(NIOS GURU)

Transcription

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2 lqyrk dh xkj.vh jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk lalfkku izkjafhkd f'k{kk esa fmiyksek ¼Mh-,y-,M-½ Hkkjr esa izkfkfed f'k{kk,d lkekftd&lkald`frd ifjiz s{; vt; vuqjkxh M.A. ¼bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] vaxzsth½]m.ed., M.Phil izodrk&,l-ih-vkbz- b.vj dkwyst]>k lh Mk;jsDVj,oa izca/kd& >k lh d`f"k,oa i'kqikyu izf'k{k.k lalfkku ¼m-iz-½ &ys[ku& (1) Jherh xhrk nsoh M.Sc., M.A., B.Ed.

3 fo ks k ekxzn kzu& MkW- csdq.b ukjk;.k f=osnh ¼Ph.D., B.ed.½ iwoz izkpk;z dsuæh; fo ky; laxbu lg;ksx Jh y{ehukjk;.k fejk leuo;d&,u-vkbz-vks-,l- ¼v/;;u dsuæ½ :i lttk& vkdk k oekz f kokuh JhokLro vfhkthr dqekj vkuan eqæd& jkt,.m deiuh izsl >k lh ¼m-iz-½ eksck-& jft-vkwfql,u-vkbz-vks-,l-qsflfyvs ku lsuvj 1182] ckcwyky dkj[kkuk Xokfy;j jksm] flfoy ykbzu >k lh ¼m-iz-½ csclkbv& bzesy& niosjhansi@gmail.com OgkVli uecj& C * * izdk kd bl izdk ku dks vfkok blds fdlh va k dks fcuk izdk kd dh fyf[kr vuqefr ds] fdlh Hkh :i&qksvksxzkqh] fo qr&xzkfqd] ;kfu=dh vfkok vu; :i esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds mi;ksx ds fy,] ugha Nkik tk ldrk gsa bl iqlrd dks izdkf kr djus esa izdk kd }kjk iw.kz lko/kkuh cjrh x;h gs] fqj Hkh fdlh =qfv ds fy, izdk kd fteesnkj ugha gksxka * (2) fdlh Hkh ifjokn ds fy, U;kf;d {ks= fnyyh gh gksxka

4 f k{kd lkffk;ksa dks lknj iz.kke] fmiyksek bu,fyesavjh,twds ku (D.El.Ed) dsuæ ljdkj }kjk ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; ds jk Vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f k{kk lalfkku }kjk vk;ksftr,oa dk;zøe gs] tks ns k ds fofhkuu jkt;ksa ds mpp izkfkfed fo ky;ksa esa dke djus okys vizf kf{kr f k{kdksa ds fy;s fo ks k :i ls fodflr fd;k x;k gsa NCF 2005, RTE 2009 vksj NCFTE 2010 dks /;ku es a j[krs gq;s] bl dk;zøe dk y{;] vizf kf{kr lsokjr f k{kdksa dks v/;kiu gsrq vf/kd n{k cukuk gsa ;g dkslz jk Vªh; v/;kid f k{kk ifj kn (NCTE) ls eku;rk izkir gs] ftldk xtv uksfvfqds ku Hkkjr ljdkj ds xtv ikvz&iii] lsdlu (IV) fnukad 22 fnlecj&2017 dks izdkf kr fd;k x;k FkkA ftldh izfr bl iqlrd ds lkfk layxu gsa f k{kd lkffk;ksa ;g iqlrd NIOS }kjk vk;ksftr D.El.Ed. dh ewy ikb~;øe dks lekfgr djrs gq;s iz u i= ds isvuz ij rs;kj dh x;h gsa esjh vk kk vksj kqhkdkeuk;sa gs fd vki blds v/;;u ls vo ; lqyrk izkir djsaxs] lkfk gh ;g iqlrd vkidks TET ijh{kk mùkh.kz djus esa Hkh lgk;d fl) gksxha vkidk viuk vt; vuqjkxh (3)

5 vuqøef.kdk I lseiy isij 4-5 bdkbz - I Hkkjrh; f k{kk iz.kkyh&i 6-12 bdkbz - II Hkkjrh; f k{kk iz.kkyh&ii bdkbz - III f k{kk%,d eksfyd vf/kdkj bdkbz - IV izkjfehkd f k{kk ds lkfozdhdj.k dh laxbukred lajpuk bdkbz - V izkjfehkd f k{kk ds lkfozdhdj.k ds fy;s O;wgjpuk, bdkbz - VI izkjfehkd f k{kk ds lkfozdhdj.k laca/kh dk;zuhfr;k bdkbz - VII lkfozd izkjafhkd f k{kk dk vk;kstu rfkk izca/ku bdkbz - VIII izkjafhkd f k{kk ds fy, v/;kid rs;kj djuk bdkbz - IX lqfo/kk oafpr fo kffkz;ksa dh la[;k bdkbz - X izkjafhkd f k{kk esa vurjjk Vªh; ifjn` ;

