gh fodyi jg x, gsa&;k rks lùkk dks cgky j[kus ds fy, ^^lsuk dh rkdr i;kzir :i ls c<+k,** ;k ^^le>ksrk dj Hkkjr dks jktusfrd lùkk dk glrkurj.k dj nsa** [k.m&9 iztke.my vkunksyu dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 301

153 ns'kh fj;klrksa dk bfrgkl &gjh jke vk;z v/;{k] gfj;k.kk Lora=rk lsukuh leeku lfefra 15 vxlr] lu~ 1947 dks Hkkjr Lora=rk leiuu ns'k cuka mlls igys fczfv'k 'kklu }kjk vius lkezkt; dks fu"davd cuk;s j[kus ds fy,] ^QwV Mkyks vksj jkt djks* dh uhfr ds rgr fczfv'k 'kkflr {ks= ds vfrfjdr 'ks"k ns'k dks Ng lks fj;klrksa esa ckavk gqvk Fkk] rkfd laxbukred n`f"v ls Hkkjr VqdM+ksa esa cavk jgsa ftu fj;klrksa ds 'kkld fgunw Fks] os jktk&egkjktk vkfn dgykrs Fks vksj ftu fj;klrksa ds 'kkld eqlyeku Fks os uokc dgykrs FksA NksVh&cM+h fj;klr ds eku; ntkz ikus ds fy, fj;klr dk folrkj rfkk foùkh; flfkfr dh leh{kk vksj jktk vfkok uokc dh futh ;ksx;rk,oa mlds }kjk fczfv'k ljdkj dh lgk;rk vksj cm+ s vaxzst vf/kdkfj;ksa dks izluu j[kus dh dyk ij fuhkzj djrk FkkA jktk vksj uokc vius vkidks pkgs ftrus cm+k ekurs jgs gksa] fdurq] fczfv'k iz'kkld mugs a viuk nkl le>rs FksA fj;klr gsnjkckn nf{k.k ds uokc ds vfrfjdr vu; fj;klrksa ds 'kkldksa dks mrus O;kid vf/kdkj ugha feys gq;s FksA jktk ;k uokc dh gsfl;r ds vuqlkj gh mugsa fczfv'k jkt njckj esa leeku feyrk FkkA fo'ks"k voljksa ij os rksi dh lykeh ys ldrs FksA rksi dh lykeh ds fy, dksu fdruk vf/kd`r Fkk %& buesa ls cm+ s ik p 'kkldksa dks 21 rksiksa dh lykeh] buls dfu"b 6 'kkldksa dks 19 rksiksa dh lykeh] 12 dks 17 rksiksa dh lykeh rfkk 17 dks 15 rksiksa dh lykeh] 16 ujs kksa dks 13 rksiksa dh rfkk 29 ujs'kksa dks 11 rksiksa dh vksj 38 ujs'kksa dks 9 rksiksa dh lykeh ds fy, vf/kd`r fd;k gqvk FkkA Lojkt dfkk@ 303

154 rksiksa dh lykeh ds oxhzdj.k dh n`f"v ls fj;klrsa %& Ø cm+ksnk] Xokfy;j] gsnjkckn nf{k.k] teew,oa d'ehj] eslwj] ik p ujs'kksa dks fdlh myy[kuh; volj ij 21 rksiksa dh lykeh fy, tkus dk vf/kdkj FkkA Hkksiky] bunksj] dykr] dksygkiqj] VªkÅudksj] mn;iqj vkfn Ng ujs'kksa dks 19 rksiksa dh lykeh dk vfèkdkj FkkA Ø 17 rksiks a dh lykeh ds vf/kdkjh] Hkkoyiqj] Hkjriqj] cw anh ds jko jktk] dksphu] dpn] t;iqj] djksyh] dksvk] tks/ kiqj ¼ekjokM+½] ifv;kyk] jsok rfkk Vk d ujs k FksA Ø 15 rksiksa dh lykeh vyoj] HkwVku] oalokm+k] nfùk;k] nsokl ¼ofj"B½] nsokl ¼dfu"B½] /kkj] /kksyiqj] Mw axjiqj] bzmj] tslyesj] [ksjiqj ds ihj] fd'kux<+] vksjnk] izrkix<+] jkeiqj] flfdde] f kjksgh vkfn ujs'kksa dk FkkA Ø 13 rksiksa dh lykeh dk vf/kdkj cukjl] Hkkouxj] dwpfcgkj] /kkjax/kjk] tkojk] >kykokm+] thun] twukx<+] diwjfkyk] ukhkk] uokuxj] ikyuiqj] iksjcanj] jktihiyk] jryke] f=iqjk ujs'kksa dks FkkA Ø 11 rksiksa dh lykeh okyksa esa vt;x<+ ds egkjktk] vyhjktiqjk ds jktk] couh ds uokc] cjok.kh] fotkoj] fcykliqj] [kehkkr] pj[kjh] peck] Nrjiqj] QjhndksV] xks amokuk] tthjkuk] >kcqvk] ekysj dksvyk eamh] ef.kiqj] eksjoh] ujflagx<+] lfy;kuk iuuk] iqnqdksvk] jk/kuiqj] jktx<+] lfy;kuk] lfkkjuk] lhjeqj] lhrkef.k] lqdsr] fvgjh vkfn 29 fj;klrsa FkhaA Ø 9 rksiksa dh lykeh okys 38 jkt;ksa esa omklhuksj] cxuisyuk] oklnkuk] ojka/kuk vksj ds iar lfpo] lhin] tksgj] dkykgkamh] dsdrq ax] fcy;iqj] fd'ku,oa lksdksrjk] ysgtkyk yhe.mh] yksgk:] yqikokmk] esgj] e;qjcax] eks ax us] eq/kksy] ukxksj] ikyhrk.kk] ivuk] jktdksv lphu] dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 305 lkaxyh laruk] lkaorokmh] 'kkgiqj] kgj eksdyyk] lksuiqj] o<+oku] ckadkusj] ;kxos] buds 'ks"k vu; jkt;ksa dks rksiksa dh lykeh dk vf/kdkj ugha FkkA fczfv'k vf/kdkjh bu ujs'kks a dks eku&leeku nsus ds fy, ftu 'kcnks a] mikf/k;ks a dk iz;ksx djrs FksA mudh ckuxh Hkh nsf[k, &] vewd ysf VusaV tujy] ukenkj] QtZns [kkl nksyrs baxysf'k;k] eulwj&vytek] vehj my mejk] egkjktkf/kjkt jkt jkts'oj Jh egkjkt ;nqoa'kt] dqy Hkw"k.k] th-lh-,l-vkbz-] b-th-lh-] ch-vks-lh-] thch-vks-],-mh-lh- vkfn ukuk HkkfUr dh mikf/k;ksa dh Hkwy&HkwyS;k esa Hkzfer dj mugsa nkl cuk;s j[kk tkrk gsa tc fj;klrh jktk o uokc ekufld :i ls vaxzst iz'kkld ds xqyke Fks rks mudh turk dh D;k volfkk jgh gksxha oklro esa fj;klrh turk rks xqykeks a dh fryke FkhA uokc vksj jktk viuh iztk ds lkfk D;k cjrko djrs Fks\ 1- lelr Hkkjr esa d`f"k Hkwfe dk yxku ftruk fy;k tkrk Fkk ns'kh fj;klrksa ds {ks=ksa esa mlls nks&xq.kk rfkk rhu xq.kk fy;k tkrk FkkA 2- yxku olwyh ds fy, vekuoh; rjhds iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs FksA mnkgj.kkfkz %& fj;klr nqtkuk dh futker ukgm+ ds rgr cook uke dk,d xk o FkkA ebz dk eghuk ukgm+ futker dk,d pim+klh uke vthe cd'k dn ik p QqV ls de] dqrkz vksj rgen cka/ks] isjksa esa twfr;ka] ftuls yksgs dk uky tm+s FksA xk o esa yxku olwyh ds fy, vk;ka xk o esa nks cm+s uecjnkjksa dks lgk;rk ds fy, cqyk fy;ka vuko`f"v ds dkj.k Qly u"v gks pqdh FkhA lkgwdkj dk dtkz]?kj dk [kpkz] i'kqvksa ds fy, pkjk] gkjh&fcekjh lcds fy, :i;k vksj ftl d`"kd ls yxku olwyh dh tkuh FkhA og 6 QwV Å pk dnkoj clkå uke dk esgurh fdlku viuh ykpkjh ls 'kekzrk ldqpkrk vk;k vksj gkfk tksm+dj [km+k gks x;ka

