Class B.Com. V Sem. SYLLABUS. bdkbz&1 bdkbz&2 bdkbz&3 bdkbz&4 bdkbz&5. Subject Moral Values & Language

Transcription

1 SYLLABUS Class B.Com. V Sem. Subject Moral Values & Language bdkbz&1 bdkbz&2 bdkbz&3 bdkbz&4 bdkbz&5 1

2 bdkbz&1 Hkkjrh; lald`fr lald`fr,d ikfjhkkf"kd 'kcn gs bldh 'kcnxr O;qRifRr gs le~$d`$fdr= lald`fra vfkkzr~ d` /kkrq ls fdru izr;; vksj le~ milxz yxkus ls ^lald`fr^ 'kcn curk gs] ftldk vfkz gksrk gs& ifjektzu vfkok ifj"dkja ifjhkk"kk, & âkbv ds vuqlkj& ^^lald`fr,d izrhdkred f ia- tokgj yky usg: ds vuqlkj& ^^lald`fr dk vfkz euq"; dk vkurfjd fodkl vksj mldh usfrd muufr gssa ikjlifjd ln~o;ogkj gs vksj,d&nwljs dks le>us dh 'kfdr gsa^^ Hkkjrh; lald`fr ds Hksn& 1- vkf/khkksfrd lald`fr 2- HkkSfrd lald`fr Hkkjrh; lald`fr vkpnkfnr ^^losz HkoUrq lqf[ku%** vksj ^^olqnsol; dqvqecde** dh Hkkouk ls izdkj gs %& 1- izkphure lald`fr;ksa es ls,d tgk ifjofrzr gksrh jgha muds mrfkku vksj iru gksrs jgs fdarq Hkkjrh; lald`fr ;Fkkor~ gsa 2- LFkkf;Ro %& Hkkjrh; lald`fr dk izeq[k xq.k mldk LFkkf;Ro gksuk gsa Hkkjrh; lald`fr esa tks xq.k] laldkj] jhfr&fjokt izkphu le; ls fo eku FksA os ;Fkkor~ gs vfkkzr~ laldkjksa dh LFkkf;Ro Hkkj 3- lfg".kqrk yksx jgrsa gsa mu lces i`fkdrk gksrs gq, Hkh,d:irk gsa vusd lkald`frd vkdze.k dk lkeuk djrs gq, Hkh Hkkjrh; lald`fr us vkdze.kdkjh lald`fr;ksa ds xq.kksa dks xzg.k fd;k gsa 4- cgqdks.kh; O;oLFkk %& Hkkjrh; lald`fr cgqdks.kh; O;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr jgh gs A tks o.kz O;oLFkk] Je fohkktu] iq:"kkfkz] vkje O;oLFkk tsls thou ds lhkh i{kksa dk izdvhdj.k gsa iq:"kkfkz ds varxzr /kez] vfkz] dke] eks{k ds fl)kur ik;k tkrk gsa ogh vkje O;oLFkk lqo;oflfkr thou iz.kkyh dk vk/kkj jgh gsa 5- yphykiu %& Hkkjrh; lald`fr dk izeq[k xq.k yphykiu Hkh gsa yphykiu gksus ds dkj.k og Lo;a dks lqjf{kr cuk, gq, gsa ;g ifjflfkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj viuk :i cny ysrh gsa fofhkuu lald`fr;ksa ds esy dks Hkh blus yphysiu ds dkj.k vkrelkr~ fd;k gsa 6- dez rfkk iqutzue dk fl)kur %& Hkkjrh; lald`fr dez vksj iqutzue ds fl)kurksa ij vk/kkfjr gsa blds vuqlkj euq"; ds dez gh mlds vxys tue dk fu/kkzj.k djrs gsa vpns dez vpnk ifj.kke ns ldrs gsa ;g fopkj/kkjk euq"; dks lnso vpns deksz gsrq izsfjr djrh gsa 7- _.k O;oLFkk %& Hkkjrh; lald`fr _.k O;oLFkk ls tqm+h gs vfkkzr~ ekuo tkfr fir` +_.k] nso_.k] _f"k_.k] xq:_.k] 8- vusdrk esa,drk %& vusdrk es a,drk] Hkkjrh; lald`fr dk lokzf/kd myys[kuh; xq.k gsa Hkkjr esa vusd /keksza] tkfr;ksa] jhfr&fjoktksa] tutkfr;ksa vksj Hkk"kkvksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh ;g,d jk"vª gsa Hkkjrh; lald`fr esa fufgr gs %& 2

3 Language Subject- Moral Values & 3- Hkkjrh; lekt O;oLFkk& vkje O;oLFkk ;Z vkje esa ckyd vkje okui djrk Fkk,oa eks{k gsrq lu;kl ys ysrk FkkA o.kz O;oLFkk 1- czkã.k] 2- {kf=; 3-4- ekuo dh HkkSfrd cksf)d {kerkvksa o dez ij vk/kkfjr FksA czkã.kksa dk dk;z iwtk&ikb,oa dezdk.m FkkA {kf=;ksa dk dk;z jktdk;z lh;rk vksj laldkj lh;rk & miyfc/k;k lfeefyr gksrh gsa HkkSfrd lald`fr dks gh lh;rk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gsa laldkj laldkj LFkkfir fd, ;s laldkj FksA 1- xhkkz/kku 2- iqlaou 3- lhearksuu;u 4- tkrdez 5- ukedj.k pwm+kdez ;k eqamu ;k pwm+kdj.k 9- d.kznsnu 10- ;Kksiohr ;k miu;u 11- fo kjehk 12- izr;korzu 13- fookg 14- loz laldkj ;k okuizlfk 15- lau;kl 16-3

4 a B.Com 5 th Sem. Language Subject- Moral Values & 4- o psruk** j os eku;rk, gksrh gsa tks lkozhkksfed,oa oskkfud rdksa Z ds tfj;s,slh LFkkiuk, /kkfezd] jktuhfrd,oa vkffkzd thou i)fr;ksa es a cm+h rhozrk ls fy;k] ftls vkffkzd uo&mnkjokn dgk x;ka ;g uo&mnkjokn iw thokn,oa tura=] dk feyk&tqyk :i FkkA Hkwe.Myh; lald`fr es a fopkj&lwpuk] ewy; vksj vk/kqfud :fp;ksa dk izokg fujurj tkjh gsa vkt lwpuk,oa lapkj Økafr ewyr% ekuoh; psruk gh gs A lelkef;d ubz F;ksjh vc ç;ksx ugha gksrk] D;ksafd,slk ekuk tk jgk gs fd bu lhkh 'kcnksa ;k incu/kksa es a dksbz&u dksbz ijkhkksfrd ladyiuk, 'kkfey gsa A vfkkzr~ tc ge euq"; dgrs gsa rks euq vfkok vkne dh ladyiuk, mlds lkfk tqm+ tkrh gsa vksj O;fDr dh tkrk gs A lctsdv ;k lctsdvfovh 'kcn esa 'kq)rk gs,oa fdlh izdkj dk fej.k ugha gs A dg ysa vfkok fu;ked rro uo tkxj.k dky esa nsdkrz us ekuo psruk dks gh dsunz es a Lohdkj fd;k A dkav vksj ghxsy I think therefore I am vf/kd euq"; dk vidsuæ.k gqvk gs A A vesfjdk tgk ehfm;k ;k lapkj dks,d Øk V (O;kolkf;d ikb~;øe) ds :i es a ojh;rk nsrk gs ogha baxys.m dh Li"V izpyu c<+rk tk jgk gsa - vf/kd gqvk gsa ehfm;k vfkok lapkj ds dkj.k lekt dk ijeijkxr Lo:i cny x;k gsa ifjokj] fookg] /kez] us u, :i ys fy, gsaa tulapkj igys tgk lekt vksj jk"vª rd lhfer Fkk] vc mldk {ks= vurjkz"vªh; gks x;k gsa mlesa cgqlkekftdrk] cgqjk"vªh;] cgq/kkfezdrk vksj cgqjktuhfrd n`f"vdks.k 'kkfey gks x, gsa tulapkj ek/;eksa us,d fdle dh thou&'ksyh gj O;fDr lwpuk ikus dk vf/kdkjh gsa ehfm;k dk ;g ldkjkred i{k fu%lunsg lkekftd,oa ekuoh; fgr ls tqm+k gqvk gsa dksbz Hkh tu ek/;e vuq:i ifjofrzr vksj ifjof)zr djsaa tulapkj ds v/;;u ds fy, dsoy lapkj ds fl)kurksa dk ibu&ikbu i;kzir ugha gsa blds fy, lwpuk ØkfUr ds QyLo:i vk;s u, rduhdh midj.kksa ds mi;ksx dh {kerk dks Hkh fodflr djuk t:jh gsa blds vykok Hkk"kk vksj lekt fokku ds {ks= es a tks O;kogkfjd ifjorzu vk;s gsa] mudk vuqla/kku djuk Hkh,ySy us viuh egroiw.kz d`fr ^n VsDuksykthdy lkslkbvh* varj fd;k gsa,ysy ds vuqlkj & ^^rduhd gekjs ;qx dk psgjk gsa ;g chekj psgjk gsa ;gh chekj psgjk 4

