(A peer reviewed Quarterly Research Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences with Grade 'A' & Impact Factor 5-10)

Transcription

1 ISSN : RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696 UGC No. : (A peer reviewed Quarterly Research Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences with Grade 'A' & Impact Factor 5-10) 49

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5 ISSN : RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC :41386 Contents

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7 Current Status,Lacunas and Scope of Scientific Dr. Ashish Tiwari

8 Temperament in India 68. Government Efforts for Women Empowerement and Prof. Dr. Chandana Mitra Development of India with Digitalisation 69. Contribution of Industrial Sector in Developing India Harsha Sahu Economically 70. Casteism and Exploitation in India : Represented in Dr. Avinash Lal 'Untouchable' by Mulk Raj Aanand and "The White Priyanka Kumari Patle Tiger' By Arvinda Adiga 71. Industrial Pollution Impact on Pond Water Dr. Prasanna Kumar Sharma Information Technology as a Tool for Developing Kiran Sahu and Empowering Rural India 73. Role of Women In Nation's Development Mrs. Alka Shukla Role of Economic and Industrial Sector in National Mira Tandon Development 75. Indian Writing in English and The Idea of Nationalism Dr. Nidhi Mishra The Medicinal Properties of Neem Tree on Soil Archana Pandey Bacteria : An Ecofriendly Approach

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11 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386, UGC No. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUNE 2018; Vol. 2; P. 1-6 jk"vª fodkl vksj lkekftd fpuru ¼Lokeh foosdkuun ds lunhkz esa½ lkguq jke egsunz 'kks/kkfkhz] jktuhfr 'kkl=k] MkW0 lh-oh- jeu fo'ofo ky;] dksvk] fckykliqj] NRrhlx<+ MkW0 lq/khj flag xksj lgk;d izksqslj ekuns;] jktuhfr 'kkl=k] th-th-;w-] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ MkW0 ch-ih- nsokaxu izkpk;z] v'kksdk dkyst] meesniqj&lkjax<+] jk;iqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract fdlh Hkh jk"vª ds fodkl esa fofhkuu fo}kuksa ds fopkjksa dk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku gksrk gsa jk"vª ds fodkl dks le>us ds fy, vko';d gs fd mldh lkekftd] vkffkzd] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks le>k tk;a p wfd gekjs 'kks/k i=k dk 'kh"kzd jk"vª fodkl vksj lkekftd fpuru ¼Lokeh foosdkuun ds lunhkz esa½ gsa blfy, jk"vª fodkl dks le>us ds fy, Lokeh foosdkukun ds lkekftd fpuru dh rjq izdk'k Mkyk x;k gsa lekt fuf'pr :i ls,d fno; lalfkk gs( fqj Hkh O;kogkfjd n f"vdks.k ls bldh vkarfjd nsoro] oklrfod çñfr] çdv dh tkuh pkfg,a fqj Hkh bl egku rf; dks /;ku esa j[kuk gksxk fd ;g çdv djus ds fy, lr; dk lgkjk fy;k tkuk pkfg,a 19oha 'krkcnh ds vafre n'kd esa yksdra=k,oa jk"vªokn ds mqku us lhkh rjg dh :f<+;ksa dks [kre dj fn;ka 'kh?kz gh iqutkzxj.k dh çfø;k ds mn~hko,oa fodkl ls vkffkzd 'kfä;ksa ds vh;qn;] f'k{kk ds çlkj] vk/kqfud ik'pkr; ewy;ksa,oa lalñfr ds çhkko rfkk fo'o leqnk; dks l'kä djus dh lksp us lq/kkj ds ekxz dks ç'klr fd;ka Figure : 00 References : 12 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª fodkl] lkekftd fpuru] lekt] jk"vª Hkkjr esa mifuos'kh 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ds i'pkr ns'k esa vaxzsth lh;rk,oa lalñfr ds çlkj gsrq lqfu;ksftr ç;kl fd;s x;sa 'kgjhdj.k rfkk vk/kqfudhdj.k us Hkh yksxksa ds fopkjksa dks çhkkfor fd;ka bu uohu fopkjksa ds fo{kkshk us Hkkjrh; lalñfr esa çlkj dh Hkkouk mriuu dh rfkk Kku dk çlkj gqvka vk/kqfud ik'pkr; lalñfr,oa fons'kh 'kfä;ksa dks ijkftr djus dh psruk us tkx fr dh u;h fdj.k QSyk;hA /khjs&/khjs ;g psruk tkx r gksus yxh fd Hkkjrh; lkekftd lajpuk,oa lalñfr esa nqczyrk ds dkj.k Hkkjr tslk fo'kky ns'k eqb~bhhkj fonsf'k;ksa ds gkfkksa esa pyk x;k gsa ;g Hkh eglwl fd;k tkus yxk fd Hkkjr lh;rk dh nksm+ esa dkqh finm+ x;k gsa bl lksp us,d çfrfø;koknh Lo:i dks tue fn;ka Hkkjr esa 19oha 'krkcnh esa lkekftd&/kkfezd lq/kkjksa dh tks çfø;k çkjahk gq;h og mifuos'kh 'kklu dh miflfkfr dk gh çhkko FkkA ysfdu dgha Hkh mifuos'kh 'kkldksa us bls çkjahk ugha fd;ka 'kks/k /kkjk 1

12 Hkkjr esa tks lkekftd&/kkfezd ifjorzu çkjahk gq;s mldk eq[; lkekftd vk/kkj mhkjrk gqvk e/; oxz,oa ijeijkxr lkfk gh ik'pkr; f'k{kk çkir cksf)d oxz FkkA fdarq if'pe esa tueh rrdkyhu psruk,oa cqtqzvkbz ewy;ksa rfkk iw.kz çhkqro çkir cqtqzvk jfgr lkekftd vk/kkj esa egroiw.kz Vdjko FkkA 19oha 'krkcnh ds cksf)d oxz esa tks eq[;r;k ;wjksi dk e/; oxz Fkk],oa çfkkvksa dks orzeku le; gsrq çklafxd cukus dh rhoz bpnk tkx r gq;ha rc mugksaus iqutkzxj.k,oa /kez&lq/kkj tslh fopkj/kkjk dk lgkjk ysdj lekt esa,d Økafrdkjh ifjorzu fd;ka iqutkzxj.k,oa /kez&lq/kkj dh çfø;k esa ftl oxz us lcls egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkk;h] og dksbz vks ksfxd ;k O;kikjh oxz ugha Fkk( vfirq os ljdkjh dk;kzy; esa dk;zjr] O;fä] f'k{kd] i=kdkj] odhy,oa fpfdrld tsls yksx Fks] ftuds fgr dgha&u& dgha ij,d&nwljs ds leku FksA foosdkuan],d egku ekuorkoknh Fks rfkk mugksaus jkeñ".k fe'ku ds }kjk ekuoh; lgk;rk,oa lkekftd dk;z dks viuk lozçeq[k mís'; cuk;ka fe'ku us lkekftd,oa /kkfezd lq/kkj ds vusd dk;z fd;sa mugksaus dezqy dh lokszpprk dks çfrikfnr djrs gq;s bls gh lozjs"b crk;ka foosdkuan us tho dh lsok dh rqyuk f'ko dh iwtk ls dha muds vuqlkj thou Lo;a,d /kez gsa dez ds }kjk gh ekuo dk nsoh; vflrro gksrk gsa mugksaus rrdkyhu rduhd,oa vk/kqfud fokku dk mi;ksx ekuoek=k ds dy;k.k gsrq djus dh egùkk çfrikfnr dha foosdkuan us vius ekuorkoknh vksj dk;z leca/kh fopkjksa dks O;kogkfjd :i nsus ds fy;s ns'k ds fofhkuu Hkkxksa esa jkeñ".k fe'ku dh vusd 'kk[kk;sa LFkkfir dhaa bl fe'ku us yksxksa ds fy;s Ldwy] iqlrdky;] nok[kkus] vukfkky; br;kfn dh LFkkiuk dha fe'ku] fofhkuu çkñfrd vkinkvksa ;Fkk&ck<+] lw[ks,oa egkekjh br;kfn esa Hkh yksxksa dh lgk;rk ds fy;s dk;z djrk FkkA fe'ku us varjkz"vªh; laxbu dk Lo:i /kkj.k fd;ka fe'ku,d fgunw /kkfezd laxbu Fkk fdarq blus vu; /keksz dks Hkh egku crk;ka vk;z lekt ds foijhr] fe'ku us ewfrziwtk dk lefkzu fd;ka blds vuqlkj] ewfrziwtk] mikluk dk mùke,oa ljy rjhdk gsa ewfrziwtk ls vk/;kreokn dk fodkl cm+h ljyrk ls fd;k tk ldrk gsa ;g Js"B gs D;ksafd ewfrziwtk ls dksbz Hkh euq"; cgqr de le; esa bz'oj dh oanuk esa fuiq.k gks ldrk gsa fgunw /kez ;k osnkar lozjs"b gsa bldh lgk;rk ls fgunw] lppk fgunw,oa føf'p;u lppk føf'p;u cu ldrk gsa foosdkuan us 1893 esa f'kdkxks vesfjdk] esa leiuu fo'o /kez leesyu esa yksxksa dks ;g crkus dk ç;kl fd;k fd osnkar dsoy fgunqvksa dk gh ugha vfirq lhkh euq";ksa dk /kez gsa mugksaus vk/;kreokn,oa HkkSfrdrkokn ds larqyu ij cy fn;ka bl leesyu esa mugksaus dgk fd ;fn if'pe ds HkkSfrdrkokn,oa iwoz ds vk/;kreokn dk lfeej.k dj fn;k tk;s rks ;g ekuo tkfr dh HkykbZ dk lokszùke ekxz gksxka foosdkuan us dhkh yksxksa dks jktuhfrd lans'k ugha fn;ka mugksaus ns'k dh ;qok ih<+h ls vihy dh fd os Hkkjr dh çkphu lh;rk ij xoz djsa rfkk Hkfo"; esa Hkkjr dh lalñfr dks ekuo tkfr ds dy;k.kkfkz lefizr djsaa os Hkkjr dh,d tkx r,oa çxfr'khy jk"vª cukuk pkgrs FksA os tkfrokn] NqvkNwr,oa fo"kerk dks jk"vª ds nqczy gksus dk egroiw.kz dkjd ekurs FksA mugsa Hkkjr dh turk dh 'kfä esa iw.kz vklfkk FkhA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd,d fnu Hkkjr dk fodkl gksxk rfkk ns'k ls vf'k{kk 'kks/k /kkjk 2

13 ,oa xjhch iwjh rjg lekir gks tk;sxha Lokehth us Hkkjr ds laiw.kz ifjorzu ds fy, fdlh,d oxz ;k leqnk; ds ifjorzu dks i;kzir ugha ekuk gsa tc rd lhkh bl fn'kk esa rrij ugha gksaxs] rc rd ;g cnyko v/kwjk gh jgsxka blhfy, os ;qok] L=kh] fu/kzu] dkexkj] fdlku&lhkh dks txkus ds vfhkyk"kh gsaa os lhkh dks fopkjoku cukuk pkgrs gsa] ogha vkpj.k dh 'kq)rk ij Hkh cy nsrs gsaa L=kh f'k{kk ij mugksaus fo'ks"k cy fn;k] rhkh og Lo;a dh HkkX;fo/kkrk cu ldrh gsa os dgrs gsa] ^^gesa ukfj;ksa dh,slh flfkfr esa igq pk nsuk pkfg,] tgk os viuh lel;k dks vius <ax ls Lo;a lqy>k ldsaa muds fy, ;g dke u dksbz dj ldrk gs vksj u fdlh dks djuk gh pkfg,a vksj gekjh Hkkjrh; ukfj;k lalkj dh vu; fdugha Hkh ukfj;ksa dh Hkk fr bls djus dh {kerk j[krh gsaa os ;qokvksa dks Hkh lkekftd cnyko ykus ds fy, rrij gksus dk lans'k nsrs gsaa blds fy, os ;qokvksa esa vkrefo'okl] ohjrk] vhk;] bpnk'kfä] vkrefuhkzjrk vksj ân; dk folrkj pkgrs gsaa os ekurs gsa fd ;qokvksa ds ek/;e ls ns'k dks iqu#rfkku gks ldrk gsa os ;qok tkxj.k ds fy, dgrs gsa] ^^mbks] tkxks] rqegkjh ekr Hkwfe dks bl egkcfy dh vko';drk gsa bl dk;z dh flf)] ;qodksa ls gh gks ldsxha ;qok] vkf'k"b] cfy"b] es/kkoh*] mugha ds fy, ;g dk;z gsa** os ;qokvksa esa vkarfjd vksj cká nksuksa çdkj dh 'kfä;ksa dk vf/k"bku pkgrs gsa] rhkh os lkekftd ifjorzu ds Øe esa çhkkodkjh ifj.kke yk ldrs gsaa mugksaus Hkkjr ds uo ifjorzu dk fojkv fcac jpk gs] tks lfn;ksa dh tm+rk dks R;kx dj gh vk ldrk gs] igys os [kqn dks fu''ks"k djus dk vkºoku blh vfkz esa djrs gsa&rqe yksx 'kwu; esa foyhu gks tkvks vksj fqj,d uohu Hkkjr fudky im+sa fudys gy idm+dj] fdlkuksa dh dqvh Hksndj] >ksifm;ksa lsa fudy im+s cfu;ksa dh nqdkusa ls] dkj[kkus ls] gkv ls] cktkj lsa fudys >kfm;ksa] taxyksa igkm+ksa] iozrksa lsa bu yksxksa us lglz o"kksaz rd uhjo vr;kpkj lgu fd;k gs&mlls ik;h gs viwoz lfg".kqrka lukru nq%[k mbk;k] ftlls ik;h gs vvy thouh 'kfäa ;s yksx eqëhhkj lùkw [kkdj nqfu;k myv ns ldsaxsa vk/kh jksvh feyh rks rhuksa yksd esa bruk rst u vvsxka ;s jächt ds çk.kksa ls ;qä gs vksj ik;k gs lnkpkj] cy tks rhuksa yksdksa esa ugha gsa orzeku nksj esa Lokeh foosdkuan dh ;g vkokt lquh tkuh pkfg,] vu;fkk Hkkjr dh nqjkolfkk dh J a[kyk vlekir cuh jgsxha orzeku ih<+h ifjorzu ds nksj ls xqtj jgh gsa thou'ksyh] usfrd ewy;ksa,oa vkn'kksaz esa cnyko vk jgk gsa vkt dh ;qok ih<+h fodkl,oa vkffkzd muu;u ds cks> rys bruh vf/kd nc xbz gs fd og vius ikjeifjd vk/kkjhkwr mpp vkn'kksaz ls le>ksrk rd djus esa fgpd ugha jgh gsa ifj.kker% loz=k vlarks"k] çsj.kk dk vhkko,oa fcuk ç;ru fd, gh csbzekuh ls le )'kkyh cuus dh ço fùk tue ys jgh gsa thou ds çr;sd {ks=k esa Hkz"Vkpkj vksj cqtqxksaz dh vk;q,oa mudh jk; ds çfr vuknj,d vke ckr gks xbz gsa la{ksi esa] lekt esa Hkz"Vkpkj,oa vukpkj c<+rk gh tk jgk gs A vke turk çdk'k esa vkus okys fur u,?kksvkyksa,oa vijk/kksa ls vpafhkr,oa vkøkar gsa jktuhfrd nyksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj viuh tm+s tek pqdk gsa lkeçnkf;drk,oa tkfrokn lekir gksus dh ctk; viuk flj mbk jgs gsaa vkn'kksaz dh ijokg fd, cxsj yksx vusfrd rjhdksa ls Lo&fgr leiknu esa yxs gq, gsaa,sls le; esa] lekt dks iru ls cpkus ds fy, Lokeh foosdkuun ds vkstloh çsjd&fopkjksa dh egrh vko';drk 'kks/k /kkjk 3

14 gsa Lokeh foosdkuun,d lpps jk"vªhkä Fks vksj mugsa viuh jk"vªh;rk ij xoz Hkh FkkA Hkkjrh; lalñfr,oa Hkkjrh; /kez ds çfr mudk xoz,oa vknj f'kdkxksa ds /kez laln esa muds }kjk fn, x, lahkk"k.k ls Kkr gksrk gs tc mugksaus dgk Fkk esa,d,sls /kez dk vuq;k;h gksus esa xoz dk vuqhko djrk g ] ftlus lalkj dks lfg".kqrk rfkk lkozhkkse LohÑfr nksuksa dh f'k{kk nh gsa eq>s,d,sls ns'k dk O;fä gksus dk vfhkeku gs ftlus bl i Foh ds lelr /keksaz vksj ns'kksa ds mrihfm+rksa vksj 'kj.kkffkz;ksa dks vkj; fn;k gs vksj fqj bfrgkl esa tkrs gq, dgk fd eq>s vkidks ;g crykrs gq, xoz gksrk gs fd geus vius o{k esa ;gwfn;ksa ds fo'kq)re vfof'k"v vax dks LFkku fn;k ftugksaus nf{k.k Hkkjr vkdj blh o"kz 'kj.k yh Fkh] ftl o"kz mldk ifo=k eafnj jkseu tkfr ds vr;kpkj ls /kwy esa fey x;k Fkk A,sls /kez dk vuq;k;h gksus esa esa xoz vuqhko djrk gw ] ftlus egku tjfkqlr tkfr ds vof'k"v va'k dks 'kj.k nh vksj ftldk ikyu og vc rd dj jgk gsa os lkeçnkf;drk] gb/kfezrk vksj budh ohhkrl oa'k/kj /kekzu/krk ds vr;ur f[kykq Fks] tks bl lqunj i Foh ij cgqr le; ls fo eku gsa mudk ekuuk Fkk ;fn ;s ohhkrl nkuo ugha gksrs rks ekuo lekt vkt dh volfkk ls dgha vf/kd muur gks x;k gksrka vkt ds bl ;qx esa Lokeh foosdkuun ds ;g fopkj fdrus çklafxd gsaa Lokeh foosdkuun dk n f"vdks.k çxfr'khy FkkA mugksaus,d ckj dgk Fkk fd esa,sls Hkkjr dh vk'kk djrk g w] ftlesa iqjkus Hkkjr ds ln~xq.kksa dk vkt ds ;qx ds ln~xq.kksa esa LokHkkfod :i ls lekos'k fd;k x;k gksa u, ;qx ds Hkkjr dk fuekz.k vius vki gksuk pkfg, u fd fdlh vukf/kdkj cy ç;ksx lsa mugsa jk"vª ds fy, dksbz Hkh R;kx djus esa vkuun dh vuqhkwfr gksrh FkhA vkt voljoknh O;fä buds fopkjksa ls lcd ysdj ns'k lsok ls feyus okys vkuun dks çkir dj ldrs gsaa mudk ekuuk Fkk fd gesa Hkkjr dks vuko';d fons'kh Hkkoksa,oa nckoksa ls cpkuk gksxka vxj ge yksx jk"vªh; xksjo ds mpp f'k[kj ij vkjksg.k djuk pkgrs gsa rks gesa ;g Hkh ;kn j[kuk gksxk fd gesa ik'pkr; ns'kksa ls cgqr dqn lh[kuk ckdh gsa ik'pkr; ns'kksa ls gesa mudk vk/kqfud f'kyi vksj fokku lh[kuk gksxk] muds HkkSfrd fokkuksa dks lh[kuk gksxk vksj m/kj ik'pkr; ns'kokfl;ksa dks gekjs ikl vkdj /kez vksj vk/;kre fo k dh f'k{kk xzg.k djuh gksxha gesa vius vki esa ;g fo'okl txkuk gksxk fd ge lalkj ds xq: gsaa vius mnkj ân;] fo'kky vuqhko rfkk rqyukred v/;;u ls os bl fu"d"kz ij igqaps Fks fd ekuo tkfr dk dy;k.k iwoz dh vk/;kfredrk vksj if'pe dh HkkSfrdrk ds leuo; vksj fopkjksa ds vknku&çnku ij fuhkzj gsa Lokeh foosdkuun lnso Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks ihf<+;ksa dh vkkurk dh fuæk ls txkus ds fy, ç;ru'khy jgsa blds fy, mugksaus yksxksa ls Lo;a ds çfr fo'okl txkus dk vkºoku fd;ka mudh ;g /kkj.kk Fkh fd ns'k ds vid"kz ds fteesnkj vaxzst ugha] vfirq ge Lo;a gsaa lfn;ksa ds 'kks"k.k ds dkj.k xjhc turk ekuo gksus rd dk vglkl [kks pqdh gsa os Lo;a dks tue ls gh xqyke le>rs gsaa blh dkj.k bl oxz esa fo'okl,oa xksjo tkx r djus dh egrh vko';drk gsa mudk ;g n <+ fo'okl Fkk fd detksj O;fä og gksrk gs tks Lo;a dks detksj le>rk gs vksj blds foijhr tks 'kks/k /kkjk 4

15 O;fä Lo;a dks l'kä le>rk gs og iwjs fo'o ds fy, vts; gks tkrk gsa Lokeh foosdkuan dk çr;sd Hkkjrh; ds fy, lans'k Fkk ^mbks! tkxks vksj rc rd ç;ru djks tc rd fd y{; çkir u gksa Lokeh foosdkuun lkgl ds ewrz:i FksA mugksaus,d ckj vius f'k"; dks fy[kk Fkk fd eq>s dk;jrk ls?k.kk gs] esa dk;jksa ls dksbz oklrk ugha j[kuk pkgrk g ] ew>s jktuhfr esa Hkh fo'okl ughaa esjs fy, bz'oj vksj lr; gh iwjs fo'o dh jktuhfr gs] blds vfrfjä lc csdkj gsa os ewy;ksa dks lokszpp çkfkfedrk nsrs Fks vksj ekurs Fks fd bu çkphu usfrd ewy;ksa dk ikyu çr;sd euq"; dks vius thou ds çr;sd {ks=k esa djuk pkfg;sa mugksaus lkoztfud thou dks vk/;kre ls tksm+us dk ç;kl fd;ka,d ckj mugksaus dgk Fkk fd ;g fomecuk gh gs fd xjhch muewyu ds fy, bruh vf/kd,oa çhkkoh ;kstukvksa ds ckotwn buds lgh fn'kk esa dk;kzuo;u ds vhkko esa vkt Lora=krk çkfir ds N% n'kd ckn Hkh ns'k esa bruh cm+h ek=kk esa xjhch O;kIr gsa Lokeh foosdkuan dh vusdkusd fof'k"vrkvksa esa ls,d Fkh çflf),oa uke ds çfr mudh mnklhurka vkt dk ;qx rks çpkj dk ;qx gks x;k gsa O;fä pkgs dksbz dke u djs ysfdu mldk çpkj rks vr;ko';d gsa ogha nwljh vksj /kez laln esa vius vn~hkqr Hkk"k.k okyh jkr dks fdlh cpps dh rjg ;g fopkj dj jks, Fks fd vc mudk vutkus lu;klh dk thou lekir gks pqdk gsa ckn esa Hkh os dbz ckj çflf) ds ckn [kks pqdh 'kkafr dks ;kn dj O;fFkr gks mbrs FksA os lknk thou ijurq mpp fopkjksa okys egkiq:"k Fks ysfdu mugksaus viuk u;k thou djksm+ksa Hkkjrh;ksa ds iqu:)kj gsrq vaxhdkj dj fy;k FkkA efgykvksa ds çfr lekt ds HksnHkko dks ns[kdj Hkh Lokeh foosdkuan fpfurr FksA mugksaus lekt dk /;ku efgykvksa dks çkphu ;qx esa cksf)d vksj vk/;kfred {ks=k esa fn, x, mpp LFkkuksa dh vksj vkñ"v fd;k FkkA os pkgrs Fks fd orzeku ;qx esa Hkh efgykvksa dks ogh Åaapk ntkz çkir gksa mudk ekuuk Fkk fd efgykvksa dh flfkfr ns'k ds fodkl ds Lrj dh ksrd gsa cky fookg ds os dêj fojksèkh Fks vksj efgykvksa dks viuk O;olk; o dk;z{ks=k pquus dh Lora=krk nsus ds i{k/kj FksA vkt Hkh efgyk,a cm+h la[;k esa fuj{kj gsaa efgykvksa dh bl 'kkspuh; flfkfr dks mugsa f'k{kk,oa vkffkzd LokoyEcu çnku djds gh nwj dh tk ldrh gsa vur esa ;g dguk lgh gksxk fd Lokeh foosdkuun dh ns'khkfä] Hkkjrekrk ds çfr mudk Lusg] ns'k dh lkalñfrd /kjksgj ds çfr mudk xoz] mudk 'ksf{kd n'kzu] efgykvksa,oa oafpr oxz ds çfr mudh lgkuqhkwfr] fu"dke dez ds çfr mudh opuc)rk rfkk mudk lkekftd fpuru vkt Hkh mruk çkalfxd gsa lunhkz 1- foosdkuun] Lokeh( f'k{kk lalñfr vksj lekt] i foosdkuun] LOkeh( Hkkjr dk Hkfo";] i fgt bzlvuz,.m oslvuz fmlkbfiyl & ykbq vkwq Lokeh foosdkuun] i n ykbq vkq Lokeh foosdkuun ¼[k.M 2½] i Hkkjr esa foosdkuun&lokeh foosdkuun] i foosdkuun& Hkkjrh; thou esa osnkur dk izhkko] i 0 09 'kks/k /kkjk 5

16 7- foosdkuun] Lokeh( vkrekuqhkwfr rfkk mlds ekxz] i "Article on S mi Vivekananda" ( html). Retrieved 13 September "Celebration of anniversaries in 2013" ( prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/anniversaries-celebrated-by-member-states/ 2013/). UNESCO.Retrieved 8 March "Article on S mi Vivekananda" ( miji.html). Retrieved 20 August The Cyclonic S mi-vivekananda in the West ( SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=k14641) 12- Vivekanand- A Biography in Pictures, Edition: 2005, Publishers: Advaita Ashrama (Publication Department) 5, Dehi Entally Road, Kolkata , Page: 118, ISBN: 81- 'kks/k /kkjk 6

17 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386, UGC No. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUNE 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª ds fodkl esa /kez,oa lalñfr dh Hkwfedk %,d lekt'kkl=kh; v/;;u MkW0 ¼Jherh½ vatw 'kqdyk lgk;d izk/;kid] Mh-ih- foiz LukrdksRrj egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ MkW0 Lokrh 'kekz lgk;d izk/;kid] Mh-,y-,l- egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<++ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract Hkkjr ns'k dks Hkkjr ekrk ekudj ekrk ds :i esa ^oansekrje~* ls ueu fd;k tkrk gsa /kez Hkkjrh; lalñfr ds izk.k dsunz esa izfrf"br gsa O;fDr fuekz.k gh lekt fuekz.k vksj lekt fuekz.k gh fo'o ds fgr dk eq[; gsrq gsa O;fDr fuekz.k] lalñfr ;qdr /kez vfkkzr~ fgunqro ds fcuk fdlh Hkh izdkj ls lahko ugha gsa lalñfr :ih Hkwfe esa /kez :ih o {k 'kkshkk ikrk gsa ftl izdkj o {k esa Qy] Qwy] irrh] 'kk[kk vkfn vusd vax gs( mlh izdkj /kez :ih o {k ds lhkh leiznk; vax gsaa lkozhkkse] lkoztfud lksiku dk uke /kez vksj O;fDrxr lk/kuk dk uke leiznk; gsa Hkkjrh; /kez'kkl=kksa esa /kez dk O;kid vfkz fn;k x;k gsa euq ds vuqlkj& ^^f/kz;rs ;su lk /kez% vfkkzr ftlus bl fo'o czá.m dks /kkj.k fd;k gs] og /kez gsa os'ksf"kd n'kzu ds vuqlkj &^^;rks ne;qn;fujs;l flf) l/kez%a vfkkzr~&^^ftlls le;d~&lkalkfjd muufr vksj eks{k vfkkzr~ ijekfkz dh izkfir gks] ogh /kez gsa /kez 'kcn dk i;kz; gs iq.;] Js;] lqñr] U;k;] LoHkko] vkpkj] {kek] Ørq] vfgalk] mifu"kn~] /kuq] ;e] la;e] lrlax vkfna dsoy iwtk i)fr gh /kez ugha vfirq og rks leiznk; dk vax gsa yksfdd ls ikjyksfdd lrrk ds fy, fo'okl izdvhdj.k dk,d lkèku gsa /kez fo'kn gsa iqjk.kksa esa /kez 'kcn dk iz;ksx O;kid gsa Figure : 00 References : 13 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª,oa /kez] /kez,oa lalñfr] jk"vª fodkl esa /kez,oa lalñfr dh Hkwfedk Hkkjrh; lalñfr vk/;kre iz/kku gsa Lokeh foosdkuan us mn~?kks"k fd;k Fkk fd Hkkjrh; lalñfr dh jh<+ dh gm~mh vk/;kre gsa tc rd bls NsM+k ugha tkrk Hkkjrh; lalñfr dks dksbz u"v ugha dj ldrka 1 Hkkjr ns'k dks Hkkjr ekrk ekudj ekrk ds :i esa ^oansekrje~* ls ueu fd;k tkrk gsa èkez Hkkjrh; lalñfr ds izk.k dsunz esa izfrf"br gsa O;fDr fuekz.k gh lekt fuekz.k vksj lekt fuekz.k gh fo'o ds fgr dk eq[; gsrq gsa O;fDr fuekz.k] lalñfr ;qdr /kez vfkkzr~ fgunqro ds fcuk fdlh Hkh izdkj ls lahko ugha gsa lalñfr :ih Hkwfe esa /kez :ih o {k 'kkshkk ikrk gsa ftl izdkj o {k esa Qy] Qwy] irrh] 'kk[kk vkfn vusd vax gsa] mlh izdkj /kez :ih o {k ds lhkh leiznk; vax gsaa lkozhkkse] lkoztfud lksiku dk uke /kez vksj O;fDrxr lk/kuk dk uke leiznk; gsa Hkkjrh; /kez'kkl=kksa esa /kez dk O;kid vfkz fn;k x;k gsa euq ds vuqlkj&^^f/kz;rs ;su lk /kez% vfkkzr~ ftlus bl fo'o czá.m dks /kkj.k fd;k 'kks/k /kkjk 7

18 gs] og /kez gsa os'ksf"kd n'kzu ds vuqlkj&^^;rks ne;qn;fujs;l flf) l/kez%a vfkkzr~&^^ftlls le;d& lkalkfjd muufr vksj eks{k vfkkzr~ ijekfkz dh izkfir gks] ogh /kez gsa /kez 'kcn dk i;kz; gs iq.;] Js;] lqñr] U;k;] LoHkko] vkpkj] {kek] Ørq] vfgalk] mifu"kn~] /kuq] ;e] la;e] lrlax vkfna dsoy iwtk i)fr gh /kez ugha vfirq og rks leiznk; dk vax gsa yksfdd ls ikjyksfdd lrrk ds fy, fo'okl izdvhdj.k dk,d lk/ku gsa /kez fo'kn~ gsa iqjk.kksa esa /kez 'kcn dk iz;ksx O;kid gsa ^^eukso frr;ksa dks /kez dgk x;k gs tsls&n;k] /kez] lr; /kez vfgalk ijeks /kez] Øks/k viñ"v /kez] bafnz;ksa ds dk;z dsk Hkh /kez dgk x;k tsls&vk [k dk /kez ns[kuk] dku dk /kez Jo.k] ukfldk dk?kzk.k'kfdr] eu dk /kez euu] drzo; dk uke Hkh /kez gs tsls&firk dk /kez] iq=k dk /kez] iruh dk /kez] fe=k dk /kez] vkpk;z dk /kez] f'k"; dk /kez xq.kksa dh fø;k dks Hkh /kez dgk x;k gsa tsls 'khr dk /kez ladkspu] rki dk /kez leizlkj.k ty dk dk;z&'khryrk] vfxu dk /kez ngduk vkfn o frruqdwy dk;z dks Hkh /kez dgrs gsaa tsls ekuo dk /kez] Ñ"kd dk /kez] O;olk;h dk /kez] jktk dk /kez] iztk dk /kez] blh izdkj fof'k"v O;ogkjksa dh lef"v dks Hkh /kez dgk x;k gsa tsls& tkxfrd /kez] yksfdd /kez] lkekftd /kez] dkfyd /kez] nsfgd /kez ekufld /kez] okfpd /kez] dkf;d /kez vkfn Li"V gs lelr czá.m ftlls lapkfyr gksrk gs] mlh dk uke /kez gsa l f"v ds lqpk: :i ls lapkyu ds fy, fof/k&fu"ks/k vfkkzr~ D;k djuk gs] D;k ugha djuk gs] ;gh osn&fofnr Kku gs] blh dks /kez,oa v/kez dgk x;ka lr; dk ikyu /kez gsa >wb cksyuk v/kez gsa ^^ osn izf.kfgrks /keksz] áka/kezlrn~ foiiz;%** ¼Jhen~ Hkkxor½ vfkkzr~ osn esa tks dqn dgk x;k gs] og /kez gs] mlds foijhr lc dqn v/kez gsa fofgr fø;;k lk/;ks /kez% iqalks xq.kks er% izfrf"k) fø;klk/;% l xq.kks /kez mp;sraa ¼/keZ nhfidk½ vfkkzr~ 'kkl=k&fofnr fø;k lk/; xq.k dk uke /kez gs] izfrf"k) fø;k lk/; xq.k dk uke v/kez gsa osn&mifu"kn~] Jqfr&Le fr] vkj.;d lafgrk] czkeg.k xzafk] iqjk.k lhkh 'kkl=k leer vkpj.k,oa fpuru ls lekt ns'k] ifjokj dk dy;k.k gksrk gsa ^^/k fr% {kek neks Lrs;a 'kkspfefunz; fuxzg%a /khfoz k lr;eøks/kks n'kda /kez y{k.ke~a**¼euq Le fr 6@92½ vfkkzr~&1½ /k fr ¼/kS;Z½ vfkkzr~& larks"k 2½ {kek vfkkzr~&lkef;z jgus ij Hkh vidkjh dk vidkj u djuka 3½ ne vfkkzr~&fo"k;ksa dk lalxz gksus ij Hkh fufozdkj jguka 4½ vlrs;&vfkkzr~&dke] opu vksj eu ls nwljs dk nzo; u pqjkuka 5½ 'kksp&vfkkzr~&'kkl=kkuqlkj nsg'kqf)] eu vksj ok.kh dh ifo=krk A 6½ bfunz; fuxzg vfkkzr~&fo"k; okluk ls gvkdj bfunz;ksa dks ijekfkz] vyksfdd lrrk ds rjq ys pyuka 7½ /kh & vfkkzr~&vkre fo"k;d cqf) esa 'kjhj ugha vfirq vkrek gw A 'kks/k /kkjk 8

19 8½ fo k&vfkkzr~&vkrekku ftlls czeg fo k dh izkfir gksa 9½ lr;&vfkkzr~&;fkkfkz opu,oa izkf.k;ksa dk fgr lk/kua 10½ vøks/k&vfkkzr~& Øks/k dk dkj.k miflfkr gksus ij Hkh Øksf/kr uk gksuka Li"V gs fd /kez gh tho txr dk vk/kkj gsa /kez vkrek gs] /kez rrokku] /kez izk.kh gs] /kez 'kkl=kfof/k :i gsa /kez iq.; gs /kez lr; gs /kez dez gsa n "V&vn "V :i ls /kez gh dk;z mriknu djrk gsa ;gh lkozhkksfed] lkoznsf'kd lkozdkfyd fl)kar] thou n'kzu] thou i)fr] Hkkjrh; lalñfr dk izk.k gsa lukru] xzg.k'khyrk] ij nq[k dkrjrk] ijfgr] dy;k.k] lr; ok.kh] le;d n f"v] olqèkso dqvqecde dh Hkkouk Hkkjrh; lalñfr dh fo'ks"krk gsaa bugha fpuru dk] bugha Hkkouk dk] vkpkj ds izpkj&izlkj ls Hkkjrh; lekt dk Hkkjr ns'k dk lokzaxh.k fodkl lahko gsa Hkkjrh; lalñfr o ) iwtk ij vk/kkfjr gsa fir nsoks Hko% ekr nsoks Hko%] vkpk;z nsokshko% ds vksnk;z Hkko ls gh jk"vª dk fodkl gksxka ekrk&firk] vkpk;z iwtuh; gkasxs rc lekt esa o )kje] >wyk?kj] vukfkky;] ukjh fudsru] Ms ds;j tsls lalfkkuksa dh vko';drk gh ugha gksxha ikfjokfjd fo?kvu ls lekt dk fo?kvu gksrk gsa ^^vfhkoknu 'khyl; fur;e o )~;ksilsfouaa prokfj rl; o/kzusr] vk;qfoz k ;'kkscy%aa O;fDr ds fodkl ds fy, vk;q&fo k] ;'k vksj cy izeq[k gs vksj bl 'kfdr dh izkfir O;fDr dks cm+ks ds vfhkoknu ls feyrh gsa O;fDrxr fodkl ls ifjokj dk fodkl vksj ifjokj ds fodkl esa jk"vª dk fodkl fufgr gksrk gsaa ukjh tkfr ds egku xksjo dh eku;rk Hkkjrh; lalñfr dh fo'ks"krk gsa ^^;=k uk;zlrq iwt;urs jeurs r=knsorka** euq Le fra Hkkjr ns'k dh vk/kh vkcknh ukjh vkt fofhkuu izdkj ds lkekftd lel;kvksa ls xzlr gsa?kjsyw fgalk] ekj&ihv ls ysdj ngst] du;k Hkzw.k gr;k] fo/kok mrihm+u] cykrdkj] ;ksu mrihm+u] 'kjkch ifr ds fgalk dk f'kdkj] lkl&cgw >xm+k] ikfjokfjd dyg] cky&fookg] inkz izfkk ls ihfm+r gsa nks;e ntkz ikdj misf{kr vksj frjlñr gsa Hkkjrh; lalñfr ds vu; mnkgj.k dh lekt esa ukjh ekrk ds :i esa firk ls lks xquk vf/kd vknj.kh; gsa Hkfxuh ds :i esa HkkbZ dk izeq[k drzo; cfgu dk vknj] Hkk;kZ ds :i ifr ds thou dk vk/kkj] iq=kh ds :i orzeku esa QSyh gqbz lkjh lel;k dk lek/kku fey tk,xka Hkkjrh; lalñfr esa?k.kk ds fy, dksbz LFkku ugha gsa ^xhrk* dk fl)kar ekuk tkrk gs& ^^fo k fou; leiuus] czká.k% xfo gflruha 'kqfu pso 'oikds p iafmrk% lenf'kzu%a vfkkzr~& fo k fou; leiuu czkeg.k] xk;] gkfkh] pk.mky,oa dqrrk esa tks lehkko j[krk gs ogha iafmr gs ogh rron'khz gsa lgkuqhkwfr] loz /kez lehkko Hkkjrh; lalñfr dk vkn'kz gs fqj lekt esa Å p&uhp] NqvkNwr] tkfr&ikfr dh?k.kk Åij dk Fkksik gqvk fopkj /kez izka.k Hkkjrh; lalñfr ls gh bldk lek/kku gksxk& ^^tkfr&ikafr iwns ufga dksbz] gfj dks HktS lks gfj dk gks;a** ¼rqylhnkl½ 'kks/k /kkjk 9

20 Hkkjrh; lalñfr lelr lalkj ds ekuo tkfr dks viuk ekurh gsa fo'o vh;qn; dh fpuru j[krk gsa Hkkjr ds laln Hkou esa fy[kk gs & ^^v;e futa ijkosfrr] x.kuk bfr y?kq psrlkea mnkj pfjrkukerq olq/kso dqvqecde~aa** ;g mifu"kn~ okd; Hkkjrh; lalñfr ds m}kur Hkko dks] mnkj vkpj.k dks n'kkzrk gsa ;gka ij leiznk;] Hkk"kk] {ks=k] tkfr dks ysdj ym+kbz >xm+s tks gks jgs gsa] mldk gy Nqik gs ^^loz [kfyone~ czeg] rroefl v;e~ vkrek] 'kq/nks fl] cq)ks fl] fujatuks fl esa mifu"kn~ okd; esa tho dh bz'ojh; okn dh O;k[;k djrk gsa ^^bz'oj va'k tho vfouk'kh] psru vey lgt lq%[kjkf'ka** ¼rqylhnkl] jkepfjr ekul mrrjdkam½ ekesoa'ks tho yksds tho Hkwr lukru& ¼xhrk iunzgok v/;k;½ ;g Hkko Hkkjrh; lalñfr dk mpp vkn'kz gsa lelr tho ml ije rro dk va'k gsa blfy, tks czeg dk LoHkko gs] ogh tho dk LoHkko gsa czeg lr~ fpr vkuan Lo:i gs rks tho Hkh lr fpr vkuan Lo:i gksxka tho rks vkkurk o'k vius vkidks tm+ le>dj dez pddj esa HkVdrs jgrk gsa oklro esa Hkkjrh; lalñfr blh Åaps :iksa dks Nwrs gq, osnkur dks vkrelkr~ djds pyrh gsa ^^vfrffk nsoks Hko%** ds fl)kar dks ysdj pyus okys Hkkjr ns'k us fo'o ds lelr nq%[kh] ihfm+r yksxksa dks] tu lewg dks] vius ;gka 'kj.k fn;k vksj bz'oj rqy; tkudj larq"v fd;ka Lokeh foosdkuan dk mn~?kks"k&f'kdkxks 1893 ^^eq>s xoz gs fd esa,sls /kez dk vuq;k;h gw ftlus fo'o dks lfg".kqrk vksj lkozyksfdd lalñfr dh f'k{kk nh] dsoy lkozyksfdd] dsoy lfg".kqrk esa gh fo'okl ugha j[krs vfirq lkjs /kez dh ;FkkFkZrk dks Lohdkj djrs gq, xzg.k djrs gasa eq>s ;g crkus esa xoz gs fd geus ;gwfn;kas ds ifo=kre oa'ktksa dks,df=kr fd;k gs] tks mlh o"kz nf{k.k Hkkjr esa vk, vksj mlus ;gka vkj; fy;k( ftl o"kz muds ifo=k eafnj dks jkseu vr;kpkfj;ksa }kjk rgl&ugl fd;k x;k FkkA esa,sls /kez dk gksus ij vfhkeku j[krk gw ] ftlus ikjfl;ksa ds oa'ktksa dks vkj; fn;k vksj vhkh Hkh ml /kez dk ikyu gks jgk gsa cpiu esa dko;lw=k xquxqukrk FkkA ^^:phukeosfp=k;kf}t dqfvy] ukukifktq"kke] u.kkesdks xe;roefl i; lkez.k bo** vfkkzr~ ^^ftl izdkj fofhkuu Vs<+&es<+s jklrksa ls ufn;ksa dk ty pydj var esa leqnz esa fey tkrk gsa blh izdkj gs izhkks fofhkuu /kez] fopkj&izo fr okys yksx var esa vkids gh ikl igqaprs gsaa** Hkkjrh; lalñfr ds mpp vkpj.k vksj O;ogkj esa fdlh ds fy, Hkh osj&}s"k dk Hkko gh ugha gsa Hkkjr dh lalkj dks izeq[k nsu gs&vk/;kfred HkkoukA /kez vk/;kre iz/kku lalñfr gh jk"vª dh ugha] vfirq fo'o fodkl dk vk/kkj cu ldrk gsa ^ekr or ijnkjs"kq* vksj ^ijnzo;s"kq yks"vor* fopkj dh n f"v Hkkjrh; lalñfr dk vkn'kz gsa jkepfjr ekul esa fy[kk gs & ^^ij/kuyeiv ds ijnkjk** nwljksa ds /ku,oa nwljksa dh iruh ij dqn f"v Mkyuk ;k Nhuuk gh yeivrk gsa,slk mpp vkn'kz tgka jk"vªh; pfj=k gksxk ogka rldjh?kql[kksjh] u'kk[kksjh],oa ;ksu izrkm+uk ds fy, dksbz LFkku ugha gksxka bu rf;ksa ls Li"V gs fd /kez Hkwfe fgunqlrku] /kez iz/kku lalñfr esa Hkkjrh; lalñfr esa ftu&ftu fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k Hkkjr ns'k djksm+ksa o"kksz ls vc rd thfor gs vksj muds ewy esa tks 'kks/k /kkjk 10