6 Max. Marks:70 Programme: D.El.Ed. Programme Course Code 501-Elementary Education in India : A socio-cultural perspective Duration: 3 Hrs Section A There are 10 multiple choice questions in this section. All are compulsory Multiple Choice Questions : 2x10 = The policy of the Down ward filtration theory was prepared by A. Wood s despatch B. Lord Macaulay C. Hunder Commission D. Sadler Commission 2. The Government of India established National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) in the year A B C D Which article of the constitution includes 10 fundamental duties of citizens? A. Article 45 B. Article 21 C. Article 51A D. Article 21A 4. Elementary Education in India is A. From class I to class X B. From class I to class V C. From class I to class VIII D. From class V to class VIII 5. Universalisation of Elementary Education with free and compulsory education was proposed in A. NEP 1986 and the plan of Action 1992 B. SSA and Knowledge Commission C. Knowledge Commission and the Plan of Action 1992 D. Kothari Commission and NEP Bridge School model was adopted for A. Special Children B. Rural Children C. Urban Children D. Out of the School Children (4)

7 7. Full name of the DPEP is A. Direct Programme for Education Planning B. District Primary Education Programme C. Distance Programme for Education and Planning D. District Planning for Education Programme 8. Participants of Jomitien Conference re affirmed the right of: A. Gender Equality B. Education of Adult C. Every Citizen D. Education HIV/AIDS affected children 9. E-9 counties means A. Electronic countries B. Economical advance countries C. High population countries D. Economical backward countries 10. Right to free and compulsory Education for all children in the age group 6-14 years has given the Article A. 24 of the Indian Constitution B. 15 of the Indian Constitution C. 26 of the Indian Constitution D. 21A of the Indian Constitution Section-B Write any six of the following in about 150 words each. 6x5 = Write down the objectives of SSA 12. State the reasons for non-achievement of goals of UEE 13. State the major thrust areas for shaping the visions of Jomtien Conference. 14. What are the steps for involving community in micro planning process. 15. State the rights of the child as declared by the United Nations. 16. State the roles and responsibilities of BRCs and CRCs in developing elementary education. 17. Why is reflective teaching important in elementary education. 18. Why is inclusive education important at elementary education level. 19. Write down the salient features of operation blackboard of UEE as stated in NPE State the main features of basic education as given in Wardha scheme of Section C Write any two of the followings in about 500 words each : 2?10= Analyse the state of education of minority children in your state. 22. Write down the impact of DPEP an elementary education in your state. 23. Which of the quality of the ancient Guru you would like to practice as a professional teacher Give three reasons and explain them. 24. What are the advantages of inclusive education and discuss what steps have been taken up by your state in this regard. Scoring Key : 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. C 10. D (5)

8 1&çkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk/kkfjr gs\ ¼A½ nsfud thou ¼B½ vk/;kfredrk ¼C½ O;kolkf;d ¼D½ lkekftdrk 2&HkrZgfj ds uhfr krd ds vuqlkj f k{kk\ ¼A½ ds fcuk euq ; e`r gsa ¼B½ ds fcuk euq ; egku gs ¼C½ ds fcuk euq ; i kq leku gsa ¼D½ mijksdr es ls dksbz ugh 3&fuEu es ls dksu lk Hkkjrh; f k{kk dk mnns ; gs\ ¼A½ muur thou ds fy, Lo;a dks izf kf{kr djuk A ¼B½ lalñfr dk laj{k.k,oa izlkj.k ¼C½ drkzo;ks dk fuokzg djuk ¼D½ mijksdr lhkh 4&izkphu Hkkjrh; f k{kk dk kqhkkjahk gksrk Fkk\ ¼A½ eqamu laldkj ls ¼B½ miu;u laldkj ls ¼C½ tuså laldkj ls ¼D½ mijksdr es ls dksbz ugh ¼5½&izkphu Hkkjrh; f k{kk dk vf/kdkj dsoy\ ¼A½ ym+dks dks Fkk ¼B½ ym+fd;ks dks Fkk ¼C½ efgykvks dks Fkk ¼D½ nksuks ym+dks,oa ym+fd;ks dks leku :i ls FkkA ¼6½&f k{kk ifjorzu ykrh gs\ ¼A½ eqfdr fnykus es ¼B½ O;fDr,oa lekt ds fofhké :i es ¼C½ fou; khy cukus es ¼D½ mijksdr lhkh ¼7½&izkphu Hkkjrh; f k{kk es Kku dks vxyh ihf<+;ks dks LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkrk Fkk\ a ¼A½ ys[ku }kjk ¼B½ eqnª.k }kjk ¼C½ fizafvx }kjk ¼D½ Le`fr }kjk 8&izkphu Hkkjrh; f k{kk Fkh\ ¼A½ xq: dsfunªr ¼B½ cky dsfunªr ¼C½ fo"k; dsfuær ¼D½ mijksä es ls dksbz ugha mùkj& bdkbz -I Hkkjrh; f k{kk iz.kkyh&i cgqfodyih; ç'u%& 9&ykMZ esdkys us viuk fooj.k i= ¼eseksjSaMe½ dc rs;kj dj izlkfjr fd;k \ ¼A½ tuojh 1835 ¼B½ flrecj 1837 ¼C½ Qjojh 1835 ¼D½ tuojh &egkRek xkw/kh us dc vksj dgkw cqfu;knh f k{kk dk izlrko j[kk Fkk \ ¼A½ o/kkz 1932 ¼B½ o/kkz 1937 ¼C½ vgenkckn 1932 ¼D½ vgenkckn &v/kksxkeh fu%linu fl}kur ¼MkmuokMZ fqyvsª ku F;ksjh½ fdlus kklu dky esa ykxw dh x;h \ ¼A½ ykmz esdkys ¼B½ okjsu gsflvaxl ¼C½ ykmz fcfy;e csafvd ¼D½ ykmz dsfuax 12&f k{kk dk esxukdkvkz fdls dgk tkrk gs \ ¼A½ gavj deh ku ¼B½ esdkys dk fooj.k i= ¼C½ lsmyj vk;ksx ¼D½ oqml fmlisp 13&gaVj deh ku dh LFkkiuk dc,oa fdlds }kjk dh x;h\ ¼A½ 1854&oqMl ¼B½ 1882&ykMZ fjiu ¼C½ 1902&ykMZ dtzu ¼D½ 1917&lSMyj 14&cksMZ vkwq lsdsumjh,am bavjehfm,v,twds ku dh vuq kalk fdl vk;ksx }kjk dh x;h \ ¼A½ gavj deh ku ¼B½ lsmyj vk;ksx ¼C½ gkvzax lfefr ¼D½ li+: lfefr 15&fuEu esa ls lfefr ds xbu ds vuqlkj lgh dks bafxr dhft;s \ ¼A½ lsmyj vk;ksx 1901 ¼B½ oqm,ov fjiksvz 1930 ¼C½ gkvzx lfefr 1928 ¼D½ li: lfefr &tkfdj gqlsu us csfld f k{kk ij viuh fjiksvz dc izlrqr dh \ ¼A½ 2 fnlecj&1937 ¼B½ 2 tuojh&1937 ¼C½2 flrecj&1937 ¼D½ 2 vdvwcj& &ckS} dkyhu f k{kk es f k{kk iznku dh tkrh Fkh\ ¼A½ efunjks es ¼B½ ebks es ¼C½ eafnj,oa ebks esa ¼C½ bues dksbz ugh 1-(B), 2-(C), 3-(D) 4-(B), 5-(D), 6-(D), 7-(D), 8-(A), 9-(A), 10-(B), 11-(C), 12-(D), 13-(B), 14-(B), 15-(D), 16-(A), 17-(C) (6)

9 ç'u%&1& çkphu dky esa fo kffkz;ksa dk ewy;kadu dsls gksrk Fkk \ mùkj%& ewy;kadu lrr~ rfkk O;kid :i ls gksrk Fkk ftls xq: lapkfyr djrk FkkA vksipkfjd :i ls dksbz ijh{kk ugha gksrh Fkh] dksbz fmxzh ;k lfvzfqdsv ugha fn;s tkrs Fks dsoy nh{kkar lekjksg ds le; xq: ;g?kks"k.kk djrk Fkk fd veqd fo kfkhz us vuqc) v/;;u dh iwfrz ds i'pkr~ Lukrd dh mikf/k çkir dj yh gsa xq: ml vgzrk çkir fo kfkhz dks,d fo}r eamyh ds leeq[k çlrqr djrk FkkA tks mlls ç'u iwn ldrs FksA vfkok fo kfkhz dks okn&&fookn ds fy, dgk tkrk Fkk rkfd og viuh ;ksx;rk fl) dj ldsa bles a çkir lqyrk ds i'pkr fo kfkhz fo"k; fo'ks"k esa vius ikafmr; ds fy, tkuk tkrk FkkA ç'u%&2& cqm~l fmlisp dh nks eq[; vuq'kalk, dksu lh Fkh \ mùkj%& (i) ns'k Hkj esa Js.kh r fo ky;ksa çkjfehkd Ldwy] gkbzldwy] bavjehfm,v] dkyst rfkk fo'ofo ky;ksa dk usvodz LFkkfir djuka (ii) fo ky;ksa dks foùkh; lgk;rk nsus ds fy;s xzkav&bu&,m ¼lgk;d vuqnku½ ç.kkyh ykxw djuk A ç'u%&3&vktknh ds ckn mpp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa lcls Økafrdkjh dne] jk/kk ".ku vk;ksx dh O;k[;k djs aa mùkj%&jk/kk ".ku vk;ksx oklro es a fo'ofo ky; vk;ksx FkkA ftldk xbu Hkkjr ljdkj us 1948 esa M -,l jk/kk ".ku dh v/;{krk es a fd;k Fkk] rfkk ftldk eq[; ljksdkj fo'ofo ky;h f'k{kk dh lel;kvksa ij fopkj djuk FkkA ;g blfy, fd;k x;k D;ksafd Lora= Hkkjr dks jk"vªh; fodkl ds fy, fofhkuu {ks=ks a esa ;qok usr`ro