5 Language Subject- Moral Values & vkt dk uk;d gsa euq"; ds fu.kz;ksa dk uk;d euq"; ugha gs cfyd rduhd gsa** lkekftd thou es a rduhd dk fu.kkz;d vlj Lrjhdj.k es a ns[kk tk ldrk gsa Lrjh;dj.k dk vfkz gs & fdlh laxbu ;k çfø;k dh reke lel;kvksa dks 'kq: djus ls igys gh gy dj ysuka eeqksmz bls mriknksa dk Lrjhdj.k dgrs gsaa,ysy ds vuqlkj d- Loxfre;rk] [k- Lo&foLrkj x-,d&dsuærk]?k- lkozhkksfedrk rfkk M+ Lok;ÙkrkA orzeku gsaa gekjs ikfjokfjd@lkekftd thou ls ysdj jk"vªh;@ vurjkz"vªh; thou rd gj txg rduhd viuh miflfkfr dk vglkl djkrh gsa ljdkjh xsj ljdkjh ;kstuk, ] 'kklu ra=] O;kikj] O;olk; lces a rduhd dh Hkwfedk fn[kkbz nsrh gsa ij cglsa tkjh gsaa dqn fo)kuksa dk er gs fd oskkfud muufr ls ekuoh; mrd"kz dk liuk iwjk ugha gqvk] çks ksfxd,oa (Spectacle Society) es a ifjorfrzr gks x;ka ubz O;kolkf;d dk;z i)fr;ksa us mihkksdrkokn ds,sls :iksa dks mriuu dj fn;k ftudh dyiuk Hkh igys ugha dh ds uke ls tkuk tk jgk gsa Hkkjrh; lald`fr 5- leuo;hdj.k ¼Hkkjrh;,oa varjkz"vªh; lanhkz esa½ Hkkjrh; lald`fr HkkokRed,drk dk vk/kkj gsa Hkkjrh; lald`fr dh dgkuh,drk] leuo;] lek/kkuksa,oa izkphu ijeijkvksa ds iw.kz la;ksx dh muufr dh dgkuh gs `fr ekuo ds ekuoh;,oa vk/;kfred fodkl dh vfhko;fdr gsa lald`fr eu vksj vkrek dh vkarfjd volfkk gsa ekuo dks lald`fr dk u`r; jax:ik mlds fofo/k ek/;e gsa Hkkjrh; lald`fr es a lhkh /kek tkrh gsa^^ Hkkjrh; lald`fr ekuo ds ekuoh;,oa vk/;kfred fodkl dh vfhko;fdr gsa vurjkz"vªh;,oa leuohdj.k ds lanhkz m ksx iz/kku izk.kh Hkh gsa ekuo ds O cms+&cm+s dkj[kkus LFk dk fodkl dks izksrlkgu feyka vr% Hkkjr esa vks ksfxd fodkl us,d ubz lkekftd rfkk jktusfrd psruk dks tue fn;ka lkfgr; ekuo vksj lekt 5

6 Language Subject- Moral Values & lkfgr; lald`fr dh nsu gsa ln~o`fr;k gh thou dks eaxye; cukrh gsa vksj lkfgr; dk dk;z bu ln~o`frr;ksa dks txkuk lkfgr; ls gh lekt es a Økafrdkjh ifjorzu gq, gsa tsls Hkkjr dss Lora=rk laxzke esa Hkh ek[kuyky prqosznh] lqhknzk dqekjh lekir fd;ka rqylh dh ^jkepfjrekul^ ls turk vkt rd izsj.kk ys jgh gsa bl izdkj lkfgr; vrhr dk xksjo ;kn fnykus ds :Ik esa mi;ksxh gsa /kez rfkk ekuo thou nsrk gsa sa ds chp laca/kks ij tksj dqvhj m ksx?kjksa es a lapkfyr fd;s tkrs gsaa,sls m kxksa dk lkeku;r% ifjokj ds lnl; gh lapkfyr djrs gs ;fn t:jr im+s rks,d&nks O;fDr ckgj ds Hkh yxk;s tkrs gsa dqvhj m ksxksa ds vurxzr NksVs Lrj dh olrq, gh cukbz tk ldrh gs vksj og Hkh lhfer ek=k esa A tsls&?kjksa esa vxjcrrh cukuk] >kmw o pvkbz cukuk vkfna Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dh jh<+ dgs tkus dqvhj m k cus m ksxksa dk eky Hkkjr esa [kikuk Fkk] rks vkt ds ;qx esa de le; esa T;knk equkqk dekuk gekjs m ksxifr;ksa dk nsdj dsoy vk/kfud vks ksfxd iz.kkyh rfkk volfkk esa gsa Ekkuo vksj lald`fr esa vurlzecu/k gs Ekkuo vksj lald`fr es a xgj laca/k gsa lald :Ik gsaa 6

7 Language Subject- Moral Values & /kez dh vo/kkj.kk% bdkbz&2 1- /kez ek/;e gsa Hkkjrh; fpuru esa /kez ds nks dk;z crk;s x, gs& ^dez^ vksj v/;kre^a dez dk lecu/k lalkj ls gs vksj v/;kre dk eku;rkvksa,oa erksa laiznk;ksa ds lkfk Hkkjr es a fuokl djrs gsa ;gk,d /kez dks ojh;rk u nsdj lhkh /keksz ds izfr Hkkjr esa fueufyf[kr /kekzsa@/kkfezd eku;rkvksa,oa vuq;kf;;ksa dk myys[k fd;k tkrk gsa 1- fgunw /kez 2- cks) /kez 3- tsu /kez 4- fld[k /kez 5- blyke /kez 6- bzlkbz /kez 7- ikjlh /kez 8- ;gwnh /kez 1- fgunw /kez& fgunw /kez dks lukru /kez vfkok osfnd /kez ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gsa fgunw /kez fdlh,d izorzd ;k /kezxzafk ds uke ds uke ij fodflr u gksdj cgqvk;keh,oa vusd i}fr;ksa ls ifjiw.kz gsa dez dk fl}kar] iqutzue] eks{k HkfDr] vklfkk&fo'okl vkfn fgunw /kez ds vk/kkjhkwr LraHk gsa dh o`gn dyiuk dh xbz] ftlds QyLo:Ik vorkjokn dh /kkj.kk us tue fy;ka e/;dky vusd /kkfezd izo`frr;ksa] laiznk;ksa iafkks,oa lk/kuk i)fr;ksa ds fy, egroiw.kz vk/kqfud dky es a ^fgunw /kez^ dks iqutkzxj.k ls tksm+rs gq, mldh uohu O;k[;k, dh xbza czã lekt] vk;z lekt] ffk;kslkwfqdy lks 2- cks) /kez& nq%[k fuo`frr ds mik; dgk tkrk gsa cks) /kez esa nq%[k fuo`frr ds vkb mik; crk;s x, gsa] ftugsa ^vk"vakfxd ekxkz^ ku;rk gs fd cgqr tkuuk ;k fcydqy gh u tkuuk] cgqr izlkuurk ;k cgqr nq%[k ;s nksuksa vfroknh Nksj gsaa nksuksa ds chp dk jklrk gh larqyu ;k e/;e ekxz gsa cks) /kez dks fgunq /kez dk gh lq/kkjoknh vkanksyu dgk tkrk gsa j Hkkjr ds vykok Jhyadk rd fd;k FkkA cks) /kez dk leiw.kz lkfgr; fou; fivd] lwr fivd] vfhk/kee fivd es a lax`ghr gsa vkxs pydj egk;ku vksj ghu;ku uked nks laiznk; Hkh cu x,a 7

8 Language Subject- Moral Values & 3- tsu /kez& gqvka tsu /kez esa ik p egkozrksa&lr;] vafglk] vlrs;] vifjxzg vksj czãp;z dks ekuk tkrk gs ril;k tsu /kez dk ik posa ^czãp;z 4- fld[k /kez& ^^lcesa mldk uwj lek;k] dksu gs viuk dksu ijk;k^^ fld[k /kez ds igys xq: ukud nso vksj vafre 10 osa xq: xksfoun flag ds vykok vkb vu; xq: Fksa ftuesa dqn izeq[k fueu gsa& 1- xq: vaxn xq:eq[kh fyfi ds tuda 2- vejnkl lrh izfkk] inkzizfkk ds fojks/kha 3- jkenkl ve`rlj dh LFkkiuk dha 4- vtqzunso xq: xazfk lkgc dk ladyu,oa eafnj dh uhao j[kha 5- izflk) gs] tks fnyyh ds pkwnuh pksd esa flfkr gsa 6- xq: xksfo dpnk o dm+k vfuok;z gsa 5- blyke /kez eksgeen lkgc ds tue ds iwoz qvka QyLo:Ik eksgeen lkgc dks eddk NksM+dj enhuk tkuk im+k ;g?kvuk 24 flrecj 662 bz- gsa vr% blh fnu ls eqlyekuksa dk fgt+jh laor izkjahk gksrk gsa /kez ifo=rk ls T;knk egroiw.kz gs eu dh ifo=rka eu es a vxj izse] n;k] lksgknzz,oa Hkjkslk gs rks lkjs /kez vius gsaa vksfy;k] vkfn ds uke cm+s vknj ls fy;s tkrs gsa budh njxkgksa es a vkt Hkh fgunw eqlyeku erfkk Vsdrs gs vksj nqvk,w ekwxrs gsa 6- bzlkbz /kez& gs& 1 vksym VslVkes av 2- U;w VsLVkes av A iqjkuh ckbfcy dks ;gwnh /kez Hkh dgk tkrk gs vksj blds ys[ku gtjr ekuorkokn] HkkbZ&pkjk] rkfdzdrk,oa fopkjksa dh eqdrrk bzlkbz /kez ds eq[; miknku gsa bzlkbz /kez esa blyke,oa cks) /kez dh cgqr lh ckrk bzlkbz /kez es a izsfvlvsav laiznk; dk vkjahk lq/kkjoknh vkanksyu drkz ekfvzu ywfkj }kjk fd;k x;ka izsfvlvsav erkoyach iksi] ppz vksj ewfrz iwtk dk fojks/k djrs gsa 7- ikjlh /kez& lu~ 630 bz- bjkd ds eqlyekuksa us bzjku ij geyk djds mugsa gjk fn;ka blds iwoz bzjkuh yksx ftl,lvj tjfkql= dks ekuk tkrk gsa budk,dek= ifo= /kez xzafk tsn voslrk gsa ikjfl;ksa dks tksjks,flvªu dgk tkrk gs bl /kez esa vusd nsoh&nsorkvksa dks ekuk tkrk gsa fn;k 8