21 fpuru gs] mldks Hkyh izdkj le>dj] rnkuqdwy] 'kklu O;oLFkk] lekt O;oLFkk] fu;eu O;oLFkk] iz;qdr gksus ls gh fgunqlrku dk mrd"kz gksxk vksj ljdkj Hkh nh?kz dky rd LFkk;h jgsxka orzeku le; esa ;fn fdlh dkj.ko'k pkgs og ik'pkr; lalñfrdj.k gks] HkkSfrdrk vfkz fyilk] cktkjokn] uxjhdj.k] vks ksxhdj.k] mifuos'kokn] fdlh dkj.k ls /kez lalñfr iks"kd 'kklu O;oLFkk] lekt O;oLFkk cukus esa vlefkz gks rks ckr ugha( de ls de bruk rks vo'; iz;kl gksuk pkfg, fd fgunw lalñfr?kkrd u;s&u;s dkuwu cukdj vius tkfr ij dqbkjk?kkr u djsa egkrek xka/kh us dgk Fkk ^^/kez foghu jktuhfr 'ko ds leku gsa** vjfoun?kks"k th dgrs gsa fd /kez Hkkjr ekrk dk izk.k gs] fqj ge /kez fcuk jk"vª fodkl dh dsls ifjdyiuk dj ldrs gsaa var esa Hkkjrh; lalñfr Kku iz/kku gsa eu dh izluurk dk vk/kkj lekt dh 'kkafr vksj le f) dk vk/kkj dhkh oklrq lkis{k ;k HkkSfrd lkis{k ugha gks ldrk] vfirq Kku lkis{k] fparu lkis{k gksrk gsa Hkkjrh; lalñfr ds fy, _f"k&eqfu] fpard&nk'kzfud] ifjozktd lar lekt us lr; dks mtkxj fd;k gsa Hkkjrh; lalñfr dk ewy vk/kkj lukru vksj viks:"ks; gsa osn ftudk fu%'okl ewy rro gs os gh drqzedrqza lozfkk draqz lefkz,oa loz 'kfdreku Hkxoku fgunw lalñfr ds tud gs vksj os gh lcds j{kd jgs gsa xhrk esa mn~?kks"k gsa ;nk ;nk gh /kezl; XykfuHkZofr&HkkjrA vh;qrfkkue/kezl; rnkrekua l tke;ge~aa ifj=kk.kk; lk/kwuka fouk'kk; p n "Ñrke~A/keZ lalfkkiukfkkz; lahkokfe ;qxs&;qxsaa lanhkz 1- foosdkuan lkfgr; 2- euq Le fr 3- os'ksf"kd n'kzu 4- Jhen~ Hkkxor xhrk 5- /kez nhfidk 6- euq le fr 6@92 7- lqhkkf"krkfu 'yksd 8- egkhkkjr 9- Jhen Hkxor xhrk 10- jkepfjr ekul] rqylhnkl 11- /kekzd dy;k.k xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj 12- /kez'kkl=kkad xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj 13- lar vad xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj 'kks/k /kkjk 11

22 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl ds lanhkz esa os'ohdj.k MkW0 ¼Jherh½ uafnuh frokjh izk/;kid fgunh] 'kkldh; egkek;k egkfo ky;] jruiqj] NRrhlx<+ MkW0 lat; dqekj frokjh l0izk0] jkt0'kkl=k] 'kkl0 ts-ih- oekz ¼LukrdksRrj½ dyk,oa okf.kt; egkfo ky;] fcykliqj]nrrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract Hkkjr tsls iztkrkfu=kd] iafk fujis{k] jk"vª&jkt; ftlesa fofo/krkvksa,oa cgqyrkvksa dks lkafo/kkfud lqj{kk izkir gs] ds fy, os'ohdj.k ds ek;us vesfjdh,oa ;wjksih; jk"vªksa ls dgha fhkuu gsaa bldk dkj.k ;g gs fd Hkwe.Myhdj.k fofo/krk,oa cgqyrk dks le:irk esa cnyus dh izfø;k gs] ftldk y{; ^,d fo'o^ vfkok ^osf'od lekt^ ;k ^osf'od xzke^ mn~?kksf"kr gsa Hkkjr tsls jk"vª esa tgka vusd jk"vªh;rk;sa fo eku gsa] fhkuu&fhkuu lalñfr;k vius Hkkafr&Hkkafr ds vkpkj&o;ogkjksa ds lkfk miflfkr gsa rfkk vkffkzd iz.kkyh dk viuk,d Lons'kh ekwmy tks 'ks"k fo'o ls vyx jgk gs] ds fy, vesfjdkuhr os'ohdj.k jk"vª fuekz.k dh izfø;k esa vkewy&pwy ifjorzu djuk gsa Lora=krk izkfir ds i'pkr fu/kkzfjr y{;ksa dh izkfir gsrq uhfr fuekzrkvksa us ftu fl)kurksa] fu;eksa] uhfr;ksa rfkk lajpukred <kapkxr izfø;kvksa dks viuk;k( mu ekudksa,oa lk/kuksa ls,dk,d vurjkz"vªh; vfkok czsvuoqm~l lalfkkvksa ds ck/;rkdkjh izhkko ls ihns gvuk im+k gsa ftldk rkrdkfyd,oa nwjxkeh izhkko ns'k dh turk ij im+k gsa Figure : 00 References : 05 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª fodkl vksj os'ohdj.k] vks ksfxd uhfr,oa os'ohdj.k] os'ohdj.k dk fodkl ij izhkko jk"vª fodkl ds lanhkz esa finyh 'krkcnh eas Hkkjr dks fczfv'k lrrk ls eqfdr] Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk fuekz.k,oa fø;kuo;u] yksdra=kkred 'kklu i)fr rfkk vkffkzd mnkjhdj.k dh izfø;k ds :i esa os'ohdj.k dh izfø;k dks viukuk jk"vª ds fy, egroiw.kz iz?kvuk;sa gsaa buesa ls os'ohdj.k Hkkjr ds fy, uohu?kvuk gsa ftlus 20oha 'krkcnh ds vfure n'kd esa jktdh; uhfr ds rgr dkqh rsth ls Hkkjrh; tuekul dks izhkkfor djuk izkjehk fd;ka Hkkjr tsls iztkrkfu=kd] iafk fujis{k] jk"vª&jkt; ftlesa fofo/krkvksa,oa cgqyrkvksa dks lkafo/kkfud lqj{kk izkir gs] ds fy, os'ohdj.k ds ek;us vesfjdh,oa ;wjksih; jk"vªksa ls dgha fhkuu gsaa bldk dkj.k ;g gs fd Hkwe.Myhdj.k fofo/krk,oa cgqyrk dks le:irk esa cnyus dh izfø;k gs] ftldk y{; ^,d fo'o^ vfkok ^osf'od lekt^ ;k ^osf'od xzke^ mn~?kksf"kr gsa Hkkjr tsls jk"vª esa tgka vusd jk"vªh;rk;sa fo eku gsa]a fhkuu&fhkuu lalñfr;k vius Hkkafr&Hkkafr ds vkpkj&o;ogkjksa ds lkfk miflfkr gsaa rfkk vkffkzd iz.kkyh dk viuk,d Lons'kh ekwmy tks 'ks"k fo'o ls vyx jgk gs] ds fy, vesfjdkuhr os'ohdj.k jk"vª fuekz.k dh izfø;k esa vkewy&pwy ifjorzu djuk gsa Lora=krk izkfir ds i'pkr fu/kkzfjr y{;ksa dh izkfir gsrq uhfr fuekzrkvksa us ftu fl)kurksa] fu;eksa] uhfr;ksa rfkk lajpukred <kapkxr izfø;kvksa dks viuk;k mu ekudksa,oa lk/kuksa ls,dk,d vurjkz"vªh; vfkok 'kks/k /kkjk 12

23 czsvuoqm~l lalfkkvksa ds ck/;rkdkjh izhkko ls ihns gvuk im+k gsa ftldk rkrdkfyd,oa nwjxkeh izhkko ns'k dh turk ij im+k gsa os'ohdj.k dk izeq[k dsunz vesfjdk gsa ftldk bfrgkl,oa orzeku i wthoknh gsa blds dkj.k og vius fgrksa dh fuckz/k iwfrz ds fy,,d,slh fo'o O;oLFkk fufezr djuk pkgrk gs] ftlesa fuckz/k O;kikj gksa vesfjdh le:i lalñfr gks] :X.k mihkksdrkoknh ekufldrk okys ukxfjd gksa] fhkuu jk"vªh;rkvksa dk yksi gks rfkk jk"vª&jkt; detksj gksa( ftlls mls viuh bpnk;sa] vkdka{kk;sa iwjh djus esa fdlh izdkj dk dksbz ijs'kkuh u gksa Hkkjr us 24 tqykbz] 1991 dks czsvuoqm~l lalfkkvksa (IMF, WB, GATT) ds ck/;rkdkjh izhkko ls uohu vkffkzd uhfr dh?kks"k.kk dh] ftls vkffkzd mnkjhdj.k dk uke fn;k x;k,oa ;g?kks"k.kk dh xbz fd vkt ls Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk fo'o cktkj ds lkfk tqm+ jgh gsa ftlls Hkkjr ds ukxfjdksa,oa jk"vª dk fgr gksxka bl?kvuk dks Hkkjrh; jk"vª jkt; ds osf'od vfkzo;olfkk esa Hkkxhnkj cuus ds :i esa izpkfjr fd;k x;ka os'ohdj.k dk vfkz (Meaning of Globalization) os'ohdj.k,d cgqi{kh; izfø;k gsa ftldks fofhkuu n f"vdks.kksa ls le>k tk ldrk gs& vkffkzd n f"vdks.k (Economic Perspective)& vkffkzd n f"vdks.k ds vurxzr bldk vfhkizk;,d osf'od vfkzra=k,oa cktkj ds fuekz.k ls gs] ftlesa lhkh jk"vªksa dh vfkzo;olfkk;sa vfuok;z :i ls,d&nwljs ls tqm+saa fo'o O;kikj laxbu (WTO) varjkz"vªh; eqnzk dks"k (IMF),oa fo'o csad (WB) tslh lalfkkvksa }kjk blh y{; dh fn'kk esa vkxs c<+us dk dk;z fd;k tk jgk gsa jktusfrd n f"vdks.k (Political Perspective) & blds vuqlkj os'ohdj.k dk vfkz,slh izfø;k ls gs] ftlds ek/;e ls osf'od jktuhfr dks osf'od vfkzra=k,oa cktkj dh vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i lapkfyr fd;k tk;s] rkfd vesfjdk,oa ;wjksih; ns'kksa ds fgrksa dh iwfrz lqfuf'pr dh tk ldsa lkalñfrd&lkekftd n f"vdks.k (Cultural-Socio Perspective) & blds vuqlkj os'ohdj.k dk vfhkizk; le:i lkekftd&lkalñfrd laca/kksa dk leiw.kz fo'o rd folrkj gsa blesa lsvsykbzv] Vsyhfotu] buvjusv vkfn lapkj ds vk/kqfudre lk/kuksa ds ek/;e ls jk"vª&jkt;ksa] leqnk;ksa] lalñfr;ksa rfkk O;fDr;ksa ds e/; nwfj;ksa dks U;wure djrs tkdj,d le:i osf'od lalñfr dk fuekz.k djuk ftlds dsunz esa ukxfjd ds LFkku ij mihkksdrk gksa osysuvkbzu,e- eks?kne ds vuqlkj ^^os'ohdj.k vkffkzd] jktusfrd rfkk lkalñfrd vk;keksa ds lkfk lkekftd ifjorzu dh,d cgqvk;keh izfø;k gs] tks fd le:irk,oa fo"kke:irk] vlekurk rfkk izfrli)kz ds u;s :iksa,oa laxbu rfkk ykecunh ds vurnsz'kh; :iksa dks izfrfcfecr djrk gsa** 1 ukxs'k dqekj ds vuqlkj&^^os'ohdj.k,d lkekftd&vkffkzd izfø;k gs] tks fd bl ifk ij /kdsys x;s jk"vªksa ij xgu,oa O;kid izhkko Mkyrh gsa nwljh] ;g fo'ks"kdj rhljh nqfu;k ds ns'kksa esa i thoknh :>ku okyh lalfkkvksa ds fuekz.k,oa iyyou dh O;wg jpuk gs] rhljh] ;g,d fopkjèkkjk gs tks la;qdr jkt; vesfjdk ds usr Ro okys ;wjksih;,oa mrrj vesfjdh cgqjk"vªh; fuxeksa (MNCs) 'kks/k /kkjk 13

24 rfkk vurnsz'kh; fuxeksa (TNCs) dk izhkqro,oa vkf/kir; LFkkfir djrh gsa ftls uo mnkjokn dgk tkrk gsa,afkuh fxfmaxl us viuh iqlrd ^dkalhdost vkwq ekwmfuzvh^ esa fy[kk gs fd ^^os'ohdj.k dks lkekftd laca/kksa ds fo'oo;kih l?kuhdj.k ds :i esa ifjhkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gsa tks nwj&nwj flfkr LFkkuh;rkvksa dks vkil esa tksm+ nsrk gsa ;g lw=k dqn bl rjg ls dke djrk gs fd LFkkuh;rkvksa ds nk;jksa esa gksus okyh?kvukvksa dh 'kdy&lwjr muls cgqr nwj py jgs?kvukøe ds vk/kkj ij curh gs vksj,slk gh vlj LFkkuh;rkvksa dk?kvukøe Lo;a dks izhkkfor dj jgh lqnwj?kvukvksa ij Mkyrk gsa** blls ;g fu"d"kz fudyrk gs fd os'ohdj.k,d cgqvk;keh izfø;k gsa ftlds ewy esa vesfjdk,oa mlds fe=k jk"vªksa ds vkffkzd fgr fufgr gsaa bu fgrksa dh iwfrz gsrq os,d,slh fo'o& O;oLFkk dk fuekz.k pkgrs gsa( ftlesa mudks pquksrh iznku djus okyh jk"vªh;rk;sa] vkuq"kkafxd bdkbz;ksa esa :ikurfjr gks tk;saa bl izdkj os'ohdj.k dks eqdr cktkj O;oLFkk] mnkj jktusfrd <kaps rfkk le:i mihkksxoknh lalñfr ds isjksdkj ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gs tks fd leiw.kz fo'o dks lapkj ds vk/kqfudre lk/kuksa] mixzgh; rduhdh] ;krk;kr ds uohure lk/kuksa rfkk Vhoh] buvjusv vkfn dh lgk;rk ls ^osf'od xzke^ (Global Village) esa ifjofrzr dj jgk gsa Hkkjr esa lekt,oa O;fDr ds thou dk,slk dksbz Hkh {ks=k ugha gs] tks os'ohdj.k ls vizhkkfor jgk gksa ;s izhkko pkgs ns'k dh ifjflfkfr;ksa ds lunhkz esa ldkjkred gksa vfkok udkjkred ijurq budk izhkko laiw.kz ns'k ij gksxka ;fn ns'k dh turk (Indigenous People) ij os'ohdj.k ds izhkkoksa ds lunhkz esa ckr djsa rks ;g ns[kus dks feyrk gs fd vkt Hkkjrh; lekt,oa lalñfr vllh&uccs ds n'kd ds lekl,oa lalñfr fy;s gq;s gsa la{ksi esa os'ohdj.k ds Hkkjrh; vuqhko bl izdkj gsa %& (1) os'ohdj.k,oa Hkkjrh; jk"vª&jkt; (Globalization and Indian Nation-State) Hkkjrh; lunhkz esa os'ohdj.k dk y{; fofo/krk iw.kz,oa cgqjaxh lalñfr dks,d fo'kky rfkk izhkqrk okys le:ih <kaps ds vurxzr ykuk gsa ;g <kapk vesfjdh usr Ro }kjk fufezr gsa ^^vius fgrksa dh iwfrz ds fy, vesfjdk,oa if'peh ;wjksi ds O;kolkf;d xbcu/ku us cgqns'kh; fuxeksa] vurjkz"kvªh; eqnzkdks"k] fo'o csad rfkk fo'o O;kikj laxbu tslh lalfkkvksa ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh; jk"vª&jkt; ij ncko cuk j[kk gsa bl ncko ls dqn cqf)thfo;ksa rfkk jktusrkvksa,oa fons'kh fuos'kdksa esa ijlij lgefr curh fn[kkbz im+ jgh gs fd jkt; dh Hkwfedk dks lhfer djrs gq, jk"vª dks cktkj dh rkdrksa ds gokys dj nsuk pkfg;sa ftlls Hkkjr vf/kdkf/kd fo'o vfkzo;olfkk ds lkfk,dhñr gks ldsa blds QyLo:i jk"vª dh leizhkqrk dk {kj.k gqvk gsa bldk Li"V mnkgj.k gs fd Hkkjr dks ikfdlrku ds lkfk uk pkgrs gq;s Hkh vesfjdh ncko esa okrkz djuk im+rk gsa f'k{kk] i;kzoj.k] LokLF; rfkk vkokl tsls yksdkfhkeq[k eqn~nksa ls t;knk /;ku fo'ks"k vkffkzd {ks=k (SEZ)] fo'olrjh; gokbz vm~ms],dy f[km+dh ;kstuk] fo'olrjh; lm+dsa rfkk fons'kh fuos'k ds vuqdwy lalñfr dk fuekz.k djus ij fn;k tkus yxk gsa dsunzh; ctv fuekz.k esa czsvuoqm~l lalfkkvksa dk izr;{k glr{ksi n f"vxkspj gks jgk gsa vuqnku dvksrh] jktdks"kh;?kkvk de djuk] vf/kdka'k {ks=kkasa dks fons'kh fuos'k ds fy;s [kksyuk] 'kks/k /kkjk 14

25 tsusfvd ekwfmqkbzm QwM] cgqjk"vªh; fuxeksa }kjk lh/kk jkt;ksa ls le>ksrk djuk] fdlkuksa dh [ksrh dks yht ij nsuk vkfn,sls vusd fu.kz; gsa] tks jk"vª&jkt; dh os/krk esa dvksrh djrs fn[kkbz ns jgs gsaa (2) os'ohdj.k,oa efgyk;sa (Globalization & Women)- Hkkjr fo'o dk nwljk cm+k efgyk tula[;k iz/kku ns'k gsa os'ohdj.k us Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dks jkstxkj] f'k{kk] leifrr dk LokfeRo rfkk xfr'khyrk esa o f) ds lunhkz esa iq:"kkksa ds led{k [km+k dj fn;k gsa lkekftd&vkffkzd lunhkz esa fyaxhksn esa deh vkuk efgyk l'kdrhdj.k dk ldkjkred igyw gsa efgyk;sa vc u dsoy v/;kiu] fpfdrlk,oa Lokxrh is'ks rd lhfer gsa( vfirq os i=kdkfjrk] QS'ku m ksx] foeku ifjpkfjdk] vfhk;kfu=kdh] fokku] j{kk] U;kf;d,oa lkeku; iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa Hkh vkxs c<+ jgh gsaa nwljh rjq os'ohdj.k us efgyk dh flfkfr dks udkjkred :i ls Hkh izhkkfor fd;k gsa efgykvksa dk cktkj dh olrq ds :i esa izlrqrhdj.k gksus yxk gsa lsdl,oa [kqysiu dk izn'kzu c<+rk tk jgk gsa cktkjokn dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, L=kh 'kjhj dks ek/;e cuk;k tk jgk gsa i=k&if=kdkvksa] v[kckjksa] flusek] Vh-oh-] buvjusv ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh; efgyk dks ijeijkxr Nfo ls ckgj fudky dj mueqdrrk dh rjq vxzlj fd;k gsa U;k;ewfrZ jaxukfk fej dk ekuuk gs fd ^^tu lapkj ek/;eksa esa vfu;af=kr vf'k"vrk,oa fgalk ds fglkc ls Hkkjrh; lekt vkt viuh flfkfr dks ;q) ls cnrj ik jgk gsa----- os ewy; tks _XoSfnd dky ls Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk,oa iq:"kksa dks vuq'kkflr j[krs vk;s gsa] frjksfgr gks x;s gsaa** 13 tuojh] 2010 dks ns'k dh jkt/kkuh fnyyh esa bf.m;k VqMs ds izeq[k laoknnkrk fefgj JhokLro rfkk QksVks,MhVj cunhi flag us,d flvax vkwijs'ku ls Li"V fd;k fd Hkkjr dk orzeku esa,d fhkuu izdkj ds os'ohdj.k ls lkeuk gks jgk gs] ftlus lkekftd laldkjksa vksj otzukvksa dh lhekvksa dks /kqa/kyk dj fn;k gsa ;gka rd fd vklku,oa eksvh dekbz ds ykyp us e;kznk] laldkj] ewy;ksa,oa ekun.mksa dks ihns NksM+ fn;k gsa Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dks viuh flfkfr ij iqufozpkj dj os'ohdj.k ds ldkjkred i{k dks xzg.k djuk pkfg, lkfk gh vius lkalñfrd oshko dks Hkh cpk, j[kuk pkfg,a (3) os'ohdj.k] xkao rfkk xjhc (Globalization, Village & Poor) & os'ohdj.k us Hkkjrh; xkaoksa dh rlohj dks Hkh cnyk gsa,slkspse v/;;u ds vkadm+s crk jgs gsa fd lu~ 2001 esa xzkeh.k vk; 8]00]000 djksm+ Fkh] lu~ 2011 esa bldk vuqeku 13]00]000 djksm+ :i;s gsa udnh Qlysa] ubz rduhd] csfdax iz.kkyh rd igqap] izks ksfxdh dk iz;ksx rfkk eujsxk tsls yksdfgrdkjh dk;zøeksa us xkaoksa dks cnyus esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkbz gsa foijhr xjhch js[kk ls uhps xqtj clj djus okyksa dk jk"vªh; vkslr 37-2 izfr'kr gsa ftlesa lqjs'k rsanqydj lfefr ¼tuojh] 2010½ us Li"V fd;k gs fd 'kgjh dh rqyuk esa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa chih,y la[;k vf/kd gsa blls Li"V gksrk gs fd xkaoksa esa os'ohdj.k dh uhfr;ksa dk ykhk fo'ks"k oxz rd gh lhfer jgk] oafpr,oa leiuu ds e/; dh [kkbz c<+rh tk jgh gsa,d rjq tgka Jh v'kksd xgyksr ¼iwoZ eq[;ea=kh] jktlfkku½ ds vuqlkj ^^xjhch gs vksj nwljh rjq 1000&1000 :i;s ds 'kknh ds dkmz 'kks/k /kkjk 15

26 gsaa xjhc] fo/kok] o ),oa fu'kdr tuksa dks ljdkj 400 :i;s izfrekg isu'ku ugha ns ik jgh gsa dbz yksx 300 :i;s izfrekg isa'ku ikrs gsaa ogha nwljh rjq csgj [kphzys vk;kstu djus okys yksx gsaa** izks- jktho xqirk ds vuqlkj] ^^mriknd 'kfdr;ksa ds forj.k dh vlekurk,oa os'ohdj.k dh vur%lec)rk ds QyLo:i gks jgs ifjorzuksa dk vlj gs] ftlls Jfed tula[;k dk nfjnzhdj.k,oa dkikszjsv i wthifr /kuk<~;ksa dh la[;k esa rhoz o f) foijhr izñfr dh?kvukvksa ds :i esa?kfvr gqbz gsaa** os'ohdj.k xkao dh txg 'kgj vksj ukxfjd ds LFkku ij mihkksdrk dh lrrk dks vafre :i ls LFkkfir djrk gsa ftlls l{ke,oa leiuu rcdk gh vflrro cpkdj j[k ldrk gsa xjhch cktkj dh t:jr gs] ftlls mugsa llrk Je miyc/k gksrk jgsa fcuk vojks/k rfkk fojksèk ds LFkkuh; lalfkkvksa dk nksgu fd;k tk ldsa FkksM+k lk izykshku nsdj,oa lius fn[kk dj lefkzu gkfly fd;k tk ldsa blfy, xjhc dks xjhc cuk;s j[kus dh izfø;k osf'od Lrj ij iw thoknh rkdrksa }kjk tkjh gsa 1991 ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr esa <kapkxr lek;kstu dk;zøe (SAP) tkjh jgus ds mijkur Hkh xjhcksa dh la[;k esa o f) gq;h gs] tcfd nkok ;g fd;k tk jgk Fkk fd os'ohdj.k dk ykhk lhkh dks leku :i ls feysxka (4) os'ohdj.k] i;kzoj.k,oa tso&fofo/krk (Globalization, Environment & Bio-diversity) & i wthoknh vfkzo;olfkk esa fodkl dks ldy jk"vªh; mrikn (GNP) esa ekik tkrk gsa ftlesa y{; izkñfrd lalk/kuksa ds iz;ksx }kjk ykhk,oa iw th ds lap;u dks vf/kdre djuk gksrk gsa bl izfø;k esa i;kzoj.k,oa tso&fofo/krk dk g~kl gksrk gs rfkk ubz izdkj dh xjhch mriuu gksrh gsa blesa fodkl,oa folfkkiu nksuksa lkfk&lkfk pyrs gsaa Hkkjr tsls fodkl'khy ns'k ij os'ohdj.k dk izhkko i;kzoj.k,oa tso&fofo/krk ds lunhkz esa vu; xjhc ns'kksa tslk gh fouk'kdkjh fl) gqvk gsa rhoz vks ksfxdhdj.k ds fy, viuk;s x;s lhkh mik;ksa us xehkhj ikfjflfkdh; vlarqyu mriuu dj fn;s gsaa ouksa dk fouk'k] ty dk vfrnksgu] Hkwfe] ty,oa ok;q esa fo"kkdrrk dh o f)] 'kgjksa dk vfu;af=kr fodkl] izkñfrd leink ij fuhkzj ns'k dh turk dk folfkkiu] xjhcksa dh la[;k esa o f)] lekt esa vlarks"k esa o f)] udlyokn tsls fgald vkunksyuksa dk folrkj] jklk;fud [kkn,oa dhvk.kquk'kd ds iz;ksx ls Ñf"k dh mozjk 'kfdr dk de gksuk rfkk chekfj;ksa esa c<+ksrrjh vkfn,sls vusd izhkko gsa] tks izkñfrd lalk/kuksa ds vfrnksgu ls mriuu ikfjflfkfrdh; vlarqyu ds ifj.kke gsaa (5) os'ohdj.k] dqvhj m ksx /ku/ks rfkk Lojkstxkj (Globliazation, Small Scale Industry & Self Employment) & cgqjk"vªh; deifu;ksa dh muur rduhd] cm+h i wth] vk/kqfud izcuèk] vkøked izpkj,oa ljdkjh laj{k.k us LFkkuh; dqvhj m ksx /ku/kksa dks vykhkdkjh cukdj cktkj ls ckgj dj fn;ka dgha i;kzoj.k ds uke ij] dgha ckyje ds iz;ksx ds uke ij] dgha vloklf; dj ifjflfkfr;ksa ds ltzu ds uke ij rks dgha fodkl ds uke ij ljdkj us NksVs m ksxksa dks fu;af=kr djuk izkjehk dj fn;ka blls ns'k esa csjkstxkjh esa o f) gqbz gsa yqqhkkous fokkiuksa,oa vkøked iap ykbzuksa ds ek/;e ls cgqjk"vªh; fuxeksa us leiuu oxz ij 'kks/k /kkjk 16

27 ekufld vkf/kir; tek fy;k gsa mugsa izr;sd fons'kh olrq ftls os czk.msm dgrs gsa] izflfkfr izrhd yxrh gs ftlls os jsgm+h] Qsjhokyksa dks vfrøe.kdkjh] vos/k rfkk fodkl esa ck/kd le>rs gsaa ljdkj Hkh fur u;s dkuwu cgqjk"vªh; fuxeksa ds fgr esa rfkk QqVikFk vfkok xfy;ksa esa viuk O;olk; djus okyksa ds fo:) cuk jgh gsaa bugsa viuk /ku/kk tkjh j[kus ds fy, uxj&fuxe] ikfydk] ifj"kkn~,oa iqfyl ds yksxksa dks?kwl nsuh im+rh gsaa blds i'pkr~ Hkh fodkl,oa lksun;zu ds uke ij bugsa dhkh Hkh csn[ky fd;k tk ldrk gsa (6) os'ohdj.k] cgqyrk,oa lkalñfrd fofo/krk (Globalization, Plurality & Cultural Diversity) & os'ohdj.k le:ihdj.k dh izfø;k gksus ds fl)kur :i ls cgqyrk rfkk lkalñfrd fofo/krk ds fo:) gsa Hkkjr esa Hkwe.Myhdj.k dh izfø;k ls igys vusd Hkk"kk] cksfy;ksa] izfkk&ijeijkvksa] [kku&iku] os'k&hkw"kkvksa] /keksza] leqnk;ksa] tkfr;ksa,oa fopkjksa&fo'oklksa ds yksx fuokl djrs FksA 24 tqykbz] 1991 ds i'pkr~ vf/kdkf/kd :i ls fons'kksa vksj fons'kh deifu;ksa ds fy, LFkkuh; cktkj dh lhek;sa [kksy nsus ls fons'kh Hkk"kk] jhfr&fjokt] [kku&iku] os'k&hkw"kk] fopkj&fo'okl dk vkøked :i ls vkxeu gqvka if'peh lalñfr us viuh cktkjh vfkzo;olfkk rfkk mihkksxh; 'ksyh ls LFkkuh; fofo/krk iw.kz lalñfr dks viuh fxj r esa ys fy;ka fodkl dh vk;kfrr ifjhkk"kk us LFkkuh; fopkj& O;ogkj O;oLFkk dks finm+siu dk y{k.k fl) dj fn;k rfkk izxfr ds fy, ik'pkr;,oa vesfjdh lkalñfrd y{k.kksa dk vuqdj.k,dek=k mik; LFkkfir dj fn;ka Hkkjrh;rk] fofo/krk,oa cgqyrk dh ckr djuk vc,d fo'ks"kk izdkj dh jktuhfr dk ksrd ekuk tkus yxk rfkk os'ohdj.k ds ykhkkffkz;ksa us,sls yksxksa dks fodkl dh jktuhfr ds fo:) eku fy;ka bu lcdk izhkko ;g gqvk fd Hkkjr Hkh le:ih fo'o O;oLFkk dh rjq gyds izfrjks/k ls tkus yxka vkt ns'k esa vusd cksfy;ka e r izk;% gsaa Hkk"kk esa vaxzsth dk cksyckyk gsa cgqr lh ijeijkxr jhfr;ka viuk vflrro [kksrh tk jgh gsaa osf'od mrlo,oa R;kSgkj viuh isb c<+k jgs gsaa ftudk ns'k dh Hkkoukvksa,oa laosnukvksa ls dksbz ysuk&nsuk ugha gsa bu lcls cgqjk"vªh; fuxeksa ds lunhkz esa izfrjksèk dh lalñfr lekir gks jgh gs rfkk mugsa ywv dh [kqyh NwV fey jgh gs vksj,d uohu izdkj dk vksifuos'khdj.k izkjehk gks pqdk gsa fu"d"kz (Conclusion) %&Hkkjr esa 24 tqykbz] 1991 dks ykxw dh x;h uohu vfkz uhfr us Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dks fonsf'k;ksa ds fy, [kksy fn;k ftlds ifj.kke orzeku esa Li"kVr% n f"kvxkspj gks jgs gsaa cgqjk"vªh; fuxeksa rfkk czsvuoqm~l lalfkkvksa ds c<+rs glr{ksi ls tgka Hkkjr jk"vª&jkt; ds :i esa detksj gqvk gs] ogha mlus rduhd vksj izks ksfxdh ds ekeyksa esa vk'kkrhr lqyrk izkir dh gsa xjhcksa] efgykvksa rfkk NksVs m ksx /ku/kksa dh flfkfr udkjkred :i ls izhkkfor gq;h gsa i;kzoj.k,oa tso fofo/krk dks Hkh cm+s /ku/kksa us gkfu igqapkbz gsa 'kgjksa esa tgka vk/kqfudre rduhd dk ykhk feyk gs ogha >qxxh& >ksifm+;ksa us vekuoh; flfkfr;ksa dk l tu fd;k gsa lapkj ds v ru lk/kuksa] flapkbz rduhd] lm+d] fo qr rfkk fpfdrlk dh lqfo/kkvksa us tgka xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dh rlohj cnyus esa egrrh Hkwfedk fuokzg dh gs( ogha jklk;fud [kkn rfkk dhvuk'kdksa ds vu/kk/kqu/k iz;ksx us tehu,oa ekuo nksuksa ds LokLF; ij xehkhj izhkko Mkyk gsa os'ohdj.k us rduhdh fo'ks"kkksa ds fy, jkstxkj dh 'kks/k /kkjk 17

28 miyc/krk esa o f) dh gs( ogha Jfedksa dh vkthfodk ds fy, fodv lel;k mriuu dj nh gsa ik'pkr; lalñfr ds izfrfufèk ds :i esa Hkwe.Myhdj.k us lkalñfrd le:ihdj.k dks c<+kok nsdj Hkkjrh; lkalñfrd fofo/krk dks izhkkfor fd;k gsa :X.k mihkksxoknh thou'ksyh ds izlkj ls vk/ ;kfred thou n'kzu ij vk?kkr yxk gsa rhoz xfr ls thou dk /;s; ^;kotthosr lq[knthosr] _.ke~ ÑRok?k re~ ihosr^ gksrk tk jgk gsa Hkk"kk] os'k&hkw"kk] vknrsa] fopkj&o;ogkj vkfn if'peh <ax ds gksrs pys tk jgs gsaa drzo;,oa bzekunkjh dk LFkku vf/kdkj psruk rfkk Hkz"Vkpkj us ys fy;k gsa i wthoknh O;oLFkk dh lqn <+rk us ekuoh;rk] lnk'k;rk,oa ijksidkj ds LFkku ij vkffkzd ykhk dks vafre y{; ds :i esa efgek eafmr dj fn;k gsa lwpuk Økafr us tgka nwfj;ksa dks de fd;k gs] ogha v'yhyrk rfkk lkbzcj vijk/kksa dks c<+k fn;k gsa os'ohdj.k us tgka ;qok vkdka{kkvksa dk Lrj dkqh Å pk dj fn;k gs ogha lqyrk dh izkfkfed 'krz xq.korrk iw.kz f'k{kk dks egaxk dj xjhcksa dh igqap ls nwj dj fn;k gsa,d rjq Hkkjrh; lalñfr dk izpkj&izlkj fo'o ds dksus&dksus esa vizokfl;ksa us fd;k gs] ogha?kksj O;kolkf;drk ds bl ;qx esa yksd ijeijkvksa dk QwgM+ :ikurj.k Hkh ns[kus dks fey jgk gsa l f"v ds vflrro ds fy;s fofo/krkvksa dk gksuk vifjgk;z gs] ijurq os'ohdj.k,d le:ihdj.k dh izfø;k gksus ds dkj.k vusd lel;kvksa dk tuenkrk gsa blh dkj.k os'ohdj.k dh izfrfø;k Lo:i blds fodyi dh O;oLFkk gsrq fofhkuu laxbuksa }kjk osf'od U;k; vkanksyu (Global Justice Movement) dk izkjehk fd;k x;k gs,oa 'kkafriw.kz xfrfof/k;ksa }kjk os'ohdj.k ds nq"izhkkoksa dks le>kus rfkk osdfyid mik;ksa dh O;kogkfjdrk iznf'kzr djus gsrq oymz lksf'k;y Qksje dk xbu 2001 esa fd;k x;k gsa jk"vª fuekz.k ds ifjizs{; esa gesa os'ohdj.k ds nq"izhkkoksa ls viuh lalñfr dk laj{k.k vksj loa)zu djuk gsa lkjk fo'o ftl vk/;kfred Kku dh vkdak{kk esa gekjh vksj ns[k jgk gs] ml vewy; /kjksgj dks gesa cpk, j[kuk gsa os'ohdj.k dh ;g vka/kh gekjh O;oLFkk jgu&lgu dks cny ldrh gs] ysfdu gekjh tm+ksa dks ugha m[kkm+ ldrh gsa Hkkjrh; lalñfr dh uhao cgqr xgjh gs vksj v/;kre rfkk n'kzu vk/kkfjr gksus ds dkj.k ;g gesa vkrekuq'kkflr djrh gsa viuh lalñfr ds laj{k.k ds lkfk gesa osf'od jkg ij pyuk pkfg,a lunhkz 1- eks?kne] osysuvkbu,e-( XykscykbZts'ku,.M lks'ky ewoesuvl] jkeesu,.m fyfvy QhYM ifcy'klz] bad] ;w-,l-,-] dqekj] ukxs'k( bdkwukfed,.m iksfyvhdy ohdyh] okw- 10] ckwecs] egyk] vjfoun dqekj( MkW- lqjsunz dvkfj;k] Hkkjrh; lekt ij os'ohdj.k dk izhkko] ^os'ohdj.k Hkkjr % izhkko,oa ck/kk;sa^ us'kuy ifcyf'kax gkml] t;iqj,.m fnyyh] ohesu],v oø( bu n bjk vkwq XykscykbZts'ku] jkf/kdk ;kno] ohesul fyad] okw- 14] i "kb 3&6] lks'ky,dlu VªLV] ubz fnyyh 03 vdvwcj fnlecj xqirk] izks- jktho( osdfyid O;oLFkk dh lkekftd psruk,oa Hkkjr esa lekt 'kkl=k] jktlfkku tuzy vkwq lks'k;ksykwth] okw- 1] ua- 1] 'kks/k /kkjk 18

29 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386, UGC No. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl esa /kez vksj lalñfr dk fparu MkW0 lquhrk jkbksj l0 izk0] fgunh] 'kkldh;,e-,e-vkj] ¼LukrdksRrj½ egkfo ky;] pkeik] tkatxhj] NRRkhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract jk"vª Hkkoiz/kku 'kcn gs] ftlds }kjk leku,sfrgkfld] lkalñfrd vksj fodkloknh psruk ls izsfjr O;fDr;ksa ds lewg dks laxfbr :i esa leku fefkdksa vksj fcecksa ls vkc) fd;k tkrk gsa lkeku;r%] HkkSxksfyd vksj Hkk"kk;h lekurk Hkh jk"vª esa fufgr gksrs gsaa Øe'k% jk"vª 'kcn ds vfkz esa vc fopkj/kkjk dks izfrlfkkfir fd;k tkrk gs] ftlls bl 'kcn dh ifjfèk rks ladqfpr gksrh gs ijurq vkilh lkgp;z dh xkbsa vksj nq:lr gksrh gsaa vr%,slk Hkw&Hkkx ftlesa leku lalñfr ds yksx jgrs gsa vksj oks ml Hkw&Hkkx vksj mlds vrhr ls tqm+ko eglwl djrs gs( jk"vª dgykrk gsaa jk"vª ds fy, rhu rroksa dk gksuk vfuok;z gs&¼1½ tu ¼2½ Hkwfe ¼3½ lalñfra gekjs ân; esa vius oru ds izfr leeku,oa izse dh Hkkouk dk gksuk gh jk"vªokn dgykrk gsa ;g jk"vªokn dh Hkkouk ds lkfk o"kksz rd fd;s x;s dfbu la?k"kksza,oa vla[; cfynkuksa dk ifj.kke gs fd vaxzstksa ls Hkkjr dks vktknh fey ik;h gsa ml le; Hkkjr ds fj;klrksa esa fohkkftr gksus ds ckotwn Lora=krk ds fy, la?k"kz esa,d jk"vª ds :i esa [km+k FkkA tkfr] /kez] {ks=kh;rk dh ladh.kz ekudfldrk ls Åij mb dj ns'k ds izfr xoz dh,d xgjh Hkkouk eglwl djuk gh jk"vªokn gsa Figure : 00 References : 10 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª vksj /kez] jk"vªh; lalñfr] /kez vksj lalñfr jk"vªokn,d,slh vo/kkj.kk gs] ftlesa jk"vª lokszifj gs] vfkkzr~ jk"vª dks lcls vf/kd izkfkfedrk nh tkrh gsa jk"vªokn] jk"vª ds izfr leiz.k dh Hkkouk dk fodkl fdlh Hkh ns'k ds ukxfjdks dh,dtqvrk ds fy, vko';d gsa ;gh otg gs fd cpiu ls gh Ldwyksa esa jk"vªxku dk fu;fer vh;kl djk;k tkrk gs vksj vktdy tks flusek?kjksa esa Hkh fqye 'kq: gksus ls igys jk"vªxku pyk;k tkrk gs vksj lkfk gh ikb~;øeksa esa ns'k ds egku~liwrksa] ohjksa,oa Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa dh xkfkkvksa dk lekos'k fd;k tkrk gsa Hkkjr,d lkalñfrd] /kkfezd vksj Hkk"kk;h fofo/krk okyk ns'k gsa jk"vªokn gh og /kkxk gs tks yksxksa dks muds fofhkuu lkalñfrd] tkrh;] i "BHkwfe ls lacaf/kr gksus ds ckotwn,drk ds lw=k esa,d lkfk cak/krk gsa ;g d'ehj ls du;kdqekjh rd lhkh Hkkjrh;ksa dks,dtqv djus esa,d egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkrk gsa /kez ds fo"k; esa lkeku; /kkj.kk gs fd ^/kez /kkj;fr bfr /kez%* tks /kkj.k fd;k tk; ogh / kez gs vksj /kez ds varxzr ekuo ds fo'okl,oa O;ogkj nksuks vkrs gsaa fgunw /kez ds varxzr gj rjg ds yksxksa dh vklfkk jgrh gsa bz'oj esa fo'okl djus okys dh Hkh] bz'oj es fo'okl ugha djus okys dh Hkh] ewfrziwtd dks Hkh vksj ewfrziwtk ds fojks/kh dk HkhA ds-,e- lsu us ^^fgunwtu^^ esa fy[kk gs&blesa dksbz lunsg ugha gs fd fgunw rro fo'oklksa dh rqyuk esa eksfyd :i ls vkpj.k ls vf/kd lacaf/kr 'kks/k /kkjk 19

30 gsa ;g /k /kkrq ls ¼cuk;s j[kuk] /kkj.k djuk] iq"v djuk½ cuk gs] vfkkzr~ ftls /kkj.k fd;k tk, ogh èkez gsa jk/kkñ".ku us viuh iqlrd ^/kez,oa lekt* esa fy[kk gs ftu fl)kurksa dk ges vius nsfud thou esa rfkk lkekftd laca/kks esa ikyu djuk gs] os ml olrq }kjk fu;r fd;s x;s gsa] ftls /kez dgk tkrk gsa ;g lr; dk thou esa ewrz :i gs vksj gekjh izñfr dks u;s :i esa <kyus dh 'kfdr gsa /kez dh O;k[;k vyx&vyx <ax ls egkiq:"kksa fo}kuksa,oa ys[kdksa us Hkh dh gsa egkhkkjr esa d.kz ioz esa /kez dks ifjhkkf"kr djrs gq, osno;kl us fy[kk gs ^^/kkj.kkn~nhkz fur;ka nq/kz;ksa /kkj;rsiztk%a ;r~l;kn~nkj.k la;qdr la?k"kz bfr fu'p;%a^^ vfkkzr~ /kkj.k djus ls yksx bls /kez dgrs gsa /kez vksj iztk dks /kkj.k djuk gs tks /kkj.k ds lkfk jgs og /kez gs ;g fu';p gsa egf"kz d.kkn us ^d.kkn lw=k^ esa /kez dks ifjhkkf"kr djrs gq, fy[kk gs] ^^;rks H;n;fu% Js;l flf)% l/kez%a^^ vfkkzr~ ftlls bl yksd esa muufr vksj ijyksd esa dy;k.k dh izkfir gks og /kez gsa ckyxaxk/kj fryd us /kez dks ifjhkkf"kr djrs gq, ^^xhrk jgl;^^ esa fy[kk gs /kez 'kcn dk vfkz O;kogkfjd] lkekftd vksj usfrd /kez le>uk pkfg,a^^ tgka /kez ekuo ds drzo;ksa dk ladsr djrk gs] ogha og lr; dh dlksvh Hkh gs vksj bl ckr dk ladsr Hkh djrk gs fd izr;sd ekuo dk O;ogkj dslk gsa /kez ds varxzr izfkk,a usfrd fu;e] lkeku; drzo; lhkh vk tkrk gsa blfy, /kez ds ekuo dks izfke iq:"kkfkz dgk tkrk gsa fgunw èkez esa dgk x;k gs fd ^^lr; gh lokszpp /kez gs^^/kez dh O;k[;k djrs gq, lar dfo rqylhnkl dgrs gas ^^ijfgr lfjl /kez ufga HkkbZ] ij ihm+k ugha le vf/kdkbza^^ ekuo dk ekuo ds lkfk lgkuqhkwfr d:.kk] n;k] 'khy] lr;] vfgalk] ca/kqro] ijfgr dkeuk vkfn ekuo /kez gsa Hkxon~ xhrk ekukrk gs fd lnkpkj ;k lr; dk vkpj.k gh ekuo /kez gsa lalñfr 'kcn lalñr ds ^^Ñ^^ /kkrq ls ^^fäu^^ izr;; vksj ^^le^^ milxz dks tksm+dj cuk gsa le$ñ$fä¾lalñfra oklro esa lalñfr 'kcn dk vfkz vr;ur O;kid gsa dqn fo}kuk lalñfr dks laldkj dk :ikurfjr 'kcn ekurs gsaa lalñfr lh[ks gq, O;ogkjksa dh laiw.kzrk gsa oklro esa ekuo }kjk vizhkkfor izkñfrd 'kfdr;ksa dks NksM+dj ftruh Hkh ekuoh; ifjflfkfr;ka gesa pkjkas vksj ls izhkkfor djrh gsa] mu lhkh dh leiw.kzrk dks ge lalñfr dgrs gsa vksj bl izdkj lalñfr ds bl?ksjs dk uke gh ^^lkalñfrd i;kzoj.k^^ gsa ^^lalñfr,d O;oLFkk gs] ftlesa ge thou ds izfrekuksa] O;ogkj ds rjhdksa] vusdkusd HkkSfrd,oa vhkksfrd izrhdksa] ijeijkvksa] fopkjkas] lkekftd ewy;ksa] ekuoh; fø;kvksa vksj vkfo"dkjksa dks 'kkfey djrs gsaa^^ lozizfke ok;qiqjk.k esa ^/kez^] ^vfkz^] ^dke^ rfkk ^eks{k^ fo"k;d ekuoh;?kvukvksa dks lalñfr ds varxzr lekfgr fd;k x;ka bldk rkri;z ;g gqvk fd ekuo&thou ds fnu&izfrfnu ds vkpkj&fopkj] thou&'ksyh rfkk dez O;ogkj gh lalñfr dgykrh gsa ^^Hkwyksd dk xksjo] izñfr dk iq.; yhyk LFky dgk \ QSyk euksgj fxfj] fgeky; vksj xaxk ty tgk 'kks/k /kkjk 20