dh vko';drk Fkh vksj ;g visf{kr Fkk fd ;g usr`ro f'kf{kr uo;qodksa ls çkir gksxka jk/kk ".ku vk;ksx us fo'ofo ky; f'k{kk rfkk 'kks/k ds y{;ksa vksj mís';ksa dh izkfir gsrq ;g Hkh vis{kk Fkh fd] çf'k{k.k egkfo ky; f'k{k.k 'kkl= ds çr;sd egroiw.kz i{kksa ij 'kks?k dk;z Hkh djsaxsa vksj blds fy, çr;sd egkfo ky; ds lkfk,d çk;ksfxd fo ky; tksm+k tk,xka vk;ksx us vkoklh; lqfo/kkvks a lfgr fu%'kqyd çf'k{k.k dh tcjnlr flqkfj'k dha bu vuq'kalkvksa ds v/;kid çf'k{k.k] fo'ks"kdj lsokjr v/;kidksa ds fy, nwjxkeh fgrdkjh çhkko im+sa ç'u%&4& izkphu dky esa f k{kk ds lecu/k esa D;k /kkj.kk Fkh \ mùkj%& lehkor% izkphudky es a f k{kk dks LomRFkku dh,d izfø;k le>k tkrk Fkk tks tue ls e`r;q i;zur pyrh jgrh FkhA izkfkfed volfkk es a ;g thou thus vksj nsfud fø;kdyki laikfnr djus dh f k{kk FkhA blfy;s bls vksipkfjd f k{kk dh,d vyx volfkk ugha ekuk x;ka ;g thou dh,d rs;kjh FkhA ç'u%&5& M - tkfdj gqlsu lfefr ij fvii.kh djsa \ y?kq mùkjh; ç'u%& mùkj%& egkrek xk /kh }kjk lq>k;k x;k ;g çlrko ikfjr fd;k x;k fd jk"vªh; Lrj ij lhkh cppksa dks 7 o"kz rd fu%'kqyd rfkk vfuok;z f'k{kk ekr`hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls nh tk, ftlesa 'ksf{kd çfø;k gkfk ls fd, tkus okys mriknd dk;z ds bnz&fxnz dsfuær gksa M - tkfdj gqlsu dh v/;{krk esa,d lfefr dk xbu fd;k x;ka bl lfefr us viuh çfke O;kid jk"vªh; f'k{kk LØhe rs;kj dj bldh fjiksvz 2 fnlecj] 1937 dks çlrqr dha bl (7)

10 Ldhe dks ok/kkz Ldhe ;k csfld f'k{kk ds uke ls tkuk x;ka bl lfefr ds eq[; y{k.k fuuufyf[kr Fks& ¼i½ laiw.kz f'k{kk fdlh csfld Øk V ¼f'kYi½ ds lkfk fdlh m ksx vfkok O;olk; dks f'k{kk dk dsuæ ekurs gq, nh tk,a ¼ii½ bldk vk'k; lkeku; f'k{kk ds lkfk fdlh f'kyi dyk dk v/;kiu ugha gks vfirq f'k{kk dks fdlh csfld f'kyidyk ls lesfdr djrs gq, i<+k;k tk;sa ¼iii½ bls dk;z&vk/kkfjr f'k{kk Hkh dgrs gsa ç'u%6&v ksxkeh fulianu MkmuokMZ fqyvªs ku F;ksjh D;k gs\ mùkj%& fczfv'k ljdkj us ^v ksxkeh fulianu fl)kur dks viuk;k ftlds ek/;e ls dsoy mpp,oa e/;e oxz ds FkksM+ s ls yksxks dks f'kf{kr djus ij [kpz fd;k x;k,oa bu yksxks ls vk'kk fd x;h dh ;s vu; yksxks dks f'kf{kr djsxsa vksj muds chp vk/kqfud fopkjks dk çlkj djsxsaa Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk çlkj vksipkfjd ek=k es a Fkk rfkk ljdj dh ;kstuk mpp,o e/;e oxz ds yksxks dks f'kf{kr dj,slk rcds dks rs;kj djus dk Fkk tks jä,oe~ jax ls Hkkjrh; gks fdurq vkpkj fopkj,oe~ çofùk ls vaxzst gksa ç'u%7&çkphudkyhu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk :ikurj.k vk/kqfud dky esa dsls gqvk \ mùkj%&osfnd dky dh lekfir rfkk e/;dky ds nksjku] fe'kujh rfkk cgqr lkjs /kkfezd lewg Hkkjrh; turk ds fy;s dqn ewyhkwr f'k{kk Hkkjr esa yk, FksA blesa fxjtk?kjksa esa vxzs ath ds ek/;e ls] ns'kh; eafnjksa esa lal r ds ek/ ;e ls] rfkk enjlksa esa Qkjlh rfkk vjch ds ek/;e ls ;g f'k{kk nh tkus yxh] ftlls dqn cppksa dh 'ksf{kd vko';drksa dh iwfrz ledkyhu jktkvksa vksj /kukmî O;fä;ksa ds nku ls iwjh gksus yxh tc rd fd bzlv bafm;k deiuh dh LFkkiuk ugha gwbz vksj fczfv'k laln lfeefyr muuhloha 'krkcnh ls gqvka Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa f'k{kk dh jkt; ç.kkyh dh LFkkiuk,d pkvzj vf/kfu;e ds }kjk vksipkfjd :i ls gqbza bzlv bafm;k deiuh ds pkvzj ¼?kks"k.kki=½ dk uohuhdj.k fczfv'k laln ds }kjk çr;sd chl c"kz ds i'pkr~ gksrk FkkA tc lu~ 1813 es a uohuhdj.k ds fy, pkvzj yk;k x;k] fczfv'k laln us bzlv bafm;k deiuh dks ;g vkns'k fn;k fd og çr;sd o"kz lkfgr; ds iquthou] Hkkjr ds ns'kh