9 Language Subject- Moral Values & ekal ds VqdMs+ [kkdj r`ir gks ldsaa 8- ;gwnh /kez& uke ls izflk) gqvk rfkk bldh larkus btjkbyh dgykbza ekuk tkrk gsa ;gwnh /kez esa Lora=rk] ekurkokn] lekurk vksj HkkbZ&pkjs dh Hkkouk] rkfdzdrk vkfn ds fojks/k dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gsa iqjkuh ckbfcy ;gwnh /kez ds isxecj gtjr nkån rfkk gtjr ewlk }kjk fy[kh xbz gsa bl /kez ds vk/kkjhkwr fu;e Zfcy ftls fgczw dgrs gs fd izfke ik p iqlrdks ¼tks rksjkg dgykrh gs½ ;gwnh /kez dk bfrgkl ^ryeqn^ esa feyrk gsa blh esa ;gwfn;ksa ds yksdthou,oa bfrgkl dk ladyu gqvka U;k; izkphu Hkkjr es a U;k; iz.kkyh ds i`fkd&i`fkd :Ik ns[kus dks feyus gsa izkphu le; es a ;g ^{kfriwfrz^ uke ls izpfyr FkhA buesa vijk/kh ij Lo.kZeqnzkvksa ds n.m dk izko/kku FkkA - iwoz nwljh&rhljh FkkA ;fn ewly ls mlh le; vijk/kh dks VwdMs+ dj fn, tkrs Fksa] rks eku;rk Fkh fd pksj LoxZ tkus dk vf/kdkjh gks x;ka U;k; O;oLFkk jktk ds gkfk esa fo eku FkhA laca/k /kez ds mrrjk)z ls gsa 2- gs\ vkflrd dk vfkz gksrk gs vkrek ds vflrro dks Lohdkj djuka ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gsa 1- U;k; 2- - lka[; 4- miue] 5- fuxeu 1- izfrkk 2- mnkgj.k] 3- gsrq] 4- miue] 5- fuxeu ,oa vukfn gsa mls tkuus ds ckn gh thou lalkj ds nq%[kksa ls eqfdr ik ldrk gsa 4- ;e] fu;e vklu] iz.kk;ke] izr;kgkj] /;ku] /kkj.kk vksj lekf/k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gsa 5- ifj ekuk x;k gsa 6- myys[k Hkh fd;k tkrk gsa ukf

10 Language Subject- Moral Values & br;kfn dh lrrk dqn ugha gs tks dqn gs] ;g lalkj gsa es a egkohj Lokeh dh x.kuk dh tkrh gsa mugsa gh ^^uhfr** dgrs gsa^^ 4- uhfr k] egkdko;,oa yksd izpfyr ekuk izklafxd gsa uhfr vksj /kez& ls xzkâk fd;k tk; vksj v/kez ls dsls nwj gqvk tk ldsa uhfr;kw /kez dk vk/kkj gs vksj fø;kuo;u dh i)fr;k HkhA /kez vxj izk.k gs rks uhfr;k psruk gsa uhfr;k /kez dh vk [ks gs tks izr;{k gksdj ges a xrko; rd igq pkus dk miøe djrh gsa ^uhfr^ esa fuiq.krk,oa /kez es a ijk;.krk dk Hkko fnik gksrk gsa rk dks izfrfcfecr djrk gsa lcdks Lohdk;Z gksrh gsa uhfr vksj lekt& ^O;fDr^ Lo;a es a dqn Hkh ugh gs mls lekt dk fgllk cuus ds fy, dqn uhfr;ksa] dqn usfrd fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk vko';d gksrk gsa O;fDr dk lkekftd fodkl uhfr;ksa ij fuhkzj gsa jkt; dh uhfr;ksa] vfkzuhfr;ksa /kezuhfr;ksa ds ek/;e gsa uhfr vksj lekt,d nwljs ds iwjd gsa uhfr vksj jktuhfr& dkj.k lkekftd] vkffkzd fu;eksa dks uhfr'kkl= ds vurxzr gh Lohdkj fd;k tkrk FkkA jktuhfr dks uhfr dk iwjd Hkh dgk tk ldrk gs vksj fodkl HkhA uhfr ds vurxzr jktuhfrd fopkjksa,oa mudh lhek, lekfgr gsa uhfr vksj vfkz& 10

11 Language Subject- Moral Values & zg.k fd;k gsa mugha ds 'kcnksa es a ^^vfkz ekuo tula[;k^^ dksfvy; ds vuqlkj /kjrh ij tks dqn Hkh gs] og vfkz gh gsa ^uhfr^ og lk/ku gs ftlds tfj;s vfkz dks izkir fd;k tk ldrk gsa uhfr;ksa dks ik p :iksa esa fu;ksftr fd;k x;k gsa 1- jktuhfr 2- fons'kuhfr 3- lsu;uhfr 4- xqirkpjuhfr 5- vk;djuhfr uhfr vksj fokku& uhfr vksj fokku&nksuksa i`fkd&i`fkd fn[kkbz nsrs gsa ysfdu nksuks es a xgjk laca/k gsa fokku dk mn~ns'; ftl izdkj O;fDr gsa uhfr;ksa dk oxhzdj.k] lkekftd] /kkfezd] lkald`fr] vkffkzd] jktuhfrd vkfn vk/kkjksa ij fd;k tk ldrk gsa 5- lkfgr; lkfgr; ls vk'k; & lkfgr; vius le; dk izfrfcec gksrk gsaa ^^fgrus lfgre~] lfgre~] lkfgrl; Hkko% lkfgr;e~** bl foxzg ds vuqlkj lkfgr; dk 'kkfcnd vfkz gsa ^ftleas fgr dh Hkkouk lfuufgr gksa* vius fgr&vfgr dk Kku rks i'kq&if{k;ksa dks Hkh gksrk gs] tslk fd ^xkslokeh rqylhnkl* Lohdkj djrs gsa] ^fgr vufgr i'kq if{kgaq tkuka* fqj blls rks ekuo,d cqf)&thoh izk.kh BgjkA mls rks ;g Kku vo'; gksuk pkfg,a euq"; dh Hkk fr lkfgr; Hkh fgr&fpuru djrk gsa] ijurq euq"; vksj lkfgr; ds fgr&fpuru es a vofu vksj vecj dk vurj gsa lk/kkj.kr;k euq"; dk fgr&fpuru ladqfpr ^Lo* ij vk/kkfjr jgrk gsa mldh lhfer n`f"v dsoy viuk gh pddj yxkdj yksv vkrh gsa] ijurq lkfgr; dk fgr&fpuru fo'okresd; vksj fo'o&dy;k.k dh Hkkouk ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gsa,d O;fDrxr fgr&fpuru gsa] nwljk lef"vxra vr% ftl xzufk es a lef"vxr fgr&fpuru izkir gksrk gsa] ogh lkfgr; gsa blfy;s fo}kuksa us ^Kku&jkf'k* ds lafpr dks"k dk uke ^lkfgr;* dgk gsa izr;sd ;qx dk Js"B lkfgr; vius ;qx ds izxfr'khy fopkjksa }kjk fdlh u fdlh :Ik esa vo'; izhkkfor gksrk gsa lkfgr; gekjh dksrwgy vksj ftkklk o`frr;ksa dks 'kkur djrk gsa] Kku dh fiiklk dks r`ir djrk gsa vksj eflr"d dh {kq/kkiwfrz djrk gsa tbjkuy ls mf}xu ekuo tsls vuu ds,d&,d d.k ds fy;s ykykf;r jgrk gsa] mlh izdkj eflr"d Hkh {kq/kkxzlr gksrk gsa] mldk Hkkstu ge lkfgr; ls izkir djrs gsaa dsoy lkfgr; ds gh }kjk ge vius jk"vªh; bfrgkl] ns'k dh xksjo xfjek] lald`fr vksj lh;rk] iwoztksa ds vuqhkwr fopkjksa,oa vuqla/kkuksa] izkphu jhfr&fjoktksa] jgu&lgu vksj ijeijkvksa ls ifjp; izkir djrs gsa lald`r esa fueufyf[kr dks lkfgr; ds varxzr 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gsa & 1- osfnd lkfgr; 2- osnkax lkfgr; 3- iqjk.k vksj bfrgkl 4- /kez'kkl=] vfkz'kkl= vksj dke'kkl= 5- n'kzu 6- lald`r dk cks) vksj tsu foospukred xzafk 7- vk;qoszn,oa vu; miosn 8- vyad`r dko;] x ukvd] paiw vksj dgkfu;k 9- ukvd vksj dko; ds foospukred xzafk 10- ladh.kz dko;] /kez vksj n'kzu dh Vhdk,a 11- fuca/k 12- ra=&xzafk vksj HkfDr lkfgr; 13- irfkjksa vksj rkezi=ksa dk lkfgr; 11

12 Language Subject- Moral Values & fgunh lkfgr; & lu~ 1000 bz- ds vklikl fgunh lkfgr; izkjahk gksrk gsa vkpk;z jkepunz 'kqdy us fgunh lkfgr; ds bfrgkl dks dky,oa izo`frr ds vk/kkj ij pkj Hkkxksa esa fohkdr fd;k gas & 1- vkfndky vfkok ohjxkfkk dky (laor~ 1050&1375 bz- rd) 2- iwoz e/; dky ;k HkfDr dky (laor~ 1375&1700 bz- rd) 3- mrrj e/;dky ;k jhfrdky (laor~ 1700&1900 bz- rd) 4- vk/kqfud dky vfkok x dky (laor~ 1900 bz- ls vc rd) 1- vkfndky vfkok ohjxkfkk dky (laor~ 1050&1375 bz- rd) vkfndky vfkok ohjxkfkk dky esa fgunh] vihkza'k] izkd`r fefjr dko; jpuk, fy[kh xbza vkfndkyhu miyc/k lkfgr; dks Hkkf"kd n`f"v ls ik p oxksza esa fohkdr fd;k x;k gsa & 1- vihkza'k lkfgr; 2- fmaxy lkfgr; 3- fiaxy lkfgr; 4- yksd Hkk"kk dko; 5- vkfndkyhu vu; lkfgr; 2- iwoz e/; dky ;k HkfDr dky (laor~ 1375&1700 bz- rd) HkfDr dky ds lkfgr; dh eq[; izo`frr HkfDr gsa HkfDrdky dks nks /kkjkvksa esa ckavk x;k gsa & 1- fuxqz.k HkfDr /kkjk 2- lxq.k HkfDr /kkjk HkfDr dky fuxqz.k HkfDr /kkjk lxq.k HkfDr /kkjk KkukJ;h ¼dchj½ izsekj;h ¼tk;lh½ d`".k HkfDr ¼lwjnkl½ jke HkfDr ¼rqylhnkl½ 3- mrrj e/;dky ;k jhfrdky (laor~ 1700&1900 bz- rd) ^jhfr* dk vfkz gsa ijeijk vfkok iwoz dh dko; eku;rkvksa dks T;ksa dk R;ksa izlrqr djuka jhfrdky dks rhu Hkkxksa esa fohkdr fd;k x;k gsa & 1- jhfrc) dko; 2- jhfreqdr dko; 3- jhfrfl) dko; 12