31 leiw.kz ns'kksa ls vf/kd] fdl ns'k dk mrd"kz gs\ mldk fd tks _f"khkwfe gs] og dksu\ Hkkjr o"kz gsaa^^ Jh esffkyh'kj.k xqir }kjk jfpr bu iafdr;ksa esa gekjs ns'k dk xksjo izfrfcafcr gsa Hkkjr ns'k dh lalñfr] lh;rk] HkkSxksfyd okrkoj.k] jhfr fjokt fo'o esa fo[;kr gsa Hkkjrh; lalñfr mu izkphure~ lalñfr;ksa esa ls,d gs] tks le; ds dqpøksa dk izgkj >syrs gq, Hkh viuk vflrro iwjh xfjek ds lkfk vkt Hkh cuk, gq, gsa Hkkjrh; lalñfr dbz milalñfr dk lqunj lefuor :i gsa rht&r;ksgkj] ozr&mikluk] u R;&laxhr] dyk] jgu&lgu] [kku&iku rfkk vkpkj&fopkj esa gekjh lalñfr dk lqanj :i fn[kkbz nsrk gsa gekjh lalñfr esa fofo/krk gksrs gq, Hkh ewy esa ^^olq/kso dqvqeckde^^ dh Hkkouk O;kIr gsa Hkkjrh; lalñfr euhf"k;ksa ds fopkjksa ls iyyfor gqbz gsa rht &R;kSgkj o mrloksa ds jaxkas esa Mwch gqbz gsa /kez&vklfkk us lalñfr dks lqn <+rk iznku dh gsa ;g fo'o dh izkphure lalñfr;ksa esa ls,d gs rfkk ;g lalñfr;ksa dh tuenk=kh Hkh gsa Hkkjrh; lalñfr viuh dbz [kwfc;ksa ds dkj.k fo'o izfl) gsa Hkkjrh; lalñfr ds lhkh :iks esa gesa ekuo] txr] i'kq] i{kh rfkk oulifr txr ds izfr viusiu o izse dh Hkkouk fn[kkbz nsrh gsa Hkkjrh; lalñfr ds bu rroksa us Hkkjrh;ksa ds thou ds gj igyqvksa dks izhkkfor fd;k gsa jk"vª ds fodkl esa /kez vksj lalñfr dk egroiw.kz LFkku gsa jk"vª dk fodkl /kez vksj lalñfr ds vhkko esa vo:) Hkh gks tkrk gsa fdlh&fdlh vkfnoklh tutkfr;ksa esa e iku djuk mudh lalñfr gsa ysfdu ;s e iku lalñfr mudks dbz izdkj dh gkfu Hkh igqapkrh gsa bl izdkj e iku tslh lalñfr ij izfrca/k yxkuk pkfg,( tsls&vkfnoklh tutkfr;ska esa e iku djuk mudh lalñfr dk,d vfhkuu vax jgk gsa os /kkfezd iokasz] lkekftd mrloksa,oa vkuan fo'ks"k dh iwfrz gsrq e iku djrs gsaa e iku ls tutkrh; lekt esa lkekftd o ikfjokfjd fo Vu mriuu gq, gsa] mudh vkffkzd n'kk detksj gqbz gsa vusd izdkj ds LokLF;xr fodkj Hkh vk x;s gas] lkfk gh e iku ds dkj.k ;qokvksa esa vkijkf/kd,oa fgalkred xfrfof/k;ksa esa 'kkfey gksus dh izo frr;ksa esa o f) gqbz gsa tutkrh; lekt esa e iku ls vk;s bu nq"ifj.kkeksa dks n f"vxr j[kdj NRrhlx<+ jkt; ds dkadsj ftys dh xksm+ tutkrh; lekt esa /kkfezd ioksza,oa lkekftd mrloksa ds nksjku e iku dks fu"ks/k dj fn;k x;k gsa ;g fu"ks/k xksm+ tutkrh; lekt ds eqf[k;k,oa izeq[kkas }kjk lekt fu;a=k.k ds lk/ kuksa ds :i esa viuk;k x;k gsa bl fu"ks/k ds varxzr dqn fu;ekoyh cukbz xbz gs tks fd dkadsj ftys ds varxzr fuokljr lelr xksm+ vkfnoklh tutkrh; lekt ij leku :i ls ykxw gksaxsa bu fu;eksa dk fdlh izdkj myya?ku djus ij lacaf/kr O;fDRk,oa ifjokj dk lekt }kjk nafmr djus dk Hkh izko/kku gsa bl izdkj vkfnoklh tutkfr;ksa ds lalñfr e iku ij izfrca/k yxkdj yksxksa dks lekt dks tkx:d djds jk"vª ds fodkl esa Hkkxhnkjh cuk;k tk ldrk gsa tutkrh; lekt esa lalñfr,oa f'k{kk dk egroiw.kz LFkku gsa NRrhlx<+ dh vf/kdka'k tutkfr;ka nqxze LFkyksa] ou; {ks=kksa rfkk taxyksa esa fuokl djrh gsa ftuesa xksm+] csxk vkfn gs] budh,d fof'k"v lalñfr gksrh gsa vkt bu tutkfr;ksa dh vkffkzd,oa lkekftd flfkfr nksuksa gh cgqr detksj gsa vf'k{kk ds va/kdkj esa rks iwjk lekt Mwck gqvk gs] ftlds dkj.k bugs vius vf/kdkjksa vksj drzo;ksa dk fcydqy Hkh Kku ugha gsa budh lksp ladqfpr gksrh tk jgh gsa bugs viuh lalñfr ls 'kks/k /kkjk 21

32 cgqr I;kj gsa ij isv dh Hkw[k dc rd bugs vksj budh vewy; lalñfr dks cpk ik;sxka osls rks gekjs lafo/kkuksa esa vusd ;kstuk,a vksj vusd dkuwu ykxw fd;s x;s ij tc rd budh f'k{kk ds Lrj ij lq/kkj ugha fd;k tk;sxk] rc rd dqn ugha gks ldrk gsa vkt bugs vksj budh vewy; lalñfr dks lgh fn'kk vksj f'k{kk dh vr;ar vko';drk gsa rhkh jk"vª dk fodkl gks ik;sxka jk"vª ds fodkl esa iq:"kkas ds lkfk&lkfk efgykvksa dk Hkh egroiw.kz LFkku gsa efgykvksa dh flfkfr rks igys cgqr gh cqjh Fkh tsls inkz izfkk] cgq fookg] csesy fookg] fdurq /khjs&/khjs bu {ks=kkas esa fodkl gksus yxk] rri'pkr~ efgykvksa dh flfkfr esa lq/kkj vkrk x;ka orzeku esa?kjsyw fagalk NksVh&NksVh ckrksa esa fodjky :i ys jgh gsa dkedkth efgyk,a vkffkzd :i ls Lora=k gas,oa lekt ifjokj im+ksl esa mls leekutud flfkfr feyh gsa blds i'pkr~ Hkh efgyk,a tkus&vutkus esa?kjsyw fgalk ls ihfm+r gksrh gs vksj dhkh flfkfr fodjky :i ys ysrh gsa efgykvksa dks i;kzir ek=kk esa laj{k.k iznku djus gsrq mugs ;g vf/kdkj feys fd og viuh ym+kbz Lo;a ym+s vksj lqyrkiwozd vkxs c<+sa fgalk dh f'kdkj efgyk ds fy, nkafmd izko/kkuksa ds vykok vkje x g] fpfdrlk lqfo/kk] Lojkstxkj,oa vu; vuqrks"k dk Hkh izko/kku gsa fgalk dh f'kdkj efgyk gsrq efgyk Fkkuk ftlesa efgyk vf/kdkjh,oa dezpkjh inlfk gksrs gsa lkfk gh efgyk vk;ksxksa dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh xbz gsa efgykvksa ds fo:) fgalk jksdus ds fy, efgykvksa dk f'kf{kr,oa tkx:d gksuk vfr vko';d gsa iq:"kksa esa ukjh ds fy, leeku dh Hkkouk gksuh pkfg,a lhkh dks efgykvksa ds fo:) fgalk jksdus ds fy, tu tkxj.k vfhk;ku esa 'kkfey gksuk gksxka ngst dk fojks/k gksuk pkfg,a dkuwuksa ds izfr leeku gksuk pkfg,a bl izdkj ds izko/kkuksa dks viukus ls jk"vª dk fodkl gksuk pkfg,a jk"vª ds fodkl esa,d vksj ck/kd rro gs iyk;u dh lel;ka jkstxkj] mpp f'k{kk ;k csgrj f'k{kk dh izkfir] csgrj thou iyk;u dk eq[; dkj.k gsa blds vykok iyk;u dk vksj izeq[k dkj.k gs lkekftd fo"kerk] 'kks"k.k] xjhch] izkñfrd vkink,a] xahkhj nq?kzvuk,a] +_.kxzlrrk] la;qdr ifjokj] ikfjokfjd dyg] lkekftd lqj{kk dk vhkko] ;krk;kr,oa lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk vhkko] lkekftd] n.m ls cpus vkfn ds dkj.k Je iyk;u djrs gsaa blh dkj.k vius xkao 'kgj ns'k dks NksM+dj ckgj tkrs gs] ;fn bu lhkh phtksa dh lqfo/kk,a vius xkao] 'kgj] jkt;] ns'k esa gks rks yksx ckgj D;ks HkVdsaxs vksj vius gh ns'k ds fodkl esa yksx tqvs jgsaxsa jk"vª ds fodkl esa /kez vksj laalñfr,d egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkrk gsa /kez vksj lalñfr ds }kjk gh jk"vª dk fodkl unh dh /kkjk ds leku rsth ls c<+rk gsa Hkkjr,d /kkfezd lalñfr okyk ns'k gsa ;gka ij vusd /kez dks ekuus okys yksx fuokl djrs gsaa tsls fgunw /kez] cks) /kez] tsu /kez] fld[k /kez vkfn Hkkjr dks bu lhkh /keksza dk tud ekuk tkrk gsa Hkkjrh; /kez fo'o ds lhkh /keksz esa ls izeq[k gsa vkt fgunw /kez vksj cks) /kez iwjs fo'o ds rhljs vksj pksfks lcls cm+k /kez gsa Hkkjr esa /keksza esa fhkuurk lcls T;knk gsa /kez vkt Hkh ;gka ds T;knk ls T;knk yksxksa ds chp eq[;,oa fuf'pr Hkwfedk fuhkkrk gsa Hkkjr,d cgqlkalñfrd vksj cgq /kkfezd lekt gksus ds dkj.k fofhkuu /keksza ds R;kSgkjkas vksj NqfV~V;ksa dks eukrk gs] lhkh dks vius&vius /kez dks ekuus vksj mldk izpkj djus dk iwjk vfèkdkj gsa Hkkjr esa vusd izdkj ds nsoh&nsorkvksa dh mikluk fd;k tkrk gsa lhkh 'kks/k /kkjk 22

33 /keksza dk viuk&viuk vjk/; nso gksrk gs vksj lhkh mlh ds crk;s ekxz ij pyrs gsa rfkk,d nwljs dks izsfjr djrs gsa] fgunw /kez esa iwtkikb dk fo'ks"k egro gsa lekt pkj oxksaz esa cavk gqvk gsa czkeg~.k] {kf=k;] os'; vksj 'kwnz&lhkh dk viuk viuk dke gsa bl rjg ls ;gka ij vusd /kez dks ekuus okys yksx fuokl djrs gsaa Hkkjrh; lalñfr fo'o dh lcls izkphu,oa le ) lalñfr gsa vu; ns'kksa dh laalñfr;k rks le; dh /kkjk ds lkfk&lkfk u"v gksrh jgrh gasa fdarq Hkkjr dh lalñfr vkfn dky ls gh vius ijaijkxr vflrro ds lkfk vtj&vej cuh gqbz gsa blh dkj.k Hkkjrh; lalñfr dks nso lalñfr dg dj leekfur fd;k tkrk gs] rhkh rks ik'pkr; fo}ku viuh ns'k dh lalñfr dks le>us gsrq Hkkjrh; lalñfr dks igys le>us dk ijke'kz nsrs gsaa Hkkjrh; lalñfr u dsoy izkphurk dk izek.k gs] vfirq og Hkkjrh; vk/;kre vksj fparu dk Js"B vfhko;fdr gsa fu"d"kzr% dgk tk ldrk gs gs fd jk"vª fodkl esa /kez vksj lalñfr dk egroiw.kz LFkku gsa lanhkz 1- Lekfjdk&2017] 'kk'or Hkkjr ICSSR jk"vªh; laxks"bh i -la- 150] 151 ¼18&20 uoecj 2017½ lg;ksx lalñfr fohkkx] NRrhlx<+ 'kklu] iafmr lqunj yky 'kekz ¼eqDr½ fo'ofo+ ky; NRrhlx<+] fcykliqj dksuh] fcjdksuk ekxz fcykliqj ¼N-x-½ 2- Lekfjdk&2017] 'kk'or Hkkjr ICSSR jk"vªh; laxks"bh i -la- 10] 11 ¼18&20 uoecj 2017½ lg;ksx lalñfr fohkkx] NRrhlx<+ 'kklu] iafmr lqunj yky 'kekz ¼eqDr½ fo'ofo+ ky; NRrhlx<+] fcykliqj dksuh] fcjdksuk ekxz fcykliqj ¼N-x-½ 3- Lekfjdk&2017] 'kk'or Hkkjr ICSSR jk"vªh; laxks"bh i -la- 103] ¼18&20 uoecj½ 2017 lg;ksx lalñfr fohkkx] NRrhlx<+ 'kklu] iafmr lqunj yky 'kekz ¼eqDr½ fo'ofo+ ky; NRrhlx<+] fcykliqj dksuh] fcjdksuk ekxz fcykliqj ¼N-x-½ 4- jk"vªh; laxks"bh 16&17 fnlecj 2014 clrj fo'ofo ky;] txnyiqj ¼i -la- 55½ izdk'kd&clrj fo'ofo ky; txnyijq fnlecj 2014 ¼N-x-½ 5- 'kks/k la{ksfidk&jk"vªh; vurfoz"k;d 'kks/k laxks"bh i -la- 4 ¼17,oa 18 vxlr 2015½ 'kkldh; osnjke egkfo ky; eky[kjksnk ftyk tkatxhj pkeik ¼N-x-½ 6- 'kks/k la{ksfidk jk"vªh; vurfoz"k;d 'kks/k laxks"bh ¼i -la- 31½ ¼25&26 Qjojh 2017½ 'kkldh; osnjke egkfo ky; eky[kjksnk] ftyk tkatxhj pkeik ¼N-x-½ 7- Lekfjdk&2017] 'kk'or Hkkjr ICSSR jk"vªh; laxks"bh i -la- 179 ¼18&20 uoecj 2017½ lg;ksx lalñfr fohkkx] NRrhlx<+ 'kklu] iafmr lqunj yky 'kekz ¼eqDr½ fo'ofo+ ky; NRrhlx<+] fcykliqj dksuh] fcjdksuk ekxz fcykliqj ¼N-x-½ 8- lr;kuos"kh Hkkjr laiknd MkW- ca'kxksiky flag] MkW- jktdqekj lpnso] izdk'kd& NRrhlx<+ jkt; fgunh xzafk vdkneh] ia- jfo'kadj 'kqdy fo'ofo ky; ifjlj] lkeqnkf;d Hkou ds lkeus jk;iqj NRrhlx<+] izfke laldj.k lelkef;d lkfgr; fparu vksj pquksfr;ka] laiknd MkW- oh.kk nk<+s] izdk'kd& veu izdk'ku 104,@80lh jkeckx] dkuiqj] laldj.k izfke fgunh vuq'khyu Hkkjrh; fgunh ifj"kn~ dk =ksekfld eq[k&i=k leiknd&izks- f=khkqouukfk 'kqdy] izdk'kd & izks- jkefd'kksj] izca/kea=kh] Hkkjrh; fgunh ifj"kn fgunh fohkkx] bykgkckn] fo'ofo ky; bykgkckn 'kks/k /kkjk 23

34 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386, UGC No. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl esa jk"vªoknh fopkj/kkjk;sa MkW0 egs'k dqekj 'kqdy lgk;d v/;kid] bfrgkl fohkkx] xq0?kk0fo0fo0] foykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract vaxzstksa dh mrrjksrrj c<+rh gqbz lkezkt;oknh fyilk,oa 'kks"k.koknh xfrfof/k;ksa us 19oha 'krkcnh ds mrrjk)z esa Hkkjrh; tuekul esa,d vhkwriwoz tkx fr isnk dj nha ifj.kkelo:i leiw.kz ns'k esa lq/kkjoknh] lkekftd /kkfezd vkunksyu dk Jhx.ks'k gqvka eksvs rksj ij Hkkjr esa jk"vªh;rk dk vh;qn; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ds lkfk ekuk tkrk gs] rfkkfi bldk chtkjksi.k ykmz MygkSth ds 'kkludky esa gks pqdk FkkA 'krkcnh ds vkjahk ls gh vaxzst uhfr;ka Hkkjrh; lekt o /kkfezd fo"k;ksa esa glr{ksi dj jgh FkhA vaxzsth f'k{kk,oa ik'pkr; lalñfr dk izlkj Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,oa lalñfr ds Åij,d v?kksf"kr geyk Fkk] ftls le; jgrs Hkkjrh; f'kf{kr e/;e oxz,oa cqf)thoh oxz us Hkkai fy;ka bl oxz us ns'kh lalñfr dh j{kk gsrq Hkkjrh; lekt,oa /kez esa O;kIr :f<+;ksa,oa vkmecjksa ds muewyu,oa blesa ldkjkred rroksa dh iqulfkkziuk gsrq vius&vius Lrj ij iz;kl vkjahk dj fn;sa ifj.kkelo:i czg~e lekt] izkfkzuk lekt] vk;z lekt tsls vusd lq/kkjoknh lalfkkvksa dk tue gqvk] ftlus ik'pkr; geys ds fo:) dop dk dke dj u dsoy Hkkjrh; lalñfr dk ifjj{k.k fd;k vfirq blls jk"vªo;kih iqutkzxj.k dk vh;qn; gqvk] ftlus Øe'k% jk"vªh; vkunksyu dk :i ys fy;ka Figure : 00 References : 13 Table : 00 Key Words : lkfgr; vksj,sfrgkfld?kvuk] bfrgkl vksj dykn f"v Hkkjrh; Lora=krk og txexkrh gqbz nhi f'k[kk gs] ftlds fy, Kkr vksj vkkr gqrkrekvksa us vius izk.kksa dh cfy nh gs vksj vius jdrlusg tykdj mls v[k.m nhi cuk fn;ka vkunksyu dh yivksa esa Lora=krk laxzke lsukuh >qyls vksj tys fqj Hkh cfynkuh myykl c<+rk gh x;ka ikou jkoh unh dk ifo=k ladyi 15 vxlr dks Lok/khurk dk ^Lo.kZ fogku^ cu x;ka vkt Lok/khurk ds fy, ftu yksxksa us vius izk.kksa dk mrlxz fd;k gs] vius fuokl dks [k.mgj cuk;k gs vksj ifjokj dks vukfk],sls 'kghnksa ds fy, J)katfy Lo:i bfrgkl ds iuuksa esa muds ve re; O;fDrRo dks :ikdkj nsus ds flok; ge D;k dj ldrs gsa\ fo'kky Hkkjr&Hkw dk vkunksyu Hkh bruk fojkv jgk gs fd Lora=krk laxzke lsukfu;ksa dk uke NwV tkuk vlohkkfod ughaa vr,o v/;srk dk ;g /kez gks tkrk gs fd jkt/kez dks fpugkafdr djus okys lsukfu;ksa dk gh ys[kk izlrqr u djsa izr;qr mu ij Hkh n f"vikr djs ftugksaus ixmafm;ksa dk fuekz.k fd;k gsa NRrhlx<+ vapy esa vlarks"k o fonzksg dh NqViqV?kVuk;sa olrqr% 1857 ls iwoz gh fn[kkbz nsrh gsaa bl n f"v ls vius nkeu esa finm+us dk nkx yxk;s gq, ijks{k :i ls 1833 esa ;gka jk"vªh; Hkkouk,a tue ysus yxh FkhA jk;x<+ fj;klr ds tq>kj flag ds iq=k nsoukfk flag us vaxzstksa ds fo:) fonzksg fd;k ij lqyrk ugha feyha 1 ;g fonzksg vf[ky Hkkjrh; fonzksg ds iwoz fonzksg FkkA 'kks/k /kkjk 24

35 fczfv'k Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa 1857 dk o"kz,d egroiw.kz o"kz gs] ftlesa vaxzstksa ds fo:) NqVdkjk ikus dk,d lfeefyr iz;kl gqvka ftldh vlqyrk us Hkkjr dh izkphurk dk var dj fn;k vksj og vk/kqfud ;qx esa izfo"v gqvka ns'k dk usr Ro lkeurksa ds gkfkksa ls fudydj ik'pkr; fopkj /kkjkvksa ls vksrizksr f'kf{kr ;qok ih<+h ds gkfkks esa vk x;ka vc fojks/k jktuhfrd gks x;ka deiuh dh fujadq'krk dk var gqvk vksj mlds LFkku ij ns'k esa fczfv'k laln ds 'kklu dh LFkkiuk gqbz] ftlus Øe'k% cnyrs gq, mrrjnk;h ljdkj dk Lo:i /kkj.k fd;k] ftldk var 15 vxlr 1947 bz- esa Hkkjro"kZ dh Lo=kark ls gqvka 2 muuhloha 'krkcnh ds mrrjk)z esa dksgjk NaVus yxk FkkA Hkkjrh;ksa ds eu esa fnih gqbz,drk vksj ns'k izse dh Hkkouk,a cyorh gksrh xbza vksj /khjs&/khjs,d vkunksyu ds :i esa izlqqfvr gksus yxhaa uotkxj.k vksj jk"vªokn dh /kkjk;sa fgyyksjsa ysus yxha ds fonzksg dk eq[; dkj.k Hkkjrh; turk dk vekuoh; 'kks"k.k FkkA fczfv'k 'kklu dk fof/kor~ izkjahk Iyklh ds ;q) ls caxky esa gqvk FkkA vaxzst Hkkjrh;ksa dk 'kks"k.k djrs jgsa bzlv bafm;k daiuh O;kikfj;ksa }kjk 'kkflr Fkh] ftldk mn~ns'; O;kikj ds {ks=k esa,dkf/kdkj izkir djuk Fkk vksj vius bl mn~ns'; dh izkfir ds fy, mlus Hkkjrh; O;kikfj;ksa vksj dkjhxjksa ij ncko MkykA daiuh us islk mxkgh ds fy, Hkwfe O;oLFkk ds u;s mik; fudkysa js ;rokm+h vksj egyokjh tslh neudkjh uhfr;ksa dks viukdj vaxzstksa ds oqknkj tehankj vksj jktlo lekgrkz dks Hkwfe dk vf/kdkj ns fn;ka blls Ñ"kdksa dh gsfl;r,d lkeku; dk'rdkj dh gks xbz FkhA fdlkuksa dks T;knk yxku Hkjuk im+rk FkkA bl fo"ke ifjflfkfr;ksa esa mugsa egktuksa ls dtz ysuk im+rk FkkA iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh Ñ"kdksa ij vr;kpkj djrs FksA Hkkjrh; flqz fueu Lrj ds inksa ij gh dk;z dj ldrs Fks] blls mpp vksj e/;e oxz ds yksx fczfv'k uhfr ls vlarq"v FksA ^^fczfv'k iz'kklu dh vyksdfiz;rk dk lcls iz/kku dkj.k Fkk mldk fons'khiua 4 Hkkjrh; mugsa gs; n f"vdks.k ls ns[krs FksA Hkkjrh; dhkh Hkh muls?kfu"b ugha gks ldsa ns'kh jkt;ksa dks fczfv'k iz'kklu esa 'kkfey djuk Hkh ns'kh jktkvksa ds vlarks"k dk dkj.k FkkA MygkSth dh uhfr us Hkh muds xksjo dks Bsl igqapk;ha Hkkjrh; lsfudksa dks Hkh cgqr de osru fn;k tkrk Fkk mudks feyus okyk fuokzg O;; fczfv'k flikgh ij vkus okys O;; ls,d frgkbz FkkA blds vfrfjdr fczfv'k vf/kdkjh muls vf'k"v O;ogkj djrs Fks vksj mugsa viekfur gksuk im+rk FkkA Hkkjrh; lsfud lwcsnkj ds in ls Åij ugha tk ikrs FksA blds vfrfjdr muds /kez ij Hkh dqbkjk?kkr fd;k tk jgk FkkA dbz LFkkuksa ij mugsa bzlkbz&/kez esa ifjorzu ds lekpkj feyrs FksA flikfg;ksa dh rjg vke turk Hkh vaxzstksa ds neudkjh uhfr;ksa ls fonzksg ij mrj vk;h FkhA nksuksa ds lg;ksx dh ifjf.kfr vksj mrrstukiw.kz okrkoj.k esa pchz okys dkjrwl dh ckr lkeus vk;h] ftlesa xk; vksj lqvj dh pchz yxh gqbz FkhA blls fgunw vksj eqlyeku nksuksa Øq) gks x;s tks fd bl fonzksg dk rkrdkfyd dkj.k cuka 27 ekpz lu~ 1857 bz- esa csjdiqj ds ;qok lsfud eaxy ik.ms; us fczfv'k vf/kdkfj;ksa ij geyk dj cxkor dj fn;ka mls Qkalh nh xbza bl?kvuk ls Hkkjrh; flikfg;ksa ij rhoz izfrfø;k gqbz vksj vxys fnu esjb esa rsukr lsfudksa us fonzksg dj fn;k tks lkjs mrrj vksj if'peh Hkkjr esa QSyk x;ka bldh lcls cm+h fo'ks"krk fgunw vksj eqlyekuksa dh,drk FkhA 5 'kks/k /kkjk 25

36 ns'k ds vf/kdka'k Hkkxksa dh rjg NRrhlx<+ Hkh bl fonzksg dh?kvuk ls izhkkfor gqvka ysfdu bl?kvuk ds iwoz tsls izkjahk esa ;g ckr dgh xbz fd nsoukfk flag us vaxzstksa ds fo:) fonzksg fd;k Fkk rfkk lksuk[kku dh Hkh?kVuk?kfVr gqbza lu~ 1854 esa tc NRrhlx<+ dk {ks=k fczfv'k lkezkt; dk vax cuk;k x;k rc ogka fdlh Hkh izdkj ds fonzksg dh lwpuk ugha feyha ij ckn esa fczfv'k vfèkdkfj;ksa dh xyr uhfr;ksa ds dkjd ;g 'kkafre; {ks=k vkunksfyr gks mbk FkkA jke jk; dh e R;q ds ckn ohj ukjk;.k flag lksuk[kku ds tehankj cusa os tufgr dk;ksza esa vfhk:fp j[krs Fks] blfy, os viuh iztk esa yksdfiz; gks x;s FksA 1856 esa nqhkkzx;o'k lksuk[kku esa Hkh"k.k vdky im+ka yksx Hkw[kksa ejus yxsa yksxksa dh tku j{kk ds fy, mlus,d O;kikjh ds xksnke dk vukt fdlkuksa esa forfjr dj fn;ka O;kikjh dh fjiksvz ij fmivh dfe'uj us ohj ukjk;.k flag dks fxj rkj fd;k vksj ohj ukjk;.k ij MdSrh dk vkjksi yxkdj jk;iqj tsy esa Mky fn;k x;ka mlh le; 1857 dh?kvuk gqbz vksj 20 vxlr 1857 dks ohj ukjk;.k jk;iqj tsy ls 10 eghus pkj fnu jgus ds ckn Hkkx fudysa ogka ls os lksuk[kku igqaps rfkk 500 lsfudksa dh,d lsuk rs;kj dha b/kj flefk lksuk[kku ds fy, jokuk gks x;sa flefk us tehnkjksa ls lg;ksx fy;ka lksuk[kku ds dqn nwj ukys ds lehi ohj ukjk;.k us flefk dh lsuk ij vkøe.k fd;k izkjahk esa flefk ijkftr gksrk fn[kkbz fn;k ij ckgjh lgk;rk ls flefk us ohj ukjk;.k flag dks ihns gvus ij foo'k dj fn;ka flefk dks HkVxkao] fcykbzx<+ o nsojh ds tehnkjksa ls lg;ksx feyka flefk us xkao esa vkx yxk nha iwjk xkao ty x;k FkkA 6 ohj ukjk;.k ij eqdnek pyk;k x;k 10 fnlecj 1857 dks ohj ukjk;.k dks t; LraHk pksd ij Qkalh ns nh xbz bl izdkj ns'k ds Lora=krk vkanksyu esa NRrhlx<+ dk izfke lsukuh 'kghn gks x;ka 7 18 ekpz 1858 dks 'kke lkr cts jk;iqj esa lsfud fonzksg gqvka bl fonzksg esa lsfudksa us ^r rh; jsxqyj jsthesav* ds vaxzst estj dh gr;k dj nha 8 fonzksg dks nckus ds fy, fczfv'k 'kklu }kjk tcyiqj ls 33oha enzkl ns'kh isny lsuk eaxk;h x;h,oa fonzksg nck fn;k x;ka Nkouh ds lelr Hkkjrh; vf/kdkfj;ksa dh miflfkfr esa fonzksfg;ksa ij eqdnek pykdj mugsa Qkalh ns nh xbza 9 izfke Lora=krk laxzke dh Tokyk dsoy flikfg;ksa o tehnkjksa rd gh lhfer ugha Fkh oju~ lkearh fj;klrsa tks fczfv'k O;oLFkk ls ijs'kku Fkh] yksgk ysus ls ugha pwdha NRrhlx<+ dh mn;iqj fj;klr ds 2 jktdqekjksa us 1857 ds fonzksg esa fczfv'k 'kklu ds fo:) fojks/k fd;k FkkA 10 blds vfrfjdr esxthu y'dj guqeku flag us fonzksg ds nksjku NRrhlx<+ ds bfrgkl esa ftl ohjrk dk ifjp; fn;k] og lnso vfolej.kh; jgsxka 11 bl lhkh NqViqV?kVukvksa esa 1857 bz- dk fonzksg Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh vlk/kkj.k?kvuk FkhA blds ifj.kke Lo:i uoecj 1858 esa fczfv'k laln us Hkkjr esa daiuh ds 'kklu dk var dj bls vius da/kksa esa ys fy;ka ysfdu bl lrrk ifjorzu ls Hkkjrh; turk ds d"vksa esa dksbz deh ugha gqbza 1857 bz- dh Økafr dks vaxzstksa us vius lsu;cy ls nck rks fn;k ijurq vaxzst fojks/kh Hkkouk,a [kre ugha gqbz vksj blh us vkxs pydj ns'k esa jk"vªh; vkanksyu dks tue fn;ka vaxzstksa dh mrrjksrrj c<+rh gqbz lkezkt;oknh fyilk o 'kks"k.koknh xfrfof/k;ksa us 19oha 'krkcnh ds mrrjk)z esa Hkkjrh; tuekul esa,d vhkwriwoz tkx fr isnk dj nha ifj.kkelo:i leiw.kz ns'k esa 'kks/k /kkjk 26

37 lq/kkjoknh] lkekftd /kkfezd vkunksyu dk Jhx.ks'k gqvka eksvs rksj ij Hkkjr esa jk"vªh;rk dk vh;qn; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ds lkfk ekuk tkrk gs] rfkkfi bldk chtkjksi.k ykmz MygkSth ds 'kkludky esa gks pqdk FkkA 'krkcnh ds vkjahk ls gh vaxzst uhfr;ka Hkkjrh; lekt o /kkfezd fo"k;ksa esa glr{ksi dj jgh FkhA vaxzsth f'k{kk,oa ik'pkr; lalñfr dk izlkj Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,oa lalñfr ds Åij,d v?kksf"kr geyk Fkk] ftls le; jgrs Hkkjrh; f'kf{kr e/;e oxz,oa cqf)thoh oxz us Hkkai fy;ka bl oxz us ns'kh lalñfr dh j{kk gsrq Hkkjrh; lekt,oa /kez esa O;kIr :f<+;ksa,oa vkmecjksa ds muewyu,oa blesa ldkjkred rroksa dh iqulfkkziuk gsrq vius&vius Lrj ij iz;kl vkjahk dj fn;sa ifj.kkelo:i czg~e lekt] izkfkzuk lekt] vk;z lekt tsls vusd lq/kkjoknh lalfkkvksa dk tue gqvk ftlus ik'pkr; geys ds fo:) dop dk dke dj u dsoy Hkkjrh; lalñfr dk ifjj{k.k fd;k vfirq blls jk"vªo;kih iqutkzxj.k dk vh;qn; gqvk] ftlus Øe'k% jk"vªh; vkunksyu dk :i ys fy;ka jk"vªh; psruk ds vh;qn; ds ewy esa dksbz,d ;k nks rro ugha Fks] cfyd ;s rks vusd viekutud mrihm+udkjh rfkk Hkkjrh; LokfHkeku dks u"v djus okys rroksa dk lfeefyr izhkko Fkk ftlesa ik'pkr; lalñfr o f'k{kk dk izlkj o Hkkjrh; lalñfr] lkfgr;] /kez] ijeijk,oa lelr fgunw iz.kkyh dk vieku] tkfr o ulyh HksnHkko] vaxzstksa }kjk Hkkjrh;ksa ds izfrghu n f"vdks.k] vksifuosf'kd 'kks"k.k vksj blds o'khhkwr lkezkt;oknh uhfr;ksa dk voyecu jk"vªh; izsl dh LFkkiuk,oa jk"vªh; lkfgr; dk fodkl vkfn vusdkusd dkj.k FksA 12,d vksj vaxzsth f'k{kk us Hkkjrh;ksa dk ik'pkr; lkfgr; lqyhk djk;k ftlls mugsa cø] fey] XySMLVksu] esdkys tsls yksxksa ds fopkjksa dks lquus le>us dk volj feyk rks nwljh vksj tkwu feyvu] ih-ch-'ksyh] ykwmz ck;ju tsls egku dfo;ksa dh jpukvksa dks i<+us,oa okwyvs;j] :lks vkfn ds fopkjksa dks tkuus dk volj feyka 13 Hkkjrsanq] cafdepunz] fpiyks.kdj] uezn lcze.;e~ Hkkjrh us,d vksj viuh jpukvksa ls ns'k izse dh Hkkouk tkx fr dh rks nwljh vksj nknkhkkbz uksjksth vksj jes'kpunz nrr tsls vfkz'kkl=kh us /ku ds cfgxzeu dk fl)kar le>kdj vaxzstksa ds 'kks"k.k dk [kkdk lhapka jsy] Mkd] rkj tsls rhoz ifjogu,oa lapkj lk/kuksa us Hkh jk"vªokn dh tm+ksa dks etcwr fd;ka cksf)d iqutkzxj.k us Hkh jk"vªokn ds mn; esa Hkwfedk fuhkkbza lanhkz 1- ekgs'ojh] jke xksiky ¼eq[; leiknd½ ^^jfo'kadj 'kqdy vfhkuanu xzafk** ¼bfrgkl [k.m½ fgunh lkfgr; leesyu o/kkz jksm ukxiqj 1955 i oekz] MkW- Hkxoku flag % ^^NRrhlx<+ dk bfrgkl jktuhfrd,oa lkalñfrd** i e/;izns'k fgunh xzafk vdkneh ukxiky] MkW- vkse % ^^Hkkjr dk jk"vªh; vkunksyu,oa laos/kkfud fodkl** i - 3 dey izdk'ku bunksj 1987&88 4- oekz] MkW- Hkxoku flag % ^^N-x- dk bfrgkl jktuhfrd,oa lkalñfrd** i oekz] MkW- Hkxoku flag ^^ogh** i f=kikbh] lat; f=kikbh] Jherh panu ^^NRrhlx<+ o gn~ lanhkz** i midkj izdk'ku vkxjk&2 7- oekz] MkW- Hkxoku flag ^^NRrhlx<+ dk bfrgkl jktuhfrd,oa lkalñfrd** i 'kekz] ts-ih- % ^^e/;izns'k esa jk"vªh; vkunksyu**] 1920 ls 1947 i - 28 nqxkz ifcyds'kul fnyyh 1989 'kks/k /kkjk 27

38 9- ekgs'ojh] jke xksiky ¼eq-laiknd½ ^^'kqdy vfhkuanu xzafk** ¼bfrgkl [k.m 3½ i The Commercial and General Directory of C.P.and Barar, 1938 P oekz] MkW- Hkxoku flag ^^NRrhlx<+ dk bfrgkl jktuhfrd,oa lkalñfrd** i f=kikbh] lat; f=kikbh] Jherh panu ^^NRrhlx<+ o gn~ lanhkz** i f=kikbh] lat; f=kikbh] Jherh panu ^^NRrhlx<+ o gn~ lanhkz** i 'kks/k /kkjk 28

39 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386, UGC No. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P lukru /kez,oa lalñfr esa izfrfcfecr jk"vª&hkkjr MkW0 jktho 'kekz l0 izk0] 'kkldh; ts-,e-ih-egkfo ky;] r[kriqj] ¼fcykliqj½] NRRkhlx<+ MkW0 vt; dqekj flag lgk;d izk/;kid],p-ch- egkfo ky;] tcyiqj] e0iz0 ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract jk"vª fuekz.k,d lexz izfø;k gsa ;g fofhkuu /kkjkvksa ds izokg dk leosr Lo:Ik gsa jk"vª ds fuekz.k esa ekuo lh;rk lalñfr lkfgr; dyk fokku rduhdh m ksx O;kikj,sls vxf.kr rroksa dk la;kstu gksrk gsa rhkh Lof.kZe jk"vª dh ifjdyiuk lkdkj gksrh gsa lhkh vk/kkjhkwr?kvdksaa dk viuk vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku gksrk gsa blh izdkj,d xksjo'kkyh jk"vª dh xksjoe;h lalñfr,oa mlds /kjksgj jk"vªª dks osf'od Lrj ij,d igpku nsrs gsaa jk"vª xksjo gh og eksfyd rro gs tks fd ekuo ek=k dks o leiw.kz jk"vª dks fodkl ds ifk ij vizfre mrlkg ds lkfk vxzlj dj nsrk gsa Hkkjrh; lalñfr esa ekr Hkwfe i Foh dks eka vksj lelr tkfr dks mldh larku dgk x;k gs& ^ekrk iq=ks ga i ffkc;k^ osfnd lkfgr; esa jk"vª vksj /kez ds lec/k esa O;kid vo/kkj.kk izlrqr dh x;h gsa vfkozosn esa bz'oj ls izkfkzuk dh xbz gs fd&gs txnh'oj vki gesa,slh cqf} iznku djsa fd ge lc feydj,d lkfk pysa(,d leku oka.kh cksysa(,d leku g n; ;qdr gksdj Lojk"Vª dh muufr dh vksj pysaa osfnd lkfgr; tgka,d rjq /kez,oa n'kzu ds ek/;e ls Kku o foosd ls l f"v dks vkyskfdr djrk gs( ogha jkt; o jk"vª ds fuekz.k jkt; uhfr,oa jk"vª dh muufr dk ekxz Hkh izlrqr djrk gsa osfnd lkfgr; /kez] fokku o jktuhfr dk,d vn~hkqr leuo; LFkkfir djrk gsa Figure : 00 References : 06 Table : 00 Key Words : lukru /kez] lalñfr] jk"vª] Hkkjr% osn] /kez] jkt;] fo'o jktuhfra izlrkouk& jk"vª fuekz.k,d lexz izfø;k gsa ;g fofhkuu /kkjkvksa ds izokg dk leosr Lo:Ik gsa jk"vª ds fuekz.k esa ekuo lh;rk] lalñfr] lkfgr;] dyk] fokku] rduhdh] m ksx&o;kikj,sls vxf.kr rroksa dk la;kstu gksrk gs( rhkh Lof.kZe jk"vª dh ifjdyiuk lkdkj gksrh gsa lhkh vk/kkjhkwr?kvdksaa dk viuk vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku gksrk gsa blh izdkj,d xksjo'kkyh jk"vª dh xksjoe;h lalñfr,oa mlds /kjksgj jk"vªª dks osf'od Lrj ij,d igpku nsrs gsaa jk"vª xksjo gh og eksfyd rro gs] tks fd ekuo ek=k dks o leiw.kz jk"vª dks fodkl ds ifk ij vizfre mrlkg ds lkfk vxzlj dj nsrk gsa vaxzsth esa jk"vª 'kcn ds fy, us'ku (Nation) dk iz;ksx gksrk gs vksj jk"vª dh ladyiuk es lokzf/kd egroiw.kz rro lalñfr dks ekuk tkrk gsa Hkkjr&jk"Vª dh ladyiuk fueu 'yksd ls izdv gksrh gs& mrrja ;r~ leqnzl; fgeknzs'pso nf{k.ke~a o"kaz rn~ Hkkjra uke Hkkjrh ;=k larfraa lukru /kez esa jk"vª ds Lo:i dks js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gs jk"vª dh ladyiuk osfnd lkfgr; esa izlrqr dh xbz gsa osfnd lkfgr; eas /kez 'kcn dks lkozhkksfed :i esa fn;k x;k gsa /kez 'kcn lalñfr 'kks/k /kkjk 29

40 ds */k * /kkrq ls cuk gs] ftldk vfkz gksrk gs /kkj.k djuka lalñr esa */k ;rs ;% l% /kez%* izdv fd;k x;k gsa jk"vª ds lanhkz esa egkhkkjr xzafk esa /kez dks dqn bl izdkj ifjhkkf"kr fd;k x;k gs&*/kkj.kkr /kez br;kgq% /keksz /kkj;rs iztk*%a bldk vfkz ;g izdv gksrk gs fd /kkj.k djus ds dkj.k bls /kez dgrs gsa vksj ^/kez iztk dks /kkj.k djrk gsa /kez ds }kjk iztk dks /kkj.k fd;s tkus dk vfkz,oa lanhkz ladqfpr ugha gsa ;g flqz O;fDr o lekt dks bafxr ugha djrk ;g leiw.kz o lkozhkksfed jkt; dks lekfgr fd;s gq;s gsa orzeku lanhkz es bldk vfkz jk"vª ds Lo:i ls fy;k tk ldrk gs] ftls /kekz /kkj.k djrk gsa /kez jk"vª dh vkrek gs vksj lalñfr mldk lkdkj :ia lukru lkfgr; osn dks lelr /kekasz dk ewy ekuk tkrk gsa osn gh og lkozhkkse lkfgr;d ftlesa lr; ds vkyksd ds loz dy;k.k dh ckr dgh xbz gs & vlrks ek ln~xe;a relks ek T;ksfrxZe;A e R;ksekZ ve raxe;a bldk vfkz gs vlr~ ls lr~ dh vksj va/kdkj ls izdk'k dh vksj e R;q ls ve r dh vksj izo Rr djsaa lukru osfnd lkfgr; esa izfrfcafcr jk"vª Hkkjr fo'okdy;k.k,oa olq/kso dqvqecde dk vkn'kz èkkj.k fd;s gq, gsa lukru /kez,oa lalñfr esa izfrfcecr jk"vª Hkkjr,d Js"B Hkkjr dh rjq lnso vxzlj gsa Hkkjrh; /kez,oa lalñfr dh var%psruk ds :i esa Hkkjr jk"vª lrr~ fo eku gsa Hkkjr jk"vª fofhkuu Lo:i esa ;qxksa&;qxksa ls lukru /kez ;k orzeku fgunw /kez ds :i esa izokfgr,d vofjy /kkjk gsa ;gh /kkjk jk"vª dk lkalñfrd,oa HkkSxksfyd izfrfuf/kro Hkh djrh gsa lkekftd lapsruk /kez esa varfuzfgr gsa blfy;s /kez jk"vª ds ewy esa flfkr gsa _zxosn ds iq:"k lwdr esa lelr tkfr dks bz'oj ds fojkv~ 'kjhj dk vax dgk x;k gsa bz'oj loz=k O;kIr gs vksj lcds vunj mldk okl gsa Hkkjrh; lalñfr es ekr Hkwfe i Foh dks eka vksj lelr tkfr dks mldh larku dgk x;k gs& ^ekrk Hkwfd% iq=kks ge~ i ffko;k* osfnd lkfgr; es jk"vª vksj /kez ds lec/k esa O;kid vo/kkj.kk izlrqr dh x;h gs vfkozosn esa bz'oj ls izkfkzuk dh xbz gs fd&gs txnh'oj vki gesa,slh cqf} iznku djsa fd ge lc feydj,d lkfk pysa,d leku ok.kh cksysa],d leku g n; ;qdr gksdj Lojk"Vª dh muufr dh vksj pysaa osfnd lkfgr; tgka,d rjq /kez,oa n'kzu ds ek/;e ls Kku o foosd ls l f"v dks vkyskfdr djrk g(s ogha jkt; o jk"vª ds fuekz.k jkt; uhfr,oa jk"vª dh muufr dk ekxz Hkh izlrqr djrk gsa fu"d"kz& bl izdkj osfnd lkfgr; /kez] fokku,oa jktuhfr dk,d vn~hkqr leuo; LFkkfir djrk gsa blh izdkj osfnd xzafk ;tqoszn esa Hkh jk"vª ds lec/k esa vo/kkj.kk fo eku gsa ;tqoszn ds vuqlkj& ge lek/kku iwozd jk"vª dks tkx r djsa] fodflr djsaa ;tqoszn dh mi;qzdr vo/kkj.kk jk"vª ds O;fDr;ksa ds mnhko,oa jk"vª ds lexz fodkl dks js[kkafdr djrh gsa egkhkkjr xzafk esa osno;kl th dgrs gsa& ^;rks /kez rrks t;%^ vfkkzr~ tgk /kez gs] ogha t; gs muufr gsa /kez vksj jk"vª,d nwljs ls xgjs vkc) gsa /kez ls gh jk"vª ful r gs( O;qRiUu gs vr% /kez jk"vª ds lunhkz es LFkk;h gs fujis{k ughaa ik'pkkr; fo'o ds fy, fdlh jk"vª dh ifjdyiuk,d vk/kqfud ladyiuk gsa fdurq Hkkjr es jk"vª dhs izkphure ifjdyiuk osnksa eas dh xbz gsa ossfnd lkfgr; eas myysf[kr gs& ^o;a jk"vªs tkx ;kea^ 'kks/k /kkjk 30