fo}kuksa ds çksrlkgu rfkk fczfv'k {ks=ks a ds okfl;ksa ds fokku ds Kku ds lalfkkiu rfkk muu;u ds fy, vyx ls,d yk[k :i;s dh /kujkf'k dk çko/kku djs ;k fu/kkzfjr djsaa bl çdkj ;g çfke ckj gqvk fd egkjkuh crkzfu;k ds }kjk f'k{kk ds fy, ljdkjh :i ls foùkh; O;oLFkk dh xbz vksj ns'kh ukxfjdksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, bzlv bafm;k deiuh dks nkf;ro lksaik x;ka ç'u%&8 çkp; ik'pkr; fookn fdls dgrs gs \ mùkj%& 1813 ds pkvzj dh /kkjk 43 ds }kjk lkfgr; ds iqu:)kj ds fy;s Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa ds çksrlkfgr djus ds fy;s fczfv'k laln }kjk bzlv bf.m;k deiuh dks 1 yk[k :i;s dh /kujkf'k O;; djus dk çko/kku fd;k x;ka blds }kjk Hkkjr es a vaxz sth f'k{kk dk lw=ikr gqvka /kkjk 43 es a of.kzr 1 yk[k :i;s dh /kujkf'k fdl çdkj f'k{kk ij O;; dh tk;s] bl ckr ij deiuh ds vf/kdkfj;ksa esa fookn mriuu gqvk] ftls çkp; ik'pkr; fookn dgrs (8)

11 a gsa çkp;oknh ny es a deiuh ds iqjkus vksj vuqhkoh dezpkjh FksAftles a okjsu]gsflvax]tkusfku]madu vksj fçulsi]ftugksus ^dydùkk enjlk* vksj cukjl lal r dkyst [kksyk FkkA çkr;oknh ny ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa dks vjch] Qkjlh] vksj lal r ij vk/kkfjr f'k{kk çnku djds mugs a fofhkuu /keksaz vksj tkfr;ksa esa fohkkftr j[kuk pkgrs FksA tcfd ik'pkr;oknh ny esa daiuh ds uo;qod dezpkjh vksj fe'kujh Fks] muds vuqlkj Hkkjrh;ksa dks vaxzsth ds ek/;e ls ik'pkr; Kku vksj fokku ls voxr djk;k tkuk pkfg;sa ç'u%&9 esdkys us vius fooj.k i= esa 1813 ds vkkk i= dh /kkjk 43 dh O;k[;k fdl çdkj dha mùkj%& çkp;&ik'pkr fookn 1834 rd pyrk jgk vur es a tuojh 1835 Hkkjr ds rrdkyhu xouzj tujy ykmz fcfy;e osafvd us ykmz Vh-oh- esdkys dks 1813 ds vkkk i= dh /kkjk 43 esa vafdr,d yk[k :i;s dh /kujkf'k dks O;; djus dh fof/k rfkk vu; fooknxzlr fo"k;ksa ds lecu/k esa dkuwuh lykg nsus dk vuqjks/k fd;ka esdkys us lozçfke vkkki= dh mä /kkjk vksj nksuks nyksa ds rdks az dk lw{e v/;;u fd;k rfkk viuh lykg dks fooj.k i= esa ys[kc) djds 2 Qjojh 1835 dks ykmz fofy;e csafvd ds ikl Hkst fn;ka esdkys us vius fooj.k i= esa 1813 ds vkkki= dh /kkjk 43 dh O;k[;k bl çdkj ls dh gsa ¼i½,d yk[k :i;s dh /kujkf'k dk O;; djus ds ;s ljdkj ij dksbz çfrcu/k ugh gs og bl /kujkf'k dks viuh bpnkuqlkj fdlh çdkj Hkh O;; dj ldrh gsa ¼ii½ lkfgr; 'kcn ds vurxzr dsoy fgunh vksj lal r lkfgr; gh ugha] vfirq vaxzsth lkfgr; Hkh lfeefyr fd;k tk ldrk gsa ¼iii½ Hkkjrh; fo}ku& eqlyeku] eksyoh],oa lal r ds if.mr ds vykok vaxz sth Hkk"kk vksj lkfgr; dk fo}ku Hkh gks ldrk gsa esdkys us vius fooj.k i= esa çkp; f'k{kk dk [kamu dj vaxzsth ek/;e }kjk ik'pkr; Kku vksj fokku dh f'k{kk dks lefkzu fd;k gsa ç'u%&1& o/kkz Ldhe D;k gs\ nh?kz mùkjh; ç'u%& mùkj%& egkrek xka/kh dh Hkkjr dks tks nsu gs mlesa cqfu;knh f'k{kk vr;ar egroiw.kz,oa cgqewy; gsa bls o/kkz ;kstuk] u;h rkyhe] cqfu;knh rkyhe rfkk csfld f'k{kk ds ukeks a ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gsa xka/khth us 23 vdvwcj 1937 dks u;h rkyhe dh ;kstuk cuk;h ftls jk"vªo;kih O;kogkfjd :i fn;k tkuk FkkA muds 'ksf{kd fopkj f'k{kk'kkfl=;ksa ds rrdkyhu fopkjks a ls esy ugha [kkrs] blfy;s çkjehk esa muds fopkjksa dk fojks/k gqvka xka/khth us dgk Fkk fd u;h rkyhe dk fopkj Hkkjr ds fy, mudk vfure,oa lozjs"b ;ksxnku gsa xka/khth ds thuo&i;zur pys lr; ds vuos"k.k,oa jk"vª ds fuekz.k gsrq lfø; ç;ksxksa ds ek/;e ls yecs le; rd fopkjksa ds xgu eafku ds ifj.kkelo:i u;h rkyhe dk n'kzu,oa çfø;k dk çknqhkkzo gqvk tks dsoy Hkkjro"kZ gh ugha] vfirq leiw.kz ekuo lekt dks,d u;h fn'kk nsus esa l{ke FkkA ijurq nqhkkzx;o'k bl loks ZÙke dy;k.kdkjh f'k{kk&ç.kkyh (9)