13 Language Subject- Moral Values & bl dky esa tuekul dk >qdko HkfDr ls gvdj yksfdd Jàxkj,oa Hkksx&foykflrk dh rjq gks jgk FkkA ;gh dkj.k gsa fd bl dky dh jpukvksa es a Jaxkfjdrk] ekalyrk] u[kf'k[k o.kzu] uk;d&ukf;dk Hksn fu:i.k dh vf/kdrk ifjyf{kr gksrh gsa 4- vk/kqfud dky vfkok x dky (laor~ 1900 bz- ls vc rd) vk/kqfud dky dks fgunh lkfgr; esa HkkjrsUnq dky] x dky ;k [km+h cksyh fgunh dfork dk dky Hkh dgk tkrk gsa lu~ 1826 bz- es a ^mnur ekrz.m* uked fgunh lkirkfgd ds izdk'ku us fgunh x dks,d ubz uhfr nha vk/kqfud dky dks fueufyf[kr Hkkxksa esa ck Vk x;k & 1- HkkjrsUnq dky (lu~ 1850&1900) 2- f}osnh ;qx (lu~ 1900&1920) 3- Nk;kokn (lu~ 1920&1935) 4- mrrj Nk;kokn izxfrokn (lu~ 1936&1942) iz;ksxokn,oa ubz dfork (lu~ 1943&1960) ledkyhu dko; lkfgr; (lu~ 1980 bz- ds i'pkr~) 13

14 Language Subject- Moral Values & 1- lapkj&lalk/ku% leidz ds u, f{kfrt vk' bdkbz&3 lapkj Økafr ds ;qx esa lelr O;kolkf;d miøe gsa fodyikas,oa fu.kz;ksa dk nks ;k vf/kd O;fD;ksa ds lakdsfrd gks ldrk gsa ifjhkk"kk, & mi;qdr,oa egroiw.kz gs& 1- ^^;g nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ds e/; rf;ksa fopkjksa] lykgksa ;k Hkkoukvksa dk fofue; gksrk gsa** U;weSu,oa lej 2- vesfjdu izca/kdh; 3- ds fujurj izfø;k es a pyrh jgrh gsa** yqbzl,-,syu ifjhkk"kk&,d:irk vkrh gsa^^ leizs"k.k fopkjksa dh vfhko;fdr gs& dksbz dk;z] tsls& Hkkstu djuk ;k lksuka gj O;fDr viuh bpnkvksa vkdka{kkvksa Hkkoukvksa vksj fopkjksa dks nwljksa ds lkfk gksrk gsa 1- fu;u=.k gs 2- vfhkizsj.k gs 3-4- lwpuk dk laogu gs S

15 a B.Com 5 th Sem. lapkjd ek/;e izkid izhkko lapkj ds?kvd ekwl ehfm;k tkss fefjr vfhk:fp;ksa] eu lalk/ku lfeefyr gsaa vur% os;fdrd lapkj ladsrk vusd O;fDr;ksa dks lecks/ku ds tfj;s lwpuk, nh tkrh gsa rks ogk Hkh vur% os;fdrd lapkj gksrk gs] tsls /kkfezd izopu] lewg lapkj Hk; gksrk gsa iqjkus le; esa uksvadh] dbiqryh dk [ksy] ckbildksi] jkeyhyk] ukp xkus vkfn yksd euksjatu ds dk;zøe lewg lapkj ds rgr gh gksrs FksA lksgknzz,oa lg;ksx dh Hkkouk fodflr gksrh gsa lewg esa jgdj fdlh Hkh euksjatu ds dk;zøe es a ges a ftruk vkukun feyrk gs] mruk vdsys es a ugha dkj.k fd gekjk eu vusd O;fDr;ksa dh miflfkfr,oa mrlkg ls ljkcksj gksdj viuh O;fDrxr lhekvksa ls Åij gks tkrk gsa QyLo:Ik,d lkewfgdrk dk Hkko vk tkus ds dkj.k lcdk lq[k&nq[k viuk gks tkrk gsa lapkj lalk/ku lapkj lalk/ku dgrs gsa lapkj ds bu lk/kuksa dks ge fueu pkj Hkkxksa esa ck V ldrs gs& 1- (Non verbal communication) 2- vur% os;fdrd lapkj (Interpersonal Communication) 3- lewg lapkj (Group Communication) 4- tulapkj (Mass Communication) ladsrokpu dk cgqr egro gsa 2- lekpkj&i= vkfndky ls gh ekuo dh ftkklk jgh gs fd og vf/kd ls vf/kd Kku izkir djsa rfkk fofhkuu LFkkuksa ds fø;k&dykiksa ls voxr gksrk jgs A lekt es a lekpkj&i= dh,d fu.kkz;d Hkwfedk gksrh gsa vius ikbdksa dks lwpuk iznku djus ds vykok sxksa ls lekpkj&i= lkekftd :ikarj.k dk,d ek/;e gsa fu%lunsg lekpkj&i= dk drzo; gs fd og nkf;ro&cks/k ds lkfk gsa lekpkj&i=ksa ds }kjk ge yksdra= esa fofhkuu izdkj ds lq>ko] leefr rfkk vkykspuk ls vius jktuhfrd] lkekftd rfkk,d ek/;e gsa Jfedksa vksj Jethfo;ksa ds fy, ;g jksth&jksvh dk lk/ku Hkh gsa Ekkuo tks dqn Hkh ns[krk gs mls vu; O;fDr;ksa dks vksj crykuk pkgrk gs] lkfk gh lcdh ckrksa dks tkuuk pkgrk gsa blh 15

16 izsl vksj i=dkfjrk& bzlk dh nwljh lnh rd ys x;h gsa phu esa 175 bz- es a BIIks ls eqfnzr xzufk dk dqn Hkkx vkt Hkh fo eku crk;k tkrk gsa - esa dydrrs es a iszsl [kqyus rd dksbz - og Lof.kZe fnol gs ftl fnu,d xsj Hkkjrh; }kjk i= s iz;kl ls 1818 bz- esa ^caxky xtv^ 1821 bzes a ^laokn dkseqnh^ vksj ^fejkrqy v[kckj^ fudysa Lora=rk ds iwoz dh i=dkfjrk rstflouh] vkstflouh] fuhkz;] ije U;k;ijk;.k fj= fgr Hkkjr ds izzeq[k lekpkj&i=ksa dks ge rhu Hkkxksa esa ckav ldrs gs& bz- es a 1880 bz- rd ds lekpkj i= bz- ls 1947 rd ds lekpkj i= ls vkt rd ds lekpkj i= 3- Hkkjrh; izsl ifj"kn~ 1- Lkekpkj i=ksa,oa U;wt,tsafl;ksa dks viuh Lora=rk dk;e j[kus esa lg;ksx nsuka 2- mpp O;kolkf;d Lrj dks dk;e j[kus ds fy, lekpkj&i=ksa U;wt,tsfl;ksa,oa laikndks ds fy, vkpkj&lafgrk dk fuekz.k djuka 3- ;g ns[kuk fd izsl tu:fp ds mpp Lrj dks cuk, j[kus ds lkfk&lkfk ukxfjdrk ds vf/kdkj drzo; dh Hkkouk dk 4- i=dkfjrk ds O;olk; esa yxs lelr O;fDr;ksa esa mrrjkf;ro,oa tulsok dh Hkkouk dks fodflr djuka 5- tu:fp,oa egro ds lekpkjksa ds lahkj.k vksj izlkj es a ;fn fdlh izdkj dh ck/kk, miflfkr gks rks mudh tkwp djuka 6- gks ;k fdlh O;fDr ds lewg ;k vu; laxbu }kjk mldh tkudkjh esa yk, x, gksaa 7- v/;;u djuk gsa 8-9- lekpkj i=,oa U;wt,tsafl;ksa esa dke dj jgs yksxksa ds chp vpns dk;kzred laca/kksa dks izksrlkfgr djuka 10- mu flfkfr;ksa dh tk p djuk ftuds dkj.k izsl es a dgh dsunzhdj.k vksj,dkf/kdkj gksrk tku im+sa blesa dk;z Hkh djs] tks mlds mi;qzdr dk;ksz dks djus esa lg;ksx nsrs gsa ifj"kn~ ds vf/kdkj &lafgrk dk myya?ku djrs g, ik;k tkrk gs] rks og mldh HkRlZuk dj ldrh gs] psrokuh ns ldrh gs vfkok lsalj dj ldrh gsa izeq[k U;wt,tsafl;k izeq[k U;wt,tsafl;k lu~ 1948 es a bafm;u izsl us izsl VªLV vkwq bafm;k ih-vh-vkbz- dh LFkkiuk dha ;g,d lekpkj VªLV gs] 16