41 _XoSfnd lkfgr; o mrrj osfnd lkfgr; esa jk"vª] iqjksfgr%jkt;] fojkv~ rfkk jkf"vªd 'kcn dk myysk[k feyrk gsa osnksa eas jktk vksj jk"vª dks lekukfkhz :i es fy;k x;k gsa ftl izdkj ls leqnz esa ufn;ksa dk ty,d :i gks tkrk gs] mlh izdkj jktk fofhkuuk o.kksz ds yksaxksa dks jk"vª ds vunj,d:irk iznku djrk gsa 5 vr% jktk jk"vª ds,dhdj.k dk Lkzksr curk gsa Lo;a jk"vª dk Lo:i mleas izfrfcfecr gksrk gsa ;gh ugha Hkkjrh; lalñfr esa jk"vª dh tks ladyiuk izlrqr dh xbz gs] og vr;ar O;kidrk fy, gq, gs Hkkjrh; jk"vª dh ladyiuk tgk,d rjq i Foh dks eka,oa gj ukxfjd dks mldk iq=k crkrh gs( rks nwljh rjq leiw.kz olq/kk dks,d ifjokj ekurs gq, mlds dy;k.k dh ckr djrh gsa v;a fut% ijksosfr x.kuk bfr y?kqpsrlke~a mnkj pfjrkuke rq olq/kso dqvqecdeaa vfkkzr ;g esjk gs] og ijk;k gs],slh lksp ladqfpr fprr g n; okys O;kfDr;ksa dh gksrh gsa mnkj g n; okys O;fDr;ksa ds fy, rks ;g leiw.kz i Foh,d ifjokj gsa 6 bl izdkj Hkkjrh; /kez laldfr es flqz jk"vª dh thour O;kid ladyiuk izlrqr djrs gsa cfyd,d O;kid o lekos'kh fo'o ds fl}kar dks Hkh izfrikfnr fd;k gs rfkk mldk vuqlj.k ih<+h&nj&ih<+h ge Hkkjrh; djrs vk, gsa lanhkz 1- egkhkkjr d.kz ioz vfkozosn ;tqoszn tk;loky*] dk'khizlkn] *fgunw ikfyvh* caxyksj] 1943] i _Xosn i -7% 'kekz],l-lh-,oa flag],-ds- *Hkkjr dk bfrgkl*,e-,e-,q-ojk.klh 2009 i 'kks/k /kkjk 31

42 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386, UGC No. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª dh vo/kkj.kk vksj Hkkjrh; fparu Jherh dkafr vapy lgk;d izk/;kid] jktuhfr 'kkl=k] 'kkldh; ikrkys'oj egkfo ky;] elrwjh] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract jk"vªokn,d,slh vo/kkj.kk gs] ftlesa jk"vª lokszifj gksrk gsa vfkkzr~ jk"vª dks lcls vf/kd izkfkfedrk nh tkrh gsa ;g,d,slh fopkj/kkjk gs] tks fdlh Hkh ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dh,drk o v[k.mrk dks c<+kok nsrh gsa fdlh Hkh jk"vª dh muufr,oa leiuurk ds fy, ukxfjdksa esa lkalñfrd] /kkfezd] vkffkzd] lkekftd vksj Hkk"kk;h fofo/krk ls Åij mbdj jk"vª ds izfr xksjo dh Hkkouk dks etcwrh iznku djuk vko';d gs vksj blesa jk"vªokn,d egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkrk gsa ia- nhun;ky mik/;k; us jk"vª fparu ij fopkj djrs gq, Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dh,d eksfyd Hkwy ds ckjs esa fy[kk gs fd Hkkjrh; jktuhfrkksa dh lcls cm+h Hkwy ;g gs fd os Hkkjr ds fhkuu&fhkuu oxkzsa dk Lora=k vflrro ekurs gsaa muds bl vflrro dks Lohdkj djds fqj os bl ckr dk iz;ru djrs gsa fd ;g vflrro fdl izdkj jk"vª ds fgrkfkz dke esa vk;sa vkt rd mudk leiw.kz iz;ru bl izdkj fhkuu&fhkuu Lora=k ekuh gqbz bdkbz;ks a ds chp,drk vksj lkeatl; LFkkfir djus dk gh jgk gsa fdlh Hkh oxz ds vflrro dks] tks fd oklrfod ugha gs( ladv u igq apkrs gq, cfyd mudk lao)zu djrs gq,] vkt rd ds jktusfrd iz'u gy djus dk iz;ru fd;k x;k gs vksj mldk ifj.kke lnk gh vlqyrk ds :i es a vk;k gsa Figure : 00 References : 04 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vªokn vksj Hkkjrh; n'kzu] nhun;kyth dk jk"vª fparu jk"vªokn,d,slh vo/kkj.kk gs] ftlesa jk"vª lokszifj gksrk gsa vfkkzr~ jk"vª dks lcls vf/kd izkfkfedrk nh tkrh gsa ;g,d,slh fopkj/kkjk gs] tks fdlh Hkh ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dh,drk o v[k.mrk dks c<+kok nsrh gsa fdlh Hkh jk"vª dh muufr,oa leiuurk ds fy, ukxfjdkas esa lkalñfrd] /kkfezd] vkffkzd] lkekftd vksj Hkk"kk;h fofo/krk ls Åij mbdj jk"vª ds izfr xksjo dh Hkkouk dks etcwrh iznku djuk vko';d gs vksj blesa jk"vªokn,d egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkrk gsa ia- nhun;ky mik/;k; us jk"vª fparu ij fopkj djrs gq, Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dh,d eksfyd Hkwy ds ckjs esa fy[kk gs fd Hkkjrh; jktuhfrkksa dh lcls cm+h Hkwy ;g gs fd os Hkkjr ds fhkuu&fhkuu oxkzsa dk Lora=k vflrro ekurs gsaa muds bl vflrro dks Lohdkj djds fqj os bl ckr dk iz;ru djrs gsa fd ;g vflrro fdl izdkj jk"vª ds fgrkfkz dke esa vk;sa vkt rd mudk leiw.kz iz;ru bl izdkj fhkuu&fhkuu Lora=k ekuh gqbz bdkbz;ksa ds chp,drk vksj lkeatl; LFkkfir djus dk gh jgk gsa fdlh Hkh oxz ds vflrro dks] tks fd oklrfod ugha gs( ladv u igqapkrs gq, cfyd mudk lao)zu djrs gq,] vkt rd ds jktusfrd iz'u gy djus dk iz;ru fd;k x;k gs vksj mldk ifj.kke lnk gh vlqyrk ds :i esa vk;k gsa mugksaus vkxs dgk fd vaxzstkas ds 'kklu esa geus ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd ns'k esa eqlyeku] blkbz vkfn vusd oxz gsa rfkk muds Lora=k vflrro dsh j{kk djrs gq, gh jk"vªh;rk dk fuekz.k gks ldsxka 'kks/k /kkjk 32

43 oklro eas jk"vªh;rk ds Lrj ij mudk Lora=k vflrro Lohdkj djuk,d cm+h Hkkjh Hkwy gs] D;ksafd eqlyeku] blkbz vkfn dk oxhzdj.k etgc ds vk/kkj ij djuk jk"vªh;rk ls fhkuu ckr gsa,d etgc ds ekuus okys vusd jk"vªksa ds vax gks ldrs gsa vksj,d gh jk"vª esa vusd etgc ds ekuus okyksa dk lekos'k gks ldrk gsa jk"vªh;rk ;fn dksbz 'kfdr'kkyh izsj.kk gs rks mlds psruk&{ks=k esa etgc dk izos'k ugha gksrk] fdurq vkt rd gekjk iz;ru ;gh jgk gs fd bu oxksza dk Lora=k vflrro ekudj mudk,dhdj.k djsa],slk,dhdj.k ftlesa fdlh dks dqn Hkh u NksM+uk ims+a vk'p;z dh ckr ;g gs fd ;g tks lcdks feyk dj,d cukus okys rro gsa] mudh Hkh Li"V dyiuk fdlh dks ugha gsa ia- tokgj yky usg: us vusd ckj dgk Fkk fd Lora=k Hkkjr dk jkt; u fgunw dk gksxk] u eqlyekuksa dk gksxk vksj u bzlkbz dka loky mbrk gs fd fqj fdldk gksxk\ bldk mrrj cgqr yksxksa us ;g dgdj nsus dk iz;ru fd;k gs fd og *fgunqlrkfu;ksas dk gksxka fdurq fqj >xm+k vkrk gs fd ;g fgunqlrkuh dksu gs\ blesa fdldk fdruk lekos'k gksxk\ vksj fdl vk/kkj ij gksxk\ D;k la[;k cy ds vk/kkj ij ;k vksj fdlh vk/kkj ij\ vhkh rd geus la[;k cy dk vk/kkj ekuk gs rfkk ftl&ftl pht dks ;s oxz viuk dg dj [km+s gq;s gsa] mudks feykus dk iz;ru fd;k gsa vaxzstksa ls gksus okys lhkh le>ksrksa rfkk ml dky ds lhkh vkanksyuksas esa ogh iz'u izeq[k jgk gs rfkk mldk ifj.kke **ikfdlrku gqvk] ;g ekuus esa fdlh le>nkj O;fDr dks vkifrr ugha gksxha bl izdkj oxhzdj.k dsoy lkeiznkf;d vk/kkj ij gh ugha] Hkk"kk vksj vkffkzd vk/kkjksa ij Hkh fd;k tkrk gsa vkt gekjs lhkh usrk ;g ekudj pyrs gsa fd izr;sd Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh oxz dk,d Lora=k vflrro gs rfkk,sls vussd Lora=k oxksza dks feykdj lewps Hkkjr dh jpuk djuh pkfg,a vkffkzd vkèkkj ij Hkh Lora=k oxkasz dh dyiuk dh tkrh gsa,d tehankj rks nwljk Ñ"kd],d iawthifr rks nwljk etnwj],d 'kks"kd rks nwljk 'kksf"kra bl izdkj dk oxhzdj.k djds,d dks nckdj nwljs dk izhkqro LFkkfir djus dk iz;ru gksrk gs ;k vf/kd ls vf/kd nksuksa esa lketl; LFkkfir djus dk iz;ru fd;k tkrk gsa mi;qzdr lhkh,oa,sls vusd oxz ftudks jktuhfrk] dbksj lr; ekudj pyrs gsa] oklro esa fef;k gs rfkk tc rd ge mudk vflrro ekudj] mudks larq"v djus dh uhfr viukdj] muds vgadkj vksj LokFkZ dh o f) djrs jgsaxs rc rd jktuhfr foijhr fn'kk esa gh cgrh jgsxha lr; rks ;g gs fd leiw.kz Hkkjr,d gs rfkk Hkkjr dh laiw.kz larku,d gs vksj mldks bl,drk dk vuqhko djrs gq, jguk pkfg,a vusd vaxksa dks,df=kr djds 'kjhj dh l f"v ugha gksrha fdurq 'kjhj ds vusd vax gksrs gs vksj bl fy;s izr;sd vo;o vius Lora=k vflrro ds fy;s ugha vfirq 'kjhj ds vflrro ds fy;s iz;ru djrk gsa blh izdkj ds jk"vª ds lhkh vaxksa dh viuh :ijs[kk] jk"vªh; Lo:i vksj fgrksa ds vuqdwy cukuk pkfg;s u fd jk"vª dks gh bu vaxksa ds vuqlkj dkvk&nk Vk tk;sa leiznk;ksa] izkrkas] Hkk"kkvksa vksj oxkasz dk rhkh rd ewy; gs tc rd os jk"vªfgr ds vuqdwy gsa vu;fkk mudk cfynku djds Hkh jk"vª dh,drk dh j{kk djuh gksxha ia- nhun;ky mik/;k; dgrs gsa fd tsls unh ds ty esa rajxksa ds vusd :i gksrs gs( fdurq mudk vflrro unh ds ty ls fhkuu vksj Lora=k ugha gksrk vksj u gh unh muds leqnk; dk uke 'kks/k /kkjk 33

44 gsa os igyh n f"vdks.k ls lelr lel;kvksa dks ns[krs gs tc rd jktuhfr dh bl eksfyd Hkwy dk ifjektzu ugha gksxka rc rd jktusfrd Hkkjr dk fuekz.k lqn <+ uho ij ugha gks ldrka egkrek xka/kh ds fu/ku ds ckn Hkkjrh; jktuhfr eas ftl rjg muds fopkjksa dks gkf'k, yxk;k x;k rc nhun;ky th mugsa,d u, lanahkz esa lkeus yk;sa os euq"; dh eqfdr ds fopkj ds izlrqr drkz Fks] blfy, os O;fDr dh vkrek rd dk fopkj djrs gsaa ;g lkshkkx; gs fd ge lc bl egku Hkkjr jk"vª ds mrrjkf/kdkjh gsaa gesa bl dk Hkh xoz gs fd ge nhun;ky th ds jktusfrd n'kzu ds vuqxkeh gsa] rfkk bl n'kzu dks yksd LohÑfr fey jgh gsa lfn;ksa ls im+h /kwy >km+dj,d u;k Hkkjr [km+k gks jgk gsa Hkkjr ds Hkfo"; dk fopkj djrh gqbz,d ubz jktusfrd ih<+h rs;kj gks jgh gs] ftlds izsj.kk Lkzksr nhun;ky mik/;k; tsls euh"kh gsaa lanhkz 1- QfM+;k] MkW-ch-,y-] vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu] lkfgr; Hkou ifcyds'kul ] vkxjk volfkh] MkW- vejs'oj(,oa volfkh] MkW- jkedqekj( vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; lkekftd,oa jktuhfrd fparu] fjlpz ifcyds'kul ubz fnyyh 'kekz ] MkW- ohjsunz( vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktusfrd fopkj/kkjk,a] Jh ifcyf"kax gkml ubz fnyyh f}osnh] lat;( MkW- Jh dkar ] ehfm;k foe'kz okf"kzdkad vdvwcj ls fnlecj 2014 'kks/k /kkjk 34

45 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386, UGC No. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl vksj Hkkjr esa izxfr'khy lkalñfrd vkanksyu MkW0 fnus'k dqekj ik.ms; l0 izk0] bfrgkl] 'kkldh; enuyky 'kqdy egkfo ky;] lhir] NRRkhlx<+ Jherh 'osrk iam~;k l0 izk0] vaxzsth] 'kkldh; enuyky 'kqdy egkfo ky;] lhir] NRRkhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract HkfDr vkanksyu ds ckn Hkkjr esa lcls cm+k lkalñfrd vkanksyu izxfr'khy vkanksyu gh FkkA nksuksa ds chp yxhkx 500 o"kksza dk varj gs vksj nksuksa dh rqyuk djus ij ;g varj lkq utj vkrk gs fd chloha lnh esa vusd fo/kk,,slh Fkha] ftudk vflrro 500 o"kz igys Fkk gh ughaa mnkgj.k ds fy, fqye] fokkiu] eq'kk;jk ;k dfo leesyu] jsfm;ks lkj.k vkfn dks fy;k tk ldrk gsa lkj dh n f"v ls ns[ksa rks u HkfDr vkanksyu dh dksbz lhek Fkh vksj u gh izxfr'khy vkanksyu dha nksuksa gh ns'ko;kih vkanksyu Fks] ;g vyx ckr gs fd igyh volfkk esa Hkkjr,d lqfu/kkzfjr vksj lqifjhkkf"kr ns'k ugha Fkk] tcfd nwljh volfkk esa,slk gks pqdk FkkA igyh volfkk esa vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk, vflrro esa vk jgh Fkha] tcfd nwljh volfkk esa os u flqz otwn esa Fkha( cfyd muesa ls T;knkrj fodflr Hkh gks pqdh FkhaA HkfDr vkanksyu viuh reke O;kidrk vksj xfr'khyrk ds ckotwn,d vfkz esa lhfer Fkk( D;ksafd HkfDr lxq.k gks ;k fuxqz.k] HkDr vksj Hkxoku ds chp dk fj'rk FkkA xfr ds fy, ;g ugha dgk tk ldrka xfr ds {ks=k esa,d O;fDr dh xfr dk dksbz vfkz ;k egro ugha gksrk] xfr iwjs lekt dh gksrh gs vksj oxz la?k"kz mls :ikf;r vksj fu/kkzfjr djrk gsa HkfDr ftl rjg HkDr vksj Hkxoku ds laca/kksa dh O;k[;k djrk gs] mlh rjg xfr euq"; vksj euq";] vksj blds lkfk gh Ñfr vksj euq"; ds chp ds laca/kksa dh O;k[;k djrk gsa Figure : 00 References : 09 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vªh; psruk vksj izxfr'khy vkanksyu] lkalñfrd psruk vksj izxfr'khyrk [okc ejrs ugha@[okc fny gs u vk [ksa u lk ls fd tks jstk&jstk gq, rks fc[kj tk, xs@ftle dh eksr ls ;s Hkh ej tk, xs [okc ejrs ugha@[okc rks jks'kuh gsa uok gsa gok gsa tks dkys igkm+ksa ls :drs ugha tqye ds nkst[kksa ls Hkh Qq drs ugha jks'kuh vksj uok vksj gok ds vye edryksa esa igq pdj Hkh >qdrs ugha [okc rks gqz gsa [okc rks uwj gsa [okc lqdjkr gsa [okc ealwj gsa & vgen Qjkt & 'kks/k /kkjk 35

46 HkfDr vkanksyu ds ckn Hkkjr esa lcls cm+k lkalñfrd vkanksyu izxfr'khy vkanksyu gh FkkA nksuksa ds chp yxhkx 500 o"kksza dk varj gs vksj nksuksa dh rqyuk djus ij ;g varj lkq utj vkrk gs fd chloha lnh esa vusd fo/kk,,slh Fkh( ftudk vflrro 500 o"kz igys Fkk gh ughaa mnkgj.k ds fy, fqye] fokkiu] eq'kk;jk ;k dfo leesyu] jsfm;ks lkj.k vkfn dks fy;k tk ldrk gsa lkj dh n f"v ls ns[ksa rks u HkfDr vkanksyu dh dksbz lhek Fkh vksj u gh izxfr'khy vkanksyu dha nksuksa gh ns'ko;kih vkanksyu Fks] ;g vyx ckr gs fd igyh volfkk esa Hkkjr,d lqfu/kkzfjr vksj lqifjhkkf"kr ns'k ugha Fkk tcfd nwljh volfkk esa,slk gks pqdk FkkA igyh volfkk esa vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk, vflrro esa vk jgh Fkh( tcfd nwljh volfkk esa os u flqz otwn esa Fkha( cfyd muesa ls T;knkrj fodflr Hkh gks pqdh FkhaA HkfDr vkanksyu viuh reke O;kidrk vksj xfr'khyrk ds ckotwn,d vfkz esa lhfer Fkk D;ksafd HkfDr lxq.k gks ;k fuxqz.k] HkDr vksj Hkxoku ds chp dk fj'rk FkkA xfr ds fy, ;g ugha dgk tk ldrka xfr ds {ks=k esa,d O;fDr dh xfr dk dksbz vfkz ;k egro ugha gksrk] xfr iwjs lekt dh gksrh gs vksj oxz la?k"kz mls :ikf;r vksj fu/kkzfjr djrk gsa HkfDr ftl rjg HkDr vksj Hkxoku ds laca/kksa dh O;k[;k djrk gs] mlh rjg xfr euq"; vksj euq";] vksj blds lkfk gh Ñfr vksj euq"; ds chp ds laca/kksa dh O;k[;k djrk gsa dksbz,slh lkfgfr;d Hkk"kk u Fkh ftls xfr'khy vkanksyu us Hkkfor u fd;k gks] ;gk rd fd vf/kdka'k mihkk"kkvksa vksj cksfy;ksa ij Hkh bldk izpqj izhkko FkkA lalñfr vksj lkfgr; dh dksbz fo/kk,slh u Fkh ftlus blls Hkko xzg.k u fd;k gksa,slh dbz n '; vksj JO; fo/kk,a Fkha ftudk blds laidz esa vkus ij :ikarj gh gks x;k FkkA izxfr'khy ys[ku ds ihns fo'o ds v/kqukru vksj oskkfud n'kzu ekdlzokn dk lqn <+ vk/kkj Fkk( ftldh iszj.kk ls gtkjksa lalñfrdehz iwjs ns'k esa lfø; gks x;s Fks vksj u flqz vius l tu ls cfyd vius thou ls Hkh dyk&:iksa esa vk jgs ifjorzu dks lahko cuk jgs FksA buesa laxbud kkz Hkh Fks] fp=kdkj Hkh] nk'kzfud Hkh Fks] oskkfud Hkh] ewfrzdkj Hkh Fks] f'kyidkj Hkh] xk;d Hkh Fks] oknd Hkh] vfhkusrk Hkh Fks] ys[kd Hkh Fks] vkykspd Hkh] ukvddkj Hkh Fks] fqyedehz Hkh] v/;kid Hkh Fks] i=kdkj Hkh] fl)kardkj Hkh Fks vksj pkjd Hkh vksj os gtkjksa dh la[;k esa FksA vksj muesa gj,d dk ;ksxnku Fkk] fdlh dk de fdlh dk T;knk] fdlh dk lk/kkj.k] fdlh dk vlkèkkj.k lcdk ;g ;Fkk;ksX; va'knku feydj gh ml egku vkanksyu dks lkeus yk jgs Fks ftls ge izxfr'khy vkanksyu ds uke ls iqdkjrs gsaa izxfr'khy lkfgfr;d lkalñfrd vkanksyu dk bfrgkl ^^izxfr'khy ys[kd ds la?k ds laxbu laca/kh igyqvksa dh mis{kk djds ugha fy[kk tk ldrka bl ys[k esa ;g dksf'k'k gs fd izxfr'khy vkanksyu dks lgh,sfrgkfld lanhkz esa vksj izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k ds laxbu dh lapkyd Hkwfedk dks lqlac) ik'oz ij esa j[k dj ns[kk tk,a fons'kh nklrk vksj lkearh tq, ds uhps NViVkrh Hkkjr dh mrihfm+r turk lu~ 1930 ds ckn la?k"kz ds ftl nksj ls xqtj jgh Fkh] mlesa izxfr'khy cqf)thfo;ksa dk laxfbr gksuk LokHkkfod FkkA Lok/khurk vksj lkekftd Økafr dh ftu ekaxksa ds ncko esa lu~ lu~ 36 ls igys vusd dkj ds laxbuksa dh LFkkiuk dk flyflyk py jgk Fkk] lkalñfrd vksj cksf)d Lrj ij yxhkx mugha ekaxksa ds,sfrgkfld dk;zhkkj dh iwfrz ds fy, ^^izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k** dh LFkkiuk dh xbza ^^izxfr'khy 'kks/k /kkjk 36

47 ys[kd la?k** dh LFkkiuk ds igys l tukred lkfgr; dks ;fn /;ku ls ns[ksa rks irk pyrk gs fd lu~ 30 ds vklikl fdlku lel;k vksj Lok/khurk dk iz'u jpuk'khyrk ds dsuæ esa miflfkr gks x;k Fkk] ftls ml nksj ds lhkh egroiw.kz l tudehz ;FkkFkZ ds laiw.kz }a} ds lanhkz esa Lrqr djus dk iz;kl dj jgs FksA fgunh ds e/;eoxhz; ys[kd lglk fdlkuksa ds izfr bruk xgjk yxko D;ksa vuqhko djus yxs\ fdlkuksa ds fr ^^cksf)d lgkuqhkwfr** vfkok ^^Økafrdkjh,dkRedrk** dk ;g Hkko vpkud lqlaxr :i esa D;ksa O;Dr gksus yxk\ ftl rjg bu o fùk;ksa ds ewy dkj.k rkrdkyhu ifjflfkfr;ksa esa fufgr gs] mlh rjg ^^izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k** ds xbu dh Hkkouk Hkh mugha ifjflfkfr;ksa ds xhkz ls isnk gqbz FkhA,slk ugha gs fd lu~ 36 ds igys izxfr'khy laxbu ds fy;s dksf'k'ksa ugha gqbz] ml le; ds lkfgfr;d ifjos'k esa fufgr varfozjks/k dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, fnudj us Bhd gh dgk gs fd iqjkus vksj u;s Ldwy ds izfrfuf/k;ksa ds chp dk la?k"kz 1928 esa eq[kj :i ys pqdk FkkA 1929 esa,dk,d lkfgr; leesyu ds pquko esa u;h ih<+h ds izfrfuf/k;ksa dh fot; gksrh gsa x.ks'k 'kadj fo kfkhz v/;{k vksj jkeo {k csuhiqjh pkj ea=kh pqus tkrs gsa vksj blh o"kz dkaxzsl ds vè;{k in ij ia- tokgj yky usg: dk pquko gksrk gsa lkfgr; vksj jktuhfr nksuksa {ks=kksa ls iqjkru iafkh yksx gvk;s tkrs gsaa fujkyk bl ifjorzu dk mrlkg ls Lokxr djrs gsaa iqjkrufù;rk] iqu:rfkkuokn,oa fgunw :f<+okn ij izgkj djrs usg: us fy[kk&^^vktdy fgunh esa tks fdy"v vksj vyadkfjd Hkk"kk blrseky dh tkrh gs mlesa dfbu] cukovh vksj iqjkuh 'ksyh ds lalñr 'kcnksa dh Hkjekj jgrh gsa ;g FkksM+s ls yksxksa ds dke esa vkus okyh njckjh 'ksyh vc NksM+ nsuh pkfg;s vksj fgunh ys[kdksa dks ;g dksf'k'k djuh pkfg;s fd os fgunqlrku dh vke turk ds fy, fy[ksa vksj,slh Hkk"kk esa fy[ksa ftls yksx le> ldsaa vke turk ds lalxz ls Hkk"kk esa u;k thou vksj vlyh lppkiu vk tk,xka blh lanhkz esa izxfr'khy lkfgfr;d lkfgfr;d vkanksyu olrqr% fczfv'k lkezkt;okn ds fo:) la?k"kz] ys[kdksa ds tuoknh vf/kdkjksa ds neu dk frjks/k vksj vfhko;fdr dh vktknh] fgunw iqu:rfkkuokn ds ctk; tuoknh jk"vªh;rk] fganh lkezkt;okn dh vkdka{kk ds fo:) lhkh Hkkjrh;ksa Hkk"kkvksa vksj cksfy;ksa dh vktknh] fganh ys[kdksa ds laxbu ds ctk; vf[ky Hkkjrh; lozhkk"kk Lrj ij lhkh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dh ikjlifjdrk dk okgd cuka blds fy;s u dsoy izsepan cfyd ml vofèk ds reke izcq) usrk] cqf)thoh] i=kdkj vksj ys[kd tw> jgs FksA ;gk,d?kvuk dk myys[k djuk lehphu gksxka 22&23 Qjojh 1936 dks iszepan tc iwf.kz;k lkfgr; leesyu ls yksvs rks viuh Mk;jh esa bdcky dh tuoknh psruk ls Hkjh,d dfork uksv dj yk;s vksj lkfgr; ds lkekftd nkf;ro ij,dne u;s fljs ls fopkj fd;ka ^^dfork esa tkx fr isnk djus dh 'kfdr ugha gs rks og cstku gsa vki gkyk cka/ksa ;k ra=kh ds rkj ;k cqycqy vksj dql] mlesa thou dks rm+ikus okyh 'kfdr gksuh pkfg;sa izsfedkvksa ds lkfk csbdj vk lw cgkus dk ;g tekuk ugha gsa ml O;kikj esa geus dbz lfn;ka [kks nhaa fojg dk jksuk jksrs&jksrs ge dgha ds ugha jgsa vc gesa,sls dfo pkfg;s tks gtjrs bdcky dh rjg gekjh ejh gqbz gfm~m;ksa esa tku Mky 'kks/k /kkjk 37

48 nsa ^^mbks] esjh nqfu;k ds xjhcksa dks txk mejk ds njks&nhokj fgyk nksa xjekvksa xqykeksa dk ygw lksts ;dh dqaft'd Qjksek;k dks 'kkgh ls ym+k nksa lqyrkfu, tegwj dk vkrk gs ud'ks dksgu rqedks utj vk;s fevk nksa tuoknh jktlùkk dk tekuk vk jgk gs] lc dqn iqjkru dks fevk nks] bl vkg~oku dks js[kkafdr djuk ml le; cm+h ckr FkhA izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k cukus ds mn~ns';ksa ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, lttkn tghj viuh jks'kukbz uke iqlrd esa fy[krs gsa & ^^tc geus izxfr'khy lkfgr; vkanksyu dh vksj ix mbk;k rks dqn ckrsa fo'ks"k :i ls gekjs leeq[k FkhaA igyh rks ;g fd izxfr'khy lkfgr; vkanksyu dk :[k ns'k dh turk vksj etnwjksa] fdlkuksa vksj e/;e oxz dh vksj gksuk pkfg;sa mudksa ywvus okyksa vksj mu ij vr;kpkj djus okyksa dks?kksj fojks/k djuk] viuh lkfgfr;d jpukvksa ls turk esa psruk xfr] fø;k'khyrk vksj,drk mriuu djuk vksj mu reke vo'ks"kksa vksj o fùk;ksa dk fojks/k djuk tks tm+rk] izfrfø;k] fu:rlkg mriuu djrh gs] gekjk eq[; dùkzo; BgjkA blh ls fqj nwljh ckr fudyrh gs vksj og ;g fd ;g lc dqn rhkh lahko Fkk tc ge psru :i ls ns'k ds Lok/khurk la?k"kz vksj ns'k dh turk dh viuh flfkfr dks lq/kkjus ds vkanksyu esa Hkkx ysaa flqz nwj ls rek'kkbz u gksa cfyd lkef;z Hkj viuh ;ksx;rk ds vuqlkj Lora=krk lsuk ds flikgh cusaa bldk ;g vfkz ugha fd ys[kd jktuhfrd dk;zdùkkz gh cusa ysfdu bldk ;g vfkz vo'; Fkk fd os jktuhfr ls vyx vksj mnklhu Hkh ugha gks ldrsa izxfr'khy ys[kd ds eu esa tkuo tkfr ls Lusg vksj xgjh lgkuqhkwfr t:jh gsa fcuk ekuork isze] Lora=krk dh bpnk vksj tura=kokn ds] izxfr'khy ys[kd gksuk lahko ugha gsa bl dkj.k ge [kqyye [kqyyk vksj tku&cw>dj vkanksyu dk laca/k ns'k dh Lok/khurk vksj tura=koknh vkanksyu ds lkfk tksm+uk pkgrs FksA ge pkgrs Fks fd izxfr'khy cqf)thoh etnwj] fdlkuksa] nfjæ vksj ihfm+r turk ls feysa( muds jktuhfrd vksj lkekftd thou dk vax cusaa muds tyls vksj tqywlksa esa vksj mugsa vius tqywlksa vksj dkuýsalksa esa cqyk;saa blhfy;s ge vius laxbu esa bl ckr ij vf/kd tksj nsuk pkgrs Fks fd cqf)thfo;ksa ds fy;s lkfgr; jpuk ds lkfk&lkfk tuthou ds lkfk vf/kd ls vf/kd laidz LFkkfir djuk vko';d gs cfyd fcuk blds u;s lkfgr; dh jpuk gks gh ugha ldrha blfy, ge pkgrs Fks fd gekjs la?k dh 'kk[kk;sa,dkar fiz; fo}kuksa dh Vksfy;ka u gksa] cfyd muesa gjdr Hkh gksa lkfgfr;d xksf"b;ksa esa nwljs yksx Hkh vk;saa ys[kdksa dh jpukvksa esa [kqyh cglsa gksaa ys[kd vksj dfo lk/kkj.k yksxksa ls feyrs&tqyrs jgsaa muesa?kqys jgsa] muls lh[ksa vksj mugsa fl[kk;saa etsnkj ckr ;g gs fd izxfr'khy lkfgr; vkanksyu vksj laxbu dksùkjahk esa pykus okys Lo;a lkfgr;dkj ugha FksA galjkt jgcj us mu yksxksa ds ukeksa vksj dk;ksza dk myys[k fd;k gs&¼1½ MkWv'kjQ] tks vyhx<+ eqflye ;wfuoflzvh esa bfrgkl ds izksqslj Fks] ¼2½ MkW- egewn tqj] ve rlj ds,d dkwyst esa okbl fizafliy Fks] vksj mudh iruh MkW- j'khnk tgk ¼3½ izksqslj ghjsu eq[kthz tks vkwdlqksmz ls csfjlvjh dh fmxzh ysdj vk, Fks vksj dydùkk esa csfjlvjh dj jgs Fks] ¼4½ MkW- ;qlqq gqlsu [kka] ftugksaus HkfDr vksj lwqh /kez vkanksyu ij isfjl ls MkWDVjsV dh mikf/k izkir dh FkhA vksj 'kks/k /kkjk 38

49 ¼5½ gbh flag] ftudk ckn esa ia- usg: dh cgu Ñ".kk ls fookg gqvk vksj tks vkwdlqksmz ls f'k{kk izkir dj Hkkjr yksvs FksA blds vfrfjdr bykgkckn esa izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k pykus ds fy, tks lg;ksxh feys] muesa vgen vyh] fqjkd xksj[kiqjh] MkWDVj ls ;n,tkt gqlsu] izks-,grs'kke gqlsu] odkj vthe] lqfe=kkuanu iar] f'konku flag pksgku vksj ujsuæ myys[kuh; gsaa bl vkys[k esa NBs vf[ky Hkkjrh; xfr'khy ys[kd la?k leesyu] fnyyh 1953 ds fy;s rs;kj fd;s x;s Mªk V esa MkW- jkefoykl 'kekz ds fopkjksa dks mn~/k r djuk vko';d gs&^^ek=k lkfgr; ugha] izxfr'khy lkfgr; D;ksa gksuk pkfg;s vksj ek=k ys[kd la?k dh txg izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k D;ksa gksuk pkfg;s\ izxfr'khy lkfgr; blfy, fd bldk mn~ns'; turk dh lsok djuk gs u fd lkezkt;oknh] lkearh vksj i wthoknh vkrrkbz;ksa dha,slk fizfø;koknh lkfgr; miyc/k gs] ftlus turk dh txg] turk ij tqye djus okyksa dk Hkyk gksrk gsa dqn lkfgr;dkj ekurs gsa fd lkfgr; ls lhkh dk leku :i ls Hkyk gksrk gs vksj blfy;s bl rjg dk fohkktu lkfgr; ds fu;eksa ds f[kykq gsa tcfd gekjk vuqhko gesa fl[kkrk gs\ D;k dchj vksj rqylh us gh mlh Loj esa fy[kk ftlesa nwljs njckjh dfo fy[k jgs FksA D;k jfouæukfk VSxksj mugha LokFkZ&fgrksa esa fy[k jgs Fks] ftuds fy;s :M;kMZ fdifyax fy[k jgs Fks\ D;k vks; mlh LokFkZ&fgr esa fy[k jgs gsa] ftlesa Ñ".k panj fy[k jgs gsa\ tks yksx ;g ekurs gsaa fd yksdrkaf=kd vksj lkezkt;okn rfkk lkearokn ds fgr esa fy[kk x;k lkfgr; fhkuu ugha gs os lkfgr; esa fopkjksa dh egrrk dks udkjrs gsaa os yksx dsoy lkfgr; ds vkoj.k ls larq"v gsa vksj dyk dks dyk ds fy, ekurs gsaa mudk lkfgr; ds mn~ns'; ls dksbz ysuk&nsuk ugha gsa,slk :>ku u rks lkfgr; ds ijaijk ds vuq:i gksrk gs vksj u gh mlls gekjh turk dk Hkyk gksrk gsa izxfr'khy lkfgr; ml nwljs lkfgr; ls] tks lkearh jktdqekjksa vksj lkezkt;&okfn;ksa ds fgr esa lsokjr~ gs] ls fhkuu gs] ;g >wbh ns'khkfdr dk lkfgr; turk dks /kks[kk nsrk gs] ls vyx gsa Hkkjr dh [kkst esa ia- usg: us Hkkjr esa tks baxys.m dh ppkz djrs gsa],d 'ksdlfi;j vksj feyvu dk baxys.m tks vius lkfgr;] Hkk"k.kksa vksj cgknqjh ds fy;s tkuk tkrk gs( tks jktuhfr] Økafr] fokku rfkk rduhfd ds fy;s la?k"kz djrk gs rfkk,d oks baxys.m tks ltk nsus ds rjhds bztkn djrk gs vksj lkearoknh] izfrfø;koknh crkzo esa fufgr Øwjrk ds fy;s tkuk tkrk gsa Bhd osls gh gekjs ns'k esa Hkh jk"vªh; pfj=k ds nks igyw gsa],d rjq cyyfkksy vksj egkdfo Jh dk] lqunj yky vksj xq:cd'k flag dk] Ñ'u panj vksj ekfud csuthz dk Hkkjr tks vius lkfgr;] Hkk"k.kksa vksj cgknqjh ds fy, tkuk tkrk gs( tks jktuhfrd Økafr vksj Lok/khurk la?k"kz ds fy, tkuk tkrk gs] ogha,d nwljk Hkkjr gs] tks lkearokn vksj izfrfø;kokn esa fufgr ltk;sa nsrk gs] tsy Hkjrk gs vksj xksyh&ckjh djrk gsa izxfr'khy lkfgr; igys okys jk"vªh; pfj=k vksj lh;rk dks izfrfcafcr djrk gsa lanhkz %& 1- volfkh] js[kk( izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k dh jk"vªh; vfuok;zrk ys[k tuoknh ys[kd la?k dh dsuæh; if=kdk ^^u;k ifk** tuojh&twu la;qdrkad 2012] i 'kks/k /kkjk 39

50 2- volfkh] js[kk( ogh] i fnudj] MkW- jke/kkjh flag( fhkùkh dh vksj mn~;kpy izdk'ku] ivuk 1946] i fujkyk] lw;zdkar f=kikbh( if=kdk lq/kk] fnlacj usg:] ia- tokgj yky( esjh dgkuh] X;kjgoka laldj.k] llrk lkfgr; eamy] ubz fnyyh 1965] i -635&36-6- izsepan] dye dk flikgh] i jgcj] galjkt( izxfrokn % iquewzy;kadu] izfke laldj.k] 1966] i "B 26&27- ¼lTtkn tghj dh mnwz iqlrd jks'kukbz ls mn~/k r½ 8- jgcj] galjkt( ogh] i "B 'kekz] MkW- jkefoykl( vizdkf'kr nlrkost&jk"vªh; lalñfr % izxfr'khy vkanksyu] lkhkkj] okxfkz] vad 268] uoacj 2017] i "B 90- 'kks/k /kkjk 40

51 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386, UGC No. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª % psruk vksj izñfr MkW0 Qqylks jkts'k ivsy 'kkldh; LukrdksRrj f'koukfk fokku egkfo ky;] jktukanxkao] NRRkhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract Hkwfe] ty] vfxu] ok;q vksj vkdk'k vius ewy LoHkko esa 'kq) gsa vksj lelr izkf.k;ksa ds fy, 'kqf)dkjd gsa dfo;ksa ds ik=k] izñfr ds bu miknkuksa ds lq[k lksun;z ls nq[kh ugha gksrs cfyd nwljksa ds nq[k dks nwj djus esa budh 'kfdr vksj lksun;z dk foosdkiw.kz mi;ksx djrs gsaa dfo dk dko; ewyr% izñfr dko; ugha gsa os izñfr dks ekuoh; laosnukvksa ds ifjizs{; esa gh fpf=kr djrs gsaa ekuo dh vhkkoxzlr thou&ihm+k] ruko] fonzksg] volkn] la?k"kz vkfn dks dfo;ksa us izñfr ds ek/;e ls vius dko; esa vfhko;fdr nh gsa mudh jpukvksa dk dsunzh; rro jk"vªh; psruk Fkk],d,slh psruk tks ekuo ds g n; esa laosnuk vksj tkx:drk dh Hkkouk dks tkx r dj nsa Figure : 00 References : 03 Table : 00 Key Words : psruk vksj jk"vªh;rk] jk"vª vksj izd fr&psruk ÞpsrukÞ 'kcn Hkkjrh; n'kzu ls lalñr vksj fgunh esa fy;k x;k gsa vusd lkfgr;dkjksa rfkk nk'kzfudksa dk er gs fd& Þpsruk dk lecu/k izk.kh txr ds lokszpp :i] ekuo dh vkurfjd 'kfdrþ fpr~ ;k fpr ls gsa psruk ls ckg~; txr dk Kku izkir gksrk gsa vr% euq"; ds thou dk fodkl blh psruk dk izek.k gsa ekuo ds thou lekt] jk"vª] okrkoj.k vkfn dk Kku blh psruk dh fø;kvksa ls gksrk gsa ekuo eflr"d esa ÞpsrukÞ og xq.k gs] ftlds }kjk og vius vklikl?kfvr gksus okyh lhkh?kvukvksa dk cks/k izkir dj ldrk gsa psruk ds fy, u dsoy eflr"d] vfirq inkfkz vfkok olrqvksa dk gksuk Hkh vko';d gsa izñfr dk ekuo vksj lkfgr; ls xgjk laca/k gsa dko; tho] txr] vksj czeg ds,dkre cksèk vksj jkxkred laca/k dks vfhko;fdr nsrk gsa Hkwfe] ty] vfxu] ok;q vksj vkdk'k vius ewy LoHkko esa 'kq) gs vksj lelr izkf.k;ksa ds fy, 'kqf)dkjd gsa ysfdu tc euq"; viuh thou j{kk ds fy, budk mi;ksx u dj fo"k; oklukvksa dh iwfrz ds fy, djus yxrk gs rks mudh 'kq)rk nwf"kr gks tkrh gsa lkeku;r% ekuk tkrk gs fd ftu ikap rroksa ls 'kjhj cuk gs] os ewyr% 'kq) gsa Hkwfe lnk ls ifo=k ekuh tkrh jgh gsa /kjrh gekjh ek gs vksj lelr ekuo mldh larku gsa dfo;ksa us Hkwfe ds bl Lo:i dh HkkofoHkksj gksdj oanuk&lrouk dh gs vksj og mlds lksun;z ij eqx/k Hkh gs & ÞuhykEcj ifj/kku gfjr iv ij lqunj gsa lw;z&punz ;qx eqdqv es[kyk jrukdj gsaaþ lkfgr; vksj lekt vksj jk"vª dk vfofnuu laca/k gksrk gsa dfo dh iqdkj lnso jk"vª dh iqdkj gksrh gsa og jk"vª ds Hkkoksa dks viuh ok.kh esa Hkjdj mn~cks/ku djrk gsa olrqr% lkfgr;dkj Økafrl"Vk gksrk gsa jk"vª ij ;fn fonsf'k;ksa dk 'kklu gks rks og ikbdksa ds eu esa fonzksg dh Hkkouk mriuu dj jk"vª dks Lora=k djkuk pkgrk gsa jk"vª dks Lora=krk fnykus ds fy, og R;kx ds fy, rrij 'kks/k /kkjk 41