12 dk jk"vªh; Lrj ij Hkh leqfpr ç;ksx ugha gks ik;k ftlds QyLo:i vktrd ;g ns'k xka/khth ds liuks a ds vuq:i lkfkzd vksj lgh Lojkt çkir djus esa vlefkz jgka cfyd blds foijhr vkt rks vkye ;g gs fd 'ks{kf.kd] lkekftd,oa vkffkzd f"v ls Hkkjr iqu% ik'pkr; lkezkt;okn ds v/khu fujurj ljdrk pyk tk jgk gsa vkt Hkkjr dh vf/kdka'k f'k{kk&o;olfkk jkt;kfjr vfkok iwathifr;ksa ij vkfjr gsa vf/kdka'k jkt;kfjr f'k{k.k&lalfkk, lalk/ ku,oa vuq'kklu ds vhkko esa fuf"ø; gsaa blfy, xq.koùkk ls ;qä f'k{kk nsus esa vlefkz gsaa blh çdkj iwthifr;ksa ij vkfjr lhkh f'k{k.k&lalfkk,a O;kolkf;d :i esa lfø; gs a] tks xjhcksa dh igqap ls ckgj gs aa muesa flqz leiuu yksxksa ds cpps gh i<+ ldrs gsaa Hkkjr dh Lok/khurk ds ˆå ls vf/kd o"kz chrus ds i'pkr~ Hkh,sls cppksa dh la[;k dkqh vf/kd gs] ftugksaus fo ky; ds }kj rd ugha ns[ks gsaa tks fo ky; tkus dk lkefkz~; j[krs gs a] mugsa y MZ esdkys dh ijeijk ls pyh vk jgh vaxzsth f'k{kk ds vfrfjä dqn Hkh çkir ugha gksrka dqy feykdj muesa Hkkjrh; eksfyd f'k{kk dks xzg.k djusokys 'kk;n gh dksbz feysa ;g ckr ugha fd Hkkjrh; f'k{kk nsusokyksa dk vhkko gsa lhkh vfhkhkkodksa esa ;g bpnk'kfä,oa lkgl ugha gs fd vius cppksa dks ljdkjksa vfkok iwathifr;ksa }kjk fu/kkzfjr vaxzsth f'k{kk dks R;kxdj Hkkjrh; f'k{kk fnykosaa tc rd tulk/kkj.k dh bl dk;jrkiw.kz ekufldrk esa ifjorzu u fd;k tk;sxk] rcrd u;h rkyhe lfgr dksbz Hkh Hkkjrh; f'k{k.k&ç.kkyh bl ns'k esa iui ugha ldrha22 o 23 vdvwcj] 1937 dks o/kkz esa tks vf[ky Hkkjrh; 'ksf{kd leesyu vk;ksftr gqvk] mldh v/;{krk xka/khth us dha mlds mn~?kkvu Hkk"k.k esa xka/khth us vius f'k{kkn'kzu ds egroiw.kz igyqvksa ij çdk'k MkykA mlds ckn mudh ubz rkyhe ;kstuk ds vusd igyqvksa ij [kqyh ppkz gqbza bl ppkz esa çfl) xka/khoknh f'k{kk'kkl=h fouksck Hkkos] dkdk dkysydj rfkk tkfdj gqlsu] lfgr vusd fo}kuksa us Hkkx fy;ka leesyu ds vfure fnu fueufyf[kr çlrko ikfjr fd;s x;s& ¼i½ cppksa dks 7 o"kz rd jk"vªo;kih] fu%'kqyd,oa vfuok;z f'k{kk nh tk;a ¼ii½ f'k{kk dk ek/;e ekr`hkk"kk gksa ¼iii½ bl nksjku nh tkus okyh f'k{kk glrf'kyi ;k mriknd dk;z ij dsafær gksa o/kkz Ldhe ds eq[; y{k.k fueufyf[kr FksA ¼i½ leiw.kz f k{kk fdlh csfld Øk V ¼f kyi½ ds lkfk fdlh m ksx vfkok O;olk; dks f k{kk dk dsunz eukrs gq, nh tk,a bldk vk k; lkeku; f k{kk ds lkfk fdlh f kyi dyk dk v/;kiu ugha gs vfirq f k{kk dks fdlh csfld f kyidyk ls lesfdr djrs gq, leok; fof/k }kjk i<+kuk gsa bls dk;z&vk/kkfjr f k{kk dgrs gsaa ¼ii½ f k{kk bl lhek rd vkrefuhkzj ;k Lokoyach gksuh pkfg, fd ftlls v/;kidksa dk osru Hkh fn;k tk ldsa bldk mn~ns ; fo kffkz;ksa viuh f k{kkiw.kz djus i pkr Lokoyach cukuk FkkA ¼iii½ izr;sd fo kfkhz dks thou esa gkfk }kjk fd, x, dk;z ls dekuk lh[kuk pkfg,a ;gh dkj.k gs fd kkjhfjd dk;z ij cy fn;k x;k gsa ;g f k{kk vfgalkred Hkh gksxh D;ksafd blesa dksbz O;fDr fdlh nwljs dh thfodk ugha Nhurk gsa ¼iv½ vf/kxe dk laca/k ¼leUo;½ xgu :i ls?kj] leqnk; rfkk cpps ds thou&vk/kkfjr fø;kdyki ls fd;k x;k gsa blds vfrfjdr dqvhj m ksxksa rfkk O;olk;ksa ls Hkh bl n kzu dk ksf{kd uhfr;ksa vksj fo ks kr izkjfehkd f k{kk rfkk fu% kqyd vfuok;z f k{kk ij bruk xgjk izhkko im+k fd bls Hkkjr ds lafo/ku esa Hkh LFkku fey x;ka ç'u%&2 lsmyj vk;ksx ds çeq[k lq>koks dh leh{kk dhft, \ mùkj%& lsmyj vk;ksx dk xbu 1917 bz- esa ^^dydùkk fo'ofo ky;** dh lel;kvks a ds v/;;u ds fy, M DVj,ebZ-lSMyj ds usr`ro esa fd;k x;k FkkA bl vk;ksx esa nks Hkkjrh;& M DVj vk'kqrks"k eq[kthz,oa M DVj ft;kmíhu vgen] lnl; FksA bl vk;ksx us dydùkk fo'ofo ky; ds lkfk&lkfk ek/;fed f'k{kk ij Hkh viuk er O;ä fd;ka çeq[k lq>ko lsmyj vk;ksx us 1904 bz- ds ^fo'ofo ky; vf/kfu;e* dh dm+s 'kcnksa esa fuank dha vk;ksx us vius lq>ko Hkh fn,] tks fueufyf[kr FksA (10)