155 rst /kwi tyrk vkdk'k Ldwy ds vkaxu esa,d iyax fcnk fn;k x;ka clkå ls dgk x;k fd og yxku ds jde vnk djs] vu;fkk iyax ds nksuksa rjq isj QSykdj /kwi esa [km+k jgsa ejrk D;k u djrk] yxku ds vhkko dk f'kdkj /kwi esa pksm+h Vkax dj [km+k gks x;ka ekuo?kkrd ;g nnzukd n`'; ns[k dj u rks uecjnkjks a dks n;k vkbz vksj u gh vu;ksa dks g;k vkbza yxku dh ikbz u nsus ij mugsa Hkh ;g fnu ns[kus im+rs FksA vthe cd'k dk ikjk c<+rk pyk FkkA xkfy;ksa dh cksnkj ds chp mlus vius ik o ls,d twrh fudkyh vksj yksgs dh uky tm+h twrh clkå ds flj ij ekj nha clkå ds flj ls [kwu Vidus yxka ns'kh jtokm+ksa esa fdrus vhkkoxzlr clkåoksa ds flj ls [kwu Vidrk jgrk FkkA yxku vnk djus ds fy, csvh rd cspus ij nsrs FksA csxkj dk izpyu izk;% lc jtokm+ksa esa FkkA xsj dkuwuh mtjr pqdk;s fcuk] drkz dh bpnk ds fo:)] dke ysuk csxkj dgykrk FkkA tc dhkh vko';drk gksrh iz'kklu ds dezpkjh fdlh xzkeh.k csxkj ij cqyk ysrs FksA O;olk;h dj %& dqegkj] pekj] [kkrh] yqgkj] ef.kgkj] xkm+h&okgd] ÅV&okgd] ukbz] NksVs nqdkunkj vkfn lcdks is'ksokjkuk ¼O;olk;h½ dk,uk dj pqdkuk im+rk FkkA ; fi dj dh jkf'k nks&pkj :i;s ls vf/kd ugha gksrh FkhA fdurq :i;k Fkk dgka\ vksj :i;s dk ewy; Vqd /;ku nsa] o"kz 1935 ds vklikl pkanh,d :i;s rksyk] [kk inkfkz xsgw a,d :i;s ds 15 lsj] cktjk,d :i;s dk 25&26 lsj] puk,d :i;s dk 18&20 lsj] tksa 25&30 lsj] xqm+&'kddj,d :i;s dk 18&20 lsj] [kk.m&cwjk,d :i;s dk 15&16 lsj]?kh ¼mu fnuksa ns'kh?kh gh Fkk½A fons'kh MkyMk dksvte dksbz ugha tkurk FkkA ;fn fookg 'kknh esa pksjh&fniik?kh esa feykov dj nsrk rks mlds fo:) iapk;rsa dh tkrh Fkha vksj tqekzus dj fn, tkrs FksA?kh dk Hkko,d :i;s dk lok lsj FkkA,d :i;s dh nks vbuuh] pkj pouuh] vkb }kuuh] lksyg bzduuh gksrh FkhA,d bduuh ds dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 307 nks <+Ccy ;k pkj isls gksrs FksA,d isls dh rhu ikbz] vfkkzr~,d :i;s ds,d lks ckuoa s Hkkx dk Hkh izpyu FkkA xzkeh.k turk vksj mudh U;k; O;oLFkk %& orzeku dky esa iapk;r&fuokzpu dh tks dkuwuh O;oLFkk gs vksj xzke izpk;rksa dks fyf[kr laos/kkfud vf/kdkj gsa os ns'kh jtokm+ksa esa ugha FksA ;fn dgha Fks rks os fu"ø; FksA jkt; dh vksj ls fdlh izdkj dk dksbz ncko ugha FkkA xk o ds gh fdlh U;k;dkjh vkn'kzoku] ijekfkhz O;fDr dks iap ds :i esa leekfur dj fn;k tkrk FkkA /ku] vk;q lhek ;k tkfr ds vk/ kkj ij og leeku ugha feyrk FkkA vifrq R;kx&riL;k] xgu vuqhko vksj U;k; ds fy, fufhkzd fu"i{k lqfo[;kr O;fDr dks cm+h&cm+h iapk;rksa esa vkefu=r fd;k tkrk FkkA vius xzke dh iapk;r esa leeku fey tkus ij ckgj ds xk oks a dh cm+h iapk;rks a es a Hkh mugs a cqyk fy;k tkrk Fkk vksj bl izdkj ds cgqr,sls rf; gsa] tks xzkeh.k lekt ds lalfkkiu rfkk thou ds mi;ksxh lk/ku jgs gsaa xk o esa cluk] ijlij HkkbZpkjk] d`f"k] O;k;ke] leeku] euksjatu vksj ikfjokfjd fj'rs&ukrs vkt ds fmxzh /kkjd vfhk;urk lekt ls cgqr vf/kd ewy; ysdj Hkh xk o ds vkokl esa og lksun;z ugha yk lds gsaa igys ds xzkeoklh xk o dks clkrs le; cm+h cqf) dks'kyrk ls dke ysrs FksA Xkk o dh clkcr dks ns[kdj gh vki ik;saxs fd xk o dks Å ps LFkku ij clk;k tkrk FkkA o kkz ds ty ds cgko dh O;oLFkk ty ey izokgh [kkyksa ds :i esa gksrh FkhA xk o ds fudv ve`r ty dk tksgm+] tksgm+ dh iky vksj iky ij Nk;knkj o`{kks a dh j{kk /kkfezd :i nsdj dh tkrh FkhA rht&r;ksgkjksa ij xk o dh efgyk,a] iq:"k vius fo'okl ds tksgm+ dh LoPNrk vksj ikyksa dh j{kk djrs FksA o"kkz ty ls tksgm+ esa ikuh ds fy, ty lehkj.k LFky ds :i esa cf.k;ksa dh LFkkiuk Hkh dh tkrh Fkh] cf.k;ksa esa vusd izdkj ds Qynk;d Nk;knkj o`{k rfkk ukuk izdkj ds vks"k/kh; ikni mxrs FksA