52 jgrk gsa vkt jk"vªh;rk detksj im+rh tk jgh gs( ftlds dkj.k fj'or[kksjh] dkepksjh] i Fkdrkokn] udlyokn] Økafrokn] lkeiznkf;drk tslh lel;k, mriuu gks jgh gasa ftl izdkj 'kjhj esa jksx izfrdkj {kerk detksj gks tkrh gs rks 'kjhj jksxxzlr gks tkrk gsa mlh izdkj ns'k dh jk"vªh;rk detksj im+us ls jk"vª LoLFk ugha jg ldrk gsa jk"vª dks 'kfdr'kkyh vksj fodflr cukuk gs rks izñfr dks vfèkd iz[kj cukuk gksxka gesa jk"vª esa izñfr ds xksjoe; izlax dks vk/kkj cukdj jk"vªh;rk psruk dks m}sfyr djuk gksxka fxfjtkdqekj ekfkqj us izñfr dks fofo/k :iksa esa ns[kk gsa mlds lksun;z dks ljkgk gs] fofhkuu izdkj ds fø;kdykiksa esa yhu izñfr dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds fp=k vafdr fd;s gsa u;s&u;s izkñfrd n ';ksa dh vo/kkj.kk dh gs vksj izñfr ds izfr viuk vuqjkx O;Dr fd;k gsa muds dko; esa Lons'kkuqjkx cm+h lthork,oa LokHkkfodrk ds lkfk O;Dr gqvk gsa mugksaus izñfr ds ek/;e ls jk"vªh; psruk dh Hkkouk dks turk ds ân; esa m}sfyr fd;k gsa muds Lons'kkuqjkxiw.kZ jk"vªh; Hkkouk Þ<kd ouhþ dfork esa vf/kd rhozrk ds lkfk eq[kfjr gqbz gs& Þvkbuksa ls xk o gksrs]?kj u jgrs /kwy dwm+k]te u ikrk ftunxh ij ;qxksa dk bfrgkl&?kwjk] e R;q&lk lqulku cudj tks cusyk izsr fqjrk][kkn cu thou Qly dh yksd eaxy :i?kvrk] jax fev~vh dk cnyrk uhj dk lc iky /kqyrk] gjs gksrs ihr Ålj LoLFk gks tkrh euqtrkaaþ dfo us izñfr dks vk/kkj ekudj Lons'kkuqjkxe;h jk"vªh; Hkkouk dks mu egkiq:"kksa ds fp=k.k esa fn[kk;k gs] tks jk"vª dh vkrek gsaa ftuds iz;klksa ls jk"vª dk flj Å pk gqvk vksj jk"vª dh vurjkrek esa jes gq, gsa&tsls egkrek cq) ds izfr J)k,oa fu"bk dks O;Dr djrh gqbz Þcq)Þ uked dfork ea fy[kk gs& ÞQSy xbz Fkh fev~vh ds vurj gh ckgsa] lr; vksj lqunjrk ds vfojy la?kksa ls] L;ke] czeg] tkiku] phu] xa/kkj] ey; rda nh?kz fons'kksa ds v'kksd lkezkt;ksa Åij Þ dfo us jk"vª esa O;kIr vkffkzd] vlekurk,oa fo"kerk ds izfr vkøks'k] {kkshk,oa?k.kk gh O;Dr ugha dh cfyd bl vlekurk dks fevkus ds fy, jdre;h Økafr dk vkokkgu Hkh fd;ka gs bu fo"kerkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, la?k"kz dh izsj.kk nh rfkk bl Hk;adj os"ke; dks gvkus ds fy, vfxu/kez dks ekuus ds fy, izsfjr fd;ka mugksaus izñfr ds ek/;e ls fo"kerk ds vu/kdkj dks fevkdj lekurk dk vkyksd izkir djus ds fy, vkokt mbk;h & Þdfo,d ckj fqj xk nks],d ckj bl vu/kdj esa fqj vkyksd fn[kk nksaþ fu"d"kzr% dgk tk ldrk gs fd Hkwfe] ty] vfxu] ok;q vksj vkdk'k vius ewy LoHkko esa 'kq) gsa vksj lelr izkf.k;ksa ds fy, 'kqf)dkjd gsa dfo;ksa ds ik=k] izñfr ds bu miknkuksa ds lq[k lksun;z ls nq[kh ugha gksrs cfyd nwljksa ds nq[k dks nwj djus esa budh 'kfdr vksj lksun;z dk foosdkiw.kz mi;ksx djrs gsaa dfo dk dko; ewyr% izñfr dko; ugha gsa os izñfr dks ekuoh; laosnukvksa ds ifjizs{; esa gh fpf=kr djrs gsaa ekuo dh vhkkoxzlr thou&ihm+k] ruko] fonzksg] volkn] la?k"kz vkfn dks dfo;ksa us izñfr ds ek/;e ls vius dko; esa vfhko;fdr nh gsa mudh jpukvksa dk dsunzh; rro jk"vªh; psruk Fkk],d,slh psruk tks ekuo ds g n; esa laosnuk vksj tkx:drk dh Hkkouk dks tkx r dj nsa 'kks/k /kkjk 42

53 lunhkz 1- cuus] MkW-iafMr( vk/kqfud fgunh lkfgr; fofo/k ifjn '; 2- prqosznh] izks-jkelo:i( vks; vksj vk/kqfud jpuk dh lel;k & 3- ikfvy] MkW-gseyrk ';ke( fgunh lkfgr; esa e/;dkyhu rfkk vk/kqfud dfo;ksa dk ;ksxnkua 'kks/k /kkjk 43

54 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª ds fodkl esa /kez vksj lalñfr dk fparu MkW0 js[kk nqcs lgk0 izk0] fgunh] MkW- lh-ch- jeu fo'ofo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract fgunw /kez esa xq: ijaijk] nsoksikluk] {ks=kh; lqfo/kk vkfn dh n f"v ls vusd er vksj laiznk;ksa dh l f"v gksrh jgh ijarq os vius ewy Lkzksr ls tqm+s jgsa 'kso] os".ko] 'kkdr] jkekuqt] oyyhk laiznk; vkfn xq: ijeijk ls tqm+s er gsaa le; ij jktkj; ds dkj.k fookn dh flfkfr Hkh mriuu gqbz] fdurq fpardksa es bldk lek/kku dj leuo;dkjh jpuk djds bl fookn dk var dj fn;ka Hkwfe ij clus okyk tu vksj tu dh lalñfr] bu rhuksa ds lfeeyu ls jk"vª dk Lo:i curk gsa Hkwfe dk fuekz.k nsoksa us fd;k gsa og vuar dky ls gs] mlds HkkSfrd :i&lksan;z vksj le f) ds Ikzfr lpsr gksuk gekjk ije drzo; gs Hkwfe ds ikffkzo Lo:i ds izfr ge ftrus tkx r gksaxs] mruh gh gekjh jk"vªh;rk cyorh gks ldsxha ;g i Foh lpps vfkksza esa lelr jk"vªh; fopkj&/kkjkvksa dh tuuh gsa i Foh dk lkaxksaikax v/;;u tkx:d jk"vª ds fy, cgqr gh vkuannk;d drzo; ekuk tkrk gsa jk"vª ds fy,&ekrk Hkwfe%] iq=kks vga i ffko;k%a Figure : 00 References : 05 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª vksj /kez] jk"vª,oa lalñfr] /kez vksj lalñfr dk varlzca/k fgunw /kez esa xq: ijaijk] nsoksikluk] {ks=kh; lqfo/kk vkfn dh n f"v ls vusd er vksj laiznk;ksa dh l f"v gksrh jgh] ijarq os vius ewy Lkzksr ls tqm+s jgsa 'kso] os".ko] 'kkdr] jkekuqt] oyyhk laiznk; vkfn xq: ijeijk ls tqm+s er gsaa le; ij jktkj; ds dkj.k fookn dh flfkfr Hkh mriuu gqbz fdurq fpardksa us bldk lek/kku dj leuo;dkjh jpuk djds bl fookn dk var dj fn;ka ^^Hkkjr Hkwfe ^fgunw* ;k Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa us fo'o ds ekuo /kez ds ukrs,d fopkj fparu izlrqr fd;ka ;g,d dky[k.m,d nks euhf"k;ksa }kjk ugha oju lsdm+ksa o"kksza vksj vusd euhf"k;ksa }kjk la'kksf/kr ifjofgr vksj lqijhf{kr gksdj ^fgunw /kez* uke ls vfhkfgr gqvka ;g fujarj fodkl'khy] LoLFk uohurk dk Lokxr djus okyk] dwie.mwdrk ls nwj] lr;kuos"k.k ds fy;s lnso izlrqr jgrk gsa blfy, ;gk u dksbz,d izorzd ;k lalfkkid] u dksbz fo'ks"k,d xaazfk ;k lans'k gsa O;fDr ds vuqhkoksa ij fo'okl j[kuk pkfg,a,slk vkxzg Hkh ugha gs] blds foijhr blesa gj euq"; dks bz'oj ds laca/ k esa miyc/k Kku vksj vuqhko ds vk/kkj ij lr;kuos"k.k djus dh Lora=krk gs vksj feyuh pkfg,],slk vkxzg Hkh jgrk gsa ^,d ln~ foizk cgq/kk onfur* bz'oj,d gs fdurq fo}ku yksx mls fofhkuu :iksa esa ns[krs vksj dgrs gsa ^gfj vuur gfj dfkk vuurka** vr% bz'oj ds dbz :i gsa vksj mudh efgek Hkh vuur gsaa lhkh dk xuro;,d gh gsa pkgs og fdlh Hkh er laiznk; ls lacaf/kr gks flqz ml rd igq pus dk ekxz lk/ku fhkuu gsa ;gh lgh le; gs] gesa vius bfrgkl dh iqlrdksa dk iquysz[ku djuk pkfg,a Hkwfe ij clus okyk tu vksj tu dh lalñfr] bu rhuksa ds lfeeyu ls jk"vª dk Lo:i curk 'kks/k /kkjk 44

55 gsa Hkwfe dk fuekz.k nsoksa us fd;k gsa og vuar dky ls gs] mlds HkkSfrd :i lksan;z vksj le f) ds Zizfr lpsr gksuk gekjk ije drzo; gsa Hkwfe ds ikffkzo Lo:i ds izfr ge ftrus tkx r gksaxs] mruh gh gekjh jk"vªh;rk cyorh gks ldsxh] ;g i Foh lpps vfkksza esa lelr jk"vªh; fopkj&/kkjkvksa dh tuuh gsa i Foh dk lkaxksaikax v/;;u tkx:d jk"vª ds fy, cgqr gh vkuannk;d drzo; ekuk tkrk gsa jk"vª ds fy, & ekrk Hkwfe% iq=kks vga i ffko;k%a ;g lw=k gh tu ds g n; esa jk"vªh;rk dh dqath gsa jk"vª ds vax ds :i esa /kjrh] euq";] èkez] lalñfr lc dk lekukurj ;ksxnku gs] bugha lexz Lo:i dk uke jk"vª gsa fcuk lalñfr ds tu dh dyiuk dca/k ek=k gsa lalñfr gh tu dk eflr"d gs] lalñfr ds fodkl vksj vh;qn; ds }kjk gh jk"vª dh o f) lahko gsa jk"vª ds lexz :i esa tu ds lkfk&lkfk tu dh lalñfr dk egroiw.kz LFkku gsa ;fn Hkwfe vksj viuh lalñfr ls fojfgr dj fn;s tk;sa rks jk"vª dk yksi le>uk pkfg;sa ^thou ds fovi dk iq"i gh lalñfr gsa* lalñfr ds lksan;z vksj lksjhk esa gh jk"vªh; tu ds thou dk lksan;z vksj ;'k varfuzfgr gsa iwoztksa us pfj=k vksj /kez] fokku] lkfgr;] dyk vksj lalñfr ds {ks=k esa tks dqn Hkh ijkøe fd;k gs] ml lkjs folrkj dks ge xksjo ds lkfk /kkj.k djrs gsa vksj mlds rst dks vius Hkkoh thou esa lk{kkr~ ns[kuk pkgrs gsaa ;gh jk"vª lao)zu dk LokHkkfod Lo:i gs ml jk"vª dk ge ueu dj Lokxr djrs gsa D;ksafd Hkkjrh; jk"vªh;rk lalñfr ls mriuu gqbz gsa lanhkz 1- 'kekz] MkW- 'kadj n;ky( gekjs fparu dh ewy /kkjk 2- Hkkj}kt] deys'k( Hkkjrh; lalñfr ds ewy vk/kkj 3- 'kekz] MkW- jes'kpaæ( lkef;d fuca/k 4- Jher Hkkxor~ xhrk 5- jkepfjr ekul 'kks/k /kkjk 45

56 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P O;fDrRo,oa jk"vª fuekz.k ij foosdkuun ds dkyt;h fopkj MkW0 vkyksd oekz xf.kr] 'kkldh; tequk izlkn oekz ¼LukrdksRrj½ egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ MkW0 eatw ik.ms; 'kkldh; egkfo ky;] dksrjh] eqaxsyh]nrrkhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract Lokehth ds vuqlkj ;qok fdlh Hkh ns'k dh lcls cgqewy; laifùk gksrk gsa mugksaus ;qokvksa dks vuar ÅtkZ dk lzksr crk;k gsa mugksaus dgk gs fd vxj ;qokvksa dh muur ÅtkZ dks lgh fn'kk çnku dj nh tk, rks jk"vª ds fodkl dks u, vk;ke fey ldrs gsaa Lokehth dgk djrs Fks fd ftlds thou esa è;s; ugh gs] ftlds thou dk dksbz y{; ugha gs] mldk thou O;FkZ gsa ysfdu gesa,d ckr dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd gekjs y{;,oa dk;ks± ds ihns 'kqhk mís'; gksuk pkfg,a Lokeh foosdkuanth us ;qok oxz dks pfj=k fuekz.k ds 5 lw=k fn,& vkrefoüokl] vkrefuhkzjrk] vkrekku] vkrela;e vksj vkrer;kxa mi;qä 5 rroksa ds vuq'khyu ls O;fä Lo;a ds O;fäRo rfkk ns'k vksj lekt dk iqu fuekz.k dj ldrk gsa ftlus fu'p; dj fy;k] mlds fy, dsoy djuk 'ks"k jg tkrk gsa Figure : 00 References : 02 Table : 00 Key Words : O;fDr,oa jk"vª fuekz.k] foosdkuan dh thou&n'kzu] foosdkuan dk ospkfjd n'kzu Lokeh foosdkuan,d O;fäRo ugha],d cqfu;kn gsaa,slh cqfu;kn ftl ij Hkkjr dk fojkv~ lkalñfrd egy [km+k gsa Lokeh foosdkuan us vè;kre] osfüod ewy;ksa] èkez] pfj=k fuekz.k] f'k{kk,oa lekt dks cgqr folr r,oa xgjs vk;keksa ls fo'ysf"kr fd;k gsa Hkkjr ds gh ugha] cfyd foüo ds ;qokvksa ds fy, muds fopkj çklafxd,oa vuqdj.kh; gsaa muds fopkj vkt ds fo[kafmr,oa ifkhkz"v lekt dks tksm+us ds fy, jkeck.k vks"kfèk gsaa Lokehth us f'k{kk dks lekt dh jh<+ ekuk gsa muds vuqlkj f'k{kk euq";rk dh laiw.kzrk dk çn'kzu gsa Lokehth us dgk gs fd tks f'k{kk euq"; esa vkrefuhkzjrk,oa vkrefoüokl u txk,] ml f'k{kk dk dksbz vksfpr; ugha gsa f'k{kk ls O;fäRo dk fuekz.k] thou thus dh fn'kk,oa pfj=k fuekz.k gksuk pkfg,a èkez dh O;k[;k djrs gq, Lokehth us dgk gs fd èkez ges'kk euq"; dks lf}pkj,oa vkrek ls tksm+rk gsa èkez og fopkj,oa vkpj.k gs] tks euq"; ds vanj dh i'kqrk dks balkfu;r esa vksj balkfu;r dks nsoro esa cnyus dh lkef;z j[krk gsa mugksaus lhkh èkeks± dk lkj lr; dks crk;k gs,oa mlds vkpj.k dh çsj.kk nh gsa Lokeh foosdkuan us ;qokvksa dks pfj=k fuekz.k dh vksj çsfjr djrs gq, dgk gs fd çr;sd euq"; tue ls gh nsoh; xq.kksa ls ifjiw.kz gksrk gsa ;s xq.k lr;] fu"bk] leiz.k] lkgl,oa foüokl ls tkxzr gksrs gsaa budks vius vkpj.k esa ykus ls O;fä egku,oa pfj=koku cu ldrk gsa euq"; dks egku cuus ds fy, lansg] bz";kz,oa }s"k NksM+uk gksxka 'kks/k /kkjk 46

57 L=kh foe'kz ij ppkz djrs gq, Lokehth us dgk gs fd vkrek dk dksbz fyax ugh gksrk gsa vr% L=kh,oa iq#"k dk fohksn çkñfrd ugha gs] ;s flqz 'kjhj dk fohksn gs] tks bzüoj }kjk eku; ugha gsa vr% lekt esa fl=k;ksa dks ogh leeku,oa LFkku feyuk pkfg,] tks iq#"k dk gsa gesa L=kh,oa iq#"k ds Hksn dks R;kxuk gksxk vksj çr;sd dks ekuo :i esa,dkre n f"v ls ns[kuk gksxka Lokehth ds vuqlkj tc rd foüo esa efgykvksa dh csgrjh ds fy, dke ugha gksxk rc rd foüo dk dy;k.k lahko ugh gsa Lokehth ds vuqlkj ;qok fdlh Hkh ns'k dh lcls cgqewy; laifùk gksrk gsa mugksaus ;qokvksa dks vuar ÅtkZ dk lzksr crk;k gsa mugksaus dgk gs fd vxj ;qokvksa dh muur ÅtkZ dks lgh fn'kk çnku dj nh tk, rks jk"vª ds fodkl dks u, vk;ke fey ldrs gsaa Lokehth dgk djrs Fks fd ftlds thou esa è;s; ugh gs] ftlds thou dk dksbz y{; ugha gs] mldk thou O;FkZ gsa ysfdu gesa,d ckr dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd gekjs y{;,oa dk;ks± ds ihns 'kqhk mís'; gksuk pkfg,a Lokeh foosdkuanth us ;qok oxz dks pfj=k fuekz.k ds 5 lw=k fn,&vkrefoüokl] vkrefuhkzjrk] vkrekku] vkrela;e vksj vkrer;kxa mi;qä 5 rroksa ds vuq'khyu ls O;fä Lo;a ds O;fäRo rfkk ns'k vksj lekt dk iqu fuekz.k dj ldrk gsa ftlus fu'p; dj fy;k] mlds fy, dsoy djuk 'ks"k jg tkrk gsa Lokeh foosdkuan us dgk Fkk fd thou esa,d gh y{; lkèkks vksj fnu&jkr ml y{; ds ckjs esa lkspks vksj fqj tqv tkvks ml y{; dh çkfir ds fy,a gesa fdlh Hkh ifjflfkfr esa vius y{; ls HkVduk ugha pkfg,a Lokeh foosdkuanth dgk djrs Fks fd vkn'kz dks idm+us ds fy, lglz ckj vkxs c<+ks vksj ;fn fqj Hkh vlqy gks tkvks rks,d ckj u;k ç;kl vo'; djksa bl vkèkkj ij lqyrk lgt gh fuf'pr gks tkrh gsa fgunw èkez dks Lokehth us jk"vªh;,oa varjjk"vªh; eap ij igpku nh gsa 19oha 'krkcnh ds var rd foüo Hkkjr ds ckjs esa cgqr de tkurk FkkA vaxzstksa,oa bzlkbz fe'kufj;ksa us Hkkjr ds ckjs esa dbz Hkzkafr;ka QSykb±] tsls fd Hkkjr vlh;,oa lisjksa dk ns'k gs] ;gka ij cqjkb;ksa dh Hkjekj gs] yksx taxyh,oa cqjh ijaijkvksa dks ekurs gsa vkfn&vkfna Lokehth us bu Hkzkafr;ksa dks nks Lrjksa ij nwj fd;ka çfke mugksaus Hkkjr esa cavs fgunw leqnk;ksa dks,d eap ij,df=kr dj fgunw èkez dk lkj le>k;k] ogha nwljh vksj if'peh ns'kksa dh ;k=kk dj Hkkjr ds ckjs esa tks Hkzkafr;ka QSyh Fkha] mugsa nwj fd;ka mugksaus Hkkjr ds oshko'kkyh lkalñfrd ijaijkvksa dh èot irkdk iwjs foüo esa QSykbZA Lokeh foosdkuan us xjhch dks Hkksxk FkkA vr% os tkurs Fks fd tc rd Hkkjr esa xjhch dk fuewzyu ugha gksxk] rc rd Hkkjr dk lkalñfrd vksj HkkSfrd fodkl lahko ugha gsa,d ckj os xjhch ls rax vkdj vius xq# Lokeh jkeñ".k ijegal ds ikl igqaps,oa xjhch ls futkr fnykus dh ckr dgha Lokeh jkeñ".k us muls dgk fd ^tk eka nf{k.ksüoj dkyh ls tkdj èku ekax ysa* Lokeh foosdkuan tc ewfrz ds le{k x, rks mudh lekfèk yx xbz,oa muds eqag ls flqz,d 'kks/k /kkjk 47

58 okd; fudyk&*eka eq>s Kku vksj osjkx; nks*a ;g çfø;k mugksaus 3 ckj nksgjkbz,oa rhuksa ckj muds eqag ls dsoy ogh okd; fudyk fd *eka eq>s Kku vksj osjkx; nks*a rc Lokeh jkeñ".k us mugsa le>;k fd mudk tue HkkSfrd lq[k&lqfoèkk Hkksxus ds fy, ugha gqvk gs] cfyd xjhcksa dks Åapk mbkus ds fy, gqvk gsa mudk ekuuk Fkk fd lfn;ksa ds 'kks"k.k ds dkj.k xjhc turk ekuo gksus rd dk vglkl [kks pqdh gsa os Lo;a dks tue ls gh xqyke le>rs gsaa blh dkj.k bl oxz esa foüokl,oa xksjo tkx r djus dh egrh vko';drk gsa mudk ;g n <+ foüokl Fkk fd detksj O;fä og gksrk gs] tks Lo;a dks detksj le>rk gs vksj blds foijhr tks O;fä Lo;a dks l'kä le>rk gs] og iwjs foüo ds fy, vts; gks tkrk gsa Lokeh foosdkuan dk çr;sd Hkkjrh; ds fy, lans'k Fkk& *tkxks] mbks vksj rc rd ç;ru djks tc rd fd y{; çkir u gksa* jk"vªh;,drk ds ckjs esa Lokeh foosdkuan us dgk gs fd Hkys gh Hkkjr esa Hkk"kk;h] tkfrokn,sfrgkfld,oa {ks=kh; fofoèkrk,a gsa] ysfdu bu fofoèkrkvksa dks Hkkjr dh lkalñfrd,drk,d lw=k esa fijks;s gq, gsa mugksaus Hkkjr ds fofhkuu fgllksa esa tkdj vius Hkk"k.kksa esa èkkfezd psruk dks txkus,oa nfyr] 'kksf"kr o efgykvksa dks f'kf{kr dj mugsa jk"vª fuekz.k esa ;ksxnku nsus dh ckr dgh gsa Lokeh foosdkuan,d lpps jk"vªhkä Fks vksj mugsa viuh jk"vªh;rk ij xoz Hkh FkkA Hkkjrh; lalñfr,oa Hkkjrh; èkez ds çfr mudk xoz,oa vknj f'kdkxks ds èkez laln esa muds }kjk fn, x, lahkk"k.k ls Kkr gksrk gs] tc mugksaus dgk Fkk fd *esa,d,sls èkez dk vuq;k;h gksus esa xoz dk vuqhko djrk g w ftlus lalkj dks lfg".kqrk rfkk lkozhkkse LohÑfr nksuksa dh f'k{kk nh gs---a eq>s,d,sls ns'k dk O;fä gksus dk vfhkeku gs] ftlus bl i Foh ds lelr èkeks± vksj ns'kksa ds mrihfm+rksa vksj 'kj.kkffkz;ksa dks vkj; fn;k gsa* vksj fqj bfrgkl esa tkrs gq, mugksaus dgk fd *eq>s vkidks ;g crykrs gq, xoz gksrk gs fd geus vius o{k esa ;gwfn;ksa ds fo'kq)re vfof'k"v vax dks LFkku fn;k] ftugksaus nf{k.k Hkkjr vkdj blh o"kz 'kj.k yh Fkh ftl o"kz mudk ifo=k eafnj jkseu tkfr ds vr;kpkj ls èkwy esa fey x;k FkkA,sls èkez dk vuq;k;h gksus esa esa xoz vuqhko djrk g w ftlus egku tjfkzq"v tkfr ds vof'k"v va'k dks 'kj.k nh vksj ftldk ikyu og vc rd dj jgk gsa* orzeku ih<+h ifjorzu ds nksj ls xqtj jgh gsa thou'ksyh] usfrd ewy;ksa,oa vkn'kks± esa cnyko vk jgk gsa vkt dh ;qok ih<+h fodkl,oa vkffkzd muu;u ds cks> rys bruh vfèkd ncxbz gs fd og vius ikjaifjd vkèkkjhkwr mpp vkn'kks± ls le>ksrk rd djus esa fgpd ugha jgh gsa vkt ds ;qokvksa ds ikl mùkjkfèkdkj ds :i esa Lokeh foosdkuan ds fopkjksa dh èkjksgj gs] ftlds vuqikyu ls og Hkkjr esa gh ugha] oju foüo esa lqyrk ds u, vk;ke LFkkfir dj ldrs gsaa tslk fd Lokeh foosdkuan us,d ckj vkºoku fd;k Fkk&*tkxks] mbks vksj eafty rd igqapus ls igys er #dks* vksj *ge lhkh,dtqv gksa vksj 'kq)rk] èks;z vksj n <+rk ds lkfk ns'k ds fy, dke djsaa* lanhkz 1- jksyk ] jkse;k( Lokeh foosdkuun dh thouh 2- izdk'k] vkre( foosdkuan dk thou lanhkz 'kks/k /kkjk 48

59 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P /kez fparu vksj jk"vª fodkl MkW0 rkj.kh'k xksre l0 izk0] fgunh] uohu 'kkldh; egkfo ky;] ikex<+] tkapxhj] pk ik] NRRkhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract jk"vª fodkl esa /kez vksj lalñfr dk fparu fdl izdkj lgk;d gs bls tkuus ds fy, lozizfke Hkkjrh; ifjis{; esa jk"vª dh vo/kkj.kk dks tkuuk vko';d gksxka Hkkjr dsoy HkkSxksfyd lhek rfkk jktusfrd n f"v ls jk"vª ugha gs vfirq bl /kjk ij fuokljr yksxksa us bls ^ek * dh eku;rk nsdj mldh vflerk vksj xksjo dh j{kk ds fy, ;qxksa&;qxksa ls ml ij viuk lozlo U;kSNkoj fd;k gs] ;gk rd fd izk.kksrlxz Hkh fd;k gsa ^^ekrk Hkwfe% iq=kks ga i ffko;k%a** vfkozosn ds bl lwdr esa Hkwfe dks ekrk,oa Lo;a dks mldk iq=k ekuus dk Hkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gsa ;gk Hkwfe 'kcn laiw.kz i Foh ds fy, gs vr,o Hkwfe dks ekrk ekudj,d iq=k dh rjg bldk laj{k.k,oa lao/kzu djus dk nkf;ro blds fuokfl;ksa dk gsa tc voèkkj.kk i Foh dks ekrk,oa Lo;a dks iq=k ekuus dh gs rks bl ij fuokljr lhkh tu vkil esa lgksnj gq, vksj blhfy, Hkkjr esa jk"vª dh vo/kkj.kk & ^*loztu fgrk;] loztu lq[kk;** ij dsfunzr gsa Figure : 00 References : 06 Table : 00 Key Words : /kez vksj jk"vª] jk"vª vksj lalñfr] jk"vªh; lalñfr vksj iqjk.k Hkkjr,d HkkSxksfyd Hkw&Hkkx dk uke ek=k ugha gsa Hkkjr ml ns'k dk uke gs tks vius esa,d fof'k"v vk/;kfred lalñfr dks latks;s gq, gsa Hkk$jr ¾ Hkkjr tgk ^Hkk* dk rkri;z ^izdk'k*,oa ^jr* dk rkri;z *layxu gksuk* ;k ^yhu gksuk* gsa vfkkzr~ Hkkjr,d,slk ns'k gs] tks lnso ls izdk'k ¼Kku½ esa jr~ ;k yhu jgk gsa vc tks Kku esa layxu jgsxk og nwljksa dks Hkh Kku gh ckavsxk] blfy, Hkkjr us cgqr igys gh ;g mn~?kks"k fd;k Fkk&**Å vlrks ek ln~xe;] relks ek T;ksfrxZe;] e R;ksekZ ve raxe;a** vfkkzr~ Hkkjr og gs tks vlr; ls lr; dh vksj va/kdkj ls Kku dh vksj rfkk e R;q ls vejro dh vksj c<+rk jgk gs vksj ;gh lans'k og fo'o dks nsrk jgk gsa ^^leqnzl;ksrrjs Hkkx] fgeknzs'pso nf{k.ksa o"ksz rn~ Hkkjra uke] Hkkjrh ;=k larfr%aa** HkkSxksfyd n f"v ls leqnz ds mrrj vksj fgeky; ds nf{k.k esa tks ns'k gs] mldk uke Hkkjr gs rfkk ;gk fuokl djus okyh larfr Hkkjrh dgykrh gsa Hkkjr esa v/;kre] /kez,oa lalñfr dk,slk fof'k"v leuo; gs fd bugsa i Fkd&i Fkd dj ns[kuk lahko ugha gsa ;s rhuksa vkil esa,d lw=k esa caèks gq, gsa vksj bldk ifj.kke gs vk/;kfred vksj HkkSfrd thou dk larqyua thou ds pkj iq:"kkfkz gsa& /kez] vfkz] dke vksj eks{ka ;gk /kez vksj eks{k vk/;kfred rfkk vfkz,oa dke HkkSfrd thou ds iq:"kkfkz gsaa v/;kre dk vfkz gs vkreizk gksuka jk"vª fodkl esa /kez vksj lalñfr dk fparu fdl izdkj lgk;d gs] bls tkuus ds fy, lozizfke Hkkjrh; ifjis{; esa jk"vª dh vo/kkj.kk dks tkuuk vko';d gksxka Hkkjr dsoy HkkSxksfyd lhek rfkk jktusfrd n f"v ls jk"vª ugha gs] vfirq bl /kjk ij fuokljr yksxksa us bls ^ek * dh eku;rk 'kks/k /kkjk 49

60 nsdj mldh vflerk vksj xksjo dh j{kk ds fy, ;qxksa&;qxksa ls ml ij viuk lozlo U;kSNkoj fd;k gs] ;gk rd fd izk.kksrlxz Hkh fd;k gsa ^^ekrk Hkwfe% iq=kks ga i ffko;k%a** vfkozosn ds bl lwdr esa Hkwfe dks ekrk,oa Lo;a dks mldk iq=k ekuus dk Hkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gsa ;gk Hkwfe 'kcn laiw.kz i Foh ds fy, gs vr,o Hkwfe dks ekrk ekudj,d iq=k dh rjg bldk laj{k.k,oa lao/kzu djus dk nkf;ro blds fuokfl;ksa dk gsa tc vo/kkj.kk i Foh dks ekrk,oa Lo;a dks iq=k ekuus dh gs rks bl ij fuokljr lhkh tu vkil esa lgksnj gq, vksj blhfy, Hkkjr esa jk"vª dh vo/kkj.kk&^*loztu fgrk;] loztu lq[kk;** ij dsfunzr gsa ;gk laiw.kz /kjk dks vk/kkj ekudj fo'o dks ifjokj ekuk x;k gs rhkh rks dgk x;k gs & ^*v;a fut% ijksosfrr x.kukbfry?kqpsrlke~a mnkjpfjrkukarq olq/kso dqvqecde~aa* Lokeh foosdkuan us blh jk"vªh; psruk dks tkx r djus ds rfkk jk"vª ij ru] eu] /ku viz.k djus dh izsj.kk nsrs gq, ^*jk"vª nsoks Hko%* dk ea=k fn;k gsa bl ea=k ls izsj.kk ikdj lokzreuk,dtqv gks jk"vª dh j{kk ds fy, 'k=kq dk eqdkcyk djus lu) gq,a gekjh jk"vªh; Hkkouk fo'o ekuo leqnk; ds dy;k.k dh jgh gsa ;gk jk"vª ds izfr Hkkouk dks fueu lqhkkf"kr ds ek/;e ls vkrelkr fd;k tk ldrk gs & ^*vfi Lo.kZe;h yadk u esa y{e.k jksprsa tuuh tuehkwfe'p LoxkZnfi xjh;lhaa** tue Hkwfe ds izfr ;g izse jk"vª ds izfr izse dk lokszrñ"v mnkgj.k gsa ^/kez* Hkkjr dh vkrek gsa izr;sd jk"vª dk dksbz u dksbz dsunzh; rro gksrk gs] ftlds pkjksa vksj ml jk"vª dh lh;rk] lalñfr] jktuhfr] lektuhfr] vfkzuhfr] ewy; vkfn lapkfyr gksrs gsaa èkez Hkkjr jk"vª dh vk/;kfred f'kyk gs] ftl ij bldk lkfgr; laxhr] dyk] n'kzu] lekt] mikluk rfkk vkpkj&fopkj fvdk gqvk gsa thou ds izr;sd {ks=k esa bldh lrrk ns[kus dks feyrh gsa /kez Hkkjrh; tu ekul ds jx&jx esa lek;k gqvk gsa [kku&iku] jgu&lgu] iwtk&izkfkzuk]?kj&ifjokj] mbus& csbus ;gk rd dh dgkuh lquus&lqukus ;k ;w dgsa fd thou ds izr;sd dk;z esa /kez dh miflfkfr fn[kkbz im+rh gsa ^osn* fo'o ds izkphure xzafk gsaa osnksa dks lelr /kez dk ewy dgk x;k gs&**osnks f[kyksèkezewyl;**a Hkkjrh; eqfu;ksa us osnksa dks viks:"ks; dgk gsaa osn 'kk'or lr; gsaa ;g fdlh O;fDr dh Ñfr ugha vfirq Hkxoku dh jpuk gsa osn dk vfkz gs ^Kku*A vfkkzr~ /kez vkfn iq:"kkfkz ftlls Kkr gksrs gsa os osn gsaa Hkkjrh; lalñfr osn /kkfjr gksus ds dkj.k bls ^lukru* dgk tkrk gsa blhfy, ;gk dk / kez ^lukru /kez* dgykrk gsa blh lukru /kez dks orzeku esa ^fgunw /kez* dgk tkrk gsa fgunw /kez dk ewy gs&^^vkreu% izfrdwykfu ijs'kka lekpjsra** vfkkzr tks Lo;a dks vpnk u yxs ge mls nwljksa ds lkfk Hkh u djsaa usfrdrk dk ;gh ewy ea=k fgunw /kez dk gsa /kez D;k gs\ bls tkuus dh bpnk vkt loz=k fn[kkbz im+rh gs] ysfdu bldk lgh vfkz /;ku esa ysrs gsa,slk ns[kus esa ugha vkrka izk;% /kez dks vaxzsth 'kcn *fjfytu* ls tksm+dj ns[kk tkrk gs vksj ogha ls bldk O;kid Lo:i ladqfpr,oa ladh.kz fn[kkbz im+us yxrk gsa Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; esa /kez dk vuqokn ^fjfytu* ;k ^etgc* djuk mfpr ugha gsa ;g laiw.kz /kez ugha /kez dk NksVk fgllk ek=k gsa 'kks/k /kkjk 50

61 rc iz'u mbrk gs vkf[kj /kez D;k gs\ Hkxor~ xhrk esa dgk x;k gs & ^^;nk ;nk fg /kezl; XykfuHkZofr HkkjrA vh;qrfkkue~ /kezl; rnkrekua l tke;geaa ifj=kkk.kk; lk/kwuka fouk'kk; p nq"ñrke~a /kezlalfkkiukfkkz; lehkokfe ;qxs ;qxsaa** 1 vfkkzr tc&tc /kez dh gkfu gksrh gs vksj v/kez dk izhkko c<+rk tkrk gs] rc&rc /kez dh lalfkkiuk ds fy, esa gj ;qx esa tue ysrk gw A blh izdkj leuo; dh fojkv ps"vk djus okys xkslokeh rqylhnkl th us Hkh ^jkepfjr ekul* esa dgk gs& ^^tc&tc gksbz /kje ds gkuha ck<+fga vlqj&v/ke vfhkekuhaa djfga vuhfr tkbz ufga cjuha lhnfga foiz /ksuq lqj /kjuhaa rc&rc izhkq /kj fofo/k 'kjhjka gjfga Ñikfuf/k lttu ihjkaa** 2 vfkkzr~ tc&tc /kez dh gkfu gksxh vksj v/kez] vfhkeku] vuhfr c<+rh tk,xh] rc&rc foiz tu ds d"vksa dks nwj djus ds fy, izhkq fofo/k 'kjhj /kkj.k dj /kjk ij vorfjr gksaxsa yksd O;ogkj esa ge,sls vusd lkekfld 'kcn iz;ksx esa ykrs gsa] ftuds lkfk /kez tqm+k gqvk gsa tsls&jkt/kez] L=kh/keZ] iq=kèkez] O;fDr/keZ] tkfr/kez] lekt/kez] xzke/kez] ns'k/kez] jk"vª/kez] fo'o/kez] O;kij /kez] odhy/kez] osn~;èkez] v/;kid/kez] Nk=k/keZ] Jelsok/keZ vkfna bu 'kcnksa dk vuqokn djsa rks jkt/kez dgk rks iztk dh vis{kk gs] iq=k/kez dgk rks og ekrk&firk dh vis{kk gs] L=kh/keZ dgk rks og iq:"k dh vis{kk gs vkfna blh izdkj ge ekxz esa pyrs le; fofhkuu LFkkuksa ij fy[kk ikrs gsa&/kez'kkyk] /kezdk Vk] èkezvlirky vkfna gesa ;g fofnr gs fd budk vfkz Øe'k%fjfytu Ldwy] etgc dks rksysus okyk dk Vk rfkk etgc ds bykt dk LFkku dnkfi ugha gksrk gsa rc ge iqu% ogha vkdj [km+s gks tkrs gsa] vkf[kj /kez D;k gs\ blfy, /kez ds lgh vfkz dks tkuus ds fy, gesa /kez 'kcn ds ewy vfkz dh vksj tkuk pkfg,a /kez 'kcn dk ewy gs lalñr dk ^/k * /kkrqa ftldk vfkz gs&/kjuk] /kkj.k djuk] xzg.k djuk] LFkkfir djuk] idm+uk] idm+dj lahkkyuk] lkfk esa j[kuk] cka/kdj j[kuk] tksm+ ds j[kuk vkfna vfkkzr~ /kez euq"; ds fy, vksj euq"; esa gh jgrk gs] D;ksafd og ekuo dks tksm+dj j[krk gsa /kez dk Hkkjrh; thou esa lokszifj egro gsa euq"; ds tue ls ysdj e R;q rd loz=k /kez dk gh 'kklu jgk gsa blhfy, Hkkjrh; lalñfr,oa lekt esa /kez dh mikluk >ydrh gsa /kez gh euq"; dks la;eh] lkglh] /khj] ohj] ftrsfunz; vksj drzo; ijk;.k cukrk gsa og /kez gh gs tks n;k] vfgalk] {kek] ijnq[kdkrjrk] lsok vksj czegp;z dk ikb fl[kkrk gsa euqle fr es a /kez ds nl y{k.k crk, x, gs a& ^^/k fr% {kek neks Lrs;a 'kkspfeunz;fuxzg%a /khfoz/kk lr;eøks/kks n'kda /kez y{k.ke~aa** 3 vfkkzr /k fr] {kek] eu dk fuxzg] vlrs;] 'kksp] bfunz; fuxzg] fuezy cqf)] fo k lr; vksj vøks/k gsaa euq"; vksj i'kq esa buesa dbz ckrsa leku gsa( tsls vkgkj] funzk] Hk;] esfkqu vkfn ysfdu og èkez gh gs tks buesa vkil esa fohksn djrk gsa pkjksa iq:"kkfkksaz esa /kez dks izfke LFkku fn;k x;k gsa ^^/keksz /kkj;rs iztk%**] vfkkzr~ /kez og gs ftls /kkj.k fd;k tkrk gsa ^^/keksz j{kfr j{kr%**] vfkkzr~ /kez dh j{kk ls gh lcdh j{kk gksrh gsa rqylh nkl us jkepfjrekul esa fofo/k izlaxksa esa /kez dh fofo/k O;k[;k dh gs] ftlesa ijfgr ds leku dksbz vu; /kez ugha gs* dks Hkh izfrikfnr fd;k gsa mugksaus dgk Hkh gs & 'kks/k /kkjk 51

62 ^^ijfgr lfjl /kje ufga HkkbZA ij ihm+k le ufga vf/kekbzaa ijfgr cl ftuds eu ekgha fruds tx nqyzhk dnq ukghaa** 4 Hkxor~ iqjk.k esa /kez laca/kh tks :id dfkk vkrh gs og vr;ur izcks/kd gsa dfkk esa ik=kksa ds uke Lo;a /kez ds ifjpk;d gsaa os lkjh xq.k ksrd lakk,a gsaa ;gk rd fd dfkk esa tks izlax fn, x, gsa os Hkh izrhdkred gsaa tjk lk fopkj vurjkfkz ;k rkri;z dks vklkuh ls voxr djk tkrk gsa l f"v drkz czegk th ds nkfgus Lru ls mriuu iq=k gs&/keza ftugsa ;{k iztkifr us du;knku ds :i eaaaaaas viuh rsjg iqf=k;k nku esa ns nhaa os lc /kez dh lg/kekzpkjf.k;k cu xbza muds uke Fks&J)k] es=kh] n;k] 'kkafr] rqf"v] iqf"v] fø;k] muufr] cqf)] es/kk] frfr{kk] g h vksj ewfrza /kez vksj buds ;qfr ls dqy pksng larkus gqbza /kez&j)k ;qfr ls 'kqhk] /kez&es=kh ;qfr ls izlkn] /kez&n;k ;qfr ls vhk;] èkez&'kkafr ;qfr ls lq[k /kez&rqf"v ;qfr ls eqn ¼g"kZ½] /kez&iqf"v ;qfr ls Le; ¼vfHkeku½] /kez fø;k ;qfr ls ;ksx] /kez&muufr ;qfr ls niz] /kez&cqf) ;qfr ls vfkz] /kez&es/kk ;qfr ls Le fr] /kez&frfr{kk ;qfr ls {kse] /kez&g h ¼yTtk½ ;qfr ls izj; vksj /kez&ewfrz ;qxy ls uj&ukjk;.kksa dk mn; gqvka bl dfkk dk lans'k gs fd /kez ls fookfgr xq.k ekuo lewg ds fy, dy;k.kdkjh gs] tks euq"; dks izñfr ls lalñfr dh fn'kk esa muu;u djus okys gsaa ;gk ij Hkkjr jru MkW- Hkxoku nkl ds dfku dks lkj :i esa m)r djuk pkgsaxs fd&^^/kez og gs tks fdlh olrq dks /kkj.k djrk gsa mlds Lo:i dks cuk;s j[krk gsa mlds LokHkkfod xq.kksa vksj ps"vkvksa dks f'kffky gksus ls jksdrk gs vksj iz/kkur% ml olrq ds vflrro dks flfkj j[krk gsa èkez txr ds vusd va'kksa dks dk;z&dkj.k Hkko ls cka/kus okyk txr lapkyd fulxz&fu;e gs vfkok txr &O;oLFkk gsa /kez euq"; ds Hkko&Hkoukvksa ds ikfkzd; ds ifj.kke Lo:i izknqhkwzr fofo/k Ñfr&ÑR;ksa rfkk vf/kdkj&drzo;ksa dks ikjlifjdrk ls x wfkdj lekt dks lahkkyus okyk fof/k&fo/kku gsa** Hkkjr Hkys gh /kez fuisz{k jkt; gks ysfdu fofhkuu /keksza dk ;gk lkdkj lk{kkrdkj fd;k tk ldrk gsa ;gk dh tula[;k esa,d cm+k Hkkx fgunqvksa dk gs tks ;gk ds ewy fuoklh gsaa fgunqvksa ds dezdk.m] ;K] iwtk&vpzukfn esa dezdk.mdrkz] ;KdrkZ ;k ;kfkd] iwtk&vpzukfn drkz ;teku Lo;a ek=k ds lq[k dh dyiuk ugha djrk oju og lelr fo'o ds dy;k.k vksj lq[k dh dkeuk djrk gsa rhkh rks og?kks"k.kk djrk gs& /kez dh t; gks] v/kez dk uk'k gks] izkf.k;ksa esa ln~hkkouk gks] fo'o dk dy;k.k gksa,slh fojkv ps"vk j[kus okyk ;kfkd okrkoj.k dh 'kq)rk vksj oulifr;ksa ls ysdj pj&vpj dh eaxy dkeuk rfkk lao/kzu dk iz;ru djrk gsa jk"vª mlds fy, lokszifj gksrk gs D;ksafd og ^olq/kso dqvqecde~* dh ps"vk djrk gs vksj fo'o dks tc,d ifjokj :i esa ns[krk gs rc og vius ifjokj dk vfgr dsls fopkj dj ldrk gsa /kez euq"; dks ln~hkkouk ds ekxz ij ys tkrk gsa og euq"; ds fopkjksa dk 'kks/ku&ifjektzu djrk gsa bldh izfrewfrz ge Hkkjr dh lkalñfrd fojklr esa ^vusdrk esa,drk&hkkjr dh fo'ks"krk* ds :i esa ns[krs gsaa ;gha fo'ks"krk iwoz esa Hkkjr dks fo'o xq: ds pje f'k[kj ij csbkrh jgh gs vksj vkus okyk le; iqu% Hkkjr dh vksj fugkj jgk gs] D;ksafd Hkkjrh; lalñfr fdlh ds vf/kdkjksa dks neu djuk mldh Lora=krk dk guu djuk ugha fl[kkrha ;gk rks mn~?kks"k fd;k tkrk gs&^loz /kez lehkko gekjk] ukjk gs fuekz.ka ge Hkkjr dh larkua* og 'kks/k /kkjk 52