13 ¼i½ bavj o mùkj ek/;fed ijh{kk dks ek/;fed rfkk fo'ofo ky;h f'k{kk ds e/; fohkktu js[kk ekuuk pkfg,a ¼ii½ Ldwyh f'k{kk 12 o"kz dh gksuh pkfg,a ¼iii½,slh f'k{k.k lalfkk;sa LFkkfir djus dk lq>ko fn;k x;k] tks b.vjehfm,v egkfo ky; dgyk;saa ¼iv½ ;s egkfo ky; pkgs rks LorU= jgsa ;k fqj gkbz Ldwy ls lec) gks tk;saa ¼v½ bu lalfkkvksa ds ç'kklu gsrq ek/;fed rfkk mùkj ek/;fed f'k{kk cksmz ds fuekz.k dh flqkfj'k dh xbza ¼vi½ b.vjehfm,v ds ckn Lukrd Lrj dh f'k{kk rhu o"kz dh gksuh pkfg,a ¼vii½ vk;ksx us ikl rfkk v ulz o lk/kkj.k rfkk çoh.; ikbîøe 'kq: djus dk Hkh lq>ko fn;k ¼viii½ fo'ofo ky;ksa dks ;g lq>ko Hkh fn;k x;k Fkk] fd cgqr l[r fu;e u cuk;s tk;saa ¼ix½ çkphu lec) fo'ofo ky;ksa dh txg iw.kz Lok;Ùk vkoklh;,oa,dkred Lo:i ds fo'ofo ky;ks a dh LFkkiuk dk lq>ko fn;k x;ka ¼x½ ^dydùkk fo'ofo ky;* ds dk;z ds Hkkj dks de djus ds fy, vk;ksx us <kdk esa ^,dkdh fo'ofo ky;*dh LFkkiuk lq>ko fn;k ¼xi½ vk;ksx us O;kolkf;d d yst [kksyus dh vksj Hkh ljdkj dk /;ku [khapka ¼xii½ ^lsmyj vk;ksx* ds lq>ko ij mùkj çns'k esa,d ^cksmz v Q lsadsmjh,twds'ku* dh LFkkiuk gqbza ¼xiii½ ftuesa dyk] fokku] fpfdrlk] bathfu;fjax] v/;kiu vkfn dh f'k{kk dk çko/kku FkkA ;s ikbîp;kz, pykus ds fy, ;k rks Lora= lalfkk, [kksyh tk, vfkok mugsa dqn fo'ks"k ¼p;fur½ gkbz Ldwyksa ds lkfk tksm+ fn;k tk,a ç'u%&3& ICT ds 'ksf{kd çfø;k esa vuqç;ksx dh O;k[;k dhft;s%& mùkj%& ICT ds ksf{kd çfd;k esa vuqç;ksx% vkt dh 'ksf{kd çfø;k, Hkh vkbz-lh-vh- vuqç;ksxksa ls çhkkfor gks jgh gs aa ge ns[k ldrs gs fd vkbz-lh-vh-dk mi;ksx ikbîp;kz fodkl esa] v/;kiu 'ksfy;ks a esa] vf/kxe çfø;k esa] ewy;kadu rfkk ewy; fu/kkzj.k esa] v u ykbzu ijh{kk] v u fmek.m ijh{kkvksa] ikbîp;kz dk;z laiknu vksj ubz vf/kxe çfø;kvksa tsls lg;ksxkred dk;z djus esa v/;kiu vksj fodkl] Lo&v/;;u] eqä f'k{kk lalk/ku] v uykbu vf/kxe ds :i esa dkqh ykhkdkjh fl) gq, gsa vkt ds v/;kid dks mu eqíksa ls tks ubz vf/kxe çfø;k rfkk uohu vf/kxe i;kzoj.k ls tqm+s gsa] lac) gksuk gksxka mugsa ;g ekywe djuk gksxk fd vf/kxe dk ljyhdj.k dsls fd;k tk ldrk gs Fkk ifjorzu nj dks dsls Rofjr fd;k tk ldrk gsa bl lac) lekt esa vkt ds fo kffkz;ksa dks vxys 50 o"kks az rd,d lfø; thou thuk imsxka mugsa ubz {kerkvksa rfkk dks'kyksa dh vko';drk im+sxha rkfd os osf'od lekt ds dq'ky rfkk mriknd ukxfjd cu ldsaa lkekftd ifjorzu,d midj.k ds :i esa f'k{kk dks mhkjrs lekt dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djuk im+sxka vkt ds bl Kkuk/kkfjr lekt esa f'k{kk,d fo"k;olrq vk/kkfjr] v/;kid&dsfuær 3R dh lk{kjrk ugha gs]vifrq ;g,d v/;srk&dsfuær]dk;z vk/kkfjr dei;wvj lk{kjrk rfkk ;ksx;rk gs tks vf/kxe dk ljyh dj.k djrh gsa viuh lal fr ds ewy; ftlds fy, egroiw.kz ugha gs cfyd osf'od ewy;ksa dks Hkh le>uk vksj lh[kuk gsa ikbîp;kzred dk;zdyki dh 'ksyh ek= ijeijkxr d{kk] ftlesa v/;kid&v/;srk vkeus&lkeus vur fø;k djrs gsa rd gh lhfer ugha gs vifrq blds varxzr Lo% vf/kxe rfkk fohkkftr d{kk Hkh vkrh gsa vkt gekjs thou n'kzu Hkh vkn'kzokn ls ç;kstuokn dh vksj ifjofrzr gksrk tk jgk gsa thou dk Qksdl O;fäxr fodkl vfkkzr] eqfä ¼vafre y{;] eks{k½ ls lkekftd mi;ksfxrk rfkk jk"vªh; fodkl ds lkfk O;fäxr fodkl rfkk le`f) dh vksj LFkkuUrfjr gks x;k gsa,sls lkekftd :ikarj.k dh çfø;k esa ubz lel;k, rfkk muds u, lek/kku mhkjdj vk, gsa ubz çdkj dh uks Sdfj;k ¼O;olk;½ isnk gq, gs] rfkk ubz lsok, çnku dh tk jgh gs a ftuds fy, O;fä;ksa ds fy;s ubz ;ksx;rk, rfkk (11)