17 a S B.Com 5 th Sem. ;wukbvsm U;wt vkwq bafm;k ;wukbvsm izsl vkwq bafm;k ds can djus ds ckn ;wukbvsm U;wt vkwq bafm;k ;w-,u-vkbz- dh LFkkiuk dh xbza daiuh ds :Ik es bldk iathdj.k 10 uoecj 1959 dks fd;k x;k Fkk rfkk blus viuh lekpkj lsok, 21 ekpz] 1961 es a nsuh vkjahk dha ;g ukwu&vykbam U;wt,tsalht iwy -,-,u-,-ih- og O;oLFkk gs] ftlds ek/;e ls ysfvu dka vesfj Hkkjr esa vu; U;wt,tsafl;k Hkkjr esa mdr rhu lekpkj,tsafl;ksa ds vfrfjdr vu; fueufyf[kr lekpkj,tsafl;k dk;z djrh gs& 1- bafm;u U;wt,aM fqplz vyka;l ¼vkbZ-,u-,Q-,-½ 2- dkvksaxzkfqd U;wt lfozl ¼lh-,u-,l-½ 3- MkVk U;wt QhplZ ¼Mh-,u-,Q-½ 4- bafm;u izsl,tsalh ¼vkbZ-ih-,-½ 5- -,u-,l-½ 6- U;wt QhplZ vkwq bafm;k ¼,u-,Q-vkbZ-½ 1-,tsalh Ýkal izsl ¼,-,Q-ih-½ 2-,lksfl,VsM izsl ¼,-ih-½ 3- -ih-vkbz-½ 4- jkbvja -vkbz-ch- 4- jsfm;ks jsfm;ks bysdvªkwfud ehfm;k dk lcls yksdfiz; lk/ku gsa 23 tqykbz 1927 dks Hkkjr esa jsfm;ksa dk igyk izlkj.k cecbz eqecbz ls ds oskkfud jsfxukym QsalMsu us 24 fnlecj 1906 dks jsfm;ksa izlkj.k d izfke volj FkkA ;g 1916 ls 1920 ds e/; jsfm;ksa dk fodkl gqvk vksj bljk; ykwmz bjfou us 23 tqykbz 17

18 1926 dks fd;ka ml le; jsfm;ksa ykblslh dh la[;k cgqr de Fkh rfkk deiuh ds [kpz vf/kd Fks blh otg ls 1 ekpz 1930 dks ;g deiuh cun dj nsuh im+ha turk }kjk izlkj.k iqu% izkjehk djus ds fy, nckc Mkyk x;ka visszy 1930 dks ljdkj us deiuh dks vius fu;u=.k chchlh ls vk;s gq, fy;ksuy QsfYMu us dk;z lahkkyka blds ckn 8 twu 1936 dks deiuh dk uke cnydj ^vky bafm;k jsfm;ksa^ dj fn;k x;k 1939 esa lekpkjksa dk izlkj.k Hkh vkjehk dj fn;ka rfkk vu; izpkj&izlkj ek/;eksa dh dm+h izfrli)kz esa my> x;k gsa rfkk izlkj&izlkj ek/;e dk,d gsa ls tkuk tkrk Ikgyh iapo"khz; ;kstuk & 1951&56 f}rh; iapo"khz; ;kstuk & 1956&61 r`rh; iapo"khz; ;kstuk & 1961&66& bl ;kstuk ds nksjku pank desvh dk xbu fd;k x;k ftlus lq>ko fn;k fd mls pksfkh iapo"khz; ;kstuk 1969&74 ik poh iapo"khz; ;kstuk 1974&79& bl nksjku fgunqlrkku VkbEl ds iwoz leiknd ch-th- oxhzt dh v/;{krk es a,d lfefr -,e- izlkj.k enzkl ls izkjehk gqvka NBh iapo"khz; ;kstuk 1980&85 jsfm;ksa ds fofhkuu :Ik& 1- gse jsfm;ks& le; izpfyr jsfm;ksa dks gse jsfm;ksa dgk x;ka 2-,-,e- jsfm;ksa& nqfu;k es a,-,e- -,e- dk vfkz gksrk gs,eiykhv~;wm e 3-,Q-,e- jsfm;ksa&,e-,e- -vkezlvªkax us fd;k FkkA,-,e- jsfm;ksa izlkj.k esa vurfozjks/k dh lel;k ls fuivus ds fy,,q-,e- jsfm;ksa rduhd dk tue gqvk FkkA 4- lkeqnkf;d jsfm;ksa& lkeqnkf;d jsfm;ksa dk vfkz Hkwfedk gksuh pkfg,a 5- lsvsykbv jsfm;ksa& mixzg dh lgk;rk ls jsfm;ksa dk;zøeksa dks lquuk dh lsvsykbv jsfm;ksa dks ^fmftvy jsfm;ksa^ Hkh 6- fmthvy jsfm;ksa& 7- LdkbZ jsfm;ks& gokbz tgkt 8- buvjusv jsfm;ksa& buvjusv dh enn ls vkwfm;ksa izlkj.k djus okyh lsok gh buvjusv jsfm;ksa gs] buvjusv jsfm;ks gsa 18

19 izlkj Hkkjrh lu~ 1990 es a izlkj Hkkjrh vf/kfu;e rs;kj fd;k x;ka blds }kjk izlkj Hkkjrh uked izlkj.k fuxe dh O;oLFkk dh xbz bl vf/kfu;e es a 4 v/;k; vksj 35 /kkjk, gsa izlkj Hkkjrh fuxe dks pykus ds fy, izlkj Hkkjrh cksmz dh LFkkiuk dh xbza gsa blds [ksydwn ls lecfu/kr dk;zøeksa dk izlkj.ka 5- ;qokvksa ds dk;zøeksa dk izlkj.k] lkekftd U;k; dks izksrlkgu,oa NqvkNqr] vlekurk ds f[kykq izpkj djus okys dk;zøeksa dk izlkj.ka 6- Efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr dk;zøeksa dk izlkj.ka 7- Jethoh oxz ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk dks c<+kok nsus ls lecf/kr dk;zøeksa dks c<+kok nsuka 1- - laxhr lfjrk 3- t;ekyk 4- gokegy 5- Nk;kxhr 6- laxhr dk vf[ky Hkkjrh; dk;zøe 7- - l[kh&lgsyh 1- - frudk&frudk lq[k gsyks - l[kh&lgsyh izeq[k,q-,e- psuy,q-,e- xksym,e-,- jsucks jsfm;ks fephz jsfm;ks flvh xks-,q-,efcx,q-,ejsm,q-,e jsfm;ks VqMs jsfm;ks rm+dk ekbz,q-,elw;zu,q-,e- izlkj Hkkjrh izlkj Hkkjrh VkbEl lewg LVkj lewg fem Ms lewg fjyk;al lewg,e-mh-vh-oh- lewg bafm;k VqMs lewg if=dk lewg HkkLdj lewg lu lewg 5- Hkj dh?kvukvksa dks vius dejs esa csbdj ns[k ldrs gsa dgk Hkh x;k gs fd dsoy lqudj ckr gsa leqnz es a ty&fky es a O;kIr rfkk vu; rf;ksa dh tku tkudkjh] ;w-th-lh- ds dk;zøe ds lkfk mriknu ds fokkiu Hkh YkkHknk;d gs] ftlls O;kikj txr dks ykhk feyrk gsa Z- es a U;w;kWdZ 19

20 }kjk rkj ds ek/;e ls Vhoh dk;zøe Hkstk x;ka /khjs&/khjs blesa vusd lq/kkj fd;s x;sa Qkbyksa Vsyj QUlZoFkZ dks Vhoh rk gsa 1964 bz- es a Hkkjr esa Vhoh dh fodkl&;k=k izkjahk gqbza 1- lkekftd ifjorzu esa izsjd Hkwfedk fuhkkuka 2-3- tu&lkeku; esa oskkfud psruk txkuka 4- ifjokj dy;k.k vksj 5-6- Ik;kZoj.k&larqyu cuk;s j[kuka 7- Xkjhc vksj fuczy oxksz gsrq lkekftd dy;k.k ds mik;ksa ij cy nsuka 8- [ksy&dwn esa :fp c<+kuka 9- Hkkjr dh dyk vksj lkald`frd xfjek ds izfr tkx:drk isnk djuka jgk gsa 20

21 1- fp=iv ;k flusek bdkbz&4 us lu~ 1885 es a cukbza nknklkgc Qkyds us 1913 izfke laokn fqye cuha lu~ 1931 es a jaxhu fqye cuus yxha bl izdkj txr dk fodkl rsth ls gqvka vkt Hkkjr es sa dykred fqye vksj O;kolkf;d fqye dk Lo:Ik vyx&vyx jgrk gsa vkt fgunh fp=iv us viuh lqnh?kz ijaijk ds yxhkx lks o fp=iv gekjs lekt dk izfrfckec ekuk tkrk gs lekt es a?kv jgh?kvukvksa dh Nfo fn[kkus esa fp=iv viuh egrh Hkwfedk fuhkkrk jgk gsa fp=iv tulapkj dk,d egroiw.kz lk/ku gs tks u flqz gekjk euksjatu djrk gs cfyd lkekftd cqjkbz;ksa ds izfr Hkh gea s tkx`r djrk gsa lekt es a?kv jgh?kvukvkas dks dyiuk ds lqunj rkus&ckus ds lkfk lqunj dyiukyksd es a fopj.k Hkh dj ysrk gs ftlls mls eku vkidks a rjks&rktk eglwl djrk gsa etcwrh iznku dh gsa lekt es a?kv jgh?kvukvksa dks dyiuk ds laqnj rkus&ckus d Hkj yks ikuh( tks thou esa O;ogkj es a ykdj mldk mi;ksx Hkh djus yxsa fgunh fp=ivksa ds fdrus,sls xhr gs] fdruh xtysa gs ftugsa yksx fp=iv brus yksdfiz; gks tkrs gsa ftug tathj mejkotku vkfn vksj Hkh vusd,slh gh fqyes a gsa fgunh oxz mudh yksdfiz;rk dks udkj ugha ldka fnu&fnu iv ;kfu flusek dk egroiw.kz LFkku gsa ;g ek/;e Hkh gs fluseka 2- jaxeap ukvd vksj jaxeap dk vu;ksu;kfjr laca/k gsa jaxeap dk lafoy;u ukvd es a gh gsa ukvddkj dh dyiuk jaxeap ij gh vkdkfjr gksrh gsa osx ds vuqlkj^^ I dream is not be read but it can be seen on stage^^ ukvd i<+ s tkus dk dksbz vfkz ugha] mldk jaxeap ij [ksyk tkuk v a a ukvd ds ewy es lkekftd euksfouksn dh mnkj Hkkouk varfuzfgr FkhA lald`r es jaxeap dh ifjidork rfkk lqn`<+rk ij ukvd ;k jaxep ds izeq[k fueufyf[kr gsa& 1- vfhkusrk 2- - ukvddkj ok,oa laxhr la;kstd 7- :Ik lttkdkj 8- ukvd ds Lo:Ik] mn~hko,oa fodkl :id dgk tkrk gsa 21