63 fnu nwj ugha tc Hkkjr vius blh fparu ekxz ij pydj iqu% fo'o xq: ds :i esa lq'kksfhkr gksxka varr% ;g dguk lehphu gksxk fd Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; esa /kez iaphkwrksa ls fufezr bl 'kjhj esa vkrek dh Hkk fr gsa tc rd 'kjhj esa vkrek gs] 'kjhj xfreku jgrk gsa /kez ds vkpj.k ls izkjc/k dk dks"k ifjiw.kz jgrk gs vksj vkrek izkjc/k ds Qy dk Hkksx djrh gsa /kez&v/kez ds vk/kkj ij iqutzue dh dyiuk dh xbz gsa laldkj ;qdr dez /kkfezd ¼iq.;½ vksj lalkj foghu dez ¼iki½ dks?kksf"kr djrh gsa /kez Hkkjrh; tu&thou esa laldkj ds :i esa lnso tuekul dk 'kks/ku djrh jgrh gsa Hkkjr esa /kez ds vurxzr fofhkuu iafk] laiznk; vius Lora=k vflrro esa fn[kkbz im+rs gsa] ysfdu bu lcdks,d lw=k esa fijksrs gq, lahkkyus okyk /kez gh gsa blhfy, dgk tkrk gs&^/kkj;fr bfr /kez%a tks lcdks tksm+us okyk gs og /kez gsa tks lcdk fodkl pkgrk gs og /kez gsa ^^ekrk Hkwfe% iq=kks ga i ffko;k%** dh?kks"k.kk,oa ikyu djus okys Hkkjrh; /kez dh vafre ifj.kfr gs& ^losz HkoUrq lqf[ku% losz lurq fujke;%a losz Hknzkf.k i';urq ek df'pr~ nq%[k HkkxHkosr~A** **lcls Å ph fot; irkdk] fy, fgeky; [km+k jgsxka ekuork dk ekufcanq ;g] Hkkjr lcls cm+k jgsxkaa** 6 var esa viuh ftl ifo=k Hkwfe ds mrfkku ds fy, ge lc lrr~ iz;ru'khy gsa mldk ge lc mn~?kks"k djrs gsa fd&*hkkjr ekrk dh t;a* lanhkz 1- Jhen~ Hkxon~xhrk] 7] 8&4] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj 2- nkl] rqylh( jkepfjr ekul] ckydk.m] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj 3- euqle fr 6&92] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj 4- nkl] rqylh( jkepfjr ekul 5- gfj] Jhjaxk( /kez dh vo/kkj.kk] Jh Hkkjrh izdk'ku] ukxiqj 6- izsj.kk ds Loj&Kku xaxk izdk'ku] ch&19] U;w dkyksuh] t;iqj 'kks/k /kkjk 53

64 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl esa /kez vksj lalñfr dk fparu MkW0,-,y- /kzqoa'kh l0izk0]jktuhfr fokku fohkkx] 'kkldh; uohu fof/k egkfo ky;] HkkVkikjk] cyksnk cktkj] NRRkhlx<+ MkW0 lqjs'k ef.k f=k ikbh lgk;d izk/;kid] fof/k] 'kkldh; uohu fof/k egkfo ky;] HkkVkikjk] cyksnk cktkj]nrrkhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract lalñfr dh O;qRifRr lalñr 'kcn ls gqbz gs] ftldk vfkz ifj"ñr gksrk gsa vfkkzr~ iw.kzr % mn~ns'; dks izkir djuka nwljh O;k[;k ds vuqlkj lalñfr 'kcn laldkj ls cuk gsa laldkj dk vfkz 'kqf) dh fø;k ls gsa 'kqf) dk vfhkizk; ;gka ifo=krk ls u gksdj lekftdrk ls gsa vfkkzr~ O;fDr dks,d lkekftd izk.kh cukus es ftrus Hkh rrokssa dk ;ksxnku gs] mu lhkh rroksa dh O;oLFkk dk uke gh lalñfr gsa eka ds mnj ls mriuu f'k'kq,d tsfod izk.kh gksrk gs] ;g lalñfr gh gs tks ml tsfodh; izk.kh dks lkekftd izk.kh ds :Ik es ifjofrzr djrh gs lalñfr dk fuekz.k la;ksx ls ugha gksrk vksj u gh,d O;fDr ds O;fDrxr iz;kl ls gh lahko gs] ;g lkewfgd o cksf)d fodkl dk ifj.kke gsaaaa lalñfr oklrok esa xq.kksa dk,d=khdj.k gs] ftugsa euq"; xgu v/;;u] fparu] euu] iz;ru,oa Je ls izkir djrk gs lalñfr foosds cqf) }kjk thou dks Hkyh izdkj tku ysus dk uke gsa O;fDr ds O;fDrROk fodkl esa lalñfr dk egroiw.kz LFkku gsa lalñfr ekuoh; lekt dh vknrks O;ogkjksa o vuqhkoksa dk laxzg gsa lalñfr dk laca/k lekt ls gksrk gs]lalñfr dk laca/k gekjh vkrek ls gsa ftl izdkj 'kcn lsa vfkz dks vfkz ls 'kcn dks 'kjhj ls izk.k dks vksj izk.k ls 'kjhj dks i Fkd ugh fd;k tk ldrk mlh izdkj ge jk"vª dks /kez vksj lalñfr ls i Fkd ugh dj ldrs ;fn gekjk /kez muur gs] lalñfr le )'kkyh gs rks gekjk jk"vª Hkh muur gksxk vksj ;fn /kez o lalñfr dk vhkko gs] rks jk"vª dk thfor jguk Hkh nqyhkz gs] /kez o lalñfr ds fcuk futhzo jk"vª fpjlfkk;h ugha jg ldrk gsa jk"vªh; fodkl ds fy, lhkh /kekzoyfec;ksa esa lân;rk o leuo;rk dh vko'drk gsa Figure : 00 References : 07 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª fodkl esa /kkfezd&fparu] jk"vª fodkl esa lkalñfrd fparu] jk"vª vksj /kez izr;sd jk"vª dh viuh,d ewy izñfr gksrh gs vksj Hkkjr dh ewy izñfr lfg".kqrk iz/kku o leuo;kred gs ]blhfy, bldk mn~ns'; gs losz HkoUrq lqf[ku%a blh Hkko dks ysdj Hkkjr esa thou ewy;ksa dks fodflr fd;k x;ka fo'o ds lhkh /kez Hkkjr es fo eku gsa ^olq/kso dqvqecde~* Hkkjr dk gh fparu gsa ekuo ds vurfuzfgr psruk dk Lej.k gh /kez gs vksj folej.k v/keza /kez ekuo ân; dh,d mpp] mnkrr] iquhr vksj ifo=k Hkkouk gsa /kez,d fof'k"v xq.k gs],d,slh thoar xq.korrk ftlesa lekfgr gks] lr; ds lkfk gksus dh {kerk] izekf.kdrk] lgtrk] LokHkkfodrk] izse ls Hkjs ân; dh èkm+dus vksj lexz vflrro ds lkfk es=kh iw.kz y; c)rka blfy, dgrs gsa /kkj;fr bfr /kez% ftls èkkj.k fd;k tk lds ogh /kez gs vksj gekjk lcls cm+k /kez ekuo /kez gsa /kez og lk/kuk gs] ftlls 'kks/k /kkjk 54

65 Ik'kqRo ls euq"; rd vkrek ls ijekrek rd iq:"k ls iq:"kksrre rd balku ls Hkxoku rd dh ;k=kk lk/kd lgt gh dj ysrk gsa /kez bz'oj rd igq pus dk ekxz gs] blls gh vkrecks/k o vkre tkxj.k dk Kku gksrk gsa varl dk Hkko gh /kez dk fupksm+ gs( ;gh /kez dh vkrek gsa egkhkkjr esa ;{k tc ;qf/kf"bj ls udqy dks D;ksa thfor djkuk pkgrs gks iwnrs gsa rc ;qfèkf"bj mrrj nsrs gas %& /kez,oa grks gfur /keksz j{kfr jf{kr %] RkLek)eZs u R;tkfe ek uks /keksz grksmo/khr~aa ;fn /kez dk uk'k fd;k tk, rks og u"v gqvk /kez drkz dks Hkh u"v dj nsrk gs vksj vxj mldh j{kk dh tk, rks ogh drkz dh Hkh j{kk dj ysr gs] blh ls es /kez dk R;kx ugha djrk fd dgh u"v gksdj og /kez esjk gh uk'k u dj nsa lokzspp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ds ihb ij tks egkdko; Lo.kkZ{kjksa esa vafdr gs og egkdko; gsa] /kekszz j{kfr jf{kr% ;gh Hkkjrh; U;k; dk mn~?kks"k gs blh es fnik gqvk gs Hkkjrh; lalñfr dk lelr jgl; vxj O;fDr es ekuq"k Hkko vksj vuq"kalrk dk Hkko ugks rks,slk O;fDr lekt ij cks> cu tkrk gs mls lekt dk 'kks"kd dgk tk ldrk gs mles vklqjh fopkj/kkjkvksa dh iz/kkurk gks tkrh gs og ladh.kzrk] LokFkZ] ijrk] eksg vksj vk'kfdr ls Hkjk gksrk gs bl o frr dks v/kez dk uke fn;k x;k gsa lalñfr dh O;qRifRr lalñr 'kcn ls gqbz gsa ftldk vfkz ifjlñr gksrk gs vfkkzr~ iw.kzr % mnns'; dks izkir djuk nwljh O;k[;k ds vuqlkj lalñfr 'kcn laldkj ls cuk gs laldkj dk vfkz 'kqf) dh fø;k ls gsa 'kqf) dk vfhkizk; ;gka ifo=krk ls u gksdj lkekftdrk ls gsa vfkkzr~ O;fDr dks,d lkekftd izka.kh cukus esa ftrus Hkh rrokssa dk ;ksxnku gs] mu lhkh rroksa dh O;oLFkk dk uke gh lalñfr gsa eka ds mnj ls mriuu f'k'kq,d tsfod izk.kh gksrk gsa ;g lalñfr gh gs] tks ml tsfodh; izka.kh dks lkekftd izka.kh ds :Ik esa ifjofrzr djrh gsa lalñfr dk fuekz.k la;ksx ls ugha gksrk vksj u gh,d O;fDr ds O;fDrxr iz;kl ls gh lahko gsa ;g lkewfgd,oa cksf)d fodkl dk ifj.kke gsa lalñfr oklrok esa xq.kksa dk,d=khdj.k gs( ftugsa euq"; xgu v/;;u] fparu] euu] iz;ru o Je ls izkir djrk gsa lalñfr foosd cqf) }kjk thou dks Hkyh izdkj tku ysus dk uke gsa O;fDr ds O;fDrROk fodkl esa lalñfr dk egroiw.kz LFkku gsa lalñfr ekuoh; lekt dh vknrksa&o;ogkjksa,oa vuqhkoksa dk laxzg gsa lalñfr dk laca/k lekt ls gksrk gsa lalñfr dk laca/k gekjh vkrek ls gsa ftl izdkj 'kcn ls vfkz dks vfkz ls 'kcn dks 'kjhj ls izk.k dks vksj izk.k ls 'kjhj dks i Fkd ugha fd;k tk ldrk] mlh izdkj ge jk"vª dks /kez vksj lalñfr ls i Fkd ugha dj ldrsa ;fn gekjk /kez muur gs] lalñfr le f)'kkyh gs rks gekjk jk"vª Hkh muur gksxk vksj ;fn /kez o lalñfr dk vhkko gs] rks jk"vª dk thfor jguk Hkh nqyhkz gs] /kez o lalñfr ds fcuk futhzo jk"vª fpjlfkk;h ugha jg ldrk gsa jk"vªh; fodkl ds fy, lhkh /kekzoyfec;ksa esa lân;rk o leuo;rk dh vko';drk gsa /kez,d ve re; thoar rro gs] lrr~ izokg gs] ftldk y{; gs] izk.kh ek=k dk dy;k.ka èkez,d xq.k gs leiznk; ughaa i Foh ij 300 leiznk; gsaa nqfu;k esa lcls T;knk vkcknh bzlkbz;ksa dh gsa fo'o vkcknh esa mudh fgllsnkjh 31-5 izfr"kr vksj vkcknh yxhkx 2-2 vjc gsa blyke nqfu;k dk nwljk lcls cm+k leiznk; gs] ftls ekuus okyksa dh vkcknh 1-6 vjc ekuh tkrh gsa fo'o vkcknh esa 'kks/k /kkjk 55

66 yxhkx vjc gsa ukflrd ftugsa fdlh leiznk; o /kez esa fo'okl ugha mudh vkcknh izfr"kr gsa la[;k ds fglkc ls ;s vkadm+k 1-1 vjc ds yxhkx gsaa fgunw 1 vjc vkcknh ds lkfk nqfu;k esa rhljk cm+k laiznk; gs] iwjh nqfu;k esa yxhkx 15 izfr'kr fgunw gsa] dqy vkcknh fo'o ds 1-1 izfr'kr gsaa phuh ikjaifjd /kez dks ekuus okyksa dh la[;k 39-4 djksm+ gs vksj nqfu;k dh vkcknh esa mudh fgllsnkjh 5-5 izfr'kr gsa cks) /kez dks nqfu;k esa 37-6 djksm+ yksx ekurs gsaa ;kuh nqfu;k esa 5-25 izfr'kr yksx cks) /kez ds vuq;k;h gsaa tsu /kez ds vuq;kf;;ksa dh la[;k yxhkx 42 yk[k gs vksj fld[k /kez ds ekuus okyksa dh la[;k yxhkx 3 djksm+ gsa Hkkjr,d,slk ns'k gs] tgk /kkfezd fofo/krk vksj /kkfezd lfg".kqrk dks dkuwu rfkk lekt nksuksa }kjk eku;rk iznku dh xbz gsa /kez nks izdkj dk gsa] igyk Jo.k /kez vksj nwljk osfnd /keza ekuo tkfr ds HkkX; fuekz.k esa ftruh 'kfdr;ksa us ;ksxnku fn;k gs] vksj ns jgs gsa( mu lhkh esa /kez ds :i esa izdv gksus okyh 'kfdr ls vf/kd egroiw.kz dksbz ugha gsa lhkh lkekftd laxbuksa ds ewy esa dgha&u &dgha ;gh vn~hkqr 'kfdr dke djrh jgh gsa /kez ds nks fl)kar ij yksx lger gsaa,d /kez dk vkrekewyd fl)kar vksj nwljk vlhe dh /kkj.kk dk fodkl ewyd fl)kara vkrekewyd fl)kar ds vuqlkj iwoztksa dh iwtk ls gh /kkfezd Hkkouk dk fodkl gqvka fodkl ewyd ds vuqlkj izkñfrd 'kfdr;ksa dks os;fdrd Lo:i nsus ls /kez dk izkjehk gqvka euq"; vius fnoaxr lecaf/k;ksa dh Le fr ltho j[kuk pkgrk gs vksj lksprk gs fd ; fi muds 'kjhj u"v gks pqds gsa fqj Hkh os thfor gsaa blh fo'okl ij og muds fy, [kk inkfkz j[krk rfkk mudh iwtk djrk gsa euq"; dh blh Hkkouk ls /kez dk fodkl gqvka /kez dk oklrfod vfkz gs% varl dk :ikarj.k varl ds dyq"k dk fouk'ka erhksnksa dk var vksj lexzrk esa thuk rfkk lef"v dks igpkuuk vxj varl dk :ikarj.k ugha gqvk] varl ugha cnyk] varl esa iwokzxzg T;ksa&ds&R;ksa cus jgs] Hksn dh lrrk cuh jgh rks ckgj dk vkpj.k dsoy ik[kam gksxk vksj /kez ls dqn Hkh laca/k ugha gksxka Hkkjrh; euh"kh ckj&ckj ;g?kks"k.kk djrs gsa fd tgk HksnHkko gs] vga Hkko gs] jkx vksj }s"k gs] vklfdr gs] LokFkZ o eksg gs] ogka /kez ds gksus dk dksbz iz'u gh ugha mbrka lhkh laiznk; fdlh&u&fdlh :i ls Hksn gh fl[kkrs gsa] lhkh laiznk; fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa ekuo lekt dks ckavrs gh gsaa tc ekuo lekt c Vsxk rks fqj?k.kk vksj fo}s"k c<s+xka?k.kk o fo}s"k dh psruk vfkok lkaiznkf;d psruk esa jgdj dksbz Hkh O;fDr /kez ls /kkfezdrk ls laiuu gks gh ugha ldrka vkaf'kd /kkfezdrk rks ik[k.m gs] mlls vgadkj c<s+xka vkt ekuo dks ftl :i esa /kez ds ckjs esa crk;k tk jgk gs ml :i esa /kez ds }kjk /kkfezdrk dk fuekz.k gks gh ugha ldrka xq: ds uke ij vkt ik[k.m iy jgk gs] LokFkZ o vgadkj iksf"kr gks jgk gsa /kez ds Bsdsnkj ekuork dks ytk jgs gsa],sls esa Hkyk /kez dk mn~ns'; iw.kz fdlls gksxk\ lalñfr dh lfjrk lgl=k o"kksaz ls vfojy xfr ls izokfgr gksrh jgh gsa lelr ekuoksa us feydj bls vkrelkr~ dj vksj vf/kd laiuu xfr'khy vksj thou nkf;uh cuk;k gsa ftl O;fDr esa laldkj ugha gs] og,d taxyh tkuoj dh rjg gs] ftls bl nqfu;k esa NksM fn;k x;k gsa lae f) dh nksm+ esa lalñfr foghu thou laosnughu lekt dks tue nsrk gsa fodkl ds vanj ls izk.k,oa 'kks/k /kkjk 56

67 ÅtkZ nsus okyh tm+ gh xk;c gs rks Hkyk tm+ ghu fodkl dh ;g pdk pksa/k dc rd cuh jgsxh\ bl fodkl esa gekjh ijaijk dh lksa/kh lh egd gksuh pkfg,] lalñfr dh fno;rk gksuh pkfg,] ewy;ksa dh xfjek gksuh pkfg,] rhkh 'kgj,oa xk o esa lkeatl; c<+sxk] jk"vª etcwt vksj le ) gks ldsxka gekjk thou uhjl ugha ljl gks] e r izk; ugha thoar gks] blds fuoklh [kq'kgky,oa laosnu'khy gksaa gekjh ijaijk] gekjk vkn'kz] gekjh /kjksgj lalñfr gh rks gsa lalñfr l tukredrk dh /kkjk gsa lh;rk] lalñfr vksj /kez thou ds vk/kkj LrEHk gsaa lalñfr ubz lksp] laldkj] mrlkg] lei.kz ekuo esa jk"vª HkfDr dh Hkkouk Hkjrk gs] y{e.k js[kk [khprk gs] vksj lqyrk dh jkg fn[kkrk gsa laldkj f'k{kk dk izeq[k vk/kkj gks] rhkh lalñfr dk fuekz.k gksxka euq"; dsoy HkkSfrd izk.kh ugha] bz'ojh; va'k gs] ve r iq=k gsa laxfbr gksdj gh lalñfr dh j{kk dh tk ldrh gs] xzke] lekt o jk"vª dks cpk;k tk ldrk gs] Hkkjr dh [kksbz gqbz izfr"bk okil ykbz tk ldrh gsa lalñfr ls gh Hkkjr dks iqu% txr~ xq: ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gsa lalñfr gh jk"vª dk ekxzn'kzu djrh gsa izxfr ifk ij lrr~ pyus dk uke gh lalñfr gsa HkkSfrd ds lkfk usfrd le f) Hkh vko';d gs] ekuo dh ekufld muufr mldh iz'kaluh; vkpj.k i)fr] fo k ls fohkwf"kr rfkk ln~xq.kksa ls ef.mr ekuo lqlalñr ekuk tkrk gsa mpp dksfv dk vkn'kz okn vksj Js"B thou i)fr lalñfr ds ksrd ekus x;s gsaa /kez fl)kar vksj fo'okl ls dgha vf/kd vkpj.k esa clrk gsa lekt] LokfHkeku vksj jk"vª dh j{kk ds fy, vkifrr dky esa ym+uk gh /kez gsa] gekjk lexz thou /kez gs vksj /kez dks gh thou cuk ysuk pkfg,a vkt dk ekuo /kez ds vk/kkj ij dqn izkir gh u dj ldka blhfy, /kez dh vkm+ ysdj lkjs fo'o esa va/k fo'okl vksj ik[kam c<+rk tk jgk gs] vkt lalkj esa pkjksa vksj tks dksykgy vksj v'kkafr gs] og oklro esa ekuo ds Hkhrj Nk, var}zun vksj eyhurk dk gh izfrfcec gsa ;g eyhurk dsls lekir gks] blls T;knk egroiw.kz gsa O;fDr oklro esa lr; ds ifk ij dsls pysa Lo;a dks vkku o rel ls dsls ckgj djsa vksj izdk'k dks dsls vanj djsaa le f)] fot;] l tu] vh;qn; vksj fu%js;l ogha gs tgk /kez gsa ge bl Hkzkar /kkj.kk dks iksf"kr djrs gsa fd lau;kl HkfDr vksj lkfrod Hkkoksa ds flok; vksj dqn Hkh /kez ugha gs] fdurq ;g ladh.kz /kkj.kk gs] tks lrr~ thoar gs ije psru; gs tks loz dy;k.kdkjh gs ftlds ikl vhksn n f"v gs] tks vkre Kku ls leiuu gs] ogh /kez gsa vur% LQqj.k gh /kez dk,d ek=k lzksr gsa /kez cksyus ds fy, gh ugha] bldh pknjsa flqz vks<+us ds fy, gh ugha] vius vkh;arj txr eas mrkjus ds fy, O;ogkfjd thou esa ykus ds fy, gh gsa Lokeh foosdkuan th dgrs gsa fd fu%lokfkzrk gh bz'oj izkfir dk mik; gsa tho lsok gh f'ko lsok gs( uj gh ukjk;.k gs ukjh gh ukjk;.kh gs( /kez thou thus dh,d Js"B 'ksyh gs( /kez dks vkpj.k esa mrkjus ls lkjk lalkj,d ifjokj cu tk,xka ^olq/kso dqvqecde* gesa nsoro dh vksj ys tkrk gsa gekjs iwozt fuj{kj gksdj Hkh f'kf{kr vksj lqlalñr Fks] ge Hkh f'kf{kr gksdj Hkh fonsf'k;ksa dh vkokt] Vsyhfotu o jsfm;ks ij lqu ysrs gsa ysfdu im+kslh dh vkokt ugha lqursa /kez vuqhkwfr esa gs er esa ughaa lhkh ekxz,d gh xaro; dh vksj tkrs gsaa /kez jgl; ds laldj.k esa dgk] gs txr xq: rikshkwfe 'kks/k /kkjk 57

68 Hkkjr esa jgus okys balku] rqe bz'oj ds larku gks] vej vkuan ds Hkkxhnkj gks] ifo=k vksj iw.kz vkrek gks] _f"k eg"khz] riloh ls vksrizksr gks] rqe Hkyk iki dsls dj ldrs gks] rqe ij Hkyk vkjksi dsls yx ldrk gsa bl fef;k Hkze dks >Vddj nwj Qsad nks] fd rqe detksj gks] HksaM+ gks],s flagksa mbks! rqe fur;kuan vkrek gks] rqe va'k Hkh ijekrek ds gks blfy,&þmfrr"b tkx r izki;ojkfuucks/kr~aß /kez o lalñfr gh jk"vª dh vkrek gksrh gsa blls gh jk"vª dh ifjdyiuk dk tue gqvka ns'k HkfDr ifo=k lfyyk HkkxhjFkh ds leku gs] ftlesa Luku djus ls ru gh ugha] cfyd euq"; dk eu vksj vurjkrek Hkh ifo=k gks tkrh gssa Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa us lnso Hksn&Hkko Hkqykdj jk"vª ds /kkfezd,oa lkalñfrd,dro dh vo/kkj.kk dks ifjiq"v djus ij tksj fn;k gsa D;ksafd ekuo ds drzo; o vkpj.k dh ifo=krk ij gh /kez&lalñfr,oa jk"vª [km+k gsa jk"vªh; fodkl ds fy, lhkh /kekzoyfec;ksa esa leuo; dh vko';drk gsa vu;fkk fofhkuu la?k"kz o xfrjks/k dks tue nsxk vksj yksx ;g dgrs utj vk,axs fd& ßfdlls lh[kw esa jc dh canxh] lc jc dk cavokjk fd, csbs gsaa tks yksx dgrs gsa jc d.k&d.k esa gs] ogh eafnj] efltn] xq:}kjk fy, csbs gsaaþ lanhkz 1 foosdkuun] Lokeh( /kez jgl;] i "B 17] 49 2 izkfkzuk] vgk ftunxh] mtkz i "B eksgu] ujsunz( Hkkjrh; lalñfr] i "B 5] 17] 113]116 4 eqamdksifu"kn~ 3 i "B 1&6 5 tsu] fot; dqekj vkpk;z] mek Lokeh rrokfkz lw=k 978&81 7 jkt gal izdk'ku eafnj] esjb i "B 147 'kks/k /kkjk 58

69 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl vksj xka/kh fparu MkW0,e-ih- jksg.kh lgk;d izk/;kid] jktuhfr 'kkl=k] 'kkldh; egkfo ky;] is.mªk] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract fo'o lajpuk ij&jktuhfrd] lkekftd o vkffkzd?kvdksa rfkk buds ewy;kas esa rsth ls ifjorzu gksrs jgs gsaa bu lkef;d ifjorzuksa ij Hkkjr esa Hkh,d [kkl rjg dh ifjflfkfr;ka cuh vksj fofhkuu O;fDrRo buds dsunz fcunqa yksdra=k vkt ls 50&60 o"kz igys dh vis{kk vkt vf/kd etcwr vk/kkj ij [km+k gs] fdurq og mruk vk'kkoknh ugha ftruk fd 19oha 'krkcnh esa Fkk] izfke fo'o ;q) ds ckn ls gh yksx ;g lkspus yxs Fks fd lalkj dk yksdra=khdj.k gks jgk gsa fu%lansg jktuhfrd fodkl dh orzeku izo frr lexz yksdra=k dh vksj gs] yksdra=k dh dfbukb;ksa dks vkt ge vf/kd tkurs gsaa vkt ge O;fDrxr Lora=krk ftldk yksdra=k vk'oklu nsrk gs fd vis{kk] lqj{kk vksj HkkSfrd vkjke dh vf/kd fpark djrs gsaa fdurq gesa,sls mik; lkspus gksaxs] ftuls fd yksdra=k ds varfuzfgr nks"kksa dks nwj fd;k tk ldsa orzeku esa iztkrkaf=kd ewy;kas dh fxjkov o fo'o ekufp=k ij cnyrs&curs u;s lehdj.k jktuhfrd fokku ls tqm+s ekuoh; ân;ksa dks fujarj fparu ds fy, vkanksfyr dj jgs gsaa Figure : 00 References : 06 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª fodkl ds vk;ke vksj xk /kh&fparu] yksdra=k ds fofo/k vk;ke vksj xk /khoknh fparu jk"vª ds fodkl dh,d fopkj/kkjk %& xka/khn'kzu euq"; ds mrfkku o lekt ds iqufuzek.k ds fy, eksfyd fopkjksa dh,d fopkjèkkjk &*xka/khn'kzu esa,d O;ofLFkr lajpuk feyrh gs( tks lr;] vfgalk] lr;kxzg vksj lk/kuksa dh ifo=krk ij vk/kkfjr gsa xka/khth ds fopkjksa dks Øec) fd;k tk, rks xka/khn'kzu dh,d iwjh rlohj cu tkrh gs] ftls *xkaa/khokn* uke fn;k tkrk gsa xka/khoknh fopkjksa ds vk/kkj ij jk"vª ds fodkl ds fy, esjs fparu ds fofhkuu fcanq fueukuqlkj gs %& O;fDrxr Lora=krk&,d vko';d?kvd jkt; dh mrifrr euq"; ds fy, gqbz gs u fd euq"; dh jkt; ds fy,a xka/khth jkt; dks lkekftd mrfkku vksj tudy;k.k dk,d lk/ku ek=k ekurs FksA mugksaus jkt; dh lrrk dk fojksèk fd;ka muds vuqlkj O;fDr dk usfrd fodkl mldh vkarfjd bpnk vksj dkeuk ij fuhkzj djrk gsa jkt; vusfrd blfy, gs] fdurq n.m ds Hk; vksj dkuwu dh 'kfdr ls djkuk pkgrk gs] O;fDrRo ds iw.kz fodkl ds fy, Lora=krk vr;ar vko';d gs] ysfdu jkt; fofhkuu :iksa rfkk mik;ksa }kjk Lora=krk dk guu djrk gsa iztkra=kkred 'kklu&,d O;kogkfjd ekinam%& yksd ra=kkred 'kklu ds mfpr laapkyu ds fy, cgqla[;dksa dh Hkkafr vyila[;dksa dk lg;ksx Hkh furkar vko';d gsa cgqer dk lnso gh lgh gksuk vko';d ughaa,d izhkko'kkyh O;fDr 'kks/k /kkjk 59

70 gtkj ew[kksza ls vpnk gksrk gsa xka/khth us fy[kk gs fd& **cgqer ds 'kklu dk ;g vfkz ugha gs fd,d O;fDr dk jkt] ;fn og lgh gks] dqpyh tk; cfyd mls cgqer dh jk; ls vf/kd egroiw.kz le>k tkuk pkfg,a ;gh esjs oklrfod iztkra=k dh dyiuk gsa** Hkkjr ds jk"vªh; fodkl ds fy, ;g,d egroiw.kz?kvd gs] ftl ij gesa u;s fljs ls fopkj djuk gksxka vkn'kz jkt; &LoPN jk"vª dh LFkkiuk %& {ks=k eas vu; jkt;ksa rfkk jk"vªksa ds lkfk es=kh ln~hkkouk o lg;ksx ds vkèkkj ij vkn'kz jkt; dh LFkkiuk ds fy, xka/kh th us *olq/kso dqvqecde* dh vo/kkj.kk LFkkfir djuk pkgka xka/kh th us vfgalk iz/kku lekt dh LFkkiuk ij cy fn;k vksj,d mi vkn'kz dh LFkkiuk dh muds 'kks"k.k dk lcls cm+k dkj.k 'kfdr dk dqn gkfkksa esa dsfunzr gks tkuk gsa mugksaus LoPN iztkra=k dh LFkkiuk ds fy, vkffkzd o jktusfrd 'kfdr;ksa ds fodsunzhdj.k dh ckr dgha jktusfrd 'kfdr dk fodsunzhdj.k O;fDr dh Lora=krk,oa igy ij vk/kkfjr iztkra=k ds dk;zdj.k dh O;oLFkk djrk gs vksj O;fDr dks viuh ns'k dh ljdkj esa Hkkx ysus dk eksdk feyrk gsa xka/kh th jktusfrd fodsunzhdj.k ds lefkzd Fks & os pkgrs Fks fd jkt dh 'kfdr de ls de dj nh tk;a rfkk vf/kd ls vf/kd 'kfdr xzke leqnk;ksa ds ikl gks] lelr eksfyd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrz,oa j{kk ds lk/ku rfkk iz'kklu dh rhuksa 'kfdr;ka iapk;rksa ds ikl gksa rks iapk;rh jkt; jk"vª ds fodkl ds fy,,d ehy dk irfkj lkfcr gksxka vk/;kfred yksdra=k%& ftl lh;rk esa euq"; dks vk/;kfred izk.kh le>k tkrk gs] og yksdra=k ds fy,,d HkkSfrd lh;rk dh vis{kk vf/kd vuqdwy vk/kkj izlrqr djrh gsa yksdra=k vkt ladv esa xzlrk gs( D;ksafd cm+s isekus ds m?kksx /ka/kksa ij vk/kkfjr lh;rk,d,sls vr;ar dsunzhñr lekt dks tue nsrh gs] ftlesa O;fDr [kks tkrk gsa /ku rfkk 'kfdr ds fy, nhokuh nksm+ vksj?kksj izfrli/kkz tks fd vkt dh lh;rk ds izeq[k y{k.k gsa yksdra=k dh Hkkouk ds izfrdwy gsaa xka/kh th us v/;kfred yksdra=k dh ckr dgh] ftlesa lpph /kez Hkkou O;kIr gksrh gs] tks fd vf/kdkjksa dh vis{kk drzo;ksa ij vf/kd cy nsrh gsa Je ds fy, jksvh %& gekjs Hkkjr ns'k esa tgka yksx i<+&fy[kdj cm+h ek=kk esa ckcw ¼DydZ½ cuus dh ;ksx;rk gkfly dj jgs gsa] vf/kd vkjke vksj de dke dh izo frr c<+ jgh gs( Je ls?k.kk dh tkrh gsa ;fn bugha fopkjksa dk fodkl gksrk jgk rks vkxkeh dqn o"kksaz esa dksbz Je djus okyk ugha feysxka xka/kh th us Je dh izfr"bk LFkkfir djrs gq, jksvh ds fy, Je dh,d vuks[kh,oa dherh fopkj/kkjk nh( ftlds vuqlkj lhkh dks dqn&u&dqn ifjje vo'; djuk pkfg,a xka/kh th ds bl fl)kar dh iqf"v gekjs /kkfezd xzafk xhrk vksj ckbzfcy Hkh djrs gsaa 'kks/k /kkjk 60

71 xka/kh n'kzu & jk"vª ds fodkl dh fopkj/kkjk %& O;fDr ek=k ds mrfkku,oa lkekftd iqufuzek.k gsrq xka/kh n'kzu esa eksfyd fopkjksa dh,d O;ofLFkr lajpuk izkir gksrh gs] tks lr;] vfgalk] lr;kxzg,oa lk/kuksa dh ifo=krk ij vk/kkfjr gsa *xka/kh n'kzu* ¼ftls xka/khokn Hkh dgk tkrk gs½ fopkjksa dh,slh Øec) J a[kyk gs] ftl ij vk/kkfjr gksdj Hkkjrh; iztkra=k viuk pjekrd"kz izkir dj ldrk gsa bl lanhkz esa esjs fofhkuu fparu fcanq rfkk xka/khoknh fopkj/kkjk ds v/;;u@fparu ds vk/kkj ij dqn lkef;d lq>kko fueukuqlkj gks ldrs gsa%& lrrk ds fodsunzhdj.k ds lkfk&lkfk vf/kdkjksa dk Hkh fodsunzhdj.k fd;k tk; rfkk mrrjnkf;ro dk ewy;kadu gj Lrj ij gksa if'peh lh;rk ds va/kkuqdj.k dks izfrcaf/kr djrs gq, Hkkjrh; ewy;kas dks lajf{kr fd;k tk,a Lons'kh dh Hkkouk tkx r dj vkrefuhkzj cuus dk fl)kar viuk;k tk,a f'k{kk esa xq.kkred lq/kkj dj Je dks mriknd cuk;k tk, vksj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk tks Ñf"k izèkku gksa] dks izkfkfedrk nh tk,a usfrdrk ds egku fu;eksa ds vuqdwy lkekftd fgr dh fopkj/kkjk fodflr dh tk,a bl izdkj lr;] vfgalk] vlrs;] vifjxzg] 'kkjhfjd Je] vklokn] loz/kez lekurk] Lons'kh o usfrdrk ds fl)kar ij iztkrkaf=kd <kaps dk fuek.kz dj jk"vª ds fodkl ds dk;z fd, tk,aa milagkj%& yksdra=k,d,sls lkekftd laxbu dk fuekz.k djrk gs fd ftlesa fd izr;ssd uj&ukjh nwljksa ds lkfk lg;ksx djrs gq, vius O;fDrRo dk iw.kz fodkl dj,d lkeku; lqyhk thou dk fuozgu djsaa blls izr;sd?kvd] izr;sd vu;?kvdksa dks fcuk mlds /kez] o.kz] tkfr] dqy] /ku] laink] lkekftd flfkfr br;kfn ckrksa dk HksnHkko fd, gq, lcds leku fgrksa ds fy, lg;ksx iw.kz iz;ruksaa esa,d lk>snkj cusaa xka/kh th ds mi;qzdr laiw.kz fparu esa jk"vª ds fodkl dh,d lrr~ ;k=kk dj ldrs gsaa lanhkz 1- ukjk;.k] bdcky( izfrfuf/k jktuhfrd fopkjd,oa fopkj/kkjk,a 2- osnkyadkj] gfgnrr( vk/kqfud jktuhfrdr fparu 3 lwn] T;ksfrizlkn( vk/kqfud jktuhfr fopkjksa dks bfrgkl 4- iky] MkW- vkseukx( izfrfuf/k jktuhfrds fopkjd,oa fopkj/kkjk,a 5- fofhkuu lekpkj i=k,oa if=kdk,a 6- xwxy bavjusv@lks'ky ehfm;k vkfn ls vkhkkja 'kks/k /kkjk 61

72 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl esa vks ksfxd uhfr dk ;ksxnku MkW0 ¼Jherh½ latw ik.ms; lgk;d izk/;kid] vfkz'kkl=k] 'kkldh;,u-ds- egkfo ky;] dksvk] jktlfkku MkW0 izoh.k dqekj ik.ms; ijh{kk fu;a=kd] vvy fcgkjh oktis;h fo'ofo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract vkt Hkkjr,d laiuu jk"vª gsa os'ohdj.k ds bl ;qx esa Hkkjr viuk fo"ks'k LFkku cuk pqdk gsa fofuekz.k fu;kzrksa dh o f) rfkk varjk"vªh; cktkjksa esa lqyrkiwozd dk;z djus dh ;ksx;rk us Hkkjr dh fodkl izfø;k esa,d egroiw.kz dne izkjehk fd;k gsa gesa,slh rduhdksa dk pquko djuk gs] tks vks ksfxd mrikndrk rfkk mriknu esa o f) dj jkstxkj ds volj c<+k;sa ; fi y?kq,oa dqvhj m ksxksa dk lgt fodkl dfbu jgk ijurq fqj Hkh Hkkjr esa vks ksfxd fodkl mùkjksùkj c<+rk jgka Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ vks ksxhdj.k dh izfø;k ls vks ksfxd mriknu 50 o"kksza esa 5 xquk gks x;k vksj Hkkjr fo'o dk 10oka lcls vf/kd vks ksfxd mriknu okyk ns'k cu x;ka vks ksfxd <kaps esa folrkj ls u;s m ksx vurozrhz,oa iw th m ksx LFkkfir gq,a bl {ks=k esa Hkkjr dh izxfr bl ckr ls Li"V gs fd Hkkjr dh fons'kh O;ikj dh lajpuk esa fufezr olrqvksa ds vk;kr esa yxkrkj deh gqbz gs] tcfd bathfu;fjax lkekuksa dk Hkkjr ds fu;kzr esa fgllk c<+k gsa vks ksfxd {ks=k esa rhoz fodkl ds ykhk rduhdh,oa izca/kdh; dks'ky dk fodkl gqvk gsa vks ksfxd {ks=k dh,d eq[; miyfc/k Hkkjr dh {kerk dk fofof/kdj.k gsa Figure : 00 References : 09 Table : 03 Key Words : vks ksfxd fodkl vksj le f)] fodkl ds vk;ke vksj vks ksfxd Økafr **Hkkjr rhkh lgh ek;uksa esa fodflr,oa vks ksfxd ns'k dgyk,xk tc ;g fcuk fons'kh lgk;rk ds vius dkj[kkuksa dk Lo;a fmtkbu fuekz.k,oa LFkkiuk djus dh {kerk izkir dj ysxka** ¼ia- tokgj yky usg:½a izkjehk esa Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk vks ksfxd :i ls if'peh ;wjksih; vfkzo;olfkkvksa ls vf/kd fodflr FkhA Hkkjrh; m ksx u dsoy LFkkuh; vko';drkvksa ds fy;s eky miyc/k djkrs Fks] cfyd os fufezr olrqvksa dk fu;kzr Hkh djrs FksA fu;kzr dh eq[; olrqvksa esa ls :bz] flyd rfkk Åuh dim+k vkfn FksA baxys.m ls jktuhfrd laca/k dk;e gksus vksj vks ksfxd Økafr ds dkj.k Hkkjr ds glr f'kyi m ksxksa dk rhoz iru gqvka fczfv'k ljdkj dh uhfr Hkkjr esa fufezr olrqvksa dh vk;kr rfkk Hkkjr ds dpps eky ds fu;kzr dks izksrlkgu nsus dh FkhA ifj.kkelo:i vktknh ds le; Hkkjr dks detksj vks ksfxd vk/kkj] vyi fodflr vk/kkfjr lajpuk rfkk xfrghu vfkzo;olfkk fojklr esa feyha Hkkjr dk vks ksfxd <kapk iw th dh deh] e/;e vkdkj ds m ksxksa dk fodflr u gksuk] mihkksx olrq vksj i th olrq m ksxksa dk vlarqyu vkfn y{k.k Hkkjr ds vks ksfxd <kaps esa ik;s x;sa Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ jk"vª ds fodkl esa m ksxksa dh Hkwfedk dk vkadyu djus ds fy;s ge vks ksfxd fodkl dks fueu [k.mksa esa fohkkftr dj ldrs gs%& 'kks/k /kkjk 62

73 1- vks ksfxd le f) dk igyk pj.k& ¼1951&65½ bl pj.k esa igyh rhu iapo"khz; ;kstuk;sa vkrh gsaa igyh iapo"khz; ;kstuk ds le; Hkkjr dk vks ksfxd vk/kkj cgqr lhfer FkkA ;g dsoy mihkksdrk olrq] m ksxksa rd lhfer FkkA e/;orhz m ksx Hkh FksA ijurq mudk mriknu de FkkA iw thxr olrq m ksx dh dsoy 'kq:vkr dh xbz FkhA f}rh; iapo"khz; ;kstuk esa vks ksxhdj.k dks izkfkfedrk nh x;ha egkyuksfcl ekwmy ij vkèkkfjr bl ;kstuk esa ljdkj us cm+s isekus ij ewy o i thxr olrq m ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dk y{; j[kk x;k rkfd Hkfo"; esa vks ksxhdj.k dk fodkl ds fy;s etcwr vkèkkj rs;kj fd;k tk ldsa rhljh iapo"khz; ;kstuk esa bl vk/kkj dks vksj etcwr cukus vksj folrkfjr djus dk y{; j[kk x;ka igyh ;kstuk rhu ;kstukvksa esa vks ksxhdj.k mriknu dh okf"kzd o f) nj esa c<+ksùkjh gqbz vksj ;g nj igyh ;kstuk esa 5-7 izfr'kr ls c<+dj nwljh ;kstuk esa 7-2 izfr'kr vksj rhljh ;kstuk esa 9-0 izfr'kr gks xbza rkfydk Øekad & 1 % vks ksfxd mriknu ds lwpdkadksa esa lao f) njsa Ø- vks ksfxd oxz 1951 ls 1955 ls 1960 ls 1965 ls 1974 ls ikapoh ;kstuk &80 ¼4 o"kz½ dh vkslr 1- ewy m ksx & iwthaxr olrq m ksx & e/;orhz olrq m ksx mihkksdrk olrq m ksx & 4-4 i mihkksdrk fvdkå olrq,a & & & ii mihkksdrk xsj fvdkå olrq, & & & lkeku; lwpdkad & 1-6 L=kksr%& S.L. Shetly 'Structural Retrogression in Indian Economy Science the mid Sixties Economic and political Weekly, Special Supplement Table 4.P.9 and Government of India. Hand Book of Industrial Statistics. 1982, Table 50.P.150 and Table 5.4, P vks ksfxd fodkl ds n f"vdks.k ls nwljk egùoiw.kz m ksx oxz ewyhkwr olrqvksa o vk/kkjhkwr olrqvksa dk gsa bl {ks=k esa okf"kzd lae f) nj igyh ;kstuk esa 4-7 izfr'kr] nwljh ;kstuk esa 12-7 izfr'kr rfkk rhljh ;kstuk esa 10-4 izfr'kr izfro"kz gks xbza bldk Js; fullansg lkoztfud {ks=k esa fuos'k ds O;kid folrkj dks tkrk gsa 2- vks ksfxd le f) dk nwljk pj.k& ¼1965&80½ % vks ksfxd le f) dk nwljk pj.k eanh o lajpukred izfrxeu dk jgka 1965&76 ds chp vks ksfxd lao f) esa rst fxjkov vkbza rhljh ;kstuk esa vks ksfxd lao f) dh nj 9-0 izfr'kr izfro"kz Fkh] tks 1965&76 dh vof/k esa fxjdj 4-1 izfr'kr jg xbza ik poh iapo"khz; ;kstuk vks ksfxd mriknu esa lao f) dh nj 6-1 izfr'kr jgha 'kks/k /kkjk 63

74 vks ksfxd lao f) ds f}rh; pj.k ds vafre o"kz esa 1989&80 esa vks ksfxd lao f) esa mriknu nj _.kkred ¼&1-6 izfr'kr½ gks xbza rkfydk Øekad& ds n'kd ds vks ksfxd mriknu dh lao f) nj ¼vk/kkj 1980&81¾100½ Ø- vks ksfxd oxz 1981& & &91 1- ewy m ksx iwthaxr olrq m ksx e/;orhz olrq m ksx mihkksdrk olrq m ksx i mihkksdrk fvdkå olrq,a ii mihkksdrk xsj fvdkå olrq, lkeku; lwpdkad L=kksr%& Government of India. Hand Book of Industrial Statistics. 1992, Table 50, P. 150 and Table 54.P nh?kzdkyhu vks ksfxd fodkl ds n f"vdks.k ls lcls egroiw.kz gs i wthxr olrq m ksxksa dk lewga bl lewg dh lao f) nj tks igyh ;kstuk esa 9-8 izfr'kr Fkh] f}rh; esa 13-1 izfr'kr vksj r rh; esa 19-6 izfr'kr izfro"kz jgha ijurq 1965&76 esa iw thxr olrq m ksxksa ds lewg dh okf"kzd lao f) nj ek=k 2-6 izfr'kr izfro"kz jgha 1965&80 esa iw thxr olrq m ksxksa dh lao f) nj esa fxjkov lajpukred izfrxeu dks Li"V djrk gsa,sls m ksx ftuesa lao f) dh nj vf/kd Fkh os izr;{k ;k vizr;{k :i ls mpp vk; oxz ds fy;s foykflrk dh olrqvksa dk mriknu djrs Fks] vfkkzr~ mriknu dk <kapk mpp vk; oxz dh mihkksdrk oxz dh ekax dks iwjk dj jgk FkkA ;g izfrxeu dbz dkj.kksa ls Fkk] tsls 1965 o 1971 dk ;q)] lw[ks dh flfkfr] vk/kkjhkwr lajpuk dk detksj i{ka Ñf"k {ks=k dk de fodkl,oa vks ksfxd olrqvksa dh lhfer ekax vkfn FksA dqn vfkz'kkl=kh tsls txnh'k Hkxorh] inek nslkbz] Vh-,u- Jhfuokl] bz'oj tt vgywokfy;k us vks ksfxd eanh ds fy;s xyr vks ksfxd uhfr] ykblsaflax dh dfbu O;oLFkk] fu;a=k.k,oa izfrca/k rfkk vfoosdiw.kz <kapk egroiw.kz dkjd FksA 3- vks ksfxd lao f) dk rhljk pj.k& 1980 ls vc rd& ;g pj.k vks ksfxd iqu#rfkku dk ekuk tkrk gsa 1980&81 ls 1985&86 ds chp fofuekz.k {ks=k vksj ml {ks=k ds lhkh m ksx oxksza esa dkqh rsth vk;ha 1980 ds n'kd esa vks ksfxd iqu#rfkku dh izñfr csgrj mrikndrk dk ifj.kke FkhA vks ksfxd iqu#rfkku ds dbz dkj.k FksA tsls ubz vks ksfxd uhfr vksj mnkj jkt; O;oLFkk] Ñf"k {ks=k dk c<+rk ;ksxnku] lsok {ks=k dk c<+rk O;;] etcwr vkffkzd lajpuk us m ksxksa dks etcwr vk/kkj iznku fd;ka 'kks/k /kkjk 64