156 bu cf.k;ksa dks xkspj Hkwfe ds uke ls Hkh iqdkjk tkrk Fkk] ftl ij / kuh&fu/kzu Hkwifr&Hkwfeghu lc xzkeokfl;ks a dk lekukf/kdkj ls mldk mi;ksx djrs FksA xk o ds xksjs] xk o dk tksgm+] c.kh] iky] ikyksa ij flj Å pk mbk;s gjs&hkjs o`{k vksj o`{kks a ij pgpgkrs xhr xkrs i{khx.k] fur; uwru thou dk l`tu djrs FksA tksgm+ dk ikuh xaxkty ds leku ifo= ekuk tkrk FkkA dksbz jktdh; dkuwu ugha Fkk] Lo;a fl) e;kznk,a FkhaA rht&r;ksgkj NksVs&cM+ s mrlo] izfr;ksfxrk,a bugha LFkkuksa ij gksrha FkhaA lgdkfjrk %& xk oks a es a ckyd tue ls ysdj ikyu iks"k.k] [ksy] i<+kbz] C;kg&lxkbZ] [ksr dh fctkbz] Qly dh dvkbz vksj vukt fudykus ;gka rd?kj dksbkj rd ys tkus esa lgdkj dk cksyckyk gksrk FkkA C;kg cjkr vksj euksjatd vk;kstuksa ds vfrfjdr dq,a }kjk flapkbz?kj] uksgjs ¼xÅ'kkyk½ ds fuekz.k] C;kg ds U;kSrk du;k nku lc lgdkfjrk ds vk/kkj ij gksrs FksA vur;sf"bh laldkj] leiuurk] es a Hkh lgdkj lgkuqhkwfriwozd izhkko'kkyh FksA tc dhkh dksbz dksbz xk o clk;k tkrk Fkk] ;k cunksclr gksrk Fkk] ml le; okftcqy vtz ds uke ls xk o ds lafo/kku dh jpuk dh tkrh gsa ml volj ij miflfkr izks<+ ukxfjdksa esa ls nl iunzg O;fDr;ksa ds okftcqy&vtz ds vkrelkr ds fy, glrk{kj gksrs FksA D;k gksrh gs okftcqytz\ ftl izdkj lafo/kku dh izlrkouk esa vk/kkjhkwr laldkj dùkzo; vksj vf/kdkj ntz gksrs gsaa mlh izdkj okftcqytz esa xk o esa clus okyksa dùkzo; vksj vf/kdkj] c.kh ctm+] jgu&lgu cksypky eku leeku ds fu;e fy[ks gksrs gsaa ;g iqlrd xk o ds ivokjh ds vf/kdkj esa jgrh gsa ; fi Lok/khurk izkfir ds i'pkr dqn jle&fjoktksa esa vurj fd;k x;k gsa og le; dh mfpr ek x gsa dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ vxlr] 1942 ds ^vaxzstksa Hkkjr NksM+ks*] ^djks ;k ejks* ls vkxs c<+rs gq, ns'k ds egku fof/kosrk Hkwyk HkkbZ nslkbz] tokgj yky usg: vkfn vusd usrk U;k; ds fy, la?k kz es a tqv x,a fmyyu lgxy 'kkguokt budykc ftunkckn dk ukjk /kjrh&vkdk'k ds chp xqatus yxka ftl fczfv'k jkt esa dhkh lw;z vlr ugha gksrk Fkk] og lkezkt; Hk;Hkhr FkkA Hkkjr ij kklu djus okys vaxszt xka/kh th ls izkfkzuk dj jgk Fks fd mugsa ldq'ky muds ns'k yksvus fn;k tk,a fo'o ;ksf)d ijeijk dks rksm+rs gq, 9 vxlr] 1945 bz- dks vesfjdk us fgjksf'kek vksj ukxk'kkdh ij v.kq ce ds izgkj dj nwljs ;q) dk lekiu dj fn;ka vktkn fgun lsuk,a fnyyh dh vksj dwp djus yxhaa gekjs ns'k HkDr lsfud dhkh fczfv'k lkezkt; ds f'kdkj u gks tk,a] blfy, usrkvksa us ubz gqadkj Hkjh FkhA nqtkuk,d NksVh lh fj;klr FkhA uokc dks dksbz laosfèkfud 'kfdr gkfly ugha FkhA ijurq fcpnw rks fcpnw gh FkkA og ugha rks mlds vf/kdkjh vk;s fnu iztk dks nq%[kh djrs FksA nqtkuk dks vf/kdka'k lgk;rk vk;z izfrfuf/k lhkk ykgksj }kjk feyrh FkhA nqtkuk 'kklu ds vkøks'k dk f'kdkj iztk dks vk;s fnu gksuk im+rk FkkA vktkn fgun lsuk dh yydkj dkaxzsl usrkvksa dh fjgkbz ls ges a cy feyka nqtkuk jkt dk ifcyd lkslkf;vht+,dv] ywv&[klksv ds ge vkfn rks cu pqds FksA ijurq ns'k dh vktknh gesa Hkh cqyk jgh FkhA vthc?kvuk FkhA uokc dh iqfyl gekjs [ksrksa esa rhrj idm+us igqaps] ge euk djsa ;k jksdsa rks ge ij gh ykfb;ka cjlkbz tk,aa Fkkus Qfj;kn ds fy, tk,a rks dkj ljdkj esa enky[r ds vijk/k esa gesa gfkdfm+;ka cka/ kh tk,aa ge ij vfhk;kstu pys vksj gesa ltk Hkqxruh im+ha lp ckr rks ;g Fkh fd gekjk,d isj dez {ks= esa rks nwljk ikao tsy esa jgrk FkkA,d fnu lekpkj feyka gfj;k.kk jkb dk lr;kxzg ny jsy }kjk QjhndksV fj;klr esa tk jgk gsa yech&pksm+h ckrsa crkus okyksa dks lr;kxzg esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, vodk'k ugha FkkA vius ls de vk;q lozjh L;kspUn vksj psrjke 'kekz dks lkfk ysdj tksrks e.mh dh ml

