GACC JOURNAL. Covering Researches in all fields of Humanities, Languages, Social Services, Commerce and Management. A Grade

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1 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 1 GACC JOURNAL Covering Researches in all fields of Humanities, Languages, Social Services, Commerce and Management Nov Volume I Issue 5 E-ISSN : A Grade THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF SHRI ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE GOVERNMENT ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, INDORE

2 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 2 PATRON : Dr. Nalini Joshi In-charge Principal SABV GACC, Indore (M.P.) nalinijoshirk@gmail.com EDITOR IN CHIEF : Dr. Roshan Benjamin Khan Head, Department of English SABV GACC, Indore (M.P.) roshanisuper@yahoo.co.in EDITORIAL BOARD : Dr. Anoop Vyas Head, Department of Commerce SABV GACC, Indore (M.P.) anoopvyas29@gmail.com Dr. Ashwini Sharma Professor, Department of Political Science SABV GACC, Indore (M.P.) drsharmaashwini@gmail.com Dr. Ashish Pathak Professor, Department of Commerce SABV GACC, Indore (M.P.) ashishpathakgacc@gmail.com MAILING ADDRESS : Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government Arts & Commerce College A.B. Road, Near Bhanwarkuan Square, Indore (M.P.) Postal Code: principalgaccindore@rediffmail.com Website: GACC JOURNAL March 2016, Volume-1, Number-4 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE : Bhupendra Verma

3 a GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 3 INDEX a a 1. M - liuk pøorhz jk"vªh; rfkk vurjkz"vªh; Lrj ij ekuo vf/kdkjksa 4-6 dk fodkl 2. MkW- lqyhkk dkfdmzs tutkfr; lekt esa jktusfrd psruk dk ernku 7-12 O;ogkj ij izhkko dk lekt kkl=h; v/;;u ¼eukoj rglhy ds ijokj iapk;r ds lanhkz esa½ 3. MkW- J)k ekyoh; /kjrh dk lao/kzu lcdh le`)h fxjh k edokuk 4. MkW- Ekk/kqjh ksjs fgunh if=dk ^ljlorh^ es lu~ 1857 dk fonzksg MkW- ljkst vt; Hkkjr ess cky Je uhfr,oa dkuwu MkW- egs k xqirk MkW- Hkkjrh kkg e-iz- esa p;fur lkoztfud csadksa }kjk iznrr mpp f'k{kk _.k dh izhkko'khyrk dk ewy;kdau Dr. Roshan Benjamin Khan BEN JONSON Intense, Bemused and Sarcastic s 8 MkW- yrk tsu orzeku esa lekt,oa Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk es ehfm;k dh Hkwfedk ¼,d fpuru½ 9 izks- vydk tsu Hkkjr ea fyax larqyu dk v/;;u MkW- euh"kk flag ejdke jsfm;ks dk orzeku ifjn` ; MkW- ¼Jherh½ lqnhi NkcM+k LokLF;,oa ;ksx MkW- laxhrk esgrk vkpk;z dqundqun dk lkfgfr;d vksj vk/;kfred vonku 13 Dr. Alka Tomar Where There s a Will : Reflection of contemporary prevailing Scenario in Urban Educated family 14 MkW- lq/khj ldlsuk Advantages & Disadvantages of E- 15 MkW- Hkxorflag jk; lfjrk cmksys Learning ^^vukfkky; esa fuokljr vukfk cppksa dh flfkfr dk,d lekt'kkl=h; v/;;u^^ ¼jk;iqj N-x- ds mi{ks= ekuk dsei esa flfkr 'kkldh; ckyx`g ds fo'ks"k lanhkz esa½ 16 Dr. Renu Sinha The Metafictive, Post Modernism Concepts in the Novels of John Barth MkW- f kok [k.msyoky vfgy;kckbz gksydj }kjk fd;s x;s fuekz.k dk;z MkW- dyk tks kh e/;izns k dh cksfy;k & lhek,,oa lahkkouk, MkW- xhrk pks/kjh eqxy dkyhu eqnzk vksj Vdlky O;oLFkk Tanveer Hussain Rather Role of Environmental Ethics in Islamic Perspective 21 Arif Rashid Shah Brecht s Epic Theatre and Its Influence on Postmodern Theatre/Drama 22 Sikander Hussain Pandith Christian Environmental Ethics

4 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 4 jk"vªh; rfkk vurjkz"vªh; Lrj ij ekuo vf/kdkjksa dk fodkl M - liuk pøorhz çk/;kid & jktuhfr fokku Jh vvy fcgkjh oktis;h 'kkl- dyk,oa okf.kt; egkfo ky;] bunksj ¼e-iz-½ ekuo vf/kdkj os vf/kdkj gsa tks izr;sd O;fDr dks vko ;d :i ls izkir gksus pkfg,a D;ksafd og ekuo ifjokj dk lnl; gsa ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh vo/kkj.kk dk ekuo xfjek ls?kfu"b leca/k gsa vr,o ftu vf/kdkjksa dh ekuo xfjek dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, vko ;drk gs mugsa ekuo vf/kdkj dgrs gsaa buesa ls dqn vf/kdkj kkjhfjd thou rfkk LokLF; ls lecaf/kr gsa tcfd vu; ekufld thou,oa LokLF; ds fy, vko ;d gsaa ; fi ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh ladyiuk mruh gh iqjkuh gs ftruh dh izkñfrd fof/k ij vk/kkfjr izkñfrd vf/kdkjksa ss dk fl)kar rfkkfi ekuo vf/kdkj kcn dh O;qRifRr f}rh; fo o ;q) ds i pkr~ vurjkz"vªh; pkvzjksa rfkk vfhkle;ksa ds }kjk gqbza vurjkz"vªh; fof/k ds fodkl ds ifj.kke Lo:i dsoy jkt; gh varjkz"vªh; ds fo"k; ugha jgs vfirq ekuo rfkk ekuo vf/kdkj Hkh blds v/;;u dk fo"k; gks x, gsaa euq";,d lkekftd izk.kh gs rfkk jkt; jktuhfrd n`f"v ls,d laxfbr lekt gsa lekt esa euq";ksa dks vius O;fDrRo ds fodkl ds fy, dqn vf/kdkjksa dh vko ;drk gksrh gs ftuds vhkko esa mldk fodkl lehko ugha gksrka la;qdr jkt; vesfjdk ds lafo/kku esa of.kzr eksfyd vf/kdkjksa dk egro bl dkj.k ls gs fd os fczfv k kklu O;oLFkk ds ^fof/k ds kklu* fl)kar ls,d dne vkxs gsaa tgk fof/k ds kklu }kjk fczfv k U;k;ky; dsoy dk;zikfydk dks gh fof/k ds vuqlkj vkpj.k djus eas ck/; djrs gsa ogha la;qdr jkt; vesfjdk esa U;k;ikfydk u dsoy dk;zikfydk dks vfirq O;oLFkkfidk dks Hkh lafo/kku ds vuqdwy vkpj.k djus ds fy, ck/; dj ldrh gsa bl izdkj ;fn dksbz O;fDr vfkok lewg fo/kkf;dk esa vius izhkko dk nq:i;ksx djds ;fn,slh fof/k ikfjr djkus esa lefkz gks tk, tks fdlh vu; O;fDr ds vf/kdkjksa esa dvksrh djrh gs vfkok lafo/kku }kjk izfrikfnr fl)karksa ds

5 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 5 izfrdwy vkpj.k djrh gs rks O;fFkr O;fDr U;k;ky; }kjk ml fof/k dks kwu;?kksf"kr djokdj vius vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk dj ldrk gsa la;qdr jkt; vesfjdk dk lafo/kku og lozizfke lafo/kku gs ftlesa ekuo vf/kdkjksa dks lafo/kku esa LFkku nsdj mugsa U;kf;d iqukzoyksdu }kjk izorzuh; Hkh cuk;k x;ka la;qdr jkt; vesfjdk ds lafo/kku }kjk ukxfjdksa dks tks eksfyd vf/kdkj iznku fd, x, os gsa & okd~ Lokra«;] fopkj Lokra«;] /kkfezd Lora=rk] lafonk djus dh Lora=rk] lekurk] fu"i{k U;k;] vijk/k rfkk U;kf;d fopkj.k ds fcuk nf.mr u fd;k tk,a ;s lelr vf/kdkj vr;f/kd egroiw.kz rfkk ekuo thou ds fodkl ds fy, vfuok;z gsa ekuo vf/kdkj in dk iz;ksx lozizfkr vesfjdu jk"vªifr :tosyv us 16 tuojh 1941 esa dkaxzsl dks lecksf/kr djrs gq, vius izfl) lans k esa fd;k Fkk ftlesa mugksaus pkj vk/kkj Hkwr Lora=rkvksa ij vk/kkfjr fo o dh?kks"k.kk dh FkhA ;s Fkh & 1½ okd~ Lokra«;] 2½ fopkj Lokra«;] 1½ xjhch ls eqfdr rfkk 4½ Hk; ls Lora=rkA jk"vªifr us?kks"k.kk dh fd Lora=rk ds izr;sd LFkku ij ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh lokszpprk vfhkizsfjr gsa gekjk lefkzu mugha dks gs tks bu vf/kdkjksa dks ikus ds fy, vfkok cuk, j[kus ds fy, la?k"kz djrs gsaa ekuo vf/kdkjksa dk vurjkz"vªh;dj.k % ftlesa ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds leca/k esa lozizfke myys[k osfnd lkfgr; esa ik;k tkrk gs dgk x;k gs ^^losz HkoUrq lqf[ku% los Z lurq fujke;k**a xhrk esa ^^dez.;sokf/kdkjlrs dk fl)kar ik;k tkrk gsa** IysVks ds n kzu] xzhd rfkk vu; jkseu nk kzfudksa ds xzafkksa esa ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k dk vkhkkl ik;k tkrk gs fdurq mldk vk/kkj /kez gh FkkA xzhl uxj jkt; esa fopkj vfhko;fdr] fof/k ds le{k lekurk] er nsus dk vf/kdkj] yksdin ds fy, fuokzfpr gksus dk vf/kdkj] U;k; ikus dk vf/kdkj vius ukxfjdksa dks ns j[kk FkkA jkseu fof/k esa Hkh bl izdkj ds vf/kdkjksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbz FkhA baxys.m esa ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds leca/k esa O;oLFkk 1215 ds esxukdkvkz rfkk 1988 ds fcy vkq jkbv~l esa dh xbz FkhA Hkh

6 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 6 bl izdkj 17oh krkcnh ds mrrjk)z rd ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds n kzu dk fodkl gks pqdk Fkk rfkkfi ;g jkt;fof/k rfkk jk"vª fof/k rd gh lhfer Fkh rfkk vu; jkt;ksa esa mudk dksbz ljksdkj ugha FkkA 1650 esa Mp nk kzfud xzsf k;l ftls jk"vªksa dh fof/k dk tud dgk tkrk gs us ekuo vf/kdkj dks vurjkz"vªh; fof/k rfkk fo o O;oLFkk esa ykxw djus dk iz;kl fd;k mugksaus viuk ;g fl)kar izfrikfnr fd;k fd tc,d jkt; dk leizhkq fujurj viuh iztk ds ekuo vf/kdkjksa dk myya?ku djrk jgrk gs rks ;g vurjkz"vªh; n`f"v ls fopkj.kh; iz u gks tkrk gsa xzsf k;l ds vuqlkj,slk fujadq k kkld jk"vªksa dh fof/k ds vurxzr izhkqlrrk/kkjh ds :i eas viuh kfdr;ksa dks [kks csbrk gs rfkk vu; jk"vªksa dks izkñfrd fof/k rfkk jk"vªksa dh fof/k ds vfrøe.k ds ekeys esa glr{ksi djuk U;k;ksfpr gksxk ysfdu bl /kkj.kk dk dksbz izhkko ugha gqvk D;ksafd jk"vªksa ds ikjlifjd lkstu; ds vuqlkj dksbz jkt; vu; jkt; rfkk mldh iztk ds leca/k esa glr{ksi ugha djsxk D;ksafd ;g mldk?kjsyw ekeyk gsa vu; jkt; ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds vfrøe.k ds ekeys esa viuh vkifrr izlrqr dj ldrs gsaa lanhkz xzafk lwph % 01. Agrawal, H.O., Implementation of Human Rights Convents with Special Reference to India, kitab Mahal, Allahabad, Agrawal, R.S., Human Rights in Modern World, Chetana Publications, New Delhi, Anderson, Sir Norman, the Minlyn lectures, Thirteen Series, Library, Law and Justice. 04. Ashjorn Eide and August Shou, (ed), International Production of Human Rights, Interscience Publishers, Stockbolm, Austin, Granville, The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation, Oxford University Press, Bombay, Benarjee, D.N., Our fundamental Rights Their Neture and Extent, The World Press, Calcutta, 1968.