14 dks'kyksa dh vko';drk im+rh gs rkfd vf/kdre :i ls dk;z laiknu fd;k tk ldsa blds fy;s ijeijkxr :i dk v/;kiu&vf/kxe i;kzir ugha gs vfirq Lo%vf/kxe rfkk lewg la;ksxred dk;z i)fr dh vko';drk gs],sls vf/kxe dh] ftldh lgk;rk] esavj djs çks ksfxdh ftls lgkjk ns rfkk lc yksx lkfk&lkfk dk;z djsaa iz u%&4& oqm~l?kks k.kki= dks Hkkjrh; f k{kk dk esxukdkvkz ¼egkf/kdkj&i=½ D;ksa dgk tkrk gs\ mrrj %& ykwmz esdkys ds feuv~l us csafvd ljdkj dh f k{kk uhfr dks izhkkfor fd;k tks vxys 40 o kz rd ykxw jgha lu~ 1853 esa tc deiuh pkvzj uohuhdj.k fopkj ds fy, fczfv k laln ds leeq[k vk;k rks laln us Hkkjr esa f k{kk dh izxfr dh tk p dha bl tk p ds vk/kkj ij dh xbz fviif.k;ksa rfkk izlrkfor lq/kkjksa ds :i esa f k{kk dk pkvzj] ftls lu~ 1854 dk oqm~l fmlisp dks f k{kk dk esxuk dkwvkz ¼egkf/kdkji=½ le>k tkrk gsa fczfv k laln }kjk f k{kk uhfr ds :i esa viukbz tkus okyh ;g igyh ljdkjh?kks k.kk FkhA ;g oqm~l fmlisp ¼izs k.k½,d egroiw.kz O;kid ksf{kd nlrkost gs rfkk Hkkjrh; f k{kk ds bfrgkl esa bldk,d vuu; ¼vuwBk½ LFkku gsa oqm~l fmlisp ds }kjk Hkkjokfl;ksa dh f k{kk dk nkf;ro bzlv bafm;k deiuh ij Mkyk x;k vksj Li V fd;k x;k fd fdlh Hkh volfkk esa bldh vogsyuk u gksa bl izs k.k us Hkkjr esa f k{kk dks,d ubz fn kk nh ftldk vkt dh Hkkjr dh f k{kk ij izhkko ns[kk tk ldrk gsa & bl f k{kk dk mn~ns ; ;wjksih; dykvksa] fokku] n kzu rfkk lkfgr; dk vaxzsth ds ek/;e ls izlkj.k FkkA Hkkjrh; Hkk kkvksa ds muu;u dks izksrlkfgr djuk Hkh bl mn~ns ; esa lfeefyr FkkA yksd uksdj kkgh dh mrifrr bl f k{kk dk,d egroiw.kz mn~ns ; FkkA bl iz;kstu ds fy, tuf k{kk ds izlkj dks izkfkfedrk nh xbza & blds fy, cgqr lkjs izkfkfed] fefmy rfkk gkbz Ldwy [kksys x,a & izfke ckj oqm~l fmlisp ds varxzr ns k ds ik pksa izkarksa&caxky] ckecs] enzkl] iatkc rfkk ukfkz oslv izkar esa fmikvzesav vkwq ifcyd balvªd ku [kksys x,a mpp f k{kk ds fy, lelr laxbukred O;oLFkk ds lkfk fo ofo ky; [kksyus dh ;kstuk cukbz xbza bu fo ofo ky;ksa dk mn~ns ; ijh{kkvksa dk lapkyu djuk rfkk fofhkuu fo k;ksa vksj Hkk kkvksa esa lqy fo kffkz;ksa dks fmxzh iznku djuk FkkA blds QyLo:i 1857 esa igys rhu fo ofo ky;ksa dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh xbza ;s fo ofo ky; dydrrk] ckwecs rfkk enzkl esa [kksys x,a & oqm~l fmlisp ds }kjk f k{kk ds vf/kdka k i{kks a ls lacaf/kr vuq kalk, nh xbz] tsls ns khkj esa Js.khd`r fo ky;ksa&izkjfehkd Ldwy] gkbz Ldwy] bavjfefm,v] dkwyst rfkk fo ofo ky;ks a dk usvodz LFkkfir djuk] fo ky;ksa dks forrh; lgk;rk nsus ds fy, xzkav&bu&,m ¼lgk;d vuqnku½ iz.kkyh] efgykvksa dh f k{kk ds fy, izko/kku] v/ ;kidksa dk izf k{k.k rfkk O;kolkf;d fodkl] rfkk yksxksa dh O;kolkf;d dq kyrk ds fodkl ds fy, fpfdrlk] bathfu;fjax] fof/k ¼dkuwu½ rfkk O;kolkf;d f k{kk dh vu; lalfkk, A & oqm~l fmlisp dk egro bl ckr esa Fkk fd blds }kjk Hkkjr ds Hkkoh fodkl ds fy, cgqr lkjh ewy;oku rfkk ewyhkwr vuq kalk, dh xbza dbz eqn~nksa tsls f k{kk dk Js.khdj.k] f k{kk dk ek/;e br;kfn dks oqm~l fmlisp us,d ubz fn kk iznku dh] vksj Hkkjr ds Hkkoh ksf{kd fodkl ds fy, ubz ;kstukvksa ds izlrko j[ksa & bl nlrkost ds eq[; izko/kkuksa dk,sfrgkfld egro gsa blls ek/;fed f k{kk dks vksj dqn lhek rd izkfkfed f k{kk dks Hkh c<+kok feyka (12)