75 Ø- vks ksfxd oxz 1980&81 ls 1991&92 rkfydk Øekad&3 uksoh vkboh ;kstuk ;kstuk 1997& &93 ls ls 2001&02 10oh ;kstuk 2002&03 ls 11oh ;kstuk 2007&08 ls 2011& ls & &07 1- ewy m ksx iwthaxr olrq m ksx &6-0 & e/;orhz olrq m ksx mihkksdrk olrq m ksx &2-8 &3-4 i mihkksdrk fvdkå olrq,a &12-2 &12-6 ii mihkksdrk xsj fvdkå olrq, lkeku; lwpdkad & ds ckn ds vof/k esa vks ksfxd uhfr esa mnkjhdj.k vf/kdka'k m ksxksa dk ykblasl ls eqdr gksuk] fu;eksa dk ljy gksuk] lkoztfud {ks=kksa ds fy, vkjf{kr m ksxksa esa deh futhdj.k] fuos'khdj.k] lhek 'kqyd] mriknu 'kqyd] vk;dj,oa fuxe dj dh njksa esa deh ls vfkzo;olfkk esa lqèkkj izkjahk gqvka mnkjhdj.k ds n'kd esa vks ksfxd fodkl dh lao f) nj 7-4 izfr'kr FkhA ; fi uoeh iapo"khz; ;kstuk esa dkqh mrkj&p<+ko vk;k( D;ksafd fons'kh izfr;ksfxrk] fofu;ksx esa deh] vkèkkjhkwr lajpuk dk i;kzir fodkl u gksuk] fu;kzrksa esa deh] iz'kqyd lajpuk esa folaxfr ekax esa ladqpu us vks ksfxd fodkl esa vlarks"ktud jgka 10oha iapo"khz; ;kstuk ls iqu% vks ksfxd iqu#rfkku gqvk] vks ksfxd lao f) dh vkslr nj 8-2izfr'kr izfro"kz gks xbza iw thxr olrq m ksxksa esa lao f) dh nj vkslru 14-4 izfr'kr jgha 1994&95 ls 2004&05 ds nksjku ewy m ksxksa,oa vurorhz olrqvksa laca/kh m ksxksa dh o f) nj ean gks xbza ijurq 2004&05 ls 2012&13 ds dkyesa mihkksdrk olrqvksa vksj vurozrhz olrqvksa dks NksM+dj gj izdkj ds vks ksfxd mriknu dh o f) nj igys ls csgrj gqbza vkffkzd leh{kk 2013&14 esa dgk x;k gs fd mihkksdrk fvdkå olrqvksa ds?kjsyw cktkj lhfer gsa] D;ksafd izfr O;fDr vk; de gsa nwljk dkj.k dksj m ksxksa dks dbz iwfrz :dkovksa dk lkeuk djuk im+ka fjtoz csad dh 2014&15 ds fjiksvz ds vuqlkj mihkksdrk fvdkå olrqvksa ds mriknu esa fxjkov ns[kus dks feyha ;fn ge vks ksfxd fodkl esa lkoztfud {ks=k ds fodkl ij utj Mkysa rks ;kstukdky esa lkoztfud {ks=k dk folrkj gqvka igyh ;kstuk esa lkoztfud {ks=k esa dsoy ikap bdkbz;ka FkhA ijurq 2014&15 esa budh la[;k 298 vksj orzeku esa 235 bdkbz;ka FkhA lkoztfud {ks=k baz/ku vk/kkjhkwr m ksx] mozjd lapkj midj.k esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk vnk dj jgk gsa 1991 ds mnkjhdj.k,oa futhdj.k us vfkzo;olfkk dks iqu% ubz jkg fn[kkbza mnkjhdj.k ls iwoz n'kd rfkk ckn dh vof/k esa vks ksfxd mriknu dh vkslr lao f) njsa% vkt Hkkjr,d laiuu jk"vª gsa os'ohdj.k ds bl ;qx esa Hkkjr viuk fo'ks"k LFkku cuk pqdk gsa fofuekz.k fu;kzrksa dh o f) rfkk varjkz"vªh; cktkjksa esa lqyrkiwozd dk;z djus dh ;ksx;rk us Hkkjr dh fodkl izfø;k esa,d egroiw.kz dne izkjehk fd;k gsa gesa,slh rduhdksa dk pquko djuk gs tks vks ksfxd 'kks/k /kkjk & &14

76 mrikndrk rfkk mriknu esa o f) dj jkstxkj ds volj c<+k;sa ; fi y?kq,oa dqvhj m ksxksa dk lgt fodkl dfbu jgk] ijurq fqj Hkh Hkkjr esa vks ksfxd fodkl mùkjksùkj c<+rk jgka Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ vks ksxhdj.k dh izfø;k ls vks ksfxd mriknu 50 o"kksza esa 5 xquk gks x;k vksj Hkkjr fo'o dk 10 oka lcls vf/kd vks ksfxd'kfdr okyk ns'k cu x;ka vks ksfxd <k ps esa folrkj ls u;s m ksx vurozrhz,oa iw th m ksx LFkkfir gq,a bl {ks=k esa Hkkjr dh izxfr bl ckr ls Li"V gs fd Hkkjr dh fons'kh O;ikj dh lajpuk esa fufezr olrqvksa ds vk;kr esa yxkrkj deh gqbz gsa tcfd bathfu;fjax lkekuksa dk Hkkjr ds fu;kzr esa fgllk c<+k gsa vks ksfxd {ks=k esa rhoz fodkl ds ykhk rduhdh,oa izca/kdh; dks'ky dk fodkl gqvk gsa vks ksfxd {ks=k dh,d eq[; miyfc/k Hkkjr dh {kerk dk fofofèkdj.k gsa Hkkjr us lhkh mihkksx olrqvksa esa vkrefuhkzjrk izkir dj yh gsa iw thxr olrqvksa ds mriknu esa izhkkoh o f) gqbz gsa cgqr ls m ksxksa esa tsls [kuu,oa /kkrq dez m ksx] jlk;u vksj isvªks jlk;u m ksx] mozjd m ksx vkfna oklro esa Hkkjr dks cgqr ls m ksxksa gsrq ns'k ds vanj gh iw thxr olrqvksa dh vkiwfrz Hkh dj ysrk gs] mls dsoy lhfer ek=kk esa vk;kr djuk gksrk gsa orzeku esa Hkkjr dh vk/kkjhkwr lajpuk vuqla/kku,oa fodkl dh {kerk izca/kdh; dq'kyrk,oa rduhdh Kku rfkk uoizorzu esa Hkkjr cgqr l{ke gks x;k gsa bu lcds ckotwn gekjh i wth iz/kku rduhdh Je 'kfdr dks jkstxkj miycèk djkus esa foqy jgh( mldk eq[; dkj.k y?kq,oa dqvhj m ksxksa dk iru gsa oklro esa Hkkjr esa vks ksfxd fodkl dh foiqy lahkkouk;sa gsaa ns'k esa ijaijkxr rfkk xsj ijaijkxr nksuksa m ksxksa dk fodkl lahko gsa fo'o esa Hkkjr dh rduhdh,oa lwpuk izks ksfxdh ls fuiq.k ekuo 'kfdr {kerk dk mi;ksx dj ge vks ksfxd fodkl dks mùkjksùkj c<+k ldrs gsaa L=kksr%&(1) for Column (2) Government of India, Economic Survey, (Delhi, 2001), Box 7.1 P. 130 (ii) for all other Columns, Reserve Bank of India, Hand Book of Statistics on Indian Economy, (Mumbai, 2015) Table 232, P lanhkz 1. Government of India, Planning Commission Twenty five year plan (New Delhi, 2003), Volume II. P Government of India, Planning Commission Twenty five year plan ( Delhi, 2012), Volume I. Annexure 3.1 Table 3A.1.P S.L. Shelty, 'Structural Refrogression in the Indian Economy Since the mid Sixties". Economic and Political Weekly Special Supplement, K.N. Raj, 'Growth and Stagnation in Indian Industrial Development". Economic and Political Weekly, Annual number P (i) 5. P. Patnaik and S.K. Rao, ' ' Beginning of the End of Stagnation" Social Scientist, January- February Vijay L. Kelkar and Raviv Kumar, 'Industrial Grouth in the Eighties" Economic and Political Weekly January P Isher Judge. Ahlu lia, Productivity and Growth in Indian Manufacturing (Delhi, 1993), P Isher Judge Ahlu ia OP. Ut. P Government of India, Planning Commission. Ninety Five Year Plan (New Delhi, 199), Volume II. Table 5.1P 'kks/k /kkjk 66

77 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl ds vkffkzd vk;ke MkW0,l-ih- Hkkj}kt lgk;d izk/;kid] vfkz'kkl=k] 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo ky;] [kjksn MkW0 th-lh- Hkkj}kt lgk;d izk/;kid] lekt'kkl=k] 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo ky;] [kjksn ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract vu;ku; dkj.kksa ls Hkkjr yech fons'kh gqdwerksa@tathjksa ls tdm+k jgk] ysfdu Hkkjr ds ohj liwr] ohjkaxukvksa,oa tu&tu ds R;kx,oa cfynku us varr% ns'k dks 15 vxlr 1947 dks vktkn djk gh fy;k x;ka rc yqvsjksa,oa vkffkzd 'kks"kdksa us ns'k dh Ñf"k iz/kku le f/n vfkzo;olfkk dks ttzj dj fn;k FkkA ns'k ds izeq[k /kkfezd LFkku rksm+ fn;s x, Fks,oa [ktkuk ywv fy, x;sa bl fnuu& fhkuu gq, vfkzo;olfkk esa iapo"khz; vkffkzd vk;kstuk ds ek/;e ls tku Mkyh xbza osls jk"vª ds fodkl ds fy, dksbz,d rro mrrjnk;h ugha gs] buds cgqr lkjs vk;ke gsa( ;Fkk&vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkalñfrd------vkfna bl 'kks/k vkys[k esa jk"vª fodkl ds eq[; vk;ke&þvkffkzd igywþ dks lanfhkzr dj v/;;u fd;k x;k gsa Figure : 00 References : 05 Table : 02 Key Words : Hkkjrh; vkffkzd ifjn ';,oa jk"vªokn] jk"vª fodkl vksj vkffkzd fparu vu;ku; dkj.kksa ls Hkkjr yech fons'kh gqdwerksa@tathjksa ls tdm+k jgk] ysfdu Hkkjr ds ohj liwr] ohjkaxukvksa,oa tu&tu ds R;kx,oa cfynku us varr% ns'k dks 15 vxlr 1947 dks vktkn djk gh fy;k x;ka rc yqvsjksa,oa vkffkzd 'kks"kdksa us ns'k dh Ñf"k iz/kku le f/n vfkzo;olfkk dks ttzj dj fn;k FkkA ns'k ds izeq[k /kkfezd LFkku rksm+ fn;s x, Fks,oa [ktkuk ywv fy, x;sa bl fnuu& fhkuu gq, vfkzo;olfkk esa iapo"khz; vkffkzd vk;kstuk ds ek/;e ls tku Mkyh xbza osls jk"vª ds fodkl ds fy, dksbz,d rro mrrjnk;h ugha gs] buds cgqr lkjs vk;ke gsa( ;Fkk&vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkalñfrd------vkfna bl 'kks/k vkys[k esa jk"vª fodkl ds eq[; vk;ke&þvkffkzd igywþ dks lanfhkzr dj v/;;u fd;k x;k gsa vkffkzd j.kuhfr,oa miyfc/k;k & rkrdkfyd vkffkzd ifjflfkfr;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ns'k dh jktlrrk,oa vkffkzd j.kuhfrdkjksa us lafo/kku ds Hkkouk dh vuq:i fefjr vkffkzd iz.kkyh dh uhao j[kdj izkjahk esa lkoztfud {ks=k dks lokszpp izkfkfedrk nha fofo/k iapo"khz; ;kstukvksa esa fueukuqlkj izkfkfedrk, j[kh x;ha& rkfydk Øekad&01% vfkzo;olfkk dh izkfkfedrk, Iakpo"khZ; ;kstuk@o"kz izkfkfedrk, izfke&1950 ls 1951 Ñf"k f}rh;&1956 ls 1961 m ksx@[kfut r rh;&1961 ls 1966 Ñf"k 'kks/k /kkjk 67

78 prqfkz&1969 ls 1974 Ñf"k ikapoh&1974 ls 1979 xjhch muewyu,oa vkrefuhkzjrk NBoh&1980 ls 1985 jkstxkj,oa xjhch muewyu Lkkroh&1985 ls 1990 xjhch de c<+kuk]jkstxkj ds voljksa esa o f+) vkboh&1992 ls 1997 jkstxkj l tu][kk ku vkrefuhkzjrk rfkk lektlsok uksaoh&1997 ls 2002 Ñf"k,oa xzkeh.k fodkl] ewy; LFkkf;Ro] tula[;k fu;a=k.k nloha&2002 ls 2007 fu/kzurk vuqikr esa deh ] jkstxkj ]lk{kjrko f) X;kjoha&2007 ls 2012 f'k{kk] LokLF;] xjhch muewyu] <kapkxr lq/kkj ckjgoha&2012 ls 2017 rhoz] /kkj.kh; rfkk vf/kd lekos'kh lq/kkj L=kksr&vFkZ'kkL=k ¼Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk½ ist&130&31 bu izkfkfedrkvksa dks izkir djus ds fy, lkoztfud O;; izfke ;kstuk esa 1960 djksm+] f}rh; ;kstuk esa 4672] r rh; ;kstuk esa 8577 djksm+] prqfkz ;kstuk esa djksm+] ikapoh ;kstuk esa djksm+] NBoha ;kstuk esa djksm+] lkroh] vkboh] uoeh] nloh rfkk X;kjgoh ;kstuk esa Øe'k% ] ] ] rfkk djksm+ :i;s O;; fd;s x;sa ckjgoh iapo"khz; ;kstuk 2012&2017 ds fy, dqy djksm+ :i;s dk izko/kku j[kk x;ka bu izko/kkuksa ls vkslr vkffkzd fodkl fueukuqlkj izkir gqbz gs& rkfydk Øekad&02 % ;kstuk,oa vkffkzd fodkl dh nj fooj.k y{; oklrfod izkfir izfke ;kstuk 1951& f}rh; ;kstuk 1958& r rh; ;kstuk 1961& prqfkz ;kstuk 1969& iape ;kstuk 1974& NBoh ;kstuk 1980& lkroh ;kstuk 1985& vkboh ;kstuk 1992& uoeh ;kstuk 1997& nloh ;kstuk 2002& X;kjgoh ;kstuk 2007& ckjgoh ;kstuk 2012& ¼vuqeku½ blh rjg Hkkjr dh jk"vªh; vk; esa yxkrkj o f) gqbz gsa 1950&51 esa orzeku ewy;ksa ij djksm+ 2000&01 esa ] 2010&11 esa ] 2014&2015 esa djksm+ :+ izkir gqbza ogha flfkj ewy;ksa ij 2016&17 esa yk[k djksm+ :+ gks xbza ogha ns'k dh izfr 'kks/k /kkjk 68

79 O;fDr vk; orzeke ewy;ksa ij 1950&51 esa 274 :+ Fkh tks 2000&2001 esa :-] 2010&2011 esa :- ] 2014&15 esa 88533:- rfkk 2016&17 esa :- gks xbz gsa izfke ls nloha iapo"khz; ;kstuk rd forr izca/k esa fons'kh lgk;rk yh xbz Fkh] ysfdu X;kjgoha,oa ckjgoh ;kstuk esa bls 'kwu; ij ys vk;k x;k vksj?kjsyw lalk/kuksa ls gh forr izca/k fd;s x;sa blh rjg?kjsyw cpr,oa fofu;ksx 1950&51 esa 8-6 izfr'kr,oa 8-7 izfr'kr Fkh tks c<+dj 2013&14 esa Øe'k% 30-6 izfr'kr,oa 32-3 izfr'kr gks xbz gsa bu lc miyfc/k;ksa ds pyrs vkt Hkkjr dks fo'o o fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa rsth ls mhkjrs gq, vfkzo;olfkk esa fxuk tkus yxk gsa fczvsu ds vkffkzd 'kks/k lalfkku&lsavj Qkj bdksukwfedl fctusl,.m fjlpz ds fjiksvz ds eqrkfcd 2013 rd Hkkjr nqfu;k dk rhljh vfkzo;olfkk cu tk,xk vksj 2019 rd dkweuosyfk ns'kksa esa lcls cm+h vfkzo;olfkk cu tk,xka Hkkjr ds vkffkzd fodkl dks IMF] fo'o csad] eqmht tsls lalfkkuksa us Hkh ljkgk gsa orzeku esa vk;ksftr fo'o vkffkzd eap ds leesyu esa Hkh Hkkjr dk eku c<+k gsa pquksfr;k,oa lek/kku& Åij ds fooj.k ls ;g ugha le> ysuk pkfg, fd ns'k esa lel;k dk lekèkku gks x;k gsa ;gk dbz lel;k, eq g ck;sa [km+h gsaa xjhch] csdkjh] efgyk,oa cky dqiks"k.k] lkekftd fo"kerk vkfn vhkh Hkh Hkkjr esa Hk;kog :i essa gsa oymz bdksukwfed Qksje ds tkjh losz ds vuqlkj finys lky Hkkjr esa ftruh leifrrk dk fuekz.k gqvk] mldk 73 izfr'kr ns'k ds 1 izfr'kr /kukm~; yksxksa us gffk;k fy;ka vkffkzd {ks=kksa esa futhdj.k@[kqykiu dk c<+uk fefjr vfkzo;olfkk ij iz'u fpug yxk jgk gsa fons'kh iw th@cgqjk"vªh; daifu;ksa dks [kqyk vkea=k.k mifuos'k tslk gh gsa csdkjh dk Hk; ukstoku ih<+h dks lrk jgk gs----- br;kfna blh rjg Hkkjrh; fodkl ds xfy;kjs esa dbz lel;k, isb tek, csbk gsa Hkkjr ds ikl foiqy ek=kk esa izkñfrd lalk/ku@dk;z{kerk ds vk;q ds ukstokuksa dh vf/kdrk gsa Xykscy Lrj ij orzeku iz/kkuea=kh }kjk fofo/k ns'kksa dk nksjk dj cgqjk"vªh; deifu;ksa@fons'kh iw th dks vkeaf=kr fd;k x;k gsa lkoztfud {ks=k ds dbz }kj [kksy fn, x;s gsaa Ñf"k mriknu ds {ks=k esa Hkkjr vkrefuhkzj gks x;k gsa ;gk 8 fnlecj 2017 rd vjc Mkyj fons'kh eqnzk HkaMkj gsa eksfnzd uhfr esa ;Fkksfpr ifjorzu dj fjtoz csad viuh Hkwfedk fuhkk jgh gsa esd bu bafm;k] fmftvy bafm;k vksj LVkVZ vi bafm;k vkfn dk;zøeksa ls ns'k vkxs c<+ jgk gsa bl rjg ns'k dk Hkfo"; cgqr mttoy gsa dqn lel;kvksa dk lkef;d funku dh t:jr gsa ftls jk"vª fodkl ds n <+ bpnk 'kfdr] usfrd,oa dezbrk ls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gsa lanhkz 1- iar,oa fejk] Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk 2017] lkfgr; Hkou ifcyds'kal vkxjk 2- Hkkjrh; vfkzo;lfkk fo'ks"kkad 2017] lkfgr; Hkou ifcyds'kal vkxjk 3- fejk] MkW- ts-ih-( vkffkzd lao f),oa fodkl ] 4- fejk] MkW- ts-ih-( vkffkzd fodkl,oa fu;kstu 5- nsfud lekpkj i=k&gfjhwkfe] uohkkjra 'kks/k /kkjk 69

80 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P i;kzoj.k laj{k.k vksj vkffkzd fodkl MkW- Mh-ds- flag l0izk0] okf.kt;] 'kkldh; ikrkys'oj egkfo ky;] elrwjh] fcykliqj] NRRkhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract izñfr vksj ekuork dk laca/k vkfn dky ls pyk vk jgk gsa ekuo tkfr ml tfvy vksj lefuor ikfjflfkfrdh; Ja [kyk dk,d vax gs( tks vius esa ok;q] ty vksj fofo/k :iksa esa oulifr o i'kq thou dks lesvs gq, gsa tc ekuo dk fodklkred fø;kvksa ds ifj.kkelo:i izñfr dh LoPNrk rfkk larqyu Hkax gks tkrk gs] rks blds ifj.kkelo:i i;kzoj.k iznw"k.k dk tue gksrk gsa vkt lkjk fo'o i;kzoj.k iznw"k.k ls vkøkur gsa T;ksa&T;ksa vkffkzd izxfr vksj fodkl gksrk tk jgk gs] i;kzoj.k iznwf"kr gksrk tk jgk gsa bl iznw"k.k ds Hkfo"; esa fdrus Hk;adj ifj.kke gksaxs bldk vuqeku vhkh rks yxkuk lahko ugha gs] ysfdu ;g vo'; gs fd os ifj.kke tu&thou ds fy, vo'; gh [krjukd gksaxsa Figure : 00 References : 11 Table : 00 Key Words : i;kzoj.k laj{k.k] vkffkzd fodkl,oa i;kzoj.k finys o"kksazs eas izkñfrd laink ds fouk'k ds QyLo:i mriuu i;kzoj.kh; foñfr;ksa dh vksj fo'o lekt dk /;ku vkdf"kzr gqvk gs] ijurq vhkh Hkh vkffkzd fodkl izfø;k vksj ikfjflfkfrdh; ra=k vlarqyu ds laca/kksa dh i "BHkwfe esa vkffkzd fodkl izfø;k esa vko';d ifjorzuksa dh vksj leqfpr è;ku ugha fn;k x;k gsa ifj.kkelo:i gekjs i;kzoj.k lq/kkj ds iz;ru Qynk;h ugha gks ik jgs gssaa jk"vª dk fodkl mlds vks ksfxdhdj.k ij fuhkzj djrk gs] tks ekuo tkfr ds mpp,oa egrokdka{kh thou&;kiu ds fy;s vr;ar vko';d gs] ijurq rhoz vks ksfxdhdj.k ds QyLo:i ls iznw"k.k ls mriuu [krjksa ds dkj.k lelr tkfr dk vflrro Hkh [krjs esa im+ x;k gsa i;kzoj.k vlarqyu % & tc ge i;kzoj.k dh ckr djrs gas rks gekjk vk'k; izkñfrd laink ls gksrk gsa vrhr esa gekjh O;oLFkk,slh Fkh fd lekt izkñfrd laink dks v{kq..k cuk, j[krk Fkk] vksj fodkl,oa i;kzoj.k larqyu ds e/; fdlh izdkj dk fojks/kkhkkl ugha FkkA ijurq vk/kqfud fodkl tgk,d vksj i;kzoj.k esa iznw"k.k rfkk ikfjflfkfrdh; vlarqyu dh lel;k mriuu dj jgk gs] ogha nwljh vksj fu/kzu vksj xjhc O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k Hkh c<+k jgk gsa c<+rh vkcknh ds ifjizs{; esa izkñfrd laink dk u dsoy lja{k.k vko';d gs] cfyd mldh le f) Hkh dh tkuh pkfg,] ijurq gekjh vkffkzd fodkl O;oLFkk rks izkñfrd laink ds orzeku HkaMkj dks gh de dj jgh gsa vk/kqfud vksj izxfr'khy dgh tkus okyh gekjh thou 'ksyh esa ikfjflfkfrdh; vksj i;kzoj.kh; larqyu dks Hkax dj fn;k gsa blus ve rrqy; ty vksj gok dks iznwf"kr dj fn;k gsa gekjh e nk] tylkzksr] ok;qe.my] ou vkfn uslfxzd laink dk fujarj iznwf"kr gksuk gesa vkffkzd fodkl ds i;kzoj.kh; izhkkoksa dh vksj /;ku u nsus dks etcwj dj jgk gsa ik'pkr; izsfjr vkffkzd fodkl ekwmy ÅtkZ vksj l?ku rduhd ij vkèkkfjr jgh gs] vkt ds fo'o esa fodflr jk"vªksa esa fuokl djus okyh 20 izfr'kr vkcknh mihkksdrk 'kks/k /kkjk 70

81 lalñfr dh va/kh nksm+ esa fo'o ds lalk/kuksa ads 80 izfr'kr Hkkx dk mi;ksx dj jgh gs] ;krk;kr vksj lapkj ds izpkj izlkj ls fodkl'khy jk"vªksa ds /kuh oxz us Hkh fodflr jk"vªkas dh blh thou 'ksyh dks viukus dk iz;ru fd;k gsa ifj.kkelo:i fo'o ds izkñfrd llka/kukas ds fouk'k dh xfr vksj rst gks xbz gs] vksj vc fo'o blds c<+rs dqizhkkoksa ij /;ku nsus dks etcwj gks jgk gsa i;kzoj.k vksj tula[;k %& 1994 esa dkfgjk esa tula[;k leesyu dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k] ftlesa i;kzoj.k dh lel;k dks,d u;k vk;ke feyka blesa ;g ckr mhkj dj vk;h fd vkffkzd fodkl vksj tula[;k dk,d nwljs ls vfhkuu laca/k gsa buesa ls fdlh Hkh,d eqn~ns dks vyx j[k dj fopkj ugha fd;k tk ldrka oklro esa ;g ckr fcydqy lgh gsa ;fn ge vius ns'k dh flfkfr dks ysa rks lkq utj vkrk gs fd 'kgjksa esa c<+rh gqbz vkcknh ds QyLo:i rax cflr;ksa dk tky fcnrk tk jgk gsa tgk yksxksa dks u rks LoPN ok;q miyc/k gs vksj u gh LoPNrk dk;e j[kh tk ldrh gsa ty fudklh vksj ey O;;u dh O;oLFkk uxj ikfydkvksa ds cl ds ckgj dh ckr gksrh tk jgh gsa is;ty miyc/k djkuk gh vius vki esa lel;k gsa blds vykok vf/kd yksxksa dk isv ikyus ds fy;s vukt dk mriknu c<+kuk vko';d gs] ftlds fy;s ouksa dh lqkbz djds Ñf"k Hkwfe fodflr dh tkrh gsa mrikndrk c<+kus ds fy;s jklk;fud [kkn vksj dhvuk'kd nokvksa ds blrseky ls Hkh i;kzoj.k dks [krjk isnk gks jgk gs] T;knk yksxksa dh vko';drk,a iwjh djus ds fy;s T;knk olrqvksa dk fuekz.k djuk gksxk] ftlds fy;s fur u;s m ksx yxkus ls ok;q vksj ty iznw"k.k dks c<+kok feyrk gs] vkffkzd muufr dk mn~ns'; fcuk i;kzoj.k fouk'k ds fodkl dh /kkj.kk gksuh pkfg,] ftlls fodkl dh xfr Hkh u :ds vksj izkñfrd larqyu dks Hkh cuk;s j[kk tk ldsa vksj ;g rhkh lahko gs tc c<+rh tula[;k ij dkjxj jksd yxkbz tk;s rkfd orzeku vksj Hkfo"; esa vkus okyh ekuo ihf<+;ksa dks LoLFk i;kzoj.k esa thou thus dk volj fey ldsa c<+rk gqvk vif'k"v %& vks ksxhdj.k ds lkfk iznw"k.k Hkh c<+ jgk gsa yksxksa dh /kkj.kk gs fd vkleku vksj leqnz,sls LFkku gsa] ftuesa i Foh dk lkjk dwm+k&djdv fdlh Hkh :i esa mms+y nsa] os mls vius vki esa lek ysaxsa gekjs ns'k esa gj O;fDr izfrfnu 0&50 fdyksxzke dpjk mriuu djrk gsa dqn 'kgjksa dk okf"kzd vkslr 5 djksm+ Vu dpjk gsa bl dpjs dks fbdkus yxkus ds fy;s izr;sd o"kz dbz djksm+ :i;sa [kpz fd;s tkrs gsa egkuxjksa dh lcls cm+h =kklnh lqkbz dh jgh gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd fo'o dk,d 'kgj U;w;kdZ gj o"kz brus Vu dwm+k djdv fudkyrk gs] ftlls 'kgj dks nl ckj <+dk tk ldrk gsa leqnz rv ij cls uxjksa dk dpjk leqnz esa Qsad fn;k tkrk gs] vks ksfxd dy& dkj[kkuksa esa jlk;uksa dk mi;ksx vo'; gksrk gss] reke jklk;fud dkj[kkuksa dh tgjhyh xanxh fbdkus yxkus dh lel;k Hkh fnu&izfrfnu c<+rh tk jgh gsa xka/kh izfr"bku }kjk izdkf'kr gekjk i;kzoj.k esa dgk x;k gs fd Hkwfe esa nck;s x;s fo"kkdr dpjs esa ls gtkjksa Vu dpjk,slk gs tks Hkkjh gkfu igq pkus okyk gsa ncs gksus ds dkj.k mldk tgj tehu vksj Hkwfexr ikuh ds Hk.Mkj ij vlj dj ldrk gsa cms+&cms+ 'kgjksa esa py jgs NikbZ] jaxkbz] lhesuv] dkxt] islvhlkbzm~l vkfn ds dy&dkj[kkus Hkkjh ek=kk esa vif'k"v mriuu dj jgs gsa vks ksfxd iznw"k.k ls nek] xqnksaz dh chekjh] Vh-ch-] ihfy;k o tuetkr viaxrk vkfn jksx mriuu gksrs gsaa fyumsu] csuthu] DyksjksMhu] Mh-Mh-Vh- 'kks/k /kkjk 71

82 vkymhu] vkfn dhvuk'kd nokb;ksa ds mi;ksx ls jdr dsalj o ftxj dh chekfj;ka QSy jgh gasa dhvuk'kdksa ds /kq;sa ls lkjk ok;qe.my fo"kkdr gksrk gsa vks ksfxd iznw"k.k ds ifj.kkelo:i ok;qe.my ds rkieku esa o f) gks jgh gsa vks ksfxd iznw"k.k ds dkj.k vif'k"v ds :i esa fudyh dkczu MkbZvkDlkbM] Dyksjks& yksjks dkczu] ukbzfvªd vkdlkbm] Dyksjks vkdlkbm] fefksu vkfn xsls i Foh ds pkjksa dks vkpnkfnr gksdj?ksjk cuk ysrh gsa] ftlls lksj fofdj.k i Foh ij vkrs&tkrs gsa ysfdu i Foh ls okil gksrs gh fofdj.kksa dks ;s xslsa varfj{k ij tkus ij vojks/k dk dke djrh gsa QyLo:i ok;qeamy dk rkieku c<+rk gsa blh izfø;k dks xzhugkål izhkko dgk tkrk gsa vks ksfxd Økafr dh ckr ls gekjs izkñfrd lalk/ku tsls dks;yk vksj rsy dk nksgu [krjs dh lhek rd igqap x;k gsa nksuksa gh lekfir ds dxkj ij gsaa rsy dqn igys] dks;yk ckn esaa vks ksfxd Økafr us mu iznw"kdksa dks tue fn;k gs] ftlds dkj.k ou ladv c<+k gsa lkeku; iks/kksa dh o f) esa :dkov vk xbz gs] gekjs dkj[kkus izpqj ek=kk esa,slk dpjk unh vksj >hyksa esa Mky jgh gsa( ftlesa?kqyu'khy] ukbvªkstu vksj QkLQsV gsa blesa ikuh esa 'ksoky vksj mlh izdkj ds lw{e thoksa dh izpqjrk gks tkrh gs] tks vu; izkf.k;ksa ds fy;s?kkrd fl) gksrh gsa vks ksfxd dy dkj[kkuksa esa vif'k"v dks u"v djus ds fy, gkfu jfgr oskkfud mik; fd;s tkus pkfg;s rfkk izkñfrd lalk/kuksa dk lhfer mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,a ekuo thou dks lq[kh cukus o Hkkoh ih<+h ds dy;k.k ds fy;s vks ksfxd iznw"k.k ij dkjxj fu;a=k.k vko';d gsa i;kzoj.k lja{k.k t:jh %& fodkl'khy vksj xjhc jk"vªksa ds vkffkzd thou esa izkñfrd laink egroiw.kz Hkwfedk vnk djrh gs] vr% vkffkzd fodkl dh dksbz,slh O;oLFkk gh mi;qdr gksxh tks fd izkñfrd laink ds lja{k.k vksj fodkl dks izksrlkfgr djrh gksa finys vusd o"kksz ls ik'pkr; ls izsfjr vksj ck/; gksdj fodkl'khy jk"vªksa ds }kjk,slh uhfr viukbz xbz Fkh ftlus u dsoy izkñfrd laink ds fouk'k dks tue fn;k cfyd fodflr jk"vªksa ij fuhkzjrk Hkh c<+kbz xbz gsa fodflr jk"vªksa us vius mpp mihkksx Lrj dks muds i;kzoj.k ij izfrdwy izhkko u im+s bl ckr dh iwjh lko/kkuh cjrh gsa ;s izkñfrd laink l?ku olrq,a fodkl'khy jk"vªksa ls vk;kr djrs gsaa rkfd muds izkñfrd laink lqjf{kr jgsaa ifj.kke ;g gks jgk gs fd fodkl'khy jk"vªksa dh izkñfrd laink dk âkl muds Lo;a ds foñfr mihkksx <kaps vksj ik'pkr; jk"vªksa dks izkñfrd laink l?ku olrqvksa ds fu;fr ds dkj.k gks jgk gsa i;kzoj.k vksj ifjflfkfrdh; larqyu dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s gesa lozizfke vius vkffkzd n'kzu dks cnyuk gksxka gesa ik'pkr; txr dh bl /kkj.kk ls eqfdr izkir djuh gksxh dh vf/kdre vko';drkvksa dh fdlh Hkh izdkj iwfrz djuk gh vkffkzd fodkl gsa gesa O;kikfjd ykhk ds fy;s ikfjlfkfrdh; fl)kurksa dh vogsyuk ugha djuh pkfg,a vks ksxhdj.k ds uke ij vfkzo;olfkk ds izr;sd {ks=k esa fo'kky vkdkj okys vk/kqfud rduhd ij vk/kkfjr m ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dh izo frr dks Hkh NksM+uk gksxka ;s m ksx ÅtkZ iz/kku gksus ls fodkl'khy jk"vªksa ds ifjizs{; esa vuqi;qdr gksrs gsaa bu m ksxksa dh tgjhyh xslsa lkjs ok;qe.my dks iznwf"kr dj jgh gsaa vk/kqfud Ñf"k ds uke ij izkñfrd lk/kuksas ds vr;f/kd nksgu djus okyh Ñf"k O;oLFkk ij jksd yxkuh gksxha blds dkj.k fev~vh esa lw{e iks"k.k vksj dkczfud rroksa dk vhkko rfkk mlesa yo.kh;rk vksj {kkjh;rk esa o f) ds 'kks/k /kkjk 72

83 dkj.k Hkwfe catj gksrh tk jgh gsa ijaijkxr Ñf"k i;kzoj.kh; n f"v ls vf/kd lqlaxr gsa vr% Ñf"k ds ijaijkxr rjhdksa dk iquewzy;kadu dj muesa ls mi;qdr rjhdksa dks iqu% viuk;k tkuk pkfg,a ty dk mi;ksx Ñf"k] m ksxksa ] ;krk;kr] ÅtkZ rfkk?kjsyw mi;ksx ds lalk/ku ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gsa ty dk lja{k.k thou dk laj{k.k gsa ty,d pøh; lalk/ku gs] ftldks oskkfud <ax ls lkq dj iqu% iz;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gsa m ksxksa esa ikuh dh Hkkjh ekax gksrh gsa bls de djus ls nks ykhk gksxsaa izfke blls m ksx ds vu; [k.mksa dh ikuh dh ekax dks iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gsa f}rh; bu m ksxksa }kjk ufn;ksa,oa ukyksa esa NksMs+ x, nwf"kr ty dh ek=kk de gks tk,xha vf/kdka'k m ksxksa esa ty dk mi;ksx 'khryu ds fy, gksrk gs] bl dk;z ds fy, ;g vko';d ugha gs fd LoPN vksj 'kq) ty dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,a bl dk;z ds fy, iqu'kkszf/kr ty dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gsa bl ikuh dk ckj&ckj iz;ksx djds LoPN ty dh ek=kk dks lajf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gsa ty dh bl?kjsyw ekax dks Hkh lja{k.k dh fof/k;ksa }kjk de fd;k tk ldrk gsa ;fn vkffkzd,oa vks ksfxd fodkl esa gh ekuo fodkl gs rks mudk mi;ksx fu;kstukred fof/k ls gksa gesa fo'o Lrj,oa lekt ds Lrj ij bl gkzl vksj iznw"k.k dh vksj /;ku nsdj lagkjd flfkfr dks jksduk gksxka vuqla/kkuksa ls ;g fl) gks pqdk gs fd vkffkzd fodkl ds fy, i;kzoj.k laj{k.k dh mis{kk ugha djuh pkfg,a vkffkzd fodkl ;kstukvksa dk ekuo tkfr dks rhkh lgh ykhk izkir gks ldrk gs] tc bu ;kstukvksa dk i;kzoj.k ij cqjk izhkko u ims+a i;kzoj.k laj{k.k dk vfkz fodkl gh le>k tkuk pkfg,a vkt vko';drk bl ckr dh gs fd ekuo ds lksp esa bl izdkj dk cnyko vk;s fd og O;fDrxr fgr dh ctk; lkewfgd fgr dks lokszpp le>sa vkffkzd fodkl vksj i;kzoj.k lja{k.k,d&nwljs ds izfr)unh u gksdj iwjd gsaa ijurq vkffkzd fodkl ds uke ij izñfr dh vogsyuk ugha dh tk ldrha i;kzoj.k dh mis{kk djds fd;k x;k vkffkzd fodkl ck:n ds <sj ij izklkn fufezr djus ds leku gsa vr% nksukas esa lkeatl; vko';d gsa lanhkz 1- Asthana, D.K.; & Asthana, M.; (2015) 'A Text Book of Environmental Studies' S. Chand & Company ltd. New Delhi. 2- Surana, N.M.; (2016) 'Environmental Studies' SBPD Publishing House Agra. 3- Sharma, R.R.; (1998) 'Development Environment Economics' Ram Prasad & Sans Agra. 4- ekgs'ojh] ih-mh-( ¼2013½ ** i;kzoj.kh; vfkz'kkl=k** dsykfk iqlrd lnu HkksikyA 5- ekeksfj;k] lh-(,oa fllksfn;k],e-,l-( ¼2014½**Ik;kZoj.k,oa fodkl**,l-ch-ih-mh-ifcyf'kax gkål vkxjk- 6- frokjh] fot; dqekj( ¼2015½ **i;kzoj.k fokku**,l punz,.m deiuh ubz fnyyh- 7- l tu dez vad 5 ebz ¼2008½- 8- dq:{ks=k vad 09 tqykbz ;kstuk&vad 03 twu frokjh] fot; dqekj( ¼1998½ **i;kzoj.k iznw"k.k** fgeky;k ifcyf'kax gkål] ukxiwj- 11- nrr] xksjo,oa egktu] vf'ouh( ¼2012½ ** Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk**,l-pun,.m deiuh fy- jkeuxj] ubz fnyyh- 'kks/k /kkjk 73

84 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P lrr~ fodkl dk y{; vksj Hkkjr MkW0 gsepunz ik.ms; l0 izk0] jktuhfr fokku] lh-,e-mh- ¼ih-th-½ egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract fodkl ds fofhkuu izfrekuksa ds chp dsoy lk/; vksj lk/ku fo"k;d fhkuurk;sa gh ugha gsa] cfyd buesa ls dqn rks ijlij foijhr gsaa bls le>s fcuk] ftu ns'kksa esa ijlij foijhr izfrekuksa ls y{k.k ysdj fodkl dk fefjr izfreku x<+ fy;k x;k gs( ogk flfkfr ml jfk dh rjg fomacukiw.kz gks xbz gs] ftls vkxs vksj ihns nksuksa fn'kkvksa ls?kksm+s [khap jgs gsaa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa Hkh fodkl dk,d,slk gh fefjr izfreku vuql;wr gsa fodkl ds if'peh izfreku vksj xka/khoknh izfreku ds chp iqy cukus dh dksf'k'k dhkh lqy ugha gks ldrh] D;ksafd nksuksa izfreku rkfrod Lrj ij gh ijlij foijhr gsaa mnkjoknh vksj ekdlzoknh izfrekuksa ds lanhkz esa,slh dksf'k'k fdlh gn rd lqy gks ldrh gs] D;ksafd muds chp rkfrod fhkuurk ugha gs] dsoy leifrr ds ^forj.k* ij gh erhksn gsa Figure : 00 References : 04 Table : 00 Key Words : fodkl ds vk;ke vksj Hkkjr jk"vª] lrr~ fodkl vksj jk"vªh; uhfr Hkwfedk % jktusrk vksj jktuhfrd ny O;ogkj esa pkgs tks dj jgs gksa] ls)kafrd O;DrO; nsrs gq, rks ;gh dgrs gsa fd os fodkl ds y{; ds izfr lefizr gsa vksj mlds fy;s gh dk;z dj jgs gsaa ^fodkl* 'kcn dk iz;ksx bruk vf/kd gksus yxk gs fd mldk vfkz crkus&le>kus dh dksbz vko';drk gh ugha le>rk gsa yxrk gs fd ;g eku fy;k x;k gs fd ^fodkl* dk vfkz lcdks irk gs vksj mldh voèkkj.kk ij lozleefr gsa tcfd olrqflfkfr Bhd foijhr gsa fodkl ds vusd izfreku gsa tsls & mnkjoknh izfreku] ekdlzoknh izfreku] xka/khoknh izfreku vkfna 1 fodkl ds fofhkuu izfrekuksa ds chp dsoy lk/; vksj lk/ku fo"k;d fhkuurk;sa gh ugha gsa] cfyd buesa ls dqn rks ijlij foijhr gsaa bls le>s fcuk] ftu ns'kksa esa ijlij foijhr izfrekuksa ls y{k.k ysdj fodkl dk fefjr izfreku x<+ fy;k x;k gs( ogk flfkfr ml jfk dh rjg fomacukiw.kz gks xbz gs] ftls vkxs vksj ihns nksuksa fn'kkvksa ls?kksm+s [khap jgs gsaa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa Hkh fodkl dk,d,slk gh fefjr izfreku vuql;wr gsa fodkl ds if'peh izfreku vksj xka/khoknh izfreku ds chp iqy cukus dh dksf'k'k dhkh lqy ugha gks ldrha D;ksafd nksuksa izfreku rkfrod Lrj ij gh ijlij foijhr gsaa mnkjoknh vksj ekdlzoknh izfrekuksa ds lanhkz esa,slh dksf'k'k fdlh gn rd lqy gks ldrh gs] D;ksafd muds chp rkfrod fhkuurk ugha gs] dsoy leifrr ds ^forj.k* ij gh erhksn gsa D;k ^fodkl* dks izfrekuksa ds fiatjksa ls eqdr fd;k tk ldrk gs\ ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh lkozhkkse?kks"k.kk] ekuo fodkl lwpdkad rfkk lrr~ fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk ds lkeus vkus ds ckn ;g vk'kk vo'; mriuu gqbz gs fd fofhkuu fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr ijlij fhkuu vksj foijhr izfrekuksa ls 'kks/k /kkjk 74