7 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 7 tutkfr; lekt esa jktusfrd psruk dk ernku O;ogkj ij izhkko dk lekt kkl=h; v/;;u ¼eukoj rglhy ds ijokj iapk;r ds lanhkz esa½ MkW- lqyhkk dkfdmzs lgk;d izk/;kid] lekt kkl= Jh vvy fcgkjh oktis;h kkl- dyk,oa okf.kt; egkfo ky;] bunksj ¼e-iz-½ ;wxksa ls tutkfr; yksx Hkkjrh; lekt dh vkfndkyhu bdkbz ds izeq[k ewy fuoklh ekus tkrs gsaa Lora=rk izkfir ds i pkr~ tc ls dsunz ljdkj us budh ifjflfkfr;ksa,oa vyxko dh vksj fo ks"k /;ku nsuk izkjehk fd;k] rhkh ls jkt; ljdkjsa,oa vu; Lo;alsoh lalfkk, buds fodkl,oa lekthdj.k ds fy, tkx:d gqbz o bugsa eq[;/kkjk ls tksm+us ds fy, iz;ru izkjehk fd;s tkus yxs rkfd lkalñfr /kjksgj dks Hkh lqjf{kr j[k ldsa Lora=rk ds i pkr~ tc Hkkjr dh jktusfrd O;oLFkk esa ifjorzu vk;k vksj,d x.kra=kred kklu O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk gqbza tkrh; HksnHkko dks vos/kkfud?kksf"kr fd;k x;ka o;ld erkf/kdkj ds }kjk ns k ds izr;sd ukxfjd dks mlds /kez] tkfr] fyax] oa k vkfn ds HksnHkko dks Lohdkj fd;s fcuk jktuhfr esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, vkeaf=r fd;k x;k rks ijeijkoknh tkfr O;oLFkk ds ca/ku <hys im+ sa mpp jktusfrd in tks vc rd mpp tutkfr;ksa ds tuetkr vf/kdkj le>s tkrs Fks] lekt ds gj NksVs&cM+s vehj&xjhc] mpp vksj fueu tkfr ds yksxks a ds fy, miyc/k gks x,a cnyh gqbz jktusfrd ifjflfkfr;ksa esa fueu tkfr;ksa dks jktuhfr esa izos k djus dk volj izkir gqvk vksj bl ubz jktusfrd O;oLFkk esa leqfpr izfrfuf/kro izkir djus ds fy, mpp tkfr ds yksxksa dks ifjflfkfro k fueu tkfr;ksa ds lg;ksx vksj lefkzu ds fy, gkfk QSykuk im+k D;ksafd orzeku jktusfrd O;oLFkk esa jktusfrd inksa dk vk/kkj izfr;ksfxrk cu x;k gsa

8 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 8 ernku djuk,oa mlls lacaf/kr psruk yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk dk ân; gksrh gsa Hkkjr,d fodkl khy ns k gs] tgk ernku O;ogkj O;oLFkk esa ekstwn dbz izdkj ds lkekftd] jktuhfrd] vkffkzd] lkalñfrd dkjdksa] rroksa] ifjor;ksa,oa ifjflfkfr;ksa ls izhkkfor gksrk gsa njvly ernku O;ogkj eukoskkfud rroksa ls izsfjr,oa laosnu khy] jktuhfrd fø;k gs tks vusd izdkj ds vkarfjd,oa ckg~; rroksa ls izhkkfor gksrh gsa O;fDr dh jktuhfrd lghkkfxrk dk ;g,d ldkjkred dkjd gsa,d ukxfjd gksus ds ukrs O;fDr ernku djuk viuk mrrjnkf;ro le>rk gs rfkk pquko ds volj ij vf/kdkj dk iz;ksx dj jktuhfrd esa Hkkx ysrk gsa v/;;u,oa fo"k; dk egro Hkkjr esa tutkfr dh tula[;k lalkj esa lokzf/kd gs vksj e/;izns k esa la[;k lokzf/kd gsa e/;izns k esa vkfne tkfr fodkl[k.mksa dh dqy la[;k 459 gs] tcfd ftyk /kkj esa fodkl[k.m dh la[;k 13 gsa ;gh la[;k eukoj rglhy esa gsa eukoj fodkl[k.m eukoj rglhy ds varxzr vkrk gsa blfy, eukoj dh tutkfr;ksa dks ernku O;ogkj dk v/;;u fd;k tkuk vko ;d Fkk,oa tutkfr; lekt esa jktuhfrd psruk dk ernku O;ogkj esa ifjorzu dk vr;ar egro gsa lqy tura= ds fy, u dsoy ukxfjdksa esa jktusfrd psruk gksuk t:jh gs cfyd muesa jktusfrd psruk ds lkfk&lkfk ernku O;ogkj esa ifjorzu Hkh vko ;d gsa v/;;u dk mn~ns ; 1- tutkfr; lekt esa jktusfrd psruk dk v/;;ua 2- tutkfr; lekt dh jktuhfr esa HkwfedkA 3- tutkfr; lekt ij ernku O;ogkj dk izhkkoa 4- iz kklu esa tutkfr; efgykvksa,oa ;qokvksa dh HkwfedkA 5- f k{kk] jktusfrd psruk vksj ernku O;ogkj esa vk;s ifjorzuksa dk v/;;ua 6- xzkeh.k fodkl ds fofo/k dk;zøeksa ds izfr psruk Kkr djuka 7- tuizfrfuf/k;ksa dh flfkfr] Hkwfedk,oa lghkkfxrk dk fo ys"k.k djuka

9 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 9 v/;;u i)fr izlrqr kks/k o.kkzred vuqla/kku i)fr,oa vuos"k.kkred i)fr iz;ksx djrh gsa 1- v/;;u {ks= & e/;izns k ds /kkj ftys ds varxzr vkus okyh eukoj rglhy ds ijokj iapk;r dks v/;;u gsrq pquk x;k gsa ftlds varxzr rhu xzke lfeefyr gsa] ftldh lfeefyr tula[;k 8000 gsa 2- fun kzu & v/;;u gsrq ijokj iapk;r ds varxzr vkus okyh 3000 tula[;k ds 50 ifjokjksa dks lfopkj fun kzu ds }kjk pquk x;k gsa rhu xzke iapk;r esa vkrs gsa & lekthiqjk] ixmiqjk] ijokja 3- rf;ksa dk ladyu & iz ukoyh] vuqlwph] lk{kkrdkj vuqlwph fujh{k.k] fun kzu] lektfefr dk iz;ksx fd;ka 4- midyiuk & izkfkfed lwpuk vksj vuqhko ds vk/kkj ij v/;;u fo"k; ds fofhkuu i{kksa ds laca/k esa lahkkfor lwpuk, izkir dj,d lkeku; vuqeku igys gh yxk ysrs gsaa blh dks midyiuk dgrs gsaa 5- v/;;u esa dfbukbz;k & dbz ernkrkvksa us lk{kkrdkj nsus ls euk dj fn;ka ernkrkvksa ls ckr djus esa?kavksa bartkj djuk im+ka vf k{kk dk ladksp muds gj mrrj esa >ydrk gsa ftls esaus muds mrrjksa dks gkoh ugha gksus fn;ka fo ys"k.kkred v/;;u 1- blesa tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k fd fdrus L=h,oa fdrus iq:"k ernku ds izfr tkx:d gsaa v/;;u ls Li"V gksrk gs fd tula[;k ftlesa ls 52 izfr kr mrrjnkrk iq:"k gsa tcfd 48 izfr kr mrrjnkrk efgyk, gsaa nksuksa oxksa Z dk yxhkx cjkcj /;ku j[k x;k gs rkfd ifj.kke lgh vk lds vksj vuqla/kku esa efgyk dh Hkh Hkkxhnkjh gks ldsa 2- iapk;r pqukoksa esa ernkrkvksa dk egroiw.kz LFkku gsa vuqla/kkudrkz us iapk;r pquko esa ernku djus okys O;fDr;ksa dh ks{kf.kd flfkfr tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k gsa 68 izfr kr mrrjnkrk f kf{kr gsaa 32 izfr kr mrrjnkrk vf kf{kr gsaa ;g fodkl dk lwpd gsa

10 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue vuqla/kkudrkz xzke iapk;r ds yksxksa ls ;g tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k gs fd mugksaus ernku esa vhkh rd Hkkx fy;k gs ;k ughaa 84 izfr kr mrrjnkrkvksa us gk esa mrrj fn;k] 16 izfr kr us vhkh rd,d Hkh ernku ugha fd;ka 90 vkius dhkh ernku fd;k gs gk ugha 4- bl v/;;u esa xzkelhkk ds ckjs esa yksxksa dks tkudkjh gs ;k ugha ¼D;ksafd xkao ds fodkl ds fy, xzkelhkk dh tkudkjh,d l kdr ek/;e gs½ ysfdu 56 izfr kr yksxksa dks gh bldh tkudkjh gs] 44 izfr kr dks ughaa 5- iapk;rh ;kstukvksa esa yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dsoy 70 izfr kr ikbz xbza vkt iapk;r dks egroiw.kz vf/kdkj gsa xkao ds fodkl esa bldk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku gs ysfdu 30 izfr kr yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh tutkfr;ksa esa ugha gsa mijksdr v/;;u esa rf;ksa dk fo ys"k.k djus ij egroiw.kz fu"d"kz fudys & fu"d"kz 1- iapk;r esa efgyk vkj{k.k ds dkj/k lhkh tkfr;ksa dh efgykvksa dh fodkl esa Hkkxhnkjh gqbz gsa 2- jktusfrd psruk ds dkj.k muesa lgh izr;k kh dks pquus dh le> vkrh gsa 3- etnwjh djus okyh efgykvksa dk izfrfuf/kro Hkh jgk vfkkzr~ mpp] e/;e,oa fueu oxz dh efgykvksa dk izfrfuf/kro jgk gsa

11 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 11 lq>ko 4- tutkfr esa jktusfrd psruk ds dkj.k muesa vius vf/kdkjksa,oa drzo;ksa dks tkuus dk eksdk feyk gsa 5- lhkh f k{kk Lrj vfkkzr f kf{kr,oa vf kf{kr nksuksa izdkj dh efgyk, p;fur gqbz gsaa 6-,dkadh,oa la;qdr nksuksa ifjokj dh efgyk, p;fur gqbz gsaa 7- tutkfr esa jktusfrd psruk ds vkus ls ernku O;ogkj esa ifjorzu vk;k gsa 8- psruk ds dkj.k mugsa xzke lhkkvks a esa gksus okyh ;kstukvksa ds ckjs esa tkuus dk volj feyk gsa 9- lhkh efgyk, izfke ckj iapk;r esa pquh xbz gsaa 10- orzeku esa iapk;r }kjk xzkeh.k fodkl esa egroiw.kz dk;z fd;s x;s gsa vksj ;g lc dqn muesa jktusfrd psruk,oa ernku O;ogkj esa cnyko ds dkj.k lahko gks ldk gsa 1- iapk;r esa p;fur efgyk lnl;ksa dks csbd esa Hkkx ysus ij ekuns; fn;k tk;sa vf/kdka k efgyk, dke/ka/ks okyh gsaa fefvax esa vkus ij muds dke dk uqdlku gksrk gsa vr% fefvax esa :fp ugha fn[kkrh gsaa ekuns; nsus ij fefvax esa :fp c<+sxh o vf/kd vpns <ax ls vius {ks= dk folrkj dj ik,xha 2- pquko esa [km+s gksus ds fy, f k{kk dh U;wure lhek fu/kkzfjr gks rkfd p;fur gksus ds i pkr~ izr;k kh vf/kd fø;k khy <ax ls fodklkred dk;z dj ldsa 3- p;fur lnl;ksa ds izf k{k.k dh Hkh O;oLFkk gks] rkfd os vius vf/kdkjh,oa drzo;ksa dks tku ldsa 4- iapk;rksa esa xzke lhkk;sa gksuh pkfg, ftlls xkao ds gj O;fDr dks vius xkao ds fodkl dh tkudkjh gks ldsa 5- ernku ds dqn fnu igys ernkrkvksa dks ernku O;ogkj ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsuh pkfg,] ftlls fd ernku lgh cvu nckdj mlh O;fDr dks ernku djs] ftls og er nsuk pkgrk gsa