157 èkez'kkyk es a igqap x,] tgka ls ckcw o`'khkk"k ds lsrwu es a QjhndkSV ds fy, lr;kxzg dk lapky gks jgk FkkA viuh ckjh vkus ij ge Hkh ekspsz ij igqap x,a lr;kxzg pyrk jgka vur es a,d fnu luns'k feyk fd dy nksigj ia- tokgj yky usg: QjhndksV lr;kxzfg;ksa ds chp i/kkjsaxsaa vukt e.mh esa tylk gksxka papy eu es a ml fnu lr;kxzg dh vis{kk usg: th ds n'kzu dk vf/kd pko FkkA tsrw dsei QjhndksV ls dqn nwjh ij FkkA tsrks a igqap x, vksj ftl jsy esa lokj gksdj ia- tokgj yky usg: vk jgs Fks] muds lkfk gh csb fy,a usg: th ds lkfk 10&12 dkaxzsl Lo;a lsod FksA QjhndksV jsyos LVs'ku ij jsyos LVs'ku ls ge lc lkfk pysa 'kgj dh vksj dqn dne c<+k;s fd QjhndksV dk fmlvªhdv eftlvsªv /kkjk 144 ds vkns'k ysdj vkxs vk x;ka vkns'k dk dkxt usg: th dks Fkek fn;ka dksbz ijokg fd;s fcuk usg: th us vkns'k fn;k] ^c<+ tkvks vkxs* vksj dkfqyk QjhndksV 'kgj dh vksj dwp djus yxka?kvuk 16 ebz] 1946 bz- dh gsa vukt e.mh esa tylk gqvk usg: dk Hkk"k.k vksj jktk QjhndksV dk irua ;gh ugha gesa nqtkuk fj;klr esa Hkh budykc ykuk FkkA islk ikl ugha fj;klrh turk Hk;kafdr FkhA ekaxus ij cgqxke ds rhu lttuks a us pkj :i;s bl 'krz ij m/kkj fn, fd uokc nqtkuk rd ;g ckr u igqapus ik,a cksyus dk Hkh bruk vh;kl ugha FkkA gkfk dh gfksyh ij vf/kd yxku olwyh] iqfyfl;k vr;kpkj&dksvk ijfev ds ckjs fy[k ysrka nks fnu ds vh;kl ds ckn Bhd gks x;ka 23 twu] 1946 bz- dks fo'kky tylk ukgm+ ¼futker½ esa vk;kstu fd;k,oa eaxyh jke] pks/kjh ghjk yky fpukfj;k vkfn usrkvksa us f'kjdr dha lkoznsf'kd lhkk ds eu=h Jh /kez nso okplifr dh v/ ;{krk es a nqtkuk jkt; iztke.my dk xbu dj uo&la?k"kz 'kq: dj fn;ka dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 311 [k.m&10 ifjf'k"v

158 laxks"bh&hkwfedk gfj;k.kk ds fo'ks"k lunhkz esa Hkkjr dk LorU=rk vkunksyu 23&24 ekpz] 2011 lhkkxkj] gksvy,oa i;zvu izca/ku lalfkku] e-n-fo-ifjlj] jksgrd laxks Bh es a vki lc dk Loxr djrs gq, pks/kjh j.kchj flag kks/ kdsunz dh vksj ls gj;k.kk ds fo ks k lunhkz esa Hkkjr ds LorU=rk vkunksyu ij bl o kz ds fy, laokn dh i` BHkwfe ij,d&nks ckr j[kuk vko ;d yxrk gsa laxks Bh dk fo k; p;u fdlh [kkukiwfrz dh ljy dljr dk vax u gks dj bl le> dk Qy gs fd Hkkjr ds tula?k kksza dks vkadus ij vk;kfrr n`f Vnks k vhkh Hkh gkoh gs ftlls orzeku o Hkfo ; gsrq lh[kus dk dke lkeu;r% v/kwjk yxrk gsa ;g laokn blfy, ek= vkjfehkd dmh gsa tkuh gqbz ckr gsa fd ;gka ij fczfv k kklu ds fo#) ru dj [km+k gksus dk Bksl dkj.k jgk gs] ftldh j.kuhfr rfkk j.kdks ky dks izhkkfor djus es a le; dh vkffkzd flfkfr ds vfrfjdr nks izeq[k vuqhkoks a us dke fd;k yxrk gsa bues a,d vuqhko vaxz stks a }kjk kklui)fr ds Lo:i fujadq k,oa neudkjh jktlùkk ls lkeuk Fkk tks Hkkjr dh lksp&le> ls myv im+rk FkkA nwljs] :l esa?kfvr 1917 dh uoecj Økafr ls mriuu izhkko Fkk ftlus nqfu;ka ds eqfdr vkunksyu dks xgjs ls mdlkok fn;k o mhkjrs gq, usr~ro us Hkh bls eu ij csbk;ka ;kn j[kus yk;d gs% Hkkjrh; mi&egk}hi yecs dky rd fczfv k O;kikjh rgthc ls lapkfyr,slh kklui)fr dh xqykeh dk f kdkj jgk tks ;gka dh lh;rk&lalñfr ls myv Fkh vksj ftldh mls Hkkjh dher vnk djuh im+ha bl {kfr dh HkjikbZ djuk vhkh Hkh dfbu gks jgk gsa ;w arks fo o esa,sls cgqr ns k gsa vksj cgqr dkse gsa ftugsa ijru=rk ls xqtjuk im+k gsa vesfjdk esa gh jsm bafm;u o v osr uhxj Lojkt dfkk@ 313