22 ikjlh jaxeap ds mrfkku ds lkfk gh fgunh jaxeap dk mn~hko gqvka ;s ikjlh ukvd eamfy;kas O;kolkf;d Fkha A fgunh dks igys [ksyk x;k ukvd ^tkudh eaxy^ Fkk tks cukjl ffk;svj es a cm+h /kwe/kke ls [ksyk x;ka HkkjrsUnq ukvd e.myh vksj fuekz.k fd;ka ekuk x;k fd i<+k&fy[kk rcdk gh bu ukvdksa dks le> ldrk gsa ;g fgunh ukvdksa ds fodkl dk nwljk ;qx gsa xksfounoyyhk iar] ts-ih- JhokLro] iafmr y{ehukjk ukvddkj gsa & MkW- ;qx izkjhhk gksrk gs MkW- kiwozd eafpr gq,a buds ledkyhu a MkW- -yky ds ukvdksa us ky] fuezy dqekj] MkW- Zeku ukv~; lkfgr; lkald`frd ;qx fuekz.k dh vksj vxzlj gsa 3- laxhr Lakxhr dks lhkh yfyr dykvksa es a lcls egroiw.kz ekuk x;k gsa izkphu dky es a laxhr ds nks :Ik izpfyr FksA 1- ekxhz 2- ns'kh A ekxhz laxhr yqir gks x;ka ns'kh laxhr ijeijk gh vius fofhkuuk :iksa es a vkt rd Hkkjrh;] laxhr dyk dh igpku cuk gqvk gsa ns'kh laxhr ds nks Hksn gsa& 1- ds N% eksfyd jkx fueukqlkj gs& 1- HkSjo jkx 2- dksf'kd jkx 3- fgmksy jkx 4- nhid jkx 5- Jh jkx 6- es?k jkx lird& js-x-e-i-/k-uh- vfkok lird dgk tkrk gsa k ckn esa /kzqij ds varxzr [;ky] Bwejh] VIik] rjkuk vkfn 2- /kzqin& ds lozizfke xk;d xksiky uk;d ftugksus Hkhe iyklh jkx,oa lwjrkyc) es a xk;k FkkA /kzqin ds pkj [k.m gsa& LFkk;h] varjk lapkjh rfkk vkhkksxa /kzqin xk 3- [;ky& k mrrjh Hkkjr es a vksj ifv;kyk?kjkuka 22

23 4- /kekj& laxhr dh mn~ns'; xahkhjrk dks [kre dj ljlrk] Ja`xfjdrk }kjk eu dks jaxhfu;ksa ls Hkj nsuk gsa 5- Bqejh& Hkkjr ds lqizflk) laxhrdkj & pamhnkl& vehj [kqljksa & vehj [kqljks dk tue,vk ftys ds ifv;kyh xk o es a gqvk FkkA bugksaus Hkkjrh; laxhr dks Qkjlh,oa bzjkuh laxhr ds laidz esa ykus esa lqyrk gkfly dha Lokeh gfjnkl myys[k gsa buesa 18 fl)kur ds in rfkk 110 dsfyeku ds uke ls izfl) gsa cstw ckojk& cstw ckojk us gh fd;k FkkA rkulsu& laxhr lezkv rkulsu dk teu 1506 bz- es a Xokfy;j ds lehi csgyxk o esa gqvk FkkA ;s eqxy lezkv vdcj ds uojruksa esa ls,d FksA lnkjax ;k user [kk & /;kxjkt& /;kxjkt dk tue 1767 bz- esa gqvk FkkA dukzvd laxhr ds ijaifjr es a ØkfUrdkjh ifjorzu ykus dk Js; /;kujkt dks tkrk gsa jghe lsu& 1733 bz- tue jghe lsu izfl) flrkj oknd) dk lecu/k lksfu;k?kjkus ls FkkA buds laxhr es a Hkkoukvksa dh vfhko;fdr ds lkfk gh /kzqin oh.kk,ao [;ky dk leuo; ik;k tkrk gsa 4- fp=] ewfrz] LFkkiR;] dyk Hkkjrh; dyk & ^^ekuoh; Hkkoksa,oa izkd`frd miknkuksa dk ewfrzeku :Ik gh dyk gsa** dykred psruk dk mn~hko euq"; ds mn~hko ds lkfk gh lac) gsa dyk ds fueufyf[kr :Ik gsa & 1- Hkkjrh; LFkkiR;,oa oklrqdyk 2- Hkkjrh; ewfrzdyk 3- Hkkjrh; fp=dyk 4- Hkkjr esa glrf'kyi dyka gsa ;g dyk igys xkwoksa rd lhfer FkhA fdarq orzeku le; esa ehfm;k ds izksrlkgu us bl dyk dks lhkh {ks=ksa rd igqwpk;ka 1- e`.ky; (fev~vh ds crzu) 2-3- gkfkh nkar dyk 4- izlrj dyk 5- /kkrq dyk 6- ol=,oa jaxkbz dyk 7- tm+kå dk;z 8-23

24 fp=dyk& ns[ks tk ldrs gsa ck?k dh xqqkvksa es a cus vr;ur le`) fp= vturk ls gksm ysrs izrhr gksrs gsa vaxzstksa ds tekus esa ejkbksa ds laj{k.k es a Xokfy;j] eunlksj mttsu vkfn es a gosfy;ksa] egyksa] efunjksa vkfn es a gq, js[kkadu rsy fp= vkfn izkphu ksyh esa fp=dyk ds uo mrfkku dk Js; nrrk=; nkeksnj nsoykyhdj dks gs tks Lo;a mppkdksfv ds fp=dkj FksA q, gs ewfrzdyk%& yksa k ds vn~hkwr dyk&lk/kuk dh eqwgcksyh dgkuh gsa ewfrzdkjksa dh ;g ijeijk vkt Hkh fujurj fodflr gksrh jgdj ikjeikfjd 5- f'kyi&dyk yksdfp=%& ekyok ds fp=ko.k vksj ekwmus yksd fp=dyk esa cmh txg j[krs gs ;g,slh dyk gs ftlesa gj?kj dh fl=;kw n{k gksrh gs lwtk] ukx] ;eekrk] n kgjk] xksj/ku] fifkksjk] vkfn ikjeifjd yksdfp= gsa efunjksa vksj?kjksa es a fookgksa esa nsorkvksa ds fp= cuk, tkrs gs] bugsa fp=ko.k dgk tkrk gsa ekwmus js[kkadu gksrs gs tks R;kSgkjksa vksj mrloksa esa?kj?kj cuk, tkrs gsa ;s fp= xkscj] fev~vh xs:] Qwy vkfn vusdkusd lk/kuksa ls cuk, tkrs gsa 6- kyi }kjk nsfud mi;ksx dh phtsa cukbz tkrh gsa jhok es a lqikjh ds f kyi izflk) gsa 7- /kkrqdyk%& /kkrq dh <ykbz }kjk dykd`fr;kw vksj olrq,w fufezr djus es a Vhdex<+ csrwy] gksa kxkckn] jk;x<+ vkfn izflk) gsa 8- Nhik f kyi esa Hkhy vkfnoklh yksxksa ds tkrh; izrhd Nkis tkrs gs mttsu ds ikl Hks:x<+ esa Nkik dyk vr;ur lqje; :iksa esa fn[kkbz nsrh gsa blesa vusd :ikdkj vksj fmtkbusa gksrh gsa csxk] dksjdw ekfj;k] xksam] j ij dykvksa dks xksn ysus ls cmk dyk izse D;k gksrk gsa 24