12 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 12 mijksdr lq>ko ls tutkfr lekt esa jktsufrd psruk dk vksj ernku O;ogkj esa ifjorzu vf/kd rst fn[kus yxsxka osls rks v/;;u ls Li"V gs fd tutkfr esa jktsufrd psruk,oa ernku O;ogkj esa ifjorzu fn[kkbz ns jgk gsa lanhkz xazfk lwph % 1- izks- ¼MkW-½ kekz kf k & jktusfrd lekt kkl= dh :ijs[kk] ih-,p-vkbz- yfuzax izk;osv fyfevsm] fnyyh] MkW- c?ksy Mh-,l,oa MkW dpqzyh Vh- ih- flag & jktusfrd lekt kkl=] foosd izdk ku] fnyyh] dqekjh,sutyk & Hkkjr esa lkekftd vlkeurk] efgi cqd fmlvªhc;wvlz] fnyyh MkW- pksgku bz oj flag,oa MkW- kekz JhukFk & jktusfrd lekt kkl=],l-ch-mhih- ifcyds ku gkål] vkxjk 2010&11 5- MkW- /kezohj & jktusfrd lekt kkl=] jktlfkku fgunh xzfk vdkneh] t;iqj] MkW- f}osnh,oa MkW- jk/ks ;ke & e/;izns k iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] MkW- f kodqekj frokjh & e/;izns k ds vkfnoklh] 1984

13 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 13 çlrkouk & /kjrh dk lao/kzu lcdh le`)h MkW- J)k ekyoh; lgk- izk/;kid lekt kkl= Jh vvy fcgkjh oktis;h kkl- dyk,oa okf.kt; egkfo ky; bunksj ¼e-iz-½ fxjh k edokuk ih-,p&mh- fjlpz Ldksyj ¼lekt kkl=½ Jh vvy fcgkjh oktis;h kkl- dyk,oa okf.kt; egkfo ky; bunksj ¼e-iz-½ >kcqvk ftys esa /kjrh ds lao/kzu dks ysdj vkfnokfl;ksa ds lkfk tkx:drk vfhk;ku pyk;k tk jgk gsa ftls ^f koth dk gyek* uke ls tkuk tkrk gsa gekjs ns k dh vf/kdka k tula[;k xkaoksa esa fuokl djrh gsa vxj ge xkaoksa esa tkdj ns[ksa rks xkaoksa esa jgus okys xzkeh.kks a vksj vklikl jgus okys tutkfr;ksa ds e/; e/kqj leca/k ugha FksA xzkeh.k lekt bugsa yqvsjs ekurs Fks ijurq bl vfhk;ku us buds vkilh e/kqj leca/k cuk;sa f koth dk gyek oklro esa /kjrh dh mozjk kfdr dks c<+kus dk vfhk;ku gsa blls ikap ^t* esa le`)h gksrh gsa tutkfr] ty] tehu] tkuoj] tkx`fr bl izdkj ;s lhkh le`) gsa rks dksbz Hkh xzkeh.k vksj tutkfr csjkstxkj vksj nq%[kh ugha jg ldrka D;ksa djrs gsa f koth dk gyek oklro esa f koth dk gyek D;k gksrk gsa ebz&twu esa vklikl ds xzkeh.k vksj tutkfr vkil esa feydj f koth ds lkeus,d izfrkk ysrs gsa fd ftruk ikuh ge mi;ksx djsaxs mldk nwxuk jkdsaxs vksj ism+ yxk;saxsa bl vfhk;ku dks >kcqvk ftys esa pykus okys Jh egs k kekz th crkrs gsa fd mugksaus ;g dk;z 35 o"kz dh mez ls vklikl ds xkaoksa esa tkdj kq: fd;k vkt ;g dk;z djrs gq, mugsa 30 o"kz gks pqds gsaa

14 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 14 ikuh dks jksdus dk rjhdk Hkh xtc gs ftls gh f koth dk gyek dgk gsa ftl le; tutkfr,d= gksrs gsa og LFkku vksj le; r; jgrk gsa ;gk lhkh tutkfr vius QkoM+s&xsrh Lo;a ykrs gsa] dksbz Bsdsnkj ugha gksrka Hkhy&Hkhykyk,d= gksdj igkm+ksa dh pksvh ls nks bap xgjs x<~<s] nks bap pksm+s bl izdkj ukyh cukrs gq, xksykbz ls uhps mrjrs tkrs gsaa ;g ikuh jksdus dk cgqr gh vpnk rjhdk gsa xzkeh.k crkrs gsa fd igys tc ckjh k gksrh Fkh rks igkm+h Vhyksa ls ikuh cgdj uhps cg tkrk FkkA bl f koth dk gyek dk;zøe ls ikuh /khjs&/khjs tehu eas mrjrk gs vksj ikuh dk ty Lrj c<+rk gs vksj O;FkZ cgrk ugha gsa bl izdkj ls ikuh /khjs&/khjs /kjrh esa tkus ls ;gk dk ^^usrk dh rkykc** vksj ^^[kqm+k** tslh txg esa ikuh Hkjus yxk gs vksj rkykc esa dey f[ky jgs gsaa xzkeh.k dgrs gsa fd igys ;gk cpps fødsv [ksyrs FksA vc ;gk ikuh gksus ls tkuoj] tehu] ty] tutkfr vksj tkx`fr lhkh esa o`f) gqbz gsa xzkeh.k crkrs gsa fd igys ftuds ikl dq, gksrs Fks os gh xsgw mxkrs ks"k ckgj ls yksdj [kkrs FksA fqj /khjs&/khjs lhkh xsg w mxkus yxs cksfjax djus yxs rks ikuh dk Lrj fups mrjus yxka bl vfhk;ku vksj dk;zøe ds vkus ls ty ds Lrj esa o`f) gqbz gsa bl vfhk;ku dh eq[; ckr rks ;g fd xzkeh.k crkrs gsa fd tutkfr;ksa dh mtkz vksj gekjs lg;ksx ls ;s dk;zøe pyrk gsa os bl dk;zøe esa fulokfkz Hkko ls lsok djrs gsa vksj ge muds tyiku&hkkstu dh O;oLFkk djrs gsaa blls NwvkNwr lekir gqbz gsa ftlls gekjs vksj muds leca/k Hkh lq/kjs gsaa bl f koth dk gyek esa tutkfr ukfy;k cukrs gsa vksj viuh vksj ls 200 :- lhkh tutkfr tulg;ksx Hkh djrs gsaa tcfd vf/kdka k O;fDr etnwjh djrs gsaa buds cpps i<+kbz ds lkfk&lkfk bl dk;z ls Hkh tqm+s gsaa

15 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 15 ;gk Jh egs k kekz th us buds cppksa ds fy, Vªsfuax izksxzke dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh gsa ftlesa vkbz-vkbz-vh- eqecbz] vkbz-vkbz-vh- dkuiqj] vkbz-vkbz-,e- bunksj] vgenkckn vkfn ds Nk= Vsªfuax ysus vksj ns[kus vkrs gsa fd ty dk Lrj fdl izdkj c<+k;k tkrk gsa blds fy, ;s Nk= 20 ls 30 fnu ;gk :drs gsa vksj v/;;u djrs gsa lkfk gh xzkeh.k Nk=ksa dks m ferk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrs gsaa ;gk ds,d tutkfr Nk= us,d dqvh;k ¼edku½ bl izdkj cukbz ftl ij 40 yksx,dlkfk ml ij [km+s gks tk;sa rc Hkh og ugha VwVsxhA ;g dqvh;k ¼edku½ ek= chl gtkj :- esa cu tkrh gsa ;gk ds yksx lksyj,uthz dk Hkh mi;ksx djrs gsaa ;gk ds tutkfr ym+ds i kqikyu ds lkfk Vhu o lfj;ksa ls cm+s&cm+ s gkwy nks fnu esa rs;kj dj ysrs gsaa blds fy, mugsa ckgjh O;fDr;ksa ds fn kk&funzs k dh vko ;drk ugha jgrh gsa ;s brus l{ke gks tkrs gsa fd vius lkffk;ksa dks Hkh Vªsfuax ns nsrs gsaa bl izdkj tutkfr vksj xzkeh.k feydj /kjrh dk lefkzu djrs gsaa

16 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 16 fgunh if=dk ^ljlorh^ esa lu~~ 1857 dk fonzksg MkW- Ekk/kqjh ksjs vfrkffk fo}ku ¼bfrgkl½ Jh vvy fcgkjh oktis;h kkl- dyk,oa okf.kt; egkfo ky;] bunksj ¼e-iz-½ Lku~ 1900 bz- eas iz;kx ds bf.m;u izsl ds v/;{k ckcw fpurkef.k?kks"k us ^ljlorh^ izdkf kr dha ^ljlorh^ dk izdk ku dk khukxjh izpkfj.kh lhkk dh vksj ls gqvk FkkA ml le; mlds laiknd e.my esa HkkjrsUnq gfj kpkunz ds QqQsjs HkkbZ ckcw jk/kkd`".knkl] iqjkus laiknd ckcw dkfrzd izlkn [k=h] ckcw txuukfk nkl ^jrukdj^] ia- fd kksjhyky xkslokeh vksj ckcw ;kelqunjnkl&;s ik p lttku FksA ^ljlorh^ ds igys vad esa HkkjrsUnq gfj kpunz dh vksj nwljs vad esa jktk f koizlkn flrkjsfgun dh thouh fudyh FkhA ^ljlorh^ dk izfke vad tuojh] 1900 bz- esa izdkf kr gqvka blds eq[ki`"b ij ^^ukxjh izpkfj.kh lhkk ds vuqeksnu ls izfrf"br^^ vafdr jgrk FkkA izos kkad ds eq[ki`"b ij ik p fp= FksA lcls Åij oh.kkokfnuh ljlorh dk fp= Fkk] nkfguh vksj Åij lwjnkl vksj ck;ha vksj xkslokeh rqylhnkl dh izkfkzuk eqnzk esa Nfo;k Fkh vksj uhps jktk f koizlkn flrkjsfgan vksj ckcw Hkkjrsanq gfj kpunz ds fp= FksA tuojh] 1901 bz- ls ckcw ;kelqunjnkl ^ljlorh^ ds laiknd gks x,a ysfdu 1902 bz- ds var esa ckcw ;kelqunjnkl us vkxs laiknu dj ikus esa vlezfkrk O;Dr dj nha ckn esa egkohj izlkn f}osnh 20 #- eas ^ljlorh^ ds laiknd cusa f}osnhth dks rhu #i;s Mkd [kpz ds fy, feyrs Fks tc os ^ljlorh^ izssl ls vyx gq, rc mudh ru[okg 150 #- FkhA mlds ckn mugsa bf.m;u izsl ls 50 #- ekfld isu ku ds feyrs jgsa ^ljlorh^ dk,d vksj vonku jgk] mldh leikndh; fviif.k;k vksj lekykspuk, A ;s izk;% vkpk;z egkohj izlkn f}osnh Lo;a fy[krs FksA 1903 bz- rd ^ljlorh^ mrd`"v if=dk ds #i esa LFkkfir gks xbz FkhA Lku~ 1903 ls 1920 bz- rd f}osnhth us ^ljlorh^ dk laiknu fd;k vksj mls LFkkfir Hkh fd;ka f}osnhth ds ckn inqeyky iquukyky c[ kh] nsohnrr kqdy] nsohn;ky prqosznh ^elr^ vksj Jh ukjk;.k prqosznh blds laiknd jgsa Jh ukjk;.k