159 ij bfrgkl es a tks chrk og de nnzukd vuqhko ugha gsa dksbz ugha gs tks vkt crk ns fd jsm bafm;a al ds lkfk vesfjdk es a D;k chrh vksj buds cycwrs vesfjdk dks ^vk/kqfud* o ^fodflr* jk Vª cukus esa ogka dh bl ewy vkcknh dks dsls cyh p<k;k x;ka ml ns k ds ukeh F;ksMj :ToSYV us 1885 esa,sykfu;k dgk Fkk% ^vki bruk nwj Hkys u tk,a fd ejk gqvk jsm bafm;al gh Hkyk jsm bafm;al gksrk gs* fdurq] esa ekurk gw a fd nl esa uks rks,sls gh gksrs gsa vksj eq>s nlosa ds ckjs esa vf/kd tkap&ij[k djus dh vko ;drk ugha gsa,d lkeku; jsm bafm;au ls gekjk viuk lcls yqaxk pjokgk dgha csgrj uhfr&fl)kar dk /kuh gksrk gsa* vkxs pydj Qrok fn;k x;k fd jsm bafm;u dks csn[ky djus gsrq ^dksbz Hkh nyhy Bhd gsa ;fn bafm;u?kqeddm [kkukcnks k gs rks] mls tehu j[kus dk vf/kdj ugha gsa ;fn og fuoklh gs rks] og tehu j[kus ds yk;d ugha gsa ;fn mlus tehu j[kus ds fy, dksbz micaèk fd;k gs rks vesfjdk dks tc flfkfr cny tk, rks,sls micaèk dks lekir djus dk vf/kdkj gsa* ksdlih;j us baxys.m ds,sls gh pfj= dh [kwc O;k[;k dh gsa Hkkjrh; mi&egk}hi dk dkjoka dqn vurj ls xqtjk gsa xqykeh dk dky ;gka jsm bafm;al ls dqn vyx ugha jgk vksj HksfM;s dk rdz ;gka Hkh mlh rtz ij pyk( cfyd vf/kd?kkrd ifj.kke ds lkfk ;gka uqklr cjrh xbza jsm bafm;al dh rjg ;gka uly fevkus okyk ujlagkj ugha gqvk ijurq] ;gka ds ewy fuokfl;ksa dh gsfl;r xqyke dh cuk dj j[kha muds xksjo] mudh lalñfr] mudh thou ksyh dks iyv dj tm+foghu cukus ij tku ym+k nh vksj,d udyh fdurq eueksgd ^vk/kqfudrk* dk isjksdkj cuk MkykA jsm bafm;al dh rjg mudk f kdkj rks ugha [ksyk fdurq] vius fy, fcu balkuh vf/kdkj esgurh Jfed ds crksj mls ftank j[kka Iyklh ds esnku es a 23 twu 1757 dks ymkbz thrus ds ckn bzlv bafm;k deiuh us eupkgs nksgu gsrq bl egk}hi ij vius kklu dh idm+ etcwr djds var rd bls vius dcts es a j[kus ds fy, lc rjg ds dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 315 vpns&cqjs grfkdams iz;ksx fd,a bldk fojks/k mbuk Fkk] mbka bl dm+h es a mls 1857 es a ns ko;kih cxkor dka lkeuk djuk im+ka ifj.kke es a ;gka lh/ks rkt dk kklu dk;e gqvk rkfd vksifuosf kd nksgu dk y{; vkxs c< ldsa bl ;q) es a Hkkjr dks feyh gkj dk,d ifj.kke ;gka a jk Vª dh psruk ds Qfyr gksus es a gqvka ;g bfrgkl gsa rf; ;g dgkuh dgrs gs aa tks gks] bl eqfdr vkunksyu ds pfj= fp=.k ij xehkhj erhksn gs aa ;g bfrgkldkjks a] lektosùkkvks a o jktuhfrd dk;zdùkkvks a ds fy, pquksrhiw.kz dk;z ks k gsa fczfv k lùkk/kh kksa us Hkkjr dks vius rkt dk vueksy ghjk cuk dj j[kus esa tks cu im+k ogh fd;ka os bldh vkrek dks fupksm+ dj j[kuk pkgrs Fks] ftlds fy, xyr o lgh ds vurj dh le> dks iyvuk vr;ar vko ;d ekuk x;ka bl y{; gsrq vyx rjg dh f k{kk i)fr dks jpk x;k] lozfkk vyx rjg ds thouewy;ks a] lkekftd ewy;cks/k o uhfr&fl)kur dh le> dks [km+k fd;k x;k tks ;gka dh i) ds myv im+rs Fks fdurq],d vksifuos kd yqvsjs kklu dh ea kk dks iwjk djus esa lgk;d gq,a lkfk gh] ;gka ds tuekul ds tgu esa jkt ds Hk; dks csbkus ds Hkjs&iwjs ru= o mlds vuq:i ospkfjd vo/kkj.kkvksa dh jpuk dh xbza vius yk;d O;oLFkk dh jpuk djds fczvsu us Hkkjr dks [kks[kyk dj fn;k] ;g vkadmks dh nqfu;ka ij Hkjkslk djus okys Hkh ekurs gsaa euq ; lnk ds fy, xqyke ugha jg ldrk gs( viuh vksj ls cpko dh,slh lc iq[rk j.kuhfr ds ckotwn bl neu&vr;kpkj dk fojks/k mbuk gh Fkk] izcy mbka fczfv k kklu ds fo#) la?k kz ds Bksl o laxriw.kz dkj.k FksA Hkkjr ds fy, ;g kklu vrur d Vizn vksj [kks[kyk djus okyk lkfcr gqvka blls vke vkneh =Lr gks mbk] Hkw[k] vdky] o xjhch us isj ilkj fy,a bls va/kk ;qx dgus es a vfr ;ksfdr ugha gksxha o kz 1900 rd yxhkx ipkl lky dh vof/k es 2 djksm yksx vdky ls eksr esa eqag esa pys x,a vhkko dh flfkfr esa vukt dk fu;kzr fd;k x;ka 1914 esa ;g 1901 ds eqdkcys 22 xq.kk vf/kd FkkA ao kz 1858 esa 30-8 yk[k iksam jde