25 1- dei;wvj dk ifjp; bdkbz&5 s a a a a }kjk bldh ^Machine of the Year mikf/k nh xbza ^^pkylz csost** ;g dk;z 1833 bz- ea leiuu fd;ka dei;wvj dh yksdfiz;rk,oa nwjxkeh ifj.kkeksa ls izhkkfor gksdj Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkh lu~ 1965 bz- es bldk vk;kr fd;ka vkt thou ds yxhkx izr;sd {ks= esa dei;wvj dk mi;ksx ns[kk tk ldrk gsa dei;wvj dh mi;ksfxrk dh O;kidrk dk vuqeku bl ckr ls yxk ldrs gs fd vkt tks O;fDr dei;wvj ds uke ls vufhkk] gs] mldk oklrk Hkh nsfud thou esa dei;wvj ls cuh olrqvksa ls im+rk gsa olrqr% dei;wvj lh; ;qx dh gj {ks= es lsok dj jgs gsa,slk blfy, dgk x;k gs D;ksafd bl ;qx es bldh lsok ls tk ekuo lh;rk ls dgkw nwj?kus taxyksa es vfkok xqqkvksa esa jg jgs gsa dei;wvj dk mi;ksx 1- oskkfud vuqla/kku (Scientific Research) 2- vks ksfxd mi;ksx (Industrial Uses) 3- O;kikfjd mi;ksx (business Uses) 4- vurfj{k rduhdh (Space Technology) 5- Ik;kZoj.k lecu/kh mi;ksx (Environmental Uses) 6- Lakpkj O;oLFkk (Communication System) 7- (Educational field) 8- iqlrdky;ksa gsrq mi;ksx (Useful for Libraries) 9- vk;qfozkku esa dei;wvj (Computer in Medicine) 10- dei;wvj vksj ;a= (Machine) 11- dei;wvj vksj ;krk;kr (Computer in Traffic) 12- csadksa esa dei;wvj (computer In Bank) 13- dei;wvj vksj omzizkslslj (Computr & Word Possesor) 14- dei;wvj vksj euksjatu (Computer & Word Entertaiment) 15- dei;wvj vksj iqfyl (Computer & Police) 16- ljdkjh dk;z vksj dei;wvj (Government Work & Computer) 17- (Astronomy) 18- bz&esy ( ) 19- (Estrology) 20- bathfu;fjax fmtk;u (Engineering Design) 21- eksle fokku (Metrology) 22- jsyos vkj{k.k (Railway Reservation) 23- dei;wvj vksj vuqokn (Computer & Translation) 24- dei;wvj vksj laxhr (Computer & Music) 25- dei;wvj vksj QksVksxzkQh (computer & Photography) dei;wvj dk fodkl Øe 3000 B.C.,csdl ABACUS 1600 vjch xf.kr Arabic Math 1614 tkwu usfi;j dh ykwx Vsfcy Logarithim by John Napier 1822 Differential Engine Charles Babbage 1850 tktz cqys }kjk cqfy;u ykwftd dk fodkl Development of Boolean Logic by George Boole 1872 Invention of Calculator by Frank Boldwin 1890 gezu gksysfjfk }kjk iapdkmz dk fodkl Development of Punch card by Herman 1942 Development of First Digital Computer Anlog Computer by Venever Bush 1950 Vwfjax }kjk vkvksesfvd dei;wfvax baftu dk fodkl Development of First digital Computer by Turring tks izfke fmthvy dei;wvj FkkA 25

26 a B.Com 5 th Sem. 1975,MoMZ jkcv~zl }kjk ekbøksdei;wvj dh jpuk Design of Micro Computer by Edward Roberts 1976 CRAY -1 lqij dei;wvj dk fodkl Development of Apple Mircro Computer 1980 IBM }kjk?kjsyw mi;ksx gsrq ilzuy dei;wvlz dk mi;ksx Production of Personal Computer by IBM dei;wvj ihf<+;k ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Intergrator and Calculator) dks izfke bysdvªkwfud dei;wvj dgk tk ldrk gsa blds ckn Edvac Edsac vkfn ij Vacuum Tube vk/kkfjr dei;wvlz vk;sa blds ckn VªkaftLVj bafvxzsvsm lfdzv LSI & VLS lfdzv ij vk/kkfjr dei;wvlz fodflr gksrs x,a le; ds lkfk&lkfk dei;wvlz dh izkslsflkax,oa laxzg.k {kerk esa o`f} gksrh xbz rfkk vkdkj,oa dherksa esa deh gksrh xbz lu~ 1950 rd dei;wvlz dk mi;ksx lsuk bathfu;fjax,oa fokku ds {ks=ksa rd?kjsyw dk;kzs rd es a gksus yxk gsa dei;wvj ds blh fodkl Øe dks ik p ihf<+;k ds vurzxr j[kk x;k gsa dei;wvj eflr"d % Kku dk u;k :Ik& lekt dks ehfm A Kku vc O;fDrRo dk fgllk ugha] e.mh dk eky gs] ftldh [kjhn&qjks[r lahko gsa igys KkuktZu gsrq thou [kik;s tkrs FksA vc Kku dk e.mh dh olrqvksa ds lkfk Fkksd mriknu gks jgk gs vksj lkcqu,oa VwFkisLV ds leku og Hkh fcdkå eky gsa dks vyksfdr djus ;k O;fDrRo dks cukus ds fy, izkir fd;k tkrk Fkk mldh Hkwfedk flqz blrseky QksVks i=dkfjrk] MkWV dkwe deifu;k ] duojtsal] Mh-Vh-,p- lsok, vkfn {ks=ksa eas cgqrk;kr ls gks jgh gsa lwpuk Hkh O;Dr gksrk tk jgk gsa igys bl lwpuk rduhd ds dkj.k jsfm;ks] Vsyhfotu] fqye vksj nwjlapkj ds {ks= izekf.kr gq,a dei;wvj ds iz;ksx dk tuk/kkj c<us ij bz&esy] bavjusv vksj csc dk mi;ksx c<+ x;k] ftles a lapkj ds u, :Ik lkeus vk, gsa dei;wvj us jsfm;ksa Vsyhfotu vksj fqye ds dk;zøe fuekz.k vksj izlrqfr dks iwjh rjg cny dj j[k fn;k gs ftlds dkj.k bu lalk/kuksa es psruk esa vhkwriwoz folrkj gqvk gsa buvjusv flfkr fofhkuu dei;wvj mi;ksxdrkzvksa ds e/; lwpukvksa ds vknku&iznku dk lk/ku gsa buvjusv ds ek/;e ls fdlh Hkh h tk ldrh gsa bl ij fdlh Hkh O;fDr vfkok lalfkk dk LokfeRo ugha gsa vesfjdk es a National Science Foundation (NSF) (Performance) dks ns[krk gsa bldh lgk;rk (Internet Engineering Task Force) lfefr }kjk dh tkrh gsa blh izdkj ds vu; dbz ekfyduk gd ugha j[krha vfirq dsoy lozj vksj lwvj ds Lokeh gksrs gsa bu lalfkkvksa dks buvjusv lsok iznkrk dgk tkrk gsa bz&esy 26

27 bz&esy ;k bysdvªkwfud esy dei;wvj usvodz ij miyc/k Mkd O;oLFkk gsa buvjusv es a fofhkuu dei;wvj,d&nwljs ls tqms+ jgrs gsa vr%,d gsa buvjusv fjy&psv buvjusv dh lgk;rk ls,d gh le; es a,d ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ds chp ckrphr Hkh gks ldrh gsa bl izdkj,d ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ds e/; ijlij vkwuykbu laokn dks buvjusv fjys&psv dgk tkrk gsa oscdse oscdse dei;wvj dh vu; lkexzh dh rjg,d NksVk&lk ;a= gksrk gs] tks dsejs dh rjg vkidh ltho rlohj dks fmthvy QkeZ esa :Ik dei;wvj dh LØhu ij fn[kk nsrk gsa usvehfvax usvehfvax dh lgk;rk ls fo 2- nwjhkk"k% fokku dh lksxkr - esa dksydkrk es a gqbza 700 ykbuksa dh {kerk okyk LoPkkfyr VsyhQksu Hkkjrh; VsyhdkWe fu;ked izkf/kdj.k VhvkjihvkbZ dh LFkkiuk 1997 esa gqbza nwjlapkj {ks= esa lkoztfud miøe fueufyf[kr gsa 1- Hkkjr lapkj fuxe fyfevsm (ch-,l-,u-,y-) 2- Ekgkuxj VsyhQksu fuxe fyfevsm (,e-vh-,u-,y-) 3- (ch-,u-,u-,y-) 4- bafm;k VsyhQksu bamlvªht (vkbz-vh-vkbz-) 5- (Vh-lh-vkbZ-,y-) VsyhxzkQ &,slh iz.kkyh gs ftlesa rkjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa blfy, bls ^rkj;a=* Hkh dgrs gsa VsysDl& LFkku ij Hkstus dk,d izpfyr rjhdk gs] ftls VsyhfizUVj] VsyhxzkQ vksj VsyhQksu dk fefjr :Ik Hkh dgk tk ldrk gsa i=&if=dkvksa ds dk;kzy;ks rfkk O;kikfjd laxbuksa esa Vs sysdl dk izpyu yxkrkj c<+rk tk jgk Hkstus ds fy,,d dkjxj vk/kqfud rjhdk gsa QSDl ;k QSDlhekby& blds ek/;e ls glrfyf[kr vfkok eqfnzr lkexzh dks VsyhQksu usvodz ds }kjk,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd Hkstk tkrk gsa izflk) gsa ohfm;ksa Qksu& bls QksVks Qksu Hkh dgrs gsa blesa,d dsejk Vh-oh- LØhu lsv gksrk gsa ;g vr;ur egroiw.kz,oa vfr tk ldrk gsa vusd egroiw.kz O;fDr;ksa vfkok izfrhkkfx;ksa dks ohfm;ksa Qksu ls tksm+ djds mues a lkewfgd ckrphr vfkok jsfm;ksa isfatax& kkyh gsa gj odr vkwuykbu cus jgus ds fy;s ;g jklrk vksj lqyhk lk/ku gsa vkwfql es a,d tx csbdj dke u djus okys QhYM ds yksxksa ls laidz djus dk,dek= ek/;e istj gh su }kjk vkils leidz LFkkfir dj ldrk gsa 27