17 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 17 prqosznh ds laikndro esa ^ljlorh^ dk ghjd t;arh vad fnlecj 1961 esa izdkf kr gqvka ^ljlorh^ dks ^fganh i=dkfjrk dh xaxk^ ekuk tkrk FkkA f}osnhth vusd ys[kdksa,oa i=dkjksa dks lkeus yk,a lu~ 1970 bz- esa ;g if=dk can gks xbza dqn eghus ckn bldk izdk ku iqu% vkjahk fd;k x;k] fdurq bldk igys tslk #i vksj vkhkk dhkh dh lekir gks pqdh FkhA ljlorh if=dk ds vdvwcj 1921 ds vad esa izdkf kr egkohj flag oekz ds ys[k ^ukuklkgc vksj dkuiqj dk gr;kdkam^ esa 1857 dk ftø gqvk gsa flrecj 1921 ds vad esa egkohjizlkn f}osnh dk ys[k ^okftnvyh kkg^ izdkf kr gqvk ftlesa 1857 dk myys[k feyrk gsa blh izdkj blds tuojh 1904 ds vad esa rfkk viszy 1908 ds ys[k esa 1857 dk myys[k gqvk gsa ^ljlorh^ ¼vDVwcj 1921½ eas Jh egkohj flag oekz ds ys[k ^^ukuklkgc vksj dkuiqj dk gr;kdkam^^ esa] tks ^izoklh^ dydrrkk esa izdkf kr Jh v#.knrrk ds ys[k ds vk/kkj ij fy[kk x;k gs] Jherh gkslvslvsv dh xokgh ij ;g izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gs fd vaxzzst bfrgkldkjksa us ukuklkgc is kok ij tks ;g nks"kkjksi.k fd;k gs fd dkuiqj dk gr;kdkam mudh vkkk ls gqvk Fkk og fekf;k gsa bu Jherhth us Lo;a fonzksgtfur d"vksa dks lgk Fkk vksj mugksaus flikgh fonzksg ds laca/k eas Ýkalhlh Hkk"kk esa,d iqlrd fy[kh Fkh ftldk vuqokn Qkjlh easa Hkh ^^[kkuqes baxfy kh nj cyok, fgun^^ uke ls gqvk FkkA bleas ysf[kdk us Hkkjrokfl;kas dh?kksj fuunk dh gs] ijarq dkuiqj ds gr;kdkam ds ckjs a eas mlus fy[kk fd ^^ yksx pkgs tks dgsa] ij esa cjkcj ;gh dgw xh fd dkuiqj gr;kdkam ds laca/k esa ukuklkgc dnkfi nks"kh ughaa ml le; os rhl o"kz ds ;qod FksA mudk var%dj.k lh/kk&lk/kk vksj LoHkko cgqr vpnk Fkk esa tksj nsdj dgrh gw fd ;fn fonzksgh yksx ukuklkgc dh ckr ekurs rks dkuiqj gr;kdkam dhkh u gqvk gksrka fonzksfg;kas ds izfrkkhkax dk ;g dkj.k Fkk fd ftl le; ge yksx bykgkckn tkus ds fy, uk oksa ij lokj gq, mlh le; ml ck#n[kkus esa] tks vlirky ds e/; esa Fkk] vkx yxk nh x;ha blls mugksaus ;g le>k fd vaxzstksa dk,d ny ;q/n tkjh j[kus ds vfhkizk; ls tujy gsoykd dh izrh{kk esa ogk fnik gqvk gsaa fdarq thfor O;fDr;kas esa ls tks yksx funksz"k izekf.kr gq, ukuklkgc us muds izk.k gj.k ugha fd;sa ^^ var esa ys[kd dgrk gs fd % ^^D;k brus ij Hkh ukuklkgc cnek k ;k gr;kdkjh dgs tkus ds ik= gs bl vksj /;ku nsuk bfrgkl ds ekfezd Kkrkvksa dk dke gsa^^

18 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 18 ^ljlorh^] flracj lu~ 1921 esa Lo;a egkohjizlkn f}osnhth dk,d ys[k ^^okftnvyh kkg^^ kh"kzd Nik gsa bleas ;g of.kzr gqvk gs fd vo/k ds kkg okftnvyh kkg dks vaxzstksa us fdl izdkj in~p;qr fd;ka ys[k esa okftnvyh kkg ds ml pkfjf=d iru dk Hkh fnxn kzu fd;k x;k gs ftldk cgkuk djds vaxzstksa us mudk jkt gm+ik fy;k FkkA ys[k esa vaxzstksa dh blds fy, lh/ks&lh/ks fuunk rks ugha dh x;h ijurq vo/k dk jkt; vaxzstksa }kjk gm+ik tkus ij ys[kd dk {kkshk izdv gqvk gsaa vaxzsth daiuh ds gqdeukes esa dgk x;k Fkk fd ^^vius ns k dk lqizca/k u djus ls rqeus lc rjq vjktdrk QSyk nh] blls daiuh dks rqegkjk jkt;lw= vius gkfk esa ysuk im+ka rhu fnu esa ckn kkg dks vo/k dk lwck daiuh ds fliqnz dj nsus dk gqde gqvka bl ckr dks okftnvyh kkg us eatwj u fd;ka blls vaxzstksa us bugsa tcju dydrrks Hkst fn;ka os cgqr jks;s /kks;s] muds iwoztksa us vaxzstkssa ij tks midkj fd;s Fks mudk mugksaus ckj Lej.k fnyk;k] ij lc O;FkZ gqvka vo/k vaxzstksa dk gks x;ka 1856] 57 easa tc y[kuå esa flikgh fonzksg gqvk rc okftnvyh kkg ij ;g bytke yxk;k x;k fd os Hkh mlesa kkfey jgs gsaa bl dkj.k dydrrks ds efv;kcqtz ls gvkdj os ogk ds QksVZ fofy;e esa j[ks x;sa^^ var eas f}osnh th us fy[kk % ^^ eaas mudk iq= ckfx;ksa ls fey x;k FkkA og jkuk csuhek/koflag vkfn ls feydj xnj ds le; vaxzstksa ls ym+k Fkk ij ihns mls gkjdj usiky Hkkx tkuk im+k FkkA bl rjg viuh foyklfiz;rk ds o khhkwr gksdj okftnvyh kkg us vius iwoztksa dk jkt; lnk ds fy, [kks fn;ka^^ ^ljlorh^ ds tuojh Qjojh 1904 ds vadksa esa ^^>k lh dh jkuh y{ehckbz^^ kh"kzd lfp= ys[k esa 1857 dk myys[k gqvk gsaa blesa jk- c- nrrkk=s; cyoar ikjluhl dh jkuh y{ehckbz fo"k;d lqizfl/n ejkbh iqlrd dk fnxn kzu gsa blesa dgk x;k gs fd ys[kd us ;g n`<+rkiwozd fl/n dj fn;k gs fd 1857 ds cyos esa vaxzstksa dk tks o/k >kalh eas gqvk Fkk mlls jkuh y{ehckbz dk dqn Hkh laca/k ugha FkkA ^^bl iqlrd dks i<+dj y{ehckbz dk vrqy ijkøe] mudk vrqy /ks;z vksj mudh vrqy ohjrk vk [kksa ds leekq[k vk tkrh gsaa,slh ohj ukjh bl ns k essa D;k vksj ns kksa eas Hkh kk;n gh gqbz gksxha lj,mfou vkjukym us y{ehckbz dh miek Ýkal dh izfl/n ohjckyk tksu vkq vkdz ls nh gsa^^ jkuh ds iwozo`rrk vksj vaxzstksa }kjk >kalh dks vaxzsth jkt; esa feyk fy;s

19 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 19 tkus] jkuh dh ias ku gksus vksj jkuh }kjk mes kpunz cuthz dks odhy cukdj bxysam esa blds fo#/n vihy djus Hkstus vkfn dk o.kzu djds ys[k esa 1857 dk myys[k bl izdkj fd;k x;k gs % ^^bl izdkj jkuh lkgc vius fnu dkv jgh Fkh fd 1857 dk egknq%[kn izlax vk;ka mlus jkuh lkgc dh nsg dh vkgqfr ysdj gtkjksa euq";ksa dk uk k fd;k vksj nkeksnj jko ds lozlo dk vksj lq[k dk Hkh uk k dj MkykA^^ bl ys[k eas ;g izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gs fd >k lh dh jkuh y{ehckbz rks jkthkdr gh cuh jguk pkgrh Fkh] ijarq le; dh xm+cm+h esa vaxzstksa us mudh oklrfod flfkfr le>us eas Hkwy dh vksj muds lkfk,slk O;ogkj fd;k ftlls mugas ;g yxk fd vaxzst mudk vieku djus ij rqys gsa ;g ml ohj LokfHkekfuuh ohjkaxuk dks lgu ugha gqvk vksj og fonzksfg;ksa eas lfeekfyr gks x;ha ys[k esa dgk x;k gs fd ^^; fi jkuh y{ehckbz vaxzsth xouzesav dh rjq ls >k lh dh jkt; O;oLFkk pykrh Fkh vksj ; fi fonzksgh vksj yqvsjkas dks n.m nsdj iztk dh j{kk dk mugksaus ;ksx; izca/k fd;k Fkk] rfkkfi mfpr jhfr ij vaxzstksa dh d`ik&laiknu djus esa muds ljnkjksa dh f kffkyrk ds dkj.k] vfkok vksj fdlh dkj.k ls jkuhlkgc dh jktfu"bk xouzesav dks fofnr ugha gqbza D;ksafd ;fn fofnr gksrh rks gekjh d`ikyq vksj U;k;h ljdkj dhkh >k lh ij p<+kbz u djrh [ksj ^^ jkuh ds vaxzstksa ls ;q/n djus ds laca/k eas fy[kk x;k gs fd jkuh dh lsuk esa os iqjkus yksx Fks ftugsa vaxzstksa dk jkt; gksus ij lsuk ls i`fkd dj fn;k x;k FkkA vksj bl dkj.k os ^^xozuesav ds iwjs k=q FksA bl }s"k cqf/n ds dkj.k mugksa sus ym+us ds fy;s dej ck /kha dksbz dgrk gs fd jkuh lkgc dks ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa dh vksj ls i= vk;k fd vius ljnkjksa lesr fu% kl= gksdj muls feysaa dksbz dgrk gs fd fdlh us jkuhlkgc dks ;g lq>k fn;k fd vaxzst vf/kdkjh mudks dsn djuk pkgrs gsa dksbz dqn dgrk gs dksbz dqn] bldk Bhd irk ugha yxrk fd D;k le>dj y{ehckbz us ;q/n BkukA^^ dqn Hkh gks ys[k esa jkuh ds kks;z vksj ohjrk dh Hkwfj iz kalk dh x;h gsa ^ljlorh^ ds 1904 ds tuojh ds vad esa ^^vo/k esa vaxzstksa dk igyk b rgkj^^ kh"kzd ys[k NikA mlesa Hkh 1857 dk myys[k mls xnj dgrs gq, gh gqvk gsaa ys[k ysf VusUV tujy esdy;wm bfuls dh iqlrd ^xnj esa y[kuå vksj vo/k^^ ds vk/kkj ij fy[kk x;k gs ftlesa xnj ds igys vo/k ds uokc okftnvyh dks xn~nh ls

20 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 20 mrkj dj vo/k ij dctk dj ysus dk vksfpr; 1801 ds laf/ki= ds vk/kkj Ikj izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gs] vaxzstksa ds b rgkj dk ;gh izfrik/k FkkA ^ljlorh^ vizsy 1908 eas ^pj[kkjh^ kh"kzd ys[k esa ^flikgh fonzksg^ dk myys[k gqvk gs vksj mlesa pj[kkjh ds jktk jruflag }kjk vaxzstksa dk i{k fy;s tkus dh ppkz gsaa ^^ckfxk;ksa us pj[kkjh ds fdys dks?ksj fy;k vksj jktk jruflag ls dgk egkscs ds TokbUV esftlvsªv duz lkgc dks tks rqeus fnik j[kk gs QkSju gekjs gokys dj nksa ijarq jktk lkgc us mlh i{k dk vuqlj.k fd;k ftldk j.kfkahkksj ds gehj ohj us fd;k Fkk------os duz ds cnys vius izk.kks;e iq= t;flag dks fonzksfg;ksa ds gokys djus ij jkth gks x;sa^^ ys[k esa fonzksg ds ckn ykmz dsfukax }kjk dkuiqj eas 3 uoacj 1859 dks njckj fd;s tkus vksj ftu yksxksa us vaxzst jkt dh enn dh Fkh mudk leekku fd;s tkus dk myys[k gsaa mlesa jktk jruflag dh iz kalk eas tks kcn ykmz dsfukax us dgs Fks mugsa m/n`r fd;k x;k gs rfkk jktk lkgc dks vaxzstksa ls feys iqjldkj dk Hkh myys[k fd;k x;k gsaa ^ljlorh^ esa egkjktk lj [kaxcgknqj ¼usiky½ vksj gsnjkckn ds iz/kkuea=h uokc lj lkykjtax ds laca/k esa Hkh ys[k Nis vksj muesa Hkh 1857 dk myys[k gqvka blh izdkj ^ljlorh^ vxlr 1908 eas Xokfy;j ds nhoku jkojktk lj fnudj jko ds- lh-,l- vkbz ds laca/k esa Hkh,d ys[k izdkf kr gqvk ftleas 1857 ds fonzksg esa muds }kjk vaxzstksa dh lgk;rk dh tkus dk myys[k fd;k x;ka ijarq ys[kd cuokjh yky frokjh ds bl ys[k esa ;g cm+h O;atuk iw.kzjhfr ls dgk x;k gs fd ^^lu~ 1857 ds xnj ds le; mudh dkjokbz muds thou dk lcls cm+k vkyksp; fo"k; gsa mugksaus vaxzstksa dk i{k fy;k vksj vkfn ls var rd fonzksg nckus ds fy, cjkcj ps"vk djrs jgsa ftl le; cm+s ykv Hkkjr esa vaxzsth jkt ds jgus u jgus dk fucvsjk dsoy flaf/k;k ljdkj ij dj pqds Fks ml le; mudh dkjokbz ns k ds fgr vfkok vfgr dk dkj.k dgh tk ldrh gsa ijarq lkjs ns k ds fgr vfkok vfgr lk/ku dk,d ek= dkj.k,d euq"; dks Bgjkuk mfpr ughaa^^ bleas ^Hkkjr esa vaxzsth jkt jgus u jgus^ vksj ^ns k ds fgr vfkok vfgr^ dh ckr fdl prqjkbz ls dh x;h gs ;g n`"vo; gsa blesa 1857 ds la?k"kz ds