160 dk vukt ckgj Hkstk x;k tcfd 1914 esa ;g yk[k iksam jde dk Fkk! bl ifjflfkfr ds tokc esa iatkc esa 1905&1907 dk ^ixmh lahkky têk* fdlku vkunksyu mbk ftldks ykyk yktir jk; ds lg;ksx ls ljnkj vthr flag tsls vkx mxyus okys usrk us LorU=rk vkunksyu ds lkfk xzkeh.k {ks= dks tksm+us esa igy dha jksgrd ds vklikl okys {ks= esa bl dke ds fy, ljnkj vthr flag us lka?kh fuoklh vius dqyfe= pks/kjh ekrw jke dks tksm+ka ;g cstksm+ fgeer o le> dk dke Fkk D;ksafd vaxzst kkld ml le; ;gka vk;z lekt dh dk;zøeksa a vksj ljnkj vthr flag dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls csgn lrdz FkkA mls yx jgk Fkk fd 1857 dh 50oha o kzxkab ij ;gka dqn [krjukd id jgk gs! Li V Fkk LorU=rk vkunksyu 1857 dh gkj ds ckotwn #dk ugha FkkA rc Hkh] bfrgkldkjksa o lekt kkfl=;ksa esa rhcz erhksn gs fd 1857 dks dsls le>k tk,a dksbz bls vaxzstksa ds crk;s vuqlkj ek= flikgh fonzksg fpf=r dg dj izluu gksrs gsa rks dqn bls Hkkjr dk igyk LorU=rk vkunksyu eku dj py jgs gs tcfd vusd bls tu&økafr dg dj iqdkjrs gsaa cgqr cqf)thfo bls vkt rd lkear,oa :f>oknh kfdr;ksa dh cxkor crk dj O;k[;k djrs gsaa vfkkzr rf;ksa dks vius&vius utfj;s ls ns[k dj viuh lqfo/kk ;k bpnk ds yk;d urhts is k dj jgs gsa rkfd Hkfo ; dk ud kk rs;kj dj lds a] Hkys blls bfrgkl dh mis{kk gksrh gsa,slk gh dqn vxys pj.kksa esa vkunksyu dks ysdj gqvk gsa 1857 es a opzlo cuk ysus ds ckn pys neudkjh vfhk;ku dh izfrfø;k gqbza vaxzst kklu ds vkrad ds tokc esa izfr&vkradoknh igy [km+h gqbza <kdk] fpvkaxkao] ykgksj] lgkjuiqj] dkuiqj] vkxjk] jksgrd ds vfrfjdr nf{k.kiwoz ds vusd {ks=ksa esa] tsls kka?kkbz] flaxkgiqj csxdkwd vkfn LFkkuksa ls ;g ymkbz pyha blds ckn],d vksj dkaxzsl dk xbu dj lqjf{kr jkg fudkyus dk iz;kl vkjehk gqvk rks nwljh vksj] :l dh lektoknh Økafr ls izhkkfor gks dj Økafrdkjh lksp dks ysdj ygj mbha ckn esa] dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 317 Lo;a dkxzsl ds vunj xez ny o uje ny cusa bu fofhkuu /kkjkvksa dks ysdj pys bl LorU=rk vkunksyu dks Jfed] fdlku o vu; rcdks a dk lefkzu FkkA eksgunkl dezpan xka/kh ds vkus ij vkunksyu ds j.kdks ky o j.kuhfr ds pfj= es a [kkl cnyko ns[kus dks feyrk gsa mlds ckn vlg;ksx o flfoy ukqjekuh tsls rksjrjhds lkeus vk,a vketu dks vkunksyu ls tksm+us dk u;k ekxz rs;kj gqvka fqj] Hkkjr NksM+ks vkunksyu esa yksxksa dk cnyk gqvk rsoj lkeus vk;ka bu lc ij ns k esa cgqr lkfgr; Nik gsa fdurq] dkj.k tks gksa dqn fnvds iz;klksa ds ckotwn] vusd /kkjkvksa dh larqfyr leh{kk dk vhkh Hkh vhkko gsa,d le; chr tkus ij iq[kks az us bruh dqckzuh nsdj tks la?k kz fd;k Fkk mldh le> dk u;h ih<h es a vhkko vc uqdlku nsus dh flfkfr esa igqap pqdk gsa blesa bl vkunksyu ij cqf)thfo {ks= esa iuih HkSaxh o frjnh le> izeq[k dkj.k gsa mriuu gq, bl vhkko ds pyrs Lo;a LorU=rk ds fufgr ewy; esa fxjkov dks ns[kk tk ldrk gsa blls ns k?kkvs es a jgus okyk gsa cpko ds fy, vko ;d gs fd xqykeh ds dky dh larqfyr leh{kk gks vksj mldh ihmk dks Bhd ls ;kn dks rktk djrs jg dj LorU=rkcks/k dh lgh le> [km+h gks] mlds uk;dksa dh nsu dks ij[kk tk, vksj u;h ih<h esa lkekftd nkf;rocks/k dh psruk isuh gksa vu;fkk] vkt ds [km+ s fcxmsy o fuñ V O;fDrokn ls tks gkfu gksxh mldh HkjikbZ vlehko gsa vkt dk tks gj;k.kk jkt; gs mlesa LorU=rk vkunksyu nks rjg ds {ks=ksa esa pyka,d tks {ks= lh/ks fczfv k kklu ds v/khu Fks] mudk,d Lo:i jgka fj;klrksa esa mldks iztk e.my ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gsa iztk e.my vkunksyu dh vko ;d Lrj dh leh{kk gksuh pkfg,a lkfk gh] ;gka vk;z lekt dh Hkwfedk dks fpfugr djus dh vko ;drk gsaa blh rjg efgyk txr] fdlku] Jfed o ;qokvks a dh Hkwfedk dks Bhd ls vkadk tkuk pkfg,a Hkkjr ds LorU=rk vkunksyu dh viuh fof k Vrk,a gs aa tfvyrk,a gsaa fczfv k kklu ds fo#) brus yecs pys vkunksyu ds Bksl dkj.kks a dks