28 ,d Mkd fvdv ds vkdkj dk fledkmz lkeku;r% csvjh ds uhps ;wfuv ds ihns j[kk tkrk gsa blds lfø; gksus ij Qksu dk fou;kl,oa MsVk laxzg dk dk;z djrk gsa ea= (dgkuh) &izsepan - pm~mk dh s dh eu%flfkfr dk fp=.k fd;k gsa - pm~mk ds ikl ysdj tkrk gs rks MkWpM~Mk mls bykt djus ds fy, euk djrk gs D;ksafd MkW- pm~mk xksyq [ksyus tk jgk FkkA cnfdlerh ls mlh jkr cw<s+ Hkxr csvs dh e`r;q gks tkrh gs vksj og iq= fo;ksx dh Tokyk esa ty tkrk gsa /khjs&/khjs le; chrrk tkrk gs vksj b/kj MkWcpiu ls gh lk iksa dks upkus] ikyus vksj f[kyksus es a cgqr fnyplih FkhA viuh bl vknr ij og gtkjksa :Ik;sa [kpz dj xsagwou lkai Ml ysrk gsa MkW- pm~mk vius bdyksrs csvs ds mipkj gsrq uhe] gdhe] os vkfn lhkh dks cqykdj tgj mrkjus ds ;Fkk lahko iz;kl djrs gs ysfdu dqn lqyrk gkfk ugha yxrha ;g ckr cw<+s Hkxr ds dkuksa rd - pm~mk dh n;uh; flfkfr dks tkudj izluu gksrk gs ysfdu ekuork vksj dez ls ifjiw.kz Hkkouk mldh bl eukso`frr ij yxke yxk nsrh gsa og vius vki dks jksd ugh ikrk gs vksj rqjur MkW- pm~mk ds pkjksa vksj izluukrk vk tkrh gsa MkW- pm~mk dks tc ;g Kkr gksrk gs fd ;g ogh cw<+k Hkxr gs ftlds iq= dk bykt djus ls badkj fd;k Fkk vksj vkt ogh mlds fy, Hkxoku dk :Ik fy, vk;k gsa MkW- pm~mk vkrexykfu ls Hkj x;k vksj cw<s+ Hkxr ds isj esa fxjdj ekqh izlrqr djrh gs QyLo:Ik MkW- pm~mk Hkh vius thou ds y{; ds izfr tkx:d gks tkrk gsa Ekkr`Hkwfe (dfork) vusd miknkuksa ds ek/;e ls ekr`hkwfe ds izfr vius izse vksj Lusg dks O;Dr djrs dgk gs fd gs Ekkr`Hkwfe! vkidk gjk flagklu dh Hkk fr izrhr gks jgk gsa leqnz vksj ufn;ksa dk ty izse ds izokg dks O;Dr dj jgk gsa gs ekr`hkwfe leqnz Hkh miek nh gs D;ksafd ekr`hkwfe gh ges a thou thus ds fy, mi;ksxh olrq, vuu] ty vkfn iznku djrh gsa le; esa ges a rsjk lkfu/; izkir gksxka larku gsa rw gh gekjh ek gs] rq> esa gh gekjs izk.k gsa r SA ge lhkh rsjh 5- lkfgr;dkj dk nkf;ro MkW-izse Hkkjrh %& lkfgr; vksj lekt dk xgjk lecu/k gsa lkfgr; mls dgrs gs] ftlesa lekt dk fgr lekfgr gksa lkfgr; gh lekt ds nkf;ro dks fuhkkrk gs rfkk lekt es a ekuoh; vklfkk LFkkfir djrk gsa lekt es a gksus okyk izr;sd ifjorzu lkfgr; ds gh ek/;e ls lekt es a QSyrk gsa MkW- izse Hkkjrh ds vuqlkj vkt,d,slh lkfgfr;d 28

29 O CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN! (Walt Whitman) SUMMARY IN ENGLISH O CAPTAIN! my Captain! our fearful trip is done; The ship has weather d every rack, the preze we sought is won; The speaker is shouting out to his captain ( O Captain! ) that they ve finally made it home after a frightening trip. They were on a ship that survived, or weathered, strong winds (a.k.a. racks ). They re probably tired after such a grueling voyage, but apparently they ve succeeded in their mission, or what the speaker calls their prize, whatever this mission prize was, we know that it wasn t easy to get The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring: So the speaker is a sailor on the ship, and the ship isn t just yet safe in the harbor (which would be a good place to safely park a boat). But the boat is in sight of the land, and there are people on the shore cheering and ringing church bells as they approach (hip-hip-hooray!). The people on the shore watch the boat come in. Although keel usually refers to a ridge that goes along the underside of the boat, the word can also refer to the boat as whole (for example, all hands on deck means all the people should be on deck, not just their hands), this is called a synecdoche. In contrast to the happy people on land, the boat is described like a ghost ship: grim and daring. The speaker is foreshadowing, subtly telling the reader in advance that something is going to happen and it isn t going to be pretty. But O heart! heart! heart! O the bleeding drops of red, Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. The sailor calls out again, but this time it isn t for the captain. He belts out the word heart, and this could mean that he is shouting out a) to his captain to keep heart, as in not to give up, or b) to his own heart, as if in pain. We think you can read this either way. If you read it the first way, with the heart representing the captain s will, then you re dealing with a symbol, as some part of the captain is used to represent an abstract quality (his will or courage) If you read it the second way, though, and think the speaker is calling out to his own heart, then you ve got an apostrophe on your hands, friend-o. This is a call to an abstract thing that can t possibly answer back. it s a cliché to speak from the heart, but, really hearts have no mouths, so they don t speak very well. When you think heart, though, you do think blood. It turns out that there is a lot of it here. All of a sudden, drops of blood are on the deck of the ship, and the speaker notices that his captain is dead. Bummer O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; 29

30 Rise up-for up you the flag is flung-for you the bugle trills; For you bouquets and ribbon d wreaths-for you the shores a-crowding; For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turing; The sailor come to the dead captain s side and begs him to rise again. Because the speaker is addressing someone (or something) who can no longer respond to him, this is known as an apostrophe. And why should the captain re-animate his dead self? Well, the speaker says that all the people on shore are cheering for the captain. The sailor lists the ways in which the people are celebrating: raising the flag, playing horns, holding flowers, and calling out to the captain. It s a real hullaballoo. To say that the crowd has eager faces is another use of synecdoche. It s not just their faces that are eager, really. Their faces are used to represent the whole of their excited attitude toward this captain. They think he s a righteous dude. Here Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head; It is some dream that on the deck, You ve fallen cold and dead. The sailor takes the dead captain in his arms and calls the captain father, although the man probably isn t really his father. Still, the speaker has intense feeling for this man, whose head is on his arm. That s probably not a relaxing position on lie in, but sadly the captain doesn t feel the discomfort. The speaker says he must be dreaming. He can t accept the reality that the captain died just as they reached home. My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still; My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will; The dead captain, unsurprisingly, doesn t respond to the sailor s cries. With another synecdoche, the speaker focuses on the captain s lips to represent his general state of death. Again, the captain is referred to as the speaker s father, underscoring their bond. Sadly, the color has left the captain s face and he has no pulse. Here, will means the ability to do something, like move. The ship is anchor d safe and sound, its voyage closed and done; From fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won; The ship finally arrives safely in the harbor and drops its anchor. Its trip is done. The speaker reminds us that the trip was difficult and dangerous, but the mission was a success. Victor ship here means the victorious ship, not a ship named Victor. Why is it victorious? Well, it s won its object, met its goal. Hurray! Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells! But I, with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. And now that the speaker is in the harbor, he calls out to the shores and the bells to party down. Since neither shores nor bells are actually alive, this appeal to inanimate objects represents more apostrophes by our speaker. 30

31 Why would just the speaker just be interested in the shores, though? Even though, on a boat, the shore would be the closest part of land, here the speaker means for the whole country to celebrate. Using a part of the land to represent the whole is again (you guessed it) synecdoche. Really, though, the speaker uses the shores as a symbol to represent the crowds of people standing there. He wants them to keep cheering and celebrating the homecoming of the ship and the success of the mission. While the crowd celebrates, the sailor remains on the ship, pacing sadly next to his dead captain. 31

32 THE LAST LEAF (O. Henry) SUMMARY IN ENGLISH Sue and Johnsy were two young friends. They both lived in a little district west of Washington Square in old Greenwich village. They were both budding artists. They met in a hotel and soon became friends. That was in May. Since then they lived together. In November pneumonia attacked the little village. It killed many people. Johnsy was also attacked by this deadly enemy. She lay scarcely moving, on her iron bed, looking through the small windowpanes at the blank side of the next brick house. The doctor attending on her was unhappy. He felt that something was disturbing Johnsy which did not make her recover. He asked Sue about her affairs. He said that it seems that. Johnsy has lost her desire to live and thus his medicines have not been able to have an effect on her person. But Sue said that Johnsy was alright and there was no question for her not to desire to live. The doctor left saying that Sue should try to make Johnsy not to think of death. After the departure of the doctor Sue went to Johnsy. She took her drawing board along. Johnsy lay in her bed scarcely making a movement. Sue began to paint a pen-and-ink drawing on her board. She was drawing a picture for a magazine story. Sue was sketdhing an Idaho cowboy with horseshow riding trousers and monocle. Soon Johnsy made a movement. Sue found her-looking out of the window and counting backward twelve, eleven, ten, nine, eight and seven. Sue eagerly looked out. There she saw an old ivy tree. Autumn had denuded the tree of its leaves. Sue asked Johnsy as to what she was counting. Johnsy told her that the leaves- of the ivy tree were falling faster now. Three days ago there were almost a hundred. Now there are only five leaves left. And when the last one falls she would also die. Sue tried to tell Johnsy that the ivy leaves had nothing to do with her getting well. She told Johnsy that the doctor had told her that her chances of getting well were ten to one. She asked Johnsy to take some broth and allow her to go back to her drawing so that she could give it to the editor as promised. The money thus earned would help her to buy port wine for Johnsy and pork chops for herself. Johnsy asked her not to bother about her port wine. She kept her eyes glued to the window. Sue tried to divert her attention from the thoughts of death. Sue asked Johnsy to sleep. She told her that she would call old Behrman to be her model for the painting. Old Behrman was a painter who lived on the ground floor of the same apartment house in which Sue and Johnsy also lived. He was past sixty but as an artist he was a failure. He still was hopeful of making his masterpiece though now he did nothing but do some commercial paintings. He earned a little by posing as a model to those young artists who could not pay the price of a professional. He drank gin to excess and still talked of his coming masterpiece. He took special care of Sue and Johnsy. Sue went to Behrman and told all about the foolishness of Johnsy. They went upstairs and found Johnsy sleeping. Sue pulled the shades of the window and called Behrman to the other room from where he could see the ivy tree whose leaves were falling. The next morning Johnsy asked Sue to remove the curtain from the window to that she could see how many leaves were still there on the ivy tree. But to her surprise she found one leaf standing out though during the night the weather had been very stormy. Johnsy thought that this was the last leaf and when it falls she would die too. The day wore off but the last leaf hung to the tree. The next day 32