21 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 21 laca/k esa ys[kd dh vkarfjd Hkkouk /ofur gs vksj vaxzsth jkt dk og vkrad Hkh /ofur gs ftlds dkj.k og mls Li"V #i esa izdv ugha dj ikrka ^ljlorh^^ us vius fofhkuu vadksa esa lu~~ 1857 dss ohj uk;dksa o jkuh y{ehckbz dh ohjrk vksj Økafr laca/kh ys[k izdkf kr fd;s gsaa lanhkz xzafk lwph % 01- vuqtk eaxyk ¼1996½ Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk&uhao ds irfkj] Hkksiky % e/;izns k fganh xzafk vdkneh- 02- cktis;h vfecdkizlkn ¼2010½] lekpkj i=ksa dk bfrgkl] okjk.kklh % Kku e.my fyfevsm- 03- kekz Jh fuokl ¼1999½] jk"vªh; eqfdrla?k"kz vksj fgunh i=dkfjrk] dydrrkk % Nirs Nirs izdk ku- 04- Jo.k dqekj ¼2006½] fgunh i=dkfjrk dk cnyrk Lo#i] ubz fnyykh % vksesxk ifcyds kul- 05- ekgksj Hkxokunkl ¼1976½] 1857 ds LOkk/khurk laxzke dk fgunh lkfgr; ij izhkko] vtesj % d`".kkcznlz- 06- ljlorh&flrecj 1921] vdvwcj 1921

22 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 22 Hkkjr essa cky Je uhfr,oa dkuwu MkW- ljkst vt; izk/;kid] vfkz kkl= Jh vvy fcgkjh oktis;h kkl- dyk,oa okf.kt; egkfo ky; bunksj ¼e-iz-½ cpps fdlh Hkh ns k dk Hkfo"; gksrs gs vksj Hkfo"; dh /kjksgj dh lqj{kk vksj dy;k.k dk nkf;ro orzeku ih<+h dk gksrk gsa varjkz"vªh; Je laxbu ds vuqlkj ^^dksbz Hkh,slk dk;z tks cpps ds LokLF;] ekufld fodkl] bfpnr volj] f k{kk vksj vko ;d euksjatu esa ck/kk Mkys rfkk tks Je cky;kolfkk esa gh mugsa izks<+kolfkk dh vksj ys tk,] mls ckyje dgrs gsa** vr% ckyje fdlh Hkh jk"vª ds fy,,d dyad gsa varjkz"vªh; ekud ds vk/kkj ij 15 o"kz rd o Hkkjr ds vuqlkj 14 o"kz ls de vk;q ds cpps tks viuk Je csprs gs] cky Jfed dgs tk;saxsa Hkkjr ds us kuy lseiy los Z vkxszukbts ku ds vuqlkj ns k esa lk<+s pkj djksm+ ls ysdj djhc X;kjg djksm+ ds chp cky Jfed gsa tks cky os ;ko`frr ls ysdj [krjukd m ksxksa esa tcjnlrh >kasad fn, x, gsa buesa T;knkrj ckyd vlaxfbr m ksxksa o odz kkwiksa esa dke djrs gs] tsls ekfpl vksj vkfr kckth m ksx] LysV&isafly] dkyhu m ksx] chm+h m ksx] pem+k m ksx] dk p vksj pwm+h m ksx] bzav&hkv~vk m ksx] jlk;u m ksx] [knku esa mr[kuu dk;ksza esa] gksvy m ksxksa esa] Hkh[k ekaxuk] vkfn ds lkfk&lkfk [krjukd cms+ la;a=ksa esa vksj ;ksu Jfedksa ds #i esa yk[kksa cpps 'kksf"kr o n;uh; thou th jgs gsa bruh fodv,oa fohkrl vksj vekuoh; flfkfr esa dke djus ds ifj.kkelo#i cky Jfed Vh-ch-] dsalj] lkal dh chekjh] pez jksx vksj nek tslh vusd [krjukd chekfj;ksa dk f kdkj gks tkrs gsa LokLF; gkfu ds lkfk gh ;s ekufld fod`fr ls xzlr gksdj cky vijk/kh cu tkrs gsa varjkz"vªh; Je laxbu fjiksvz ds vuqlkj Hkkjr igqapus okys fons kh i;zvdksa esa fo ks"kdj xksok esa,sls i;zvdksa dh la[;k cgqr T;knk gs tks ckydksa ds ;ksu 'kks"k.k ds pddj esa ;gka igq p jgs gsa ckyk Jfed dh lel;k vksj 'kks"k.k dsoy Hkkjr esa gh ugha cfyd laiw.kz fo o ds ns kksa dh xgu lel;k cu pqdk gs vksj fnuksafnu bldk folrkj gksrk tk jgk gsa

23 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 23 varjkz"vªh; Je laxbu rfkk U;w;kWdZ VkbEl ds vuqlkj fo o esa yxhkx 25 djksm+ cky Jfed gs] ftuesa ls 10 djksm+ ls vf/kd Hkkjr esa gs vksj fo o ds dqy cky&jfedkas esa 50 izfr kr Hkkjr] ikfdlrku] usiky vksj Jhyadk esa gsa cky Jfedksa dh dk;z n kk, ] dk;z ds?kavs vksj mrihm+u dks ns[kdj jk"vªh; vksj varjkz"vªh; Lrj ij cgqr lh lalfkkvksa ds lkfk varjkz"vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx ;wuhlsq] varjkz"vªh; Je laxbu vkfn vusd lalfkk, bl fn kk esa dk;z dj jgh gsa varjkz"vªh; Je laxbu us cky vf/kdkjksa ls lacaf/kr varjkz"vªh;?kks"k.kk i= o"kz 1959 esa ikfjr fd;k vksj o"kz 1979 esa ;g ykxw gqvka fo o lekt dk /;ku vkdf"kzr djrs gq, o"kz 1979 dks varjkz"vªh; cky o"kz ds #i esa euk;k x;ka Hkkjr us bl?kks"k.kk i= ds izko/kkuksa dks o"kz 1992 esa ykxw fd;ka Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqpnsn 309 dh /kkjk 4 vksj eksfyd vf/kdkjksa dh /kkjk 3 esa cppksa ds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] vkffkzd vkfn gj rjg ds 'kks"k.k vksj dfbu Je oftzr gsa lafo/kku dh Hkkoukvksa ds vuq#i ckyk Jfedksa dh lel;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us o"kz 1987 esa jk"vªh; cky Je uhfr cukbza bl uhfr esa cky Je muewyu ds lkfk&lkfk f k{kk uhfr] xjhch muewyu uhfr] LokLF; uhfr,oa jk"vªh; ;kstuk, Hkh lfeefyr dh xbza blesa,d cky Je rduhdh lykgdkj lfefr dk xbu fd;k x;k] bldk dk;z ckyk Je dy;k.k ds vuqdwy Hkkjh [krjukd,oa jlk;u m ksxksa ds fo#) dsunzh; rfkk jkt; ljdkj ds izhkkjh fohkkxksa dks funszf kr djuk vksj ftu O;olk;ksa esa cky Jfed yxs gsa] ogk muds LokLF;] lqj{kk] lkirkfgd NqfV~V;k vkfn izko/kkuksa dks ykxw djuk] vko ;drkuqlkj muesa ifjorzu djuk vksj vfu;ferrk ikus ij lalfkkuksa o mrrjnk;h O;fDr;ksa ds fo#) dk;zokgh djuk gsa cky Je ckgqy; {ks=ksa esa fgrdkjh ifj;kstuk ykxw djuk rfkk cky Jfedksa dh f k{kk gsrq Ldwy] eq r vkokl] LokLF; vksj Hkkstu O;oLFkk rfkk O;kolkf;d izf k{k.k dh O;oLFkk djuk] rkfd o;ld gksus ij] oks vkrekfuhkzj cu ldsa lkfk gh cky Jfedks a ds dy;k.k ds fy, xjhch muewyu dk;zøe,oa,dhd`r cky fodkl dk;zøe cukdj] Hkkjr ljdkj] jkt; ljdkjksa o Lo;alsoh lalfkkvks a ds ek/;e ls cky Je uhfr o"kz 1987 dks lqy cukus dk iz;kl fn;k tk jgk gsa

24 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 24 Hkkjr ljdkj us cky Jfedksa ds fgrksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, vusd dkjxj vf/kfu;e cuk, gsa tsls dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e 1948] [kku vf/kfu;e] 1952] chm+h,oa flaxkj vf/kfu;e 1983] ca/kqvk etnwj izfr"ks/k vf/kfu;e 1976] nqdku,oa lalfkku vf/kfu;e 1961] Hkkjrh; lafonk vf/kfu;e 1958] U;wure etnwjh vf/kfu;e 1948 vkfna 1986 esa cky Jfed fu"ks/k,oa fu;eu vf/kfu;e cuk;k x;ka bl vf/kfu;e dk mn~ns ; de mez ds cppksa dks vlqjf{kr,oa gkfudkjd mi;ksx izfø;k esa fu;ksftr djus ls izfrcaf/kr djuk gsa bl vf/kfu;e dh vuqlwph esa vc rd dqy 74 O;olk; o izfø;k;sa 'kkfey fd, x, gs] ftuesa cky etnwjh ij jksd yxk nh xbz gsa ;g vf/kfu;e laiw.kz Hkkjr esa izhkko khy gsa lkfk gh 10 vdvwcj 2006 dks laiw.kz jk"vª esa cky Je izfrcaf/kr dj fn;k x;k gsa ckyje fo oo;kih lel;k gs] ckydksa dk 'kks"k.k ekuokf/kdkjksa dk Li"V myykaa?ku gs vksj lh; lekt ds fy,] vfhk kki gsa Hkkjr esa cky Je dh fodjky lel;k ds ihns izeq[k dkj.k vkffkzd fo"kerk gs rfkk xjhch vksj vf k{kk bldh tm+ gsaa thou;kiu dh ewyhkwr lqfo/kk, tqvkus ds Øe esa cky etnwjh dh lel;k vksj xahkhj gksrh tk jgh gsa vr% xjhch muewyu rfkk cky Jfedksa ds iquokzl dh O;oLFkk djus ds lkfk gh] lekt easa lkekftd psruk] f k{kk vksj cppksa ds izfr okrly; Hkko tkx`r djuk vko ;d gs] D;ksafd cky Je dh izo`frr dk muewyu flqz ljdkjh iz;klksa ls lahko ugha gsa blds fy, lekt ds izr;sd oxz dks vius futh LokFkksZa dk R;kxdj ekuoh; drzo; dk n`f"vdks.k viukuk gksxk rfkk cky Je fu;a=.k dkuwuksa dk fu"bk ds lkfk ikyu djuk gksxka tc fdlh dk;z ds fo#) iwjk lekt mb [km+k gksrk gs] rc lqyrk ikus esa T;knk nsj ugha yxrh gsa vr% gesa tutkx`fr ds Hkjld iz;ru djuk pkfg,] rhkh ge cky&je dh bl xahkhj lel;k dks lekir dj,d lq[kn vksj le`) Hkkjr dk liuk lkdkj dj ldsaxsa