161 fpfugr fd, tkus dk dke v/kwjk gsa blds ihns dksu vksj dslh vkffkzd flfkfr jgh ftlus vke yksxks a dks mcky ds Lrj rd ykus dk dke fd;k] bldh O;k[;k mhkjsa cgqyrkoknh ns k dks,d lw= esa cka/kus ds dksu vk/ kkj Fks fd,dtqv gks dj ns k vktknh ds fy, [km+k gqvka dgka xppk [kk;k] Li V c;ku gksa vhkh rd vkunksyu ij miyc/k lkfgr; vusd iz uksa dks Li V djus esa iwjh rjg l{ke ugha gsa ifj.kke Lo:i Nk=,oa f k{kd vusd igyqvksa ij xyr vo/kkj.kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij dke djus dh flfkfr esa im+rs gsaa vko ;drk gs fd ;g flfkfr cnysa vu;fkk] ns k cksf)d rksjij,d rjg ds cksusiu dh gkyr es a tk igqapsxk tcfd] mldh t:jr vkxs c<us dh gs rkfd og flfkfr izkir gks ftlds fy, iwoztksa us bruk tfvy la?k kz pyk;k FkkA vksifuosf kd uly ds vusd i{k vhkh ;gka izpyu esa gsa tks vkxs dh xfr esa vojks/kd dk dke dj jgs gsaa ;s fpfugr gks aapks/kjh j.kchj flag kks/kihb vius fu/kkzfjr y{; ds vuqlkj izfrc) gs fd LorU=rk vkunksyu ij jk Vªh; ifjis{; es a u;h n`f V ls lokzaxh.k ij[k gsrq fopkj eafku gks vksj lgh lcd fy, tk,a rkfd cgqewy; izkir LorU=rk dks v{kq..k j[kuk lehko gks vksj bls l kdr fd;k tk ldsa pks/kjh j.kchj flag 'kks/kihb egf kz n;kua an fo ofo ky;] jksgrd SYMPOSIUM BACKGROUND PAPER FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HARYANA March, 2011 While welcoming you all to the symposium I, on behalf of the CRS Chair, would like to give a brief account of the theme that is selected for this year s discussion. The subject of discussion has not been selected an easy course to fulfil any formal requirement. Rather, it is the outcome of a concrete understanding of the available situation of the times. You all know that India had its concrete conditions ripe and cogent reasons to rise in a movement against demeaning slavery at the hands of British colonial rule that set for its unusually prolonged trajectory in the country. Two experiences apparently worked as a background to shape its strategy and tactics of its own: it had to face the truth of a cruel and crafty state structure new to India as an instrument of terror that was in place for one and the other event that apparently influenced its rising leadership was the November Revolution of 1917 in Russia, with vast implications to its aspirations and the course of struggle for liberation. To recount: Indian sub-continent tasted slavery for a long period in its history at the hands of a desperate trader with a new set of values and a state structure totally foreign to the ethos of this country and paid an unprecedented price in consequence that is becoming still difficult to make up. In world history, there are many lands and many nationalities for which slavery became dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 319

162 curse. Red Indians and Negroes in America had their own share. Out of these two Red Indians are a forgotten lot by now for what they suffered and how it made America modern. The American crusader in Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed (1885): Don t go so far as to think that the only good Indians (Red) are dead Indians, but I believe nine out of ten are, and I shouldn t inquire too closely into the case of the tenth. The most vicious cowboy has more moral principle than the average Indian. He made it clear in the Winning of the West that any excuse would suffice. If the Indians were nomadic, they didn t own the land. If they were settled, they didn t deserve the land. If they signed the treaties giving them legal ownership, the US had the right to abrogate the treaties whenever circumstances change!! Indian sub-continent, however, had to pass through a bit different variety. Long period of slavery here was no less unbearable as the vanquished Red Indians in America had to with a similar logic of the jackal; rather in certain respects it was, characteristically a more devastating but sophisticated experience. This sub-continent escaped genocide that the Red Indians had to face; under colonial rule the very Indian ethos was sapped out systematically to make it a different nation with an alien identity, borrowed culture and values of a renegade but charming variety dished out as something modern and liberating! Indians here were not hunted as Red Indians in America had the fate; they were allowed to live as the hard working labour to British advantage! After the victory in Battle of Plassey on 23 rd. June, 1757, the East India Company consolidated its grip on the sub-continent for colonial possession and employed means all fair and foul to keep its bastion to the last in its quest for imperial interests. For this, soon they earned a chain of revolts here and there. However, these new masters faced a serious pan-indian challenge from the people in the revolt of 1857 that ultimately paved way for a direct crown rule by Britain in order to keep afloat its imperial pursuit. This war against colonial rule in 1857, in effect, gave a national perspective to the natives in defeat for a future victory. It is history. Facts are incontrovertible. But, there are serious differences on its characterisation that persist till today. A daunting challenge for historians and social workers alike. Britain did everything possible to keep this sub-continent as a jewel in possession; it terrorised India to the bone and at the same time took extra-ordinary pains to subvert its ethos simultaneously in order to pervert the spirit of right and wrong. It bled this country white so that Britain could attain commanding heights as a supreme power in the world arena and retain it as long as possible with ease. It laboriously chiselled a new tool in education system with a definite colonial objective to fulfil. The victims, however, were not to remain docile for ever. Soon after the defeat in 1857 and despite the terrifying grip of the state that came in existence thereafter, revolts at one place or the other continued. The Deccan peasant uprisings of 1875 had alarmed the colonialists alike. The urge for freedom started asserting again and again with varying degree of force. It is also history. There were coherent reasons for Indians to fight against this British rule. The crown rule proved no less ruthless in draining out resources from this country; rather the pace doubled up resulting in unprecedented famines where nearly 20 million people died during a span of 50 years till around 1900 alone. The export dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 321