25 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 25 e-iz- esa p;fur lkoztfud csadksa }kjk iznrr mpp f'k{kk _.k dh izhkko'khyrk dk ewy;kdau MkW- egs k xqirk izk/;kid] okf.kt; Jh uhyd.ms oj egkfo ky; [k.mok ¼e-iz-½ Hkwfedk % MkW- Hkkjrh kkg,e-ds-,p-,l- xqtjkrh du;k egkfo ky;] bunksj Hkkjr,d fodkl'khy,oa izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ls le`)'kkyh jk"vª gs] bldh vfkzo;olfkk eq[;r% d`f"k ij vk/kkfjr gs] fdurq fdlh Hkh jk"vª dh vkffkzd fodkl dh xfr ns'k ds uo;qodksa ij fuhkzj djrh gsa f'kf{kr uo;qod gh ns'k ds izpqj lalk/kuksa dks mriknu esa :ikarfjr djds ns'k dh vk;] leifrr o iw thxr lk/kuksa,oa uohurk dk l`tu dj ldrs gsa mpp f'k{kk jk"vª dh larqfyr,oa lexz izxfr dk,d izhkkoh midj.k gsa ;g fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks xjhch] Hkq[kejh] fueu thou Lrj o lk/kughurk ds nq"pø ls eqdr djus dk egroiw.kz gffk;kj gsa mpp f'k{kk jk"vª ds lkekftd o vkffkzd y{;ksa,oa O;fDr;ksa dh mpp vkdka{kkvksa dh iwfrz dk lgt ekxz gsa blh lanhkz esa c<+rs gq, 'ks{kf.kd O;; dks ns[krs gq, rfkk mpp f'k{kk ds egro dks le>rs gq, ljdkj us csadksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk _.k ;kstuk izkjahk dha tks Hkkjr esa v/;;u gsrq rfkk fons'k esa v/;;u gsrq f'k{kk _.k miyc/k djokrh gsa f'k{kk _.k fgrxzkfg;ksa ds IyslesUV dk Lrj %& p;fur lkoztfud csadks }kjk iznrr mpp f'k{kk _.k dh izhkko'khyrk dk ewy;kdau djus ds fy, f'k{kk _.k fgrxzkfg;ksa ds IyslesUV dh flfkfr ds fofhkuu Lrjksa dks Hkh vk/kkj cuk;k x;k] D;ksafd mrlkgo/kzd rfkk larks"ktud IyslesUV feyus ij gh fgrxzkgh dh _.k iquhkzqxrku {kerk esa o`f) gksrh gsa tks ;kstuk dh lqyrk rfkk

26 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 26 mlds Hkfo"; dks lqfuf'pr djrh gsa ;g tkuus ds fy, rkfydk Ø- 1 dk fuekz.k fd;k x;k& rkfydk Ø- 1 f'k{kk _.k fgrxzkfg;ksa ds IyslesaV ds Lrj ls lacaf/kr Ø- flfkfr LVsV csad vkwq LVsV csad vkwq csad vkwq dkwikszjs'ku dqy izfr'kr bafm;k bunksj cm+ksnk csad 1 mrlkgo/kzd ¼: 5&8 yk[k - isdst½ 2 larks"ktud ¼: 3&4 yk[k - isdst½ 3 vlarks"ktud ¼: 1-5&1-8 yk[k isdst½ ;ksx ¼L=ksr & los Z{k.k }kjk½ rkfydk Ø- 1 ls Kkr gksrk gs] fd p;fur lkoztfud csadksa esa la;qdr :i ls 110 fgrxzkfg;ksa us tks 55 izfr'kr Fks] IyslesUV dh flfkfr dks mrlkgo/kzd crk;ka bu fo kffkz;ks a dks 5 yk[k ls 8 yk[k ds chp isdst izkir gqvka 54 fgrxzkgh tks 27 izfr'kr Fks] mugksaus IyslesUV dh flfkfr dks larks"ktud crk;ka bu fo kffkz;ks a dks 3 yk[k ls 4 yk[k :i;s ds chp isdst izkir gqvk o 36 fgrxzkgh tks 18 izfr'kr FksA IyslesUV dh flfkfr ls vlarq"v Fks rfkk mugsa fdlh vpnh deiuh ds u vkus ds dkj.k 1-5 yk[k ls 1]80 yk[k :i;s ds chp ds gh isdst izkir gks ik, rfkk mudk IyslesUV esvªks lhvh ¼eqEcbZ] dydrrk] psuubz½ esa gqvk tks igys ls gh eagxs 'kgj gsa dqy feykdj IyslesUV pkgs mrlkgo/kzd gks] larks"ktud gks ;k fqj vlarks"ktud gks izr;sd flfkfr esa fgrxzkfg;ksa dh vk; esa Øekuqlkj o`f) gks jgh gsa ftlls ns'k dh izfr O;fDr vk;,oa jk"vªh; vk;] cpr] fofu;ksx o iw wth fuekz.k esa o`f) lqfuf'pr gsa bl vk/kkj ls Hkh f'k{kk _.k ;kstuk dh lqyrk dh tkudkjh gkfly gqbza f'k{kk _.k fgrxzkfg;ksa dh fofo/k {ks=ks esa IyslesUV dh flfkfr&

27 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 27 p;fur lkoztfud csadks }kjk iznrr mpp f'k{kk _.k dh izhkko'khyrk dk ewy;kadu djus ds fy;s f'k{kk _.k fgrxzkfg;ksa ds fofhkuu {ks=ksa esa IyslesaV dh flfkfr dks Hkh vk/kkj cuk;k x;k] D;kss afd f'k{kk _.k nsus ek= ls gh ;kstuk vius mn~ns'; dks iw.kz ugha dj ldrh] vfirq ml _.k vkaduk dh vko';d gs vfkkzr f'k{kk _.k nsus ls D;k izhkko im+k ;g tkuuk Hkh vko';d gsa bl dkj.k fofhkuu {ks=ksa esa IyslesUV dh flfkfr dks vk/kkj cukdj mpp f'k{kk _.k dh izhkko'khyrk dk ewy;kadu fd;k x;ka ftls rkfydk Ø- 2 esa n'kkz;k x;k gs& rkfydk Ø- 2 f'k{kk _.k fgrxzkfg;ksa dh fofo/k {ks=ks esa IyslesUV dh flfkfr Ø- IyslesaV dk LVsV csad vkwq LVsV csad vkwq csad vkwq dkwikszjs'ku dqy IyslesaV {ks= bafm;k bunksj cm+ksnk csad dk izfr'kr 1 fpfdrlk 12¼10+½ 17¼16½ 14¼13½ 10¼8½ 53¼47½ rduhdh 22¼20½ 16¼16½ 20¼18½ 25¼24½ 83¼78½ O;olkf;d 14¼13½ 14¼12½ 14¼13½ 13¼12½ 55¼50½ vu; 02¼02½ 03¼03½ 02¼01½ 02¼01½ 09¼07½ 78 ;ksx ¼L=ksr & 1- losz{k.k }kjk] dseil flysd'ku ds vk/kkj ija dks"bd esa f'k{kk _.k izkir fgrxzkfg;ksa dh la[;k gs rfkk dks"bd ds ckgj IyslesUV izkir fgrxzkfg;ksa dh la[;k gs½ rkfydk Ø- 2 ls Kkr gksrk gs] fd p;fur lkoztfud csadks esa la;qdr :i ls 89 izfr'kr fgrxzkgh tks 47 Fks us crk;k fd mudk IyslesUV fpfdrlk {ks= esa gqvk gs] 78 fgrxzkgh tks 94 izfr'kr Fks] mudk IyslesUV rduhdh {ks= esa gqvk gsa 50 dk lnqi;ksx gqvk ;k ugha fgrxzkgh tks 90 izfr'kr Fks us crk;k fd mudk IyslesUV O;olkf;d {ks= esa gqvk gs,oa 78 izfr'kr fgrxzkgh ftudh la[;k 7 Fkh mudk IyslesUV vu; {ks=ksa esa gqvk gsa dqy feykdj vkbz-vh- rfkk rduhdh {ks= esa fo kffkz;ksa dks dkqh vpnk IyslesUV o isdst feyk gsa osls rks IyslesUV ds volj lhkh f'k{kk _.k fgrxzkfg;ksa dks izkir gq, fdurq dbz fo kffkz;ks a us gsnjkckn] xqm+xk o] iquk] csxyksj br;kfn txgks ij tkus esa viuh vlgerh n'kkzbz bl dkj.k ftu fo kffkz;ks a us IyslesUV dks Lohdkj dj uksdjh ij tkus dh rrijrk fn[kkbz mugsa gh bl rkfydk esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gsa

28 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 28 vr% bl vk/kkj ij Hkh ;g dgk tk ldrk gs fd e-iz- esa p;fur lkoztfud csadksa }kjk iznrr mpp f'k{kk _.k ;kstuk dkqh yksdfiz;,oa lqy jgha f'k{kk _.k fgrxzkfg;ksa ds vkffkzd o lkekftd thou Lrj ij izhkko dk ewy;kadu %& p;fur lkoztfud csadks }kjk iznrr mpp f'k{kk dh izhkko'khyrk dk ewy;kdau djus ds fy, f'k{kk _.k fgrxzkfg;ksa ds vkffkzd rfkk lkeftd thou Lrj dks Hkh vk/kkj cuk;k x;k gs] D;ksafd f'k{kk dk,d izeq[k mn~ns'; euq"; ds vkffkzd rfkk lkekftd thou esa o`f) djuk Hkh gksrk gsa f'k{kk _.k ;kstuk fdl gn rd lqy jgha ;g Kkr djus ds fy, vko';d Fkk fd f'k{kk _.k ysus ds mijkar fgxzkfg;ksa ds lkeftd rfkk vkffkzd thou Lrj esa D;k ifjorzu vk;ka bldk irk yk;k tk,] rhkh f'k{kk _.k dh izhkko'khyrk dk ewy;kadu gks tk,xka bl gsrq rkfydk Ø- 3 ¼v½ rfkk 3 ¼c½ dk fuekz.k fd;k x;ka 3 ¼v½ f'k{kk _.k fgrxzkfg;ksa dk vkffkzd thou Lrj& ysus ds iwoz rfkk _.k iquhkqzxrku ds le; p;fur csadksa ds f'k{kk _.k fgrxzkfg;ksa ds vkffkzd thou Lrj esa tks varj vk;k mls rkfydk Ø- 3 ¼v½ esa n'kkz;k x;k gs& rkfydk Ø- 3 ¼v½ f'k{kk _.k ysus ds iwoz rfkk Hkqxrku ds le; ikfjokfjd ekfld vk; laca/kh Ø- csad dk uke f'k{kk _.k ds f'k{kk _.k Hkqxrku varj izfr'kr iwoz vkslr ds le; vkslr o`f) ikfjokfjd ikfjokfjd ¼f'k{kk _.k ekfld vk; ekfld vk; ds iwoz ¼:i;s½ ¼:i;sa½ ekfld vkslr vk; ij vk/kkfjr½ 1 LVsV csad vkwq bafm;k LVsV csad vkwq bunksj

29 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue csad vkwq cm+ksnk dkwiksjs'ku csad ;ksx & rkfydk Ø-- 3 ¼v½ ¼L=ksr & los Z{k.k }kjk½ ls Kkr gksrk gs] fd la;qdr :i ls LVsV csad vkwq bf.m;k ds fgrxzkfg;ksa dh ikfjokfjd ekfld vk; vkslru 150 izfr'kr c<+ xbz gs blh izdkj LVsV csad vkwq bunksj ds fgrxzkfg;ksa ds ikfjokfjd ekfld vk; vkslru izfr'kr dh o`f) ij gsa csad vkwq cm+ksnk ds fgrxzkfg;ksa dh ikfjokfjd ekfld vk; esa Hkh vkslru izfr'kr dh o`f) gqbz gs o dkwikszjs'ku csad ds fgrxzkfg;ksa dh ikfjokfjd ekfld vk; dh vkslru 75 izfr'kr dh o`f) gqbz gsa dqy feykdj lhkhp;fur lkoztfud csadksa ds fgrxzkfg;ksa ds ikfjokfjd vk; Lrj esa f'k{kk _.k ds QyLo:i o`f) gqbzz gs vfkkzr~ f'k{kk _.k ysus ls os viuk dkslz iw.kz dj ik;s gs rfkk iquhkzqzxrku dh flfkfr esa vkus rd mudh vkffkzd flfkfr etcwr gks xbz gsa vr% Li"V gksrk gs fd f'k{kk _.k ;kstuk us vizr;{k :i ls fgrxzkfg;ksa ds vkffkzd thou Lrj dks Å pk mbk;k gsa 3 ¼c½ f'k{kk _.k fgrxzkfg;ksa dk lkekftd thou Lrj& lkekftd thou Lrj ls vk'k; lekt esa jgus okys euq"; ds thou Lrj ls gsa euq"; lekt esa jgdj gh viuh fofhkuu vko';drkvksa dh iwfrz djrk gsa bu vko';drkvksa esa cqfu;knh vko';drk, vkjkenk;d olrqvksa dh vko';drk, rfkk foykflrk olrqvksa ls lacaf/kr vko';drk, 'kkfey dh tkrh gsa bu vko';drkvksa dh iwfrz ds ek/;e ls euq"; ds lkekftd thou Lrj dks vkadk tkrk gsa f'k{kk _.k ysus ds i'pkr rfkk dkslz iw.kz gksus ds ckn,oa IyslesUV feyus ds ckn f'k{kk _.k fgrxzkfg;ksa ds lkekftd thou Lrj esa D;k ifjorzu vk;k] bls Kkr djus ds fy, rkfydk Ø- 3 ¼c½ dk fuekz.k fd;k x;k& rkfydk Ø- 3 ¼c½ f'k{kk iw.kz gksus ds i'pkr~ rfkk IyslesUV feyus ij jgu&lgu ds Lrj ls laca/kh vk/kkj LVsV csad LVsV csad csad vkwq dkwikszjs'ku dqy izfr'kr vkwq bf.m;k vkwq bunksj cm+ksnk cssad

30 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 30 vkjkenk;d olrq, foykflrk iw.kz olrq, nksuks a dqy ¼L=ksr & los Z{k.k }kjk½ rkfydk Ø- 3 ¼c½ ls Kkr gksrk gs] fd la;qdr :i ls p;fur lkoztfud csadksa ds 107 fgrxzkfg;ksa us tks 54 izfr'kr Fks] us crk;k fd f'k{kk _.k ;kstuk dk ykhk mbkdj f'k{kk iw.kz djus ds i'pkr~,oa IyslesUV feyus ds ckn vkjkenk;d olrqvksa ij mudk [kpz c<+ x;ka mlh rjg 69 fgrxzkfg;ksa us tks 34 izfr'kr Fks us crk;k fd foykflrk olrqvksa ij muds mihkksx esa o`f) gqbz rfkk 24 fgrxzkfg;ksa us 12 izfr'kr Fks us crk;k fd nksuksa gh izdkj dh olrqvksa ls lacaf/kr muds mihkksx esa o`f) gks jgh gsa dqy feykdj f'k{kk _.k fgrxzkfg;ksa dk lkekftd thou Lrj Å pk mbk gs rfkk ftldk leiw.kz Js; f'k{kk _.k ;kstuk dks tkrk gs] D;ksafd f'k{kk _.k ;kstuk ds ek/;e ls gh os viuh mpp f'k{kk dks iw.kz dj ik,a ftlds QyLo:i mugsa IyslesUV fey ik;k o ftlls muds jgu&lgu ¼lkekftd thou½ ds Lrj esa o`f) gqbza bl vk/kkj ij f'k{kk _.k ;kstuk dh lqyrk Kkr gks ikbza mpp f'k{kk ls lkekftd lksp esa Hkh ifjorzu vk;ka igys tgk efgykvksa dks i<+us dh vktknh ugh FkhA ogh vkt efgyk,a mpp inksa ij vklhu gsa dks izdv dj jgh gsa dqy feykdj bl v/;k; ls p;fur lkoztfud csadksa }kjk iznrr mpp f'k{kk _.k dh izhkko'khyrk dk ewy;kadu djus ls Kkr gqvk fd f'k{kk _.k ;kstuk ds QyLo:i dkslz iw.kz djus ds i'pkr fgrxzkfg;ksa dks fofhkuu {ks=ksa esa dkqh mrlkgo/kzd IyslesUV izkir gq, ftlls mudk lkekftd o vkffkzd thou Lrj Å pk mbkk gs] lkfk gh orzeku esa f'k{kk _.k vkosndksa esa Hkh tkx:drk dk izlkj gks jgk gsa tgk igys =qfv rfkk ykijokgh ds dkj.k vkosnu&i= vlohdkj gks tkrs Fks ogha vc bl izfr'kr esa dkqh deh vkbz gs] tks f'k{kk _.k ;kstuk dh lqyrk o yksdfiz;rk dks n'kkzrh gs]

31 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 31 fdurq lqyrk dks c<+kus gsrq ;kstuk esa uokpkj c<kus rfkk vksipkfjdrkvksa esa deh ykus dh furkar vko';drk gs lkfk gh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Hkh f'k{kk _.k ;kstuk ds izfr i;kzir :>ku mriuu djus ds iz;kl fd;s tkus pkfg, rkfd f'k{kk _.k ;kstuk tu&tu rd ig qp ldsa lanhkz xzafk lwph % Ø- ys[kd ds uke iqlrd o izdk'kd ¼+1½ MkW- 'kekz gfj'kpanz eqnzk,oa csfdax] lkfgr; Hkou izdk'kd vkxjk ¼+2½ 'kekz gfj'kpanz csafdax fof/k,oa O;ogkj lkfgr; Hkou izdk'kd vkxjk ¼+3½ MkW- 'kekz gfj'kpanz,oa csfdax fof/k,oa O;ogkj lkfgr; Hkou izks- jke dqekj % izdk'kd vkxjk ¼4½ f'k{kk fl)kar d`".kdkar vfxugks=h]

32 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 32 BEN JONSON Intense, Bemused and Sarcastic Dr. Roshan Benjamin Khan Professor, Dept. of English Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Indore (M.P.) Renaissance playwright BenJonson born on June11,1572 is called by many critics as sacred and profane, bawdy and holy, contrite and arrogant, dramatic and boorish. Outside of academic circles, where there has been a resurgence in interest, Jonson is a distant third in the contemporary popular imagination about the time period, after canonical Shakespeare and super show stopper Christopher Marlowe. Yet Jonson was almost a revolutionary, who writing in every major genre from domestic and revenge tragedy to city comedy and penning verse that despite its deceptive simplicity is among the most moving of that age. Moreover, while Shakespeare is in some sense a cipher onto which a variety of positions and opinions can be projected; Jonson in his imperfections can seem more real. Shakespeare may have been for all times, but Jonson was so of his own age that he remains more tangible as a personality. Jonson worked among the first commercial theatre in English history, surrounded by taverns, brothels, and bear baiting pits, with the river acting as perdition s boundary. In the middle ages,theater had been an extension of the Catholic Church, with massive pageants like the Corpus Christi cycle dominating the dramatic imagination. Upon the Reformation and with the strippingof the altars and the closing of the monasteries, theatre forced out of the cloister and into the entertainment business. There was already a coterie of play writes on secular themes in blank verse before Jonson and Shakespeare would become famous, but it was Jonson s generation(and in large part Jonson himself) who would elevate the grungy, gruby, dirty medium to the realm of true art. In his play like Everyman in His Humour(1598) Sejanus His Fall(1603) Eastward Ho!(1605) Volpone(1606) Epiocene, or The Silent Woman (1609), The Alchemist(1610) Bartholomew Faryre(1611) and The Devil is an Ass (1616), among dozens more, perfected a distinctly English voice. He could shift from learned erudition to puckishly working class,diction that could be estimably holy while so ribald, verse where the taverns lanterns and the cathedral s candles burn your eyes simultaneously. Of his corpus there are masterpieces that can stand alongside with Shakespeare and Marlowe, plays like beast fable Volpone, a satirical account of the court of St James s diplomat in Vience. In Volpone human

33 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 33 personalities are endowed with bestial characteristics, from the titular character, who is a sly Fox to his sycophantic servant Mosca, who is a drawn to his master as a fly to flower: Corbaccio The Raven and Volpone the vulture who is ofcourse a lawyer. A similar sensibility concerning the foibles of human vanity regarding wealth, religion, and almost everything else is also demonstrated in The Alchemist with its cast of conmen, cutpurses, prostitutes, and credulous Anabapists. But no play in Jonson s body of work, or indeed that of the English Renaissance s, is a unmitigated a triumph of narrative complexity, earthy dialogues, and experimental finesse like that of his masterpiece Bartholomew Fayre. A city comedy that attempts to demonstrate the complex, chaotic, fetid and glorious realities of everyday life in England s capital. Jonson creates characters who ply their wares at the massive carnivals like fair at the edge of the city, where different classes and occupations all mingle, with the play presenting a tableaux of the city as ever depicted on the stage during the Renaissance or any other era. The comedy The Devil is an Ass (1616) had turned out to be a comparatively flop and he turned his attention in writing masques. Jonson s later plays The New Inn (1629) and A Tale of a Tub (1633) were not a great success, described harshly, but perhaps justly by Dryden as his dotages. Jonson s style and substances is complex, earth bound and classical. His writings explores wide range of religious themes, from the relatively uncontroversial realms of Christian ethics to the politically combustible ground of English Catholism. Yet his dramas appear to focus on human ethics and behavior to the general exclusion of doctrinal and metaphysical concerns. It looks as if Jonson placed himself in opposition to the spirit of the age. Never the less, BenJonson comedies are at its best dramatic work. Volpane is the story of an old, childless, venetian nobleman whose ruling passion is avarice. Everything else in the play is made tributary to this passion. The first three lines in the first act strike the keynote of the entire play. Volpone says: Good morning to the day: and next, my gold! Open the shrine, that I may see my saint. Half the world s soul and mine! (Jonson, Ben. Volpone ActIscenec i) The Alchemist makes a strong presentation of certain forms of credulity in human nature and of the special tricks which the alchemist and imposters of that day adopted. One character wants to buy the secret of the helpful influence of the stars; another parts with his wealth to learn the alchemist secret of turning everything into gold and jewels. This way in which these characters are deceived is very amusing. A study of this play adds to our knowledge of a certain phase of the times. In point of artistic construction of the plot, The Alchemist nowhere excelled in the English drama; but the intrusion of Jonson s learning often makes the play tedious reading, as when he introduces the technical terms of so

34 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 34 called science of alchemy to show that he studied it thoroughly. The Silent Woman is in lighter vein than either of the plays mentioned. The leading character is called Morose, and his special whim or humor is a horror of noise. His home is on a street so narrow at both ends that it will receive no coaches nor carts, nor any of these common noises. Foe a long time Morose does not marry, fearing the noise of a wife s tongue. He has his mattresses on the stairs and dismisses the footman for wearing squeaking shoes. Finally he commissions his nephew to find a silent woman for his wife and the dramatist uses to his good advantage the opportunity for comic situation which thus turn in the action it affords. His first play, Every Man in his Humor, paints, not the universal emotions of men, but some special humor. He thus defines the sense in which he uses humor: As when someone peculiar quality doth so posses a man that it doth draw. All his affects, his spirits and his powers, in this connection, all to run one way. This may be truly said to be a Humor. Unlike Shakespeare, Jonson gives distorted or imperfect picture of life. In Volpane everything is subsidiary to the humor of avarice, which receives unnatural emphasis. In The Alchemist there is little to relieve the picture of credibility and hypocrisy, while The Silent Woman, has for its leading character is a man whose principle humor or aim in life is avoid noises. Any drama that fails to paint the nobler side of womanhood can be called complete. In Jonson plays we do not find a single women worthy to come near the Shakespearean characters like Cordelia, Imogen, or Desdemona. His limitations are nowhere more marked than in his inability to portray a noble woman. Another reason why he fails to present life completely is shown in the following lines in which he defines the mission of his life: My strict hand was made to seize on vice, and with a gripe squeeze out the humor of such spongy souls as lick up every idle vanity. Since the world needs building up rather than tearing down, a remedy for an ailment rather than fault finding, the greatest of man cannot mere satirists. Shakespeare displays some fellow feelings for the object of his satire, but Jonson s satire is cold and devoid of sympathy. Jonson deliberately took his stand in opposition to the romantic spirit of the age. Marlowe and Shakespeare had disregarded the classical unities and had developed the drama on romantic lines. Jonson resolved to follow classical traditions and to adhere to unity of time and place in the construction of his plays. The action in the play of The Silent Woman, for instance, occupies only twelve hours. Jonson s plays show the touch of a conscientious artist with great intellectual ability. His vast erudition is constantly apparent. He is the satiric historian of his time, and he exhibits the follies and the humors of the age under a powerful lens. He is also the author