163 of food grains rose from starving India. In 1914 the increase was twenty two times over It was worth 3.8 million sterling pounds in 1858, 7.9 million in 1877, 9.3 million in 1901 and 19.3 million sterling pounds by To face this increasing onslaught, Pagri Sambhal Jatta movement in Punjab between , led by the fiery Sardar Ajit Singh and Lala Lajpat Rai is remarkable for its tone and tenor to rouse the peasantry out of stooping slumber and stand by the resurgent freedom movement. Sardar Ajit Singh found in Chaudhry Matu Ram of Sanghi a ready soldier when he visited his family friend and toured some villages around Rohtak for taking the message to rural belt in Haryana region. It was a job of remarkable dexterity and grit on his part when British rulers were extra apprehensive of Arya Samaj over its activities and those of the Sardar. They felt that something is brewing up the sleeves of Indians by the 50 th. Anniversary of As is evident, the freedom movement that manifested in 1857 did not stop at its defeat, neither there seems to a break of any substantial character. But, there are sharp differences among historians and social scientists as how to read the revolt in Problem is, to what extant one remains objective, while reading the facts? There is a catch: differences do crop in evaluation simply due to variation in perceptions or because of preconceived notions one labours with, despite the claim of objectivity. Britishers were happy to term the revolt in 1857 as a mere sepoy mutiny, while some depict it as a revolt of conservative and feudal forces to serve their own agendas. A third stream describes it as Jan Kranti. Marx said it was the First War of Independence, despite the fact that none talked about any second war in this chain and relevance of the first loses existence in the absence of a second. Problem is, where then rests the truth? Similar is the situation about the movement in its later phases that encompassed mainly three streams. Each has its own history of emergence with specific conditions. In response to the state oppression let loose after 1857, terrorists movement started taking shape operating underground from various centres in the country as well as in various south East Asian countries as also from Shanghai in China, to terrorise the Britishers for their crime against Indians. A bit later, the Indian National Congress came on the scene as a safety valve to channelise the serious mass discontentment that arose due to the economic distress out of colonial policies. Thereafter, a revolutionary stream came up with specific ideological backup, largely supported by the organised labour and peasant struggles. With the arrival of Gandhi on the scene, there was a perceptible change in the strategic struggles and tactical forms of movement. Non-cooperation and individual satyagrah as forms of mass mobilisation were utilised by the Congress, while Quit India movement took the struggle to new heights. Much literature is published on these phases. Nevertheless, the role of each stream is ill-defined and less appreciated in a cohesive form till date for their contribution to the cause, except the patchy work here and there. With the passage of time and armed only with patchy references about the struggle our forefathers went through, the new generation stands bereft of those values and mores that had shaped the character of the country by that generation of warriors, largely due to skewed learning of our own history of freedom movement. With the deficit at hand, the value of freedom itself is facing eminent danger of loosing substance. In this sense, the country is at a crossroad. A tragedy is waiting to happen. To avert dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 323

164 it, it is imperative that the agony of slavery is duly analysed and the values that challenged it be properly appreciated to make the young imbibe a culture of social obligation, coming clean of crass individualism that may not ultimately benefit even its victims. The freedom movement in the areas that constitute the state of Haryana today had two variants; the first is the freedom movement proper fighting directly against the British rule and the Praja Mandal movement in those areas that had formed part of princely states during that period. Much less is known about this part of the movement. It is important to evaluate the Praja Mandal movement properly. Similarly, the role of Arya Samaj has to be objectively analysed and well appreciated along with other sections of society like women, youth and peasants in this region. Indian freedom movement has its own peculiarities that go to make it a complex affair. The concrete conditions and reasons that made the overthrow of colonial regime essential are to be fixed for reference. The political economy that gave rise to this movement has to be probed and what made India of the time with its national ethos to be explained. The phenomenon of unity in diversity with its divergent streams and their respective roles will have to be marked for better understanding of each so that a harmonious picture emerges to answer the query. Naturally, the personalities that made the movement take roots will provide the backdrop of the theme. So far, texts available do little to clarify these various aspects of the movement. In consequence, teachers and students also labour on faulty premises drawing, wittingly or unwittingly, conclusions which hardly do justice to the task. It is time that serious efforts are made to remedy the situation, lest the nation is led to dwarf-ness of its own make, while the country is in need of change for a better future that our forefathers fought for. Many facets of colonial make still hamper the onward march of the country. That needs to be over-hauled for an egalitarian future. We, in the Chaudhry Ranbir Singh Chair, actuated by its mandate for a better India do feel that a clean look be given to our freedom movement in its entirety to draw appropriate lessons so that Independence gained from colonial bondage could be safeguarded and consolidated. This symposium is the initial step that intends to start probing the issue afresh and without blinkers. Chaudhry Ranbir Singh Chair/Peeth MD University, Rohtak dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 325

165 [k.m&11 ;knksa dk >jks[kk Lojkt 327

166 jk"vªfirk egkrek xk /kh usrk th lqhkk"kpunz cksl ljnkj Hkxr flag Lokeh n;kuan ljlorh Lojkt 329 pks/kjh ekrwjke pks/kjh j.kchj flag

167 cgknqj'kkg tqj dh fxj rkjh 1857 % Økafrdkfj;ksa dks Qkalh nsrs gq, fczfv'k gkfde fnyyh ds pk nuh pksad esa jktk ukgj flag o >Ttj uokc dks Qkalh nsrs gq, 1857 % Økafrdkfj;ksa dks lkeqfgd :i esa Qkalh ij yvdkus dk n`'; Økafrdkfj;ksa dks rksi ls mm+krs gq, 1857 % Økafrdkfj;ksa dks o`{k ij lkewfgd :i ls Qkalh nsus dk n`'; dfkk Lojkt dfkk@ 331

168 nk.mh esa ued dkuwu rksm+rs gq, egkrek xka/kh ¼o"kZ 1930½ ued dkuwu rksm+rs gq, dkaxszlh dk;zdrk fglkj esa ¼o"kZ 1930½ Lora=rk izkfir ds mijkar QSys lkeiznkf;d naxks dks jksdus ds fy, gqbz lhkk esa egkrek xka/kh o vu; dfkk

169