35 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 35 dainty lyrics and forcible prose criticism. Among the shortcoming of his plays, we may specially note lack of feelings and of universality. He is not a sympathetic observer of manifold life, but presents only what is perceived through the frosted glass of intellect. His art is self conscious. He defiantly opposed the romantic spirit of the age and weakened the drama by making it bear the burden of the classical unities. Refrence: 01. Johnson Ben, The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Ben Johnson, London, 2012

36 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 36 orzeku esa lekt,oa Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk esa ehfm;k dh Hkwfedk ¼,d fpuru½ MkW- yrk tsu izk/;kid vfkz'kkl= Jh vvy fcgkjh oktis;h 'kkldh; dyk,oa okf.kt; egkfo ky; bunksj ¼e-iz-½ yksdru= es a ehfm;k dk pksfkk LrEHk blhfy, ekuk x;k gs] fd og rhuksa vu; LrEHkks a dk lacy cusa mudh jpukredrk cuk, j[ks o mugsa ikjn'khz cuk,a ehfm;k dh lcls cm+h 'kkfur & mldk foosd gs] tks lr; ij vkfjr o vk/kkfjr jgrk gsa izk;ksftr foosd ehfm;k dh lk[k de djrk gsa ehfm;k dk rduhdh fodkl pkgs ftruk gks tk, ij lkekftd nkf;ro ds fuozgu vksj tokcnsgh ls og eqdr ugha gks ldrka bl nkf;ro dh j{kk djds gh og fo'oluh; gks ldrk gs] rfkk Hkkjr tsls yksdru= esa viuh fu.kkz;d 'kfdr vftzr dj ldrk gsa lkfgr; lekt dk niz.k gksrk gsa ehfm;k ds lanhkz es a ;g ckr 'kr izfr'kr lr; gs fd lekpkj i= fdlh jk"vª dh nsufunu dk bfrgkl gksrk gsa ;g,d,slk vkbuk gs tks ns'k@lekt es a jgu lgu] jhfr fjokt] /kez] ijeijk, ] dkuwu] QS'ku] tuer] 'kklu iz'kklu dks izfrfcafcr djrk gsa orzeku izfr;ksfxrkoknh ;qx es a bls yksdru= dk prqfkz LrEHk ekuk x;k gsa ek/;eks a dh lkekftd Hkwfedk dks ysdj buds tue ls gh okn fookn gksrk vk jgk gsa vkt fizuv ehfm;k dh vis{kk bysdvªkfud ehfm;k dk izhkko lekt es a ifjyf{kr gks jgk gsa mnkjhdj.k rfkk HkweaMyhdj.k ds izhkkoksa ds dkj.k ek/;eks a dh Hkwfedk Hkh izhkkfor gqbz gs rfkk vkffkzd y{;ksa dks gkfly djus dh vksj izo`rr gqbz gsa vke /kkj.kk ;g cu jgh gs] fd ehfm;k dkqh dqn izpkjkred rro vfrjaftr dj izlrqr djus yxk gsa ek/;eks a dh lkekftd Hkwfedk dks le>us dk iz;kl djus ij rhu lkekftd Hkwfedk, gekjs lkeus vkrh gs& 1- lekthdj.k 2- lkekftd ifjorzu 3- lkekftd fu;a=.ka lkekftd ifjorzu es a ehfm;k dh Hkwfedk dks vr;ar egroiw.kz ekurs gsaa bl ifjorzu dh izfø;k cgqr gh /khes :i es a fn[krh gs] fdurq lekt es a eku;rkvksa vksj ijeijkvka ds ifjorzu es a bl Hkwfedk dk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku gsa lkekftd fu;a=.k ds :I es a ehfm;k fopkj/kkjk,a] jhfr fjokt] yksd izfkk] QS'ku] ijeijk] usfrd ewy;] /kez vkfn ds lkfk lkekftd Hkwfedk fuhkkdj tuer~ cukus es a enn djrs gsaa vr% ek/;eks a dh,d lkekftd Hkwfedk gs rfkk bl Hkwfedk dks vr;ar fteesnkj] egroiw.kz,oa ldkjkred :i es a ns[kk tkrk gsa

37 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 37 orzeku vk/kqfuddj.k] mnkjhdj.k,oa iw thokn ds dkj.k vkt lekpkj i=ksa es a fo"k; olrq dk xgjkbz ls fo'ys"k.k djus ds LFkku ij vkd"kzd izlrqrhdj.k ij tksj fn;k tk jgk gsa /khjs&/khjs ikbdksa dks bldk vknh cuk;k tk jgk gsa ^^vkbzt vkwu n U;wt** losz{k.k ls ;g ckr Li"V gqbz gs fd ikbdks a dh ekufldrk lekpkj i=ksa dks jkspd fp=ksa o lkt lttk dh otg ls ilan djus dh curh tk jgh gsa fizuv ehfm;k ds lkfk&lkfk bysdvªkfud ehfm;k Hkh iwjh rjg ls cktkjokn ij vkfjr gsa chloh 'krkcnh es a bysdvªkwfud ehfm;k us nlrd nh vksj Vh-oh-] dei;wvj] bavjusv rfkk osclkbv us?kjksa es a >kadk gh ugha oju~ viuk,d fo'ks"k LFkku Hkh fnup;kz esa 'kkfey fd;ka lekt esa cnyko ds okgd & lekt ea s cnyko ds dbz ehfm;k okgd gs tks ubz rduhdh ds lkfk lkekftd izxfr dks n'kkzrs gsaa lcls izfke Lrj ij nwjn'kzu ga nwjn'kzu dh LFkkiuk ds le; ls gh bldk y{; Fkk] f'k{kk ds izlkj ds lkfk tkx`fr mriuu djuk rfkk lekt dks ubz fn'kk iznku djus ds lkfk LokLF; euksjatu,oa f'k{kk ds dk;zøeksa dks vke turk rd igqapkuka vkt nwjn'kzu ek= ljdkjh nwjn'kzu ugha jgka fofhkuu psuyksa ds ek/;e ls jk"vªh;] {ks=h; dk;zøeksa ds lkfk izd`fr] czegk.m dk jgl; [kksyus okys psuy Hkh miyc/k gsa lekt ds gj oxz dks ns'k dh eq[; /kkjk es a 'kkfey djus dk iz;kl nwjn'kzu ds ek/;e ls vpnh rjg ls gks jgk gsa dk;zøeksa ds ek/;e ls tgk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fy, d`f"k] ifjokj fu;kstu] izks<+ f'k{kk] Ldwy f'k{kk fodkl dh ;kstuk,a] efgyk] ;qok,oa fodkl ls lecfu/kr lel;k tsls & vf'k{kk] de mez esa fookg] ;ksu 'kks"k.k] etnwj,oa etnwjh] tehu dk gd] iapk;r es a lghkkfxrk dh vko';drk ij tksj fn;k tk jgk gsa ogha 'kgjh {ks=ksa es a vke vkneh ls tqm+us ds dk;zøe] 'kgjh mpp oxz] e/;e oxz,oa vke oxz ls tqm+h ikfjokfjd,oa lkekftd lel;kvks a ij Hkh lhfj;yks a ds ek/;e ls Qksdl fd;k tk jgk gsa Kkuo/kZd psuyksa tsls& us'kuy T;ksxzkQh] fmldojh],uhey IysusV rfkk ;wthlh ds dk;zøeksa ds }kjk fd'kksjksa] ;qokvksa es a mttoy Hkfo"; ds lkfk vk'kk dk lapkj fd;k tk jgk gsa yxhkx lhkh dk;zøe lkekftd ifjorzu yk jgs gsaa rduhdh fodkl,oa glrkarj.k ds ek/;e ls vke vkneh ds thou esa ØkfUrdkjh ifjorzu vk;s gsaa nwjn'kzu ds fodkl ds lkfk lekt dy;k.k ds {ks= es a dkqh o`f) gqbz gsa nwjn'kzu ifjokj ftl izdkj c<+rk tk jgk gs mlh izdkj blds nkf;ro Hkh c<+rs tk jgs gs] rkfd lkekftd ifjorzu lgh fn'kk es a gks ldsaa

38 GACC JOURNAL. Vol I, Issue 5 38 lkekftd cnyko dh nwljh okgd vkdk'kok.kh gsa ekuk fd nwjn'kzu ds izhkko us vkdk'kok.kh dk egro de fd;k gs] fdurq nwjn'kzu ds dk;zøeksa ls mcrs n'kzdksa us vkdk'kok.kh dh vksj iqu% :[k fd;k gs vkt Hkh ns'k ds yk[kks a xk oksa,oa nwjlfk {ks=ksa esa vkdk'kok.kh mpp rduhdh ls ;qdr VªkaftLVj] jsfm;ks ds ek/;e ls loz lqyhk gsa VªkaftLVj ds vkfo"dkj ls jsfm;ks fuekz.k es a Økafr vk xbz gs] de dher esa blls llrk] lqxe lk/ku miyc/k ugha gsa lekt,oa vkdk'kok.kh ds lecu/k,oa izhkko dks izr;{k :i ls ns[kus ij Li"V gs fd vkdk'kok.kh lkekftd cnyko dh okgd gs dk;zøeksa es a fo'ks"k efgyk dk;zøeksa es a dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa] dy;k.k dk;zøeksa,oa fodkl dk;zøeksa dh ppkz izeq[k gsa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku es a ns'k ds lhkh ukxfjdksa dks leku vk/kkj ij ykdj lhkh izdkj ds HksnHkkoks a] tue] /kez vksj fyaxij vk/kkfjr vlekurkvksa dks lekir djus dk tks opu fn;k gs] lafo/kku dk ;g lans'k yksxks a rd igq pkus es a vkdk'kok.kh us egroiw.kz Hkwfedk vnk dh gsa lp rks ;g gs fd vkt vkdk'kok.kh dks dksbz fdruk Hkh udjkred fl) djs exj tulkeku; esa psruk txkus,oa ifjorzu ykus es a myys[kuh; Hkwfedk fuhkkbz gsa fgunh,oa {ks=h; Hkk"kkvksa ds :id Hkh lkekftd ifjorzu dj jgs gsa vkdk'kok.kh us cky fookg] ngst] eknd inkfkksz dk lsou]?kj ifjokj] xzkeh.k fodkl] d`f"k l'kfdrdj.k dqjhfr;ksa ds f[kykq lrr~ vkunksyu pyk;k gsa rhljk lcls egroiw.kz fcunq fqyes a gsaa fqyeksa dh lkekftd mi;ksfxrk ij ppkz djsa rks ;g Hkh ;g HkkSfrd,oa dykred olrqvksa dh rjg lkekftd thou ls izlqqfvr gksrh gsa mlh dk fp=.k djrh gs rfkk udkjkred ;k ldkjkred :i esa lkekftd thou dks izhkkfor djrh gsa la;qdr ifjokjksa dk egro] VwVrk xzkeh.k ifjos'k] HkkSfrdrk dh ;FkkFkZrk] /kkfezd leiz.krk] Hk;,oa ikjyksfddrk] ;qokvksa dk fnxhkzfer gksuk vkfn dh dbz lel;kvksa ij fqyeksa es a izdk'k Mkyk gsa vktdy fqyeksa es a tgka,d vksj ikfjokfjd,oa lkekftd lel;kvksa dks cgqr gh menk rjhds ls izlrqr fd;k gs ogha pdkpksa/k ls mith fqyeksa us ;qokvksa es a ifjokjksa es a fohkktu ds cht cks;s gsaa /kkfezd fo"k;ksa] larksa dh thouh] bfrgkl vk/kkfjr fqyes a] Lora=rk vkunksyu ds ifjizs{; es a vkbz fqyesa] fokku vk/kkfjr fqyes a] lkekftd cqjkbz;ksa ij izgkj djrh fqyes a vkfn esa Hkkjrh; flusek dk,sfrgkfld ;ksxnku gsa fujarj muur izks ksfxdh us fqyeksa ds fuekz.k dks ljy rks fd;k gh gs lkfk gh Lis'ky bqsdv ds ek/;e ls ubz Økafr mriuu dh gsa vkt nwjn'kzu,oa lapkj ek/;e ds fodkl ds lkfk fqyeksa dh fteesnkjh vksj c<+ xbz gsa A lapkj ek/;eks a ds fodkl ds lkfk&lkfk lkekftd mrfkku ds {ks= es a Hkh o`f) gqbz gsa nwjn'kzu] vkdk'kok.kh ds dk;zøe ftl