85 eqdr gksdj fodkl ds ekin.mksa dk fu/kkzj.k djuk lahko gsa bl 'kks/ki=k esa dsoy lrr~ fodkl ds y{;ksa ij gh fopkj fd;k x;k gsa lrr~ fodkl dk vfkz vksj Lo:i % lrr~ fodkl ;k la/kkj.kh; fodkl 'kcnkofy;k vaxzsth ds Sustainable Development ds fgunh vuqokn ds :i esa izpfyr gsaa lrr~ fodkl ds y{; os y{; gsa] ftugsa la;qdr jk"vª la?k us r; fd;k gs vksj ftugsa osf'od y{;ksa ds :i esa izpkfjr fd;k x;k gsa lu~ 2015 ds var esa lgl=kkfcn fodkl y{;ksa ds fujlr gks tkus ij ;s mugas izfrlfkkfir dj jgs gsaa bugsa lu~ 2030 rd izkir djus dk iz;kl lhkh ns'kksa dks djuk gsa lu~ 2015 ds flracj ekg esa la;qdr jk"vª fodkl leesyu esa bu y{;ksa dks fu/kkzfjr fd;k x;k rfkk 1 twu 2016 ls bu y{;ksa dks izkir djus ds iz;klksa dks vkjahk fd;k x;ka blds varxzr 17 y{; vksj 169 fof'k"v y{; lfeefyr gsaa 2 lu~ 1987 esa i;kzoj.k vksj fodkl ij lq>ko nsus gsrq xfbr czuvys.m vk;ksx us lcls igys la/kkj.kh; fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dk myys[k fd;k FkkA bdksukwfed losz ds vuqlkj llvsuscy MsOgsyiesaV xksy (SDG) ls lec) y{;ksa dks izkir djus ds fy;s izpqj /ku dh vko';drk gksxha vr% lu~ 2030 rd lhkh y{; izkir gks tk;sa] ;g lahko ugha gsa,slh flfkfr esa ;gh fd;k tkuk lahko gs fd ge izkfkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij y{;ksa dks ikus dk iz;kl djsaa lu~ 2015 ds vxlr ekg esa 193 ns'k fueufyf[kr 17 y{;ksa ij lger gq,& 3 1- iwjs fo'o ls xjhch ds lhkh :iksa dh lekfira 2- Hkw[k dh lekfir] [kk lqj{kk] csgrj iks"k.k vksj fvdkå Ñf"k dks c<+koka 3- lhkh vk;q oxz ds yksxksa esa LokLF; lqj{kk vksj LoLF; thou dks c<+koka 4- lhkh dks lh[kus dk volj nsrs gq, lekos'kh vksj U;k; laxr] xq.korrk;qdr f'k{kk dks lqfuf'pr~ djuka 5- ysafxd lekurk izkir djus ds lkfk gh efgykvksa vksj ym+fd;ksa dks l'kdr djuka 6- lhkh ds fy;s LoPNrk vksj ty ds lrr~ izca/ku dh miyc/krk lqfuf'pr~ djuka 7- llrh] fo'oluh;] fvdkå vksj vk/kqfud ÅtkZ rd igqap lqfuf'pr djuka 8- lhkh ds fy;s fujarj lekos'kh vksj lrr vkffkzd fodkl] iw.kz vksj mriknd jkstxkj vksj csgrj dk;z dks c<+kok nsuka 9- yphys cqfu;knh <kaps] lekos'kh vksj lrr~ vks ksxhdj.k dks c<+kok nsuka 10- ns'kksa ds chp vksj Hkhrj vlekurk dks de djuka 11- lqjf{kr] yphys vksj fvdkå 'kgj vksj ekuo cflr;ksa dk fuekz.k djuka 12- LFkk;h [kir vksj mriknu isvuz dks lqfuf'pr djuka 13- tyok;q ifjorzu vksj mlds izhkkoksa ls fuivus ds fy;s rrdky dk;zokgh djuka 14- LFkk;h lrr~ fodkl ds fy;s egklkxjksa] leqnz vksj leqnzh lalk/kuksa dk laj{k.k vksj mi;ksx djuka 15- lrr~ mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsus okys LFkkuh; ikfjflfkfrdh; iz.kkfy;ksa] lqjf{kr taxyksa] Hkwfe {kj.k 'kks/k /kkjk 75

86 vksj tso fofo/krk ds c<+rs uqdlku dks jksdus dk iz;kl djuka 16- lrr~ fodkl ds fy;s 'kkafriw.kz vksj lekos'kh lfefr;ksa dks c<+kok nsus ds lkfk gh lhkh Lrjksa ij bugas izhkkoh] tokcnsg cukuk] rkfd lhkh ds fy;s U;k; lqfuf'pr gks ldsa 17- lrr fodkl ds fy;s osf'od Hkkxhnkjh dks iquthzfor djus ds vfrfjdr dk;kzuo;u ds lk/kuksa dks etcwr cukuka bu l=kg y{;ksa ds v/;;u ls ;g Li"V gksrk gs fd lrr~ fodkl dk rkri;z,sls fodkl ls gs] tks gekjh Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dh viuh t:jrksa dh iwfrz dh ;ksx;rk dks izhkkfor fd;s fcuk orzeku le; dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djsa lrr~ fodkl ds varxzr vkffkzd fodkl] lkekftd lekos'k rfkk i;kzoj.k laj{k.k&;s rhuksa y{;,d lkfk lekfo"v gsaa Hkkjr esa lrr~ fodkl dh flfkfr % Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy;s i;kzoj.k laj{k.k] tks fd lrr~ fodkl dk vfhkuu vax gs] dksbz ubz voèkkj.kk ugha gsa Hkkjrh; lalñfr] izñfr vksj ou;thoksa ds laj{k.k dks ges'kk ls egroiw.kz ekurh jgh gsa lrr~ fodkl ds mi;qzdr y{;ksa dks] ftugsa ^^VªkalQkfeZax vkoj oymz % n 2030,tsaMk Qkj llvsuscy MsOgyiesaV** ladyi Hkh dgk tkrk gs] Hkkjr us flracj 2015 esa la;qdr jk"vª dh egklhkk dh mpplrjh; iw.kz csbd esa 193 ns'kksa ds lkfk gh Lohdkj dj fy;k FkkA bl vksipkfjd LohÑfr us gekjh lalñfr ds lfn;ksa ls pys vk jgs ewy;ksa dks gh ekuksa iquizzfrf"br fd;ka xka/khokn ds :i esa lrr~ fodkl dk,d lexz n f"vdks.k gesa iqu% 20oha lnh esa izkir gqvk gsa Hkkjr ds fodkl ds fy;s r; dh xbz vusd uhfr;ksa] ;kstukvksa rfkk dk;zøeksa esa lrr~ fodkl ds y{;ksa dks txg nh xbz gsa ljdkj ds }kjk fø;kfuor vusd dk;zøe lrr~ fodkl ds y{;ksa ds vuq:i gsaa,sls dk;zøeksa esa esd bu bafm;k] LoPN Hkkjr vfhk;ku] csvh cpkvks csvh i<+kvks] jk"vªh; xzkeh.k is;ty dk;zøe] jk"vªh; LokLF; fe'ku] iz/kkuea=kh xzkeh.k vksj 'kgjh vkokl ;kstuk,a] iz/kkuea=kh xzke lm+d ;kstuk] fmftvy bafm;k] nhun;ky mik/;k; xzke T;ksfr ;kstuk] fldy bafm;k vksj iz/kkuea=kh Ñf"k flapkbz ;kstuk fo'ks"k :i ls myys[kuh; gsaa buds vfrfjdr cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvksa ds fodkl vksj xjhch lekir djus ls tqm+s dk;zøeksa dks vf/kd ctv vkcafvr dj c<+kok fn;k tk jgk gsa dsunz ljdkj us lrr~ fodkl ds y{;ksa ds dk;kzuo;u ij fuxjkuh j[kus rfkk blds leuo; dh fteesnkjh uhfr vk;ksx dks lksaih gsa lkaf[;dh vksj dk;zøe dk;kzuo;u ea=kky; dks lacaf/kr jk"vªh; ladsrd rs;kj djus dk dk;z lksaik x;k gsa Hkkjr ds la?kh; <kaps esa jkt;ksa dks dkqh vf/kdkj izkir gsaa os vius Lrj ij fodkl dh ftu ;kstukvksa dk fuekz.k vksj fø;kuo;u dj jgs gsa] muds lkfk dsuæ ds,sls iz;klksa dk leuo; vksj rkyesy gksuk lrr~ fodkl ds y{;ksa dh izkfir dh n f"v ls vr;ar egroiw.kz gsa bl fn'kk esa fo'ks"k /;ku nsdj dk;z djus dh vko';drk gsa dsuæ Lrj ij lrr~ fodkl ds y{;ksa dh izkfir ds fy;s Hkkjrh; laln fofhkuu fgr/kkjdksa ds lkfk xgu fopkj foe'kz djrh jgrh gsa blds fy;s ^v/;{kh; 'kks/k dne ¼,l-vkj-vkbZ-½ tsls eap 'kks/k /kkjk 76

87 cuk;s x;s gsaa uhfr vk;ksx us Hkh vu; laxbuksa ds lg;ksx ls jk"vªh; vksj {ks=kh; Lrj ij ijke'kz J a[kyk;sa vk;ksftr dh gsa] rkfd buesa fo}kuksa] fo'ks"kkksa] lalfkkvksa] flfoy lkslk;fv;ksa] vrjkz"vªh; laxbuksa] jkt;ksa vksj dsuæh; ea=kky;ksa lfgr lhkh fgr/kkjdksa ds lkfk lrr~ fodkl ij xgu fopkj&foe'kz gks ldsa Hkkjr ljdkj lrr~ fodkl ds y{;ksa dh izkfir ds fy;s fdruh xahkhjrk ls iz;kl dj jgh gs] bldk,d izek.k mlds }kjk Lo;a ;g fu.kz; ysuk gs fd og varjkz"vªh; leqnk; ds le{k bl gsrq viuh tokcnsgh dks lqfuf'pr djsxha U;w;kdZ esa tqykbz 1917 esa vk;ksftr gq;s mpplrjh; jktuhfrd eap ¼,p-,y-ih-,Q-½ ij viuh igyh LoSfPNd jk"vªh; leh{kk izlrqr djus gsrq fy;k x;k fu.kz; bldk mnkgj.k gsa 4 fu"d"kz % l/kkj.kh; ;k lrr fodkl ds y{; fopkj/kkjkvksa ls eqdr jgdj laiw.kz i Foh ds thou ds laj{k.k] lao/kzu ds fy;s fd;s tk jgs iz;klksa dk egroiw.kz Hkkx gsaa ; fi bl rjg ds y{;ksa dks Hkkjrh; lalñfr esa lafn;ksa ls LFkku feyrk jgk gs] ij vkt tslh vko';drk vksj izklafxdrk bu vkn'kksza dh gs] oslh igys dhkh ugha jgha vrhr esa dhkh Hkh bl /kjrh dk lozjs"b izka.kh euq"; bruk lkef;zoku ugha jgk fd laiw.kz i Foh ls gh thou dks u"v dj ldsa ysfdu nqhkkzx;o'k vkt mlds ikl ;g {kerk vk xbz gsa blhfy;s la/kkj.kh; fodkl ls lacaf/kr izkphu Hkkjrh; fopkj vkt _f"k;ksa&eqfu;ksa dh ln~?kks"k.kk,a vksj l f"v ek=k ls rknkre; ds Hkkoiw.kZ mn~xkj ek=k u jgdj lhkh izkf.k;ksa ds mrrjthou dh vfuok;z 'krsza cu x;s gsaa Hkkjr ds ikl nqfu;k dks nsus ds fy;s viuh ijeijk ls vk;k gqvk,d egku vksj csgn vko';d lans'k rks gs] ysfdu mls bl ckj ;g lans'k dsoy opuksa ls ugha cfyd vius deksza ls nsuk gksxka Hkkjr dks la/kkj.kh; ;k lrr fodkl ds lanhkz esa viuh dfkuh vksj djuh dh nwjh dks lekir djuk gksxka vkt gekjs ns'k dh tks flfkfr gs] mls ns[krs gq, ;g,d vr;ar dfbu pquksrh gsa lanhkz 1- nz"vo; % QfM+;k] ch-,y-( rqyukred jktuhfr] lkfgr; Hkou ifcyds'ku] vkxjk] 2012] i - 292& nz"vo; % Technical report by the Bureau of the United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC) on the process of the development of an indicator framework for the goals and targets of the Post-2015 development agenda working draft. March nz"vo; %The Global Goals for Sustainable Development vfhkxeu frffk] 2 flracj nz"vo; % sustainable-development-goaland-india 'kks/k /kkjk 77

88 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; DEC 2017; Vol. 4; P Hkkjrh; jk"vªokn ds fodkl esa izsl dh Hkwfedk vrqy dqekj fej lgk;d izk/;kid] xq-?kk-fo'ofo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract Hkkjrh; jk"vªokn ds fodkl vksj izlkj esa izsl us egroiw.kz Hkwfedk dk fuokzgu fd;k gsa 19oha 'krkcnh ds vkjahk esa,d le;,slk Fkk] tc jktuhfrd tkx:drk o psru fopkjksa dh ygjksa dk izokg viuk :i ysuk vkjahk dj pqdk Fkk ijurq vli"v okys jk"vªh; vkanksyu ds dkj.k ;g izokg vius iw.kz Lo:i dks izkir ugha gks ik jgk Fkk],sls le; esa bl izokg dks tu&tu rd igq pkus o bls,d turk dh leiw.kz Hkkxsnkjh okyh jk"vªh; psruk cukus dk dk;z izsl us fd;ka rrdkyhu le; esa turk ds ikl u rks laxbu Fkk vksj u gh dksbz laxfbr jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk o dk;zøe] bl dkj.k ls izsl gh rrdkyhu le; esa og gffk;kj Fkk] ftlls turk dks jktuhfrd :i ls f'kf{kr dj] ospkfjd jktuhfrd 'kwu;rk dks Hkjk tk ldrk FkkA Figure : 00 References : 11 Table : 00 Key Words : iz sl dh Hkwfedk vksj jk"vªokn] jk"vªokn ds fodkl es a iz sl vf/kfu;e] jk"vªh; vkanksyu vksj i=kdkfjrk Hkkjrh; jk"vªokn ds fodkl vksj izlkj esa izsl us egroiw.kz Hkwfedk dk fuokzgu fd;k gsa 19oha 'krkcnh ds vkjahk esa,d le;,slk Fkk] tc jktuhfrd tkx:drk o psru fopkjksa dh ygjksa dk izokg viuk :i ysuk vkjahk dj pqdk Fkk ijurq vli"v okys jk"vªh; vkanksyu ds dkj.k ;g izokg vius iw.kz Lo:i dks izkir ugha gks ik jgk Fkk],sls le; esa bl izokg dks tu&tu rd igq pkus o bls,d turk dh leiw.kz Hkkxsnkjh okyh jk"vªh; psruk cukus dk dk;z izsl us fd;ka rrdkyhu le; esa turk ds ikl u rks laxbu Fkk vksj u gh dksbz laxfbr jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk o dk;zøe] bl dkj.k ls izsl gh rrdkyhu le; esa og gffk;kj Fkk] ftlls turk dks jktuhfrd :i ls f'kf{kr dj] ospkfjd jktuhfrd 'kwu;rk dks Hkjk tk ldrk FkkA tc 18oha lnh ds e/; esa vaxztksa us Hkkjr esa viuh 'kklu&lùkk dks vkjahk fd;k] ml le; Hkkjr jktuhfrd] vkffkzd vksj usfrd n f"v ls cgqr nqczy FkkA eqxy lkezkt; Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd,drk u"v gks pqdh FkhA 1 fczfv'k vkf/kir; vksj mlds izr;{k o vizr;{k ifj.kkeksa us Hkkjr esa jk"vªokn ds fodkl dh HkkSfrd] usfrd vksj cksf)d flfkfr;k mriu dj nha FkhaA Hkkjrh; lekt ds izr;sd oxz dks ;g eglwl gks pqdk Fkk fd fczfv'k 'kklu dsoy vius fgrksa dh iwfrz dj jgk gs o muds fgrkas ds f[kykq gsa bl fopkj dks vf[ky Hkkjrh; psruk dk Lo:i iznku djus dk dk;z izsl us fd;ka izsl us ns'k ds fofhkuu Hkkxkas esa jgus okys jk"vªokfn;ksa dks Hkkjrh; jk"vªokn dh Hkkouk ls tksm+ fn;ka vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; izsl dk izkjahk 1766 esa fofy;e cksyv~l }kjk,d lekpkj&i=kk ds izdk'ku ls gqvka ijurq bzlv bafm;k daiuh us mudks baxys.m Hkst fn;ka 1780 esa ts-ds-fgddh us caxky xtv uked lekpkj&i=k izdkf'kr djuk vkjahk fd;k Fkk] fgddh dks daiuh dh vkykspuk djus ds vijkèk 'kks/k /kkjk 78

89 esa ltk Hkh Hkqxruh im+h FkhA ijurq mlds i=k us viuh uhfr ugh cnyha fgddh ds izsl dks daiuh us tcr dj fy;k vksj bl izdkj ls caxky xtv dk var gks x;ka ijurq blls fgddh ds LoHkko rfkk n f"vdks.k ds i=kdkjksa dh la[;k?kvus dh vis{kk fnuksa c<+rh gh xbza uoacj 1780 esa izdkf'kr ^bafm;k xtv* nwljk Hkkjrh; i=k FkkA blds lkfk gh tgk,d vksj Hkkjrh; izsl ds {ks=k esa rhoz xfr ls fodkl gqvk] ogha nwljh vksj i=kdkj daiuh ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fy, lel;k cus jgsaa 2 + muuhloha 'krkcnh ds mrrjk)z esa Hkkjrh; ekfydksa }kjk pyk, x, vaxzsth rfkk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk lekpkj i=kksa dh la[;k 169 rd igq p xbz Fkh rfkk mudh izpyu la[;k,d yk[k rd igq p xbz FkhA 3 jk"vªoknh fopkjksa dks vke tu rd igq pkus rfkk,d jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk ls rrdkyhu le; esa jk"vªoknh vkhkk e.my fufezr djus esa v[kckjksa dk egroiw.kz LFkku FkkA v[kckj Nkiuk ml le; rd O;olk; dk ek/;e ugha Fkk vksj u gh v[kckj ds ek/;e ls ykhk dekus dh ea'kk Fkh vksj u gh,slh dksbz lahkkouka ns'k o lekt lsok ds fy, v[kckjksa dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk Fkk rkfd,d jktuhfrd okrkoj.k dk fuekz.k gks tks vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lo:i dk gksa i=kdkfjrk ds {ks=k esa Hkh vkerksj ij os gh yksx vkrs Fks tks jktuhfrd lw> cw> ls le ) dk;zdrkz Fks vksj gj ifjflfkfr esa ns'k dh lsok ds fy, cfynku gksus dks rrij jgrs FksA fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh; }kjk vaxzsth esa lozizfke izdkf'kr gksus okyk lekpkj i=k xaxk/kj HkV~Vkpk;Z dk lkirkfgd ^caxky xtv* FkkA o"kz 1816 bz- esa bldk izdk'ku 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA 19oha 'krkcnh ds iwokz) esa Hkkjr esa lekpkj i=kksa dh la[;k ux.; FkhA budk mfpr egro Hkh ugha le>k tkrk Fkk ijurq 1857bZ- esa budk rsth ls fodkl gqvka QyLo:i muds vaxzsth,oa {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa lekpkj i=k izdkf'kr gksus yxsa bues ^VkbEl vkwq bafm;k*] ^LVsV~leSu*] ^baxfy'kesu*] ÝS.M vkwq bafm;k] ^enzkl esy* flfoy,am feyhvjh xtv vkfn izeq[k vaxzsth i=k FksA bu i=kksa dk :[k Hkkjr fojks/kh,oa ljdkj lefkzd gksrk Fkk ysfdu blh le; vu; lekpkj&i=k Hkh izdkf'kr gq,] ftuesa vaxzsth ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk dh xbza Hkkjrh;,drk dh Hkkouk txkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;ka,sls lekpkj i=kksa esa eq[; :i ls myys[kuh; fgunw isfvª;v] ve r cktkj if=kdk] bafm;u fqjj] caxkyh ¼caxky ls izdkf'kr½ cacbz ls jklr xks rkj] usfvo vksihfu;u] ejkbk] dsljh] enzkl ls fgaunw] mùkj izns'k ls fgunqlrkuh] vktkn vksj iatkc ls fvªc;wu FksA bu lekpkj i=kksa us jk"vªh; psruk dks fodflr fd;ka blh izdkj caxyk] vlfe;k] ejkbh] rfey] fgunh] mnzw vkfn esa miu;kl] fuca/k] dfork,a vkfn fy[kdj ns'khkfdr dh Hkkouk tkx r dh xbza 4 izsl ds ek/;e ls vke turk dks tkx:d cukus esa jktkjkeeksgu jk; dk LFkku vr;ur egroiw.kz gsa mugksus izxfr'khy jk"vªh; izo frr ds lekpkj i=kksa dk izdk'ku izkjahk fd;ka mugksaus o"kz 1821 esa caxkyh esa ^laokn dkseqnh* rfkk o"kz 1822 esa Qkjlh esa ^fejkr&my&v[kckj* dk izdk'ku fd;ka o"kz 1857 Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke o jk"vªokn ds fodkl ds izkjafhkd pj.k ds :i esa vfr fof'k"v LFkku j[krk gsa 1857 bz- ds fonzksg ds ckn i=kdkjksa dks jk"vªh;rk ds vk/kkj ij fohkkftr fd;k tkus yxka jk"vªokn dh cqfu;kn j[kus esa v[kckjksa o i=kdkjksa dh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk FkhA ml le; lcls igyk dk;z ;gh Fkk fd turk es jktusfrd izpkj&izlkj fd;k tk, vksj ;g dk;z izsl 'kks/k /kkjk 79

90 ds ek/;e ls fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ; fi xkaoksa esa i<+s fy[ks yksxksa dh la[;k de gksrh Fkh] ysfdu v[kckj i<+dj og mldh ppkz lhkh yksxksa ls fd;k djrs FksA yksx mu [kcjksa dks /;kuiwozd i<+rs vksj nwljksa dks lqukrs Fks vksj fqj lhkh yksx vkil esa feydj ml ij lkewfgd ppkz fd;k djrs FksA ftldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk Fkk fd ;s ppkz yksxksa dks lokyksa o eqn~nkas ls tksm+rh Fkh vksj mugsa jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh dh vksj c<+us dh izsj.kk nsrh FkhA f'kf{kr lekt ns'k dk eflr"d,oa foosd gksrk gsa og fuj{kj turk dk dkuwuh rksj ij izfrfuf/k odrk gksrk gsa 5 o"kz 1826 esa dkuiqj ls izdkf'kr gksus okyk ^mnur ekrz.m^ Hkkjr dk igyk fgunh dk lekpkj i=k Fkk] ftlds izdk'kd tqxyfd'kksj FksA bz'oj panz fo klkxj us 1858 esa caxkyh lkirkfgd ds :i esa ^lkseizdk'k* dk izdk'ku fd;ka jk"vªoknh n f"vdks.k ls ifjiw.kz bl i=k us uhy mriknd fdlkuksa dh O;Fkk o fczfv'k uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk dj fdlkuksa ds fgrksa dk tksjnkj lefkzu fd;ka 1861 bz- esa nsosunzukfk VSxksj rfkk eueksgu?kks"k us ^bf.m;u fejj* dk izdk'ku fd;ka vu; lekpkj i=k ftugksaus Hkkjrh; jk"vªokn ds fodkl dh uhao j[kh] bl izdkj gsa& eksrhyky?kks"k }kjk o"kz 1868 esa caxky Hkk"kk esa dydùkk ls izdkf'kr ve r cktkj if=kdka fxjh'k panz?kks"k }kjk izdkf'kr ^caxkyh* lekpkj i=ka tksxsunz ukfk cksl }kjk 1881 esa dydùkk ls izdkf'kr caxoklha 1867 esa HkkjrsUnq gfj'panz ds laiknu esa cukjl ls izdkf'kr ^dfoopu lq/kk*a 1872 esa HkkjrsUnq gfj'panz dh vk/kqfud ekfld if=kdk gfj'panz if=kdka,e-th-jkukms ds laiknu esa 1862 esa ejkbh Hkk"kk esa izdkf'kr bunzizdk'ka d ".kjko Hkkysdj ds laiknu esa 1877 bz- esa izdkf'kr nhuca/kqa 1864 bz- esa ch-,u-ekamfyd }kjk izdkf'kr ^usfvo vksfifu;u*a cky xaxk/kj fryd }kjk 1881 esa cacbz ls vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa izdkf'kr ejkbk rfkk ejkbh Hkk"kk esa izdkf'kr dsljha fqjkst'kkg esgrk }kjk izdkf'kr ^ckecs Økfudy*A 1878 bz- esa enzkl ls lkirkfgd ^fgunq dk izdk'k vkjahk gqvk] 1881 bz- esa ;g nsfud esa ifjofrzr gks x;ka ljnkj n;ky flag ethfb;k }kjk iatkc ls 1881 esa izdkf'kr ^fvªc;wu*a,uh cslsuv }kjk 1914 esa izdkf'kr dkeughy rfkk U;w bf.m;ka egkrek xka/kh ds ys[kksa ls izdkf'kr ;ax bf.m;k] uothou] gfjtu] gfjtu lsoda eksrhyky usg: }kjk 1919 esa vaxzsth esa izdkf'kr ^bafmisamsal*a ds-,e- ifuudj ds laikndro esa 1992 esa fnyyh ls izdkf'kr nsfud ^fgunqlrkku VkbEl*A eksykuk vcqy dyke vktkn }kjk dydùkk ls 1912 esa izdkf'kr vy&fgykya eqgeen vyh }kjk izdkf'kr vaxzsth esa ^dkejsm* rfkk mnwz esa ^gennz*a mi;qzdr of.kzr lekpkj i=kksa ds vykok Hkh fofhkuu izkrksa esa ogk dh izkarh; Hkk"kkvksa esa lekpkj 'kks/k /kkjk 80

91 i=k izdkf'kr dj,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; jk"vªokn dh Hkkouk dks,dhd r djus dk iz;kl izsl ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkus yxka jk"vªh;rk ds izpkj esa ns'kh lekpkj&i=kkas ls dkqh lgk;rk feyha ;s lekpkj i=k ljdkj dh vkykspuk djrs Fks vksj yksxkas esa ns'k&izse dh Hkkouk Hkjrs FksA f'k{kk ds izlkj ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa bu lkepkj i=kksa dk izdk'ku [kwc c<+ka 6 Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk izdkf'kr lekpkj i=kksa us tks vf/kdka'kr;k izknsf'kd Hkk"kkvksa esa Fks] ljdkj vksj vaxzst vf/kdkfj;ksa ds O;ogkj dh vkykspuk izkjahk dj nha blds vfrfjdr lekpkj&i=kksa dh la[;k esa o f) gqbz] Hkkjrh;ksa us vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa Hkh lekpkj i=kksa dk izdk'ku izkjahk fd;k vksj muesa ls dqn dk Lo:i jk"vªh; gksus yxka 7 Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa Nius okys vksj Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk izdkf'kr lekpkj i=kksa ds c<+rs izhkko dks ns[krs gq, fczfv'k 'kklu us lekpkj i=kksa ij izfrca/k yxkuk izkjahk dj fn;ka 1799 bz- esa ns'k esa izdkf'kr gksus okys lekpkj&i=kksa ij lsalj LFkkfir dj fn;k x;ka ;g funsz'k fn;k x;k fd lekpkj i=kksa ij laikndks rfkk i=k&lokfe;ksa ds uke izdkf'kr gksa 8 Hkkjrh; lekpkj i=kksa ij le; ij fofhkuu vf/kfu;eksa ds ek/;e ls izfrca/k yxk, tks fueu Fks& 1799 bz- dk lekpkj i=kkas dk i=ks{k.k vf/kfu;ea 1823 bz- dk vuqkfir fu;ea 1857 bz- dk vuqkfir vf/kfu;ea 1867 bz- dk iathdj.k vf/kfu;ea ns'kh Hkk"kk lkekpkj i=k vf/kfu;e 1878 bz-a 1908 bz- dk lekpkj i=k vf/kfu;ea 1910 bz- dk Hkkjrh; lekpkj i=k vf/kfu;ea 1931 dk Hkkjrh; lekpkj i=k ¼ladV dkyhu 'kfdr;k ½ vf/kfu;ea Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkbZ lekpkj&i=kkas ds c<+rs gq, izhkko ls fczfv'k 'kklu lrdz gks x;k vksj mlus bl izhkko dks jksdus ds fy,,sls vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd, ftlls ;k rks lekpkj i=k dk izdk'ku gh uk gks ik, vksj ;fn izdk'ku gks Hkh rks dksbz,slh ikb~; lkexzh izdkf'kr u gk]s ftlls jk"vªokn dh Hkkouk dk izlkj gksa lekpkj i=kksa dh vkykspuk ls?kcm+kdj ykmz fyvu us mugs dkuwu ds f'kdats esa dlus ds fy, mudh Lora=krk dk vigj.k djus okyk oukzdqyj izsl,dv ikfjr fd;ka bl vf/ kfu;e dk lewps ns'k esa cm+k fojks/k fd;k x;k vksj bls migkj ds :i es xyk?kksavw dkuwu dgk x;ka bl,dv us Hkh vaxzsth fojks/kh Hkkouk dks cgqr c<+k;ka 9 bz'oj panz fo klkxj }kjk izdkf'kr lkseizdk'k gh,d ek=k lekpkj i=k Fkk] ftlds fo:) ;g izsl,dv ykxw gqvka bl izsl,dv ls cpus ds fy, ^ve r cktkj if=kdk* jkrks jkr vaxzsth esa izdkf'kr gksus yxha 10 jk"vªh; Hkkouk ds mn;,oa fodkl esa rfkk jk"vªh; vkanksyu ds izr;sd igyw ds fo"k; esa pkgs og vkffkzd gks ;k lkalñfrd gks ;k jktusfrd iszl dh Hkwfedk myys[kuh; jgh gsa izsl us turk dks vko';d jktusfrd f'k{kk nha izsl ds gh ek/;e ls fofhkuu jktusfrd usrkvksa us vius fopkjkas dks vke yksxksa rd QSykus esa lqyrk izkir dha ljdkj dh oklrfod uhfr dks] mldh nksgjh pky 'kks/k /kkjk 81

92 dks] mlds }kjk Hkkjrh;ksa ds 'kks"k.k dks lcds le{k j[kus okyk rfkk ljdkj dh dvq vkykspuk dks turk rd igq pkus okyk ek/;e izsl gh FkkA fofhkuu usrkvksa }kjk izsl dh LFkkiuk rfkk lekpkj i=kksa dk laiknu bldk lwpd gs fd izsl dks,d egroiw.kz lalfkk ekuk tkrk FkkA turk ds chp izsl dh jpukred Hkwfedk dks le>rs gq, mls jk"vª dk,d vfhkuu vax cuk fy;k x;k FkkA izsl us lhkh Toyar lel;kvksa dks izhkko'kkyh :i ls izdkf'kr fd;ka ml ;qx dk eq[; mn~ns'; tu tkxj.k FkkA bl mn~ns'; dh izkfir esa izsl dh Hkwfedk lfø; rfkk myys[kuh; jgha 11 bl izdkj ns[kk tk ldrk gs fd jk"vªokn ds fodkl esa fczfv'k ljdkj ds fujadq'krkiw.kz 'kklu ds chp Hkh izsl us viuh Hkwfedk dk fuozgu dq'kyrkiwozd fd;ka fczfv'k 'kklu }kjk le; ij izsl ij fofhkuu izdkj ls izfrca/k vkjksfir djus ds ihns lcls cm+k dkj.k Lora=k ys[ku ls jk"vªoknh fopkj/kkjkvksa dks cy feyuk FkkA fczfv'k ljdkj }kjk fdrus gh izfrca/k D;ksa u yxk, ij izsl us bu lcdk lkeuk djrs gq, vius vflrro dks cuk, j[kk vksj jk"vªokn dh ml Hkkouk dks tue nsdj iyyfor&iqf"ir Hkh fd;k] ftlus Lora=k Hkkjr ds LoIu dks iw.kz fd;ka lanhkz 1- 'kekz],y-ih-(¼1996½] vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; lalñfr] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky] vxkjk i 0&28 2- 'kqdy] vkj-,y-(¼1998½] vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] fgunh ek/;e dk;kzuo; funs'kky;] fnyyh fo'ofo ky;] i 0& ;'kiky] xzksoj ch-,y-( ¼1990½ vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl],l-pun,.m deiuh fy- ubz fnyyh] i 0& izlkn dkes'oj( ¼1998½ Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] Hkkjrh Hkou] ivuk] i 0& nùk] jk;pks/kjh( etqenkj ¼1994½ Hkkjr dk o gr bfrgkl] esdfeyu bafm;k fyfevsm] enzkl] i 0& oekz] nhukukfk( ¼1993½ vk/kqfud Hkkjr] Kkunk izdk'ku] ubz fnyyh] i ih-¼1994½] Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] y{ehukjk;.k vxzoky vkxjk] i 0& egktu] fo k/kj( ¼1990½ vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl,l-pan,.m daiuh] ubz fnyyh] i 0& oekz] nhukukfk( ¼1993½ vk/kqfud Hkkjr] Kkunk izdk'ku] ubz fnyyh] i 0& 'kqdy] vkj-,y-(¼1997½] vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] fgunh ek/;e dk;kzuo; funs'kky;] fnyyh fo'ofo ky;] i 0& ogh] i 0& 285 'kks/k /kkjk 82

93 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; DEC 2017; Vol. 4; P vjfoan vfmxk ds miu;kl ^n OgkbZV VkbZxj* esa jk"vª fodkl dk fparu MkW0 lkfo=kh f=kikbh izk/;kid] vaxzsth] 'kkldh; ts-ih- oekz ¼ih-th-½ dyk,oa okf.kt; egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] N-x- ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract vjfoan vfmxk vaxzsth lkfgr; ds ;qok miku;kldkj gsa] ftugsa mudh iqlrd ^n OgkbZV VkbZxj^ ds fy, ^esu cqdj vokmz^ iznku fd;k x;ka ys[kd us vius miu;kl esa jk"vª fodkl esa ck/kd cuus okys fofhkuu dkjdksa ij isuh rfkk lw{e n f"v j[krs gq, vne; lkgl ls jk"vª ds fofo/k {ks=kksa esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj ij rh[kk izgkj djds lq/kkj,oa jk"vª fodkl dh vis{kk dh gsa vehj vksj xjhc ds chp O;kIr [kkbz dks ikvus ds n '; ls 'kk;n bl ij isuh n f"v Mkyh gsa ys[kd us pqvhyh rfkk viuh rh[kh ys[ku 'ksyh ls ljy Hkk"kk 'kcnksa esa miu;kl ds ek/;e ls jk"vª fodkl dh fpark O;Dr djrs gq, Hkkjrh; U;k; O;oLFkk] lkekftd Hksn&Hkko] Hkz"Vkpkj] ngst izfkk rfkk vu; cqjkbz;ksa dks mtkxj fd;k gsa dgkor gs fd ^lkfgr; lekt dk niz.k gksrk gs^] ys[kd us bl dgkor dks pfjrkfkz fd;k gsa ys[kd dh ys[kuh dh /kkj ryokj ds /kkj ls Hkh 'kfdr'kkyh gsa miu;kl dk dfkkud ikbd dks lkspus dks ck/; dj nsrk gsa vkt,sls gh lkfgr; dh vko';drk gsa lekt esa tc&tc dqjhfr;ka] Hkz"Vkpkj vkfn O;kIr gksrk gs] rks,d izcq) ys[kd dk nkf;ro gs fd oks viuh ys[kuh ls lekt ij rh[kk izgkj djs vksj ;g dk;z ys[kd us c[kwch fd;k gs rfkk jk"vª fodkl dh fpark O;Dr dh gsa Figure : 00 References : 06 Table : 00 Key Words : miu;kl vksj yksd thou] miu;kl vksj jk"vªokn Hkkjrh; vaxzsth lkfgr; ys[kdksa us vurjkz"vªh; f{kfrt ij viuk LFkku cukdj Hkkjrh; vaxzsth lkfgr; dks v{kq.kcuk fn;k gsa vaxzsth lkfgr; ds {ks=k esa fofhkuu iqjldkj thrdj vius vfev igpku dks fo'o Lrj ij LFkkfir fd;ka Hkkjrh; gksus ds dkj.k muds ys[ku esa jk"vª fodkl] jk"vªfgr dh fapark Li"V ifjyf{kr gksrh gsa vjfoan vfmxk vaxzsth lkfgr; ds ;qok miku;kldkj gsa] ftugsa mudh iqlrd ^n OgkbZV VkbZxj^ ds fy, ^esu cqdj vokmz^ iznku fd;k x;ka ys[kd us vius miu;kl esa jk"vª fodkl esa ck/kd cuus okys fofhkuu dkjdksa ij isuh rfkk lw{e n f"v j[krs gq, vne; lkgl ls jk"vª ds fofo/k {ks=kksa esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj ij rh[kk izgkj djds lq/kkj,oa jk"vª fodkl dh vis{kk dh gs] vehj vksj xjhc ds chp O;kIr [kkbz dks ikvus ds n '; ls 'kk;n bl ij isuh n f"v Mkyh gsa ys[kd us pqvhyh rfkk viuh rh[kh ys[ku 'ksyh ls ljy Hkk"kk 'kcnksa esa miu;kl ds ek/;e ls jk"vª fodkl dh fpark O;Dr djrs gq, Hkkjrh; U;k; O;oLFkk] lkekftd Hksn&Hkko] Hkz"Vkpkj] ngst izfkk rfkk vu; cqjkbz;ksa dks mtkxj fd;k gsa dgkor gs fd ^lkfgr; lekt dk niz.k gksrk gs^] ys[kd us bl dgkor dks pfjrkfkz fd;k gsa ys[kd dh ys[kuh dh /kkj ryokj ds /kkj ls Hkh 'kfdr'kkyh 'kks/k /kkjk 83

94 gsa miu;kl dk dfkkud ikbd dks lkspus dks ck/; dj nsrk gsa vkt,sls gh lkfgr; dh vko';drk gsa lekt esa tc&tc dqjhfr;ka] Hkz"Vkpkj vkfn O;kIr gksrk gs rks,d izcq) ys[kd dk nkf;ro gs fd oks viuh ys[kuh ls lekt ij rh[kk izgkj djs vksj ;g dk;z ys[kd us c[kwch fd;k gs rfkk jk"vª fodkl dh fpark O;Dr dh gsa Hkkjr rsth ls fodkl dj jgk gs] ijarq fodkl dh bl pdkpksa/k ls djksm+ksa?kj vhkh Hkh oafpr gsa vksj viuk thou vr;ar xjhch esa O;rhr dj jgsa gsa ys[kd us bl oklrfodrk dks c;ka dj mugsa eq[; /kkjk esa ykus dh vksj,d igy dh gsa ys[kd us nks Hkkjr dk ftø fd;k gs 1- Hkkjr&xjhckas dk ns'k 2- bafm;k&vehjkas dk ns'ka miu;kl nksuksa Hkkjr dh dgkuh gsa bafm;k vkwq MkdZusl] bafm;k vkwq ykbzv~la xjhc fpafrr gs&'kkjhfjd otu c<+kus ds fy,( vehj fpafrr gs] 'kkjhfjd otu?kvkus ds fy,] nksukas txg fpark flqz,d ckr dh gs ij mldk Lo:Ik vyx&vyx gsa ys[kd cms+ gh pqvhys vankt+ esa gkl; jl dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fy[krk gs vehj isny pyrk rksan ¼eksVk isav½ dks de djus ds fy, vksj xjhc pyrk ml isv dh jksvh ds tqxkm+ ds fy,a ys[kd euksfouksn djkus okys vankt esa 'kk;n 'kklu dk /;ku bl fo"kerk dh vksj vkdf"kzr djrk gsa miu;kl jk"vª esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj ij lh/kk izgkj djds bls mtkxj djrk gsa tgka ij xjhc vksj detksj ckgqcyh ds vr;kpkj vksj vu;k; dk f'kdkj gksrk gsa bl rjg ls ys[kd us Hkkjr dh lppkh rlohj izlrqr dh gsa vjfoan vfmxk cgqr lkyksa rd fnyyh esa jgs gsa vksj fnyyh tks fd jk"vª dh jkt/kkuh gs] ds ckjs esa,dne lgh fp=k.k djrs gsaa dgkuh izkjahk gksrh gs,d NksVs ls cppks cyjke gyokbz ls tks vr;ar xjhch esa iyrk gs] rfkk,d fjd'kk pkyd dk csvk gs] tks fd fcgkj ds y{e.kx<+ ls gsa cyjke 'kgj ds 'kksj&'kjkcs ls cgqr nwj xkao esa iyrk&c<+rk gs rfkk 'kgjh thou] mldh pdkpksa/k ls cgqr nwj gsa ijarq odr us] ftunxh us mls,slk lcd fl[kk;k fd mls lkalkfjd pkykfd;ka,oa /kwrzrk lh[kus dks ck/; gksuk im+ka cyjke gyokbz csgrj ftunxh dh ryk'k esa fnyykh vkrk gsa ogka VSDlh MªkbZOkj curk gs ijarq le; dh ekj ;k le; dh /kkj mls,slk cgkrh gs fd og vius ekfyd felvj v'kksd dh gr;k djds caxkyksj vk tkrk gs rfkk viuk uke cny dj felvj v'kksd 'kekz cu tkrk gsa tks igys Lo;a,d MªkbZOkj Fkk vc vusdksa VSDlh MªkbZOkj dk ekfyd cu tkrk gsa ijarq iki mls dpksvrk gsa D;ksafd ewyr% og vijk/kh ugha FkkA og vius iki dk cks> de djuk pkgrk gs] vpkud og vkwy bafm;k jsfm;ksa ij,d [kcj lqurk gs fd pkbzuk ds iz/kku ea=kh felvj ft;kcko Hkkjr vk jgs gsa rfkk og lqy fctusl esu ls mudh lqyrk dh dgkuh mudh tqckuh lquuk pkg jgs gsaa cyjke dks yxrk gs fd ;g lgh le; gs vksj og viuh iwjh dgkuh lkr i=kksa esa fy[kdj iz/kkuea=kh dks crkus ds fy, c;ka dj Mkyrk gs vksj ;gh lkr i=k miu;kl ds iwjs dfkkud dks iw.kz djrs gsa ^iki flj p<+dj cksyrk gs^] ;g lr; fl) gksrk gs cyjke ds dsl esaa og vijk/k cks/k ls xzlr gsa D;ksafd mlus vius ekfyd tks fd mlds firk rqy; Fkk] dh gr;k dh gsa tsls dh esdcsfk ¼'ksDlfi;j dk ukvd½ us vius jktk Madu dh gr;k dh Fkh egrokdka{kk dh flf) ds fy,a cyjke us vius ekfyd dh gr;k dh D;ksafd ekfyd us mldh eklwfe;r dk xyr ykhk fy;k rfkk cyjke 'kks/k /kkjk 84

95 Lo;a Hkh /kuoku cuuk pkgrk FkkA ;k ;w dgsa fd xjhch] odr] ifjlfkfr;ka rfkk felvj v'kksd dk O;ogkj lhkh us mls,sls ÑR; djus ds fy, ck/; cukdj ifjflfk;ksa dk xqyke cuk fn;ka dgk Hkh x;k gs fd ^euq"; ifjlfkfr;ksa dk nkl^ gksrk gsa miu;kl nks Hkkjr dh dgkuh c;ka djrk gs& xkao ds va/kdkj dh rfkk 'kgj ds izdk'k dha ijarq va/kdkj ls izdk'k dh vksj tkus dh bl ;k=kk esa cyjke us D;k [kks;k] D;k ik;k] mlus ;g ;k=kk dsls iw.kz dh tc ge lc ge tku ikrs gsa rks lkspus dks foo'k gks tkrs gsa rfkk cyjke ds izfr lgkuqhkwfr,oa vjfoan vfmxk dh fuhkhzd ys[kuh ij xoz gksrk gsa vfmxk Hkh Ogh-,l- uk;ikwy ds leku Li"V rfkk [kqydj Hkkjr ds ckjs esa ckr djrs gsaa vfmxk fy[krs gsa % "Please understand your Excellency, that India is two countries in one : an India of Light, and an India of Darkenss" P-14 Ik;kZoj.k RkFkk xunxh ij izgkj djds ys[kd us xaxk unh dh xanxh ij fpark O;Dr dh gsa xaxk dks ge thou nkf;uh ekurs gs( iki foukf'kuh ekurs gsa vksj Mqcdh yxkdj ge ikikas ls eqfdr pkgrs gsaa ijarq xaxk ds izfr ge brus csijokg gks pqds gsa fd ;fn blesa Mqcdh yxk;k tk;s rks 'kk;n fofhkuu izdkj dh xanxh ls gekjk eq g Hkj tk;sxka "No! - Mr. Jiabao, I urge you not to dip in the Ganga, unless your nt your mouth full of faeces, straw, soggy part of human bodies, buffalo carrion and seven different kinds of industrial acids." P-15 lkekftd O;oLFkk ij izgkj djrs gq, ys[kd dgrk gs fd xjhc 'kk;n e R;q ds ckn gh lgh rjhds ls ol=k ikrk gs ¼dQu ds :Ik esa½a ys[kd dgrk gs fd cyjke gyokbz viuh eka dks ;kn djrk gs fd dsls mldh eka dk iwjk 'kjhj ¼e R;q ds ckn½ flyd ds dim+ksa ls <+dk gqvk FkkA ftl ij xqykc dh ia[kqfm+;ka rfkk tsf'eu ds Qwy fc[ksjs x;s FksA eq>s ;kn ugha fd mugsa vius thou esa dhkh ;s phtsa ulhc gqbz gsaa cyjke gyokbz dks y{e.kx<+ Ldwy esa foftfvax balisdvj us ^n OgkbZV VkbZxj^ dk uke fn;ka D;ksafd cgqr lkjs ew[kkasz esa 'kk;n og vdsyk gksf'k;kj cppkk FkkA mlds firk tks,d fjd'kk pkyd Fks] mls Ldwy ls i<+kbz can djkokdj ds cpiu esa gh dke ij yxk fn;ka rkfd og dftu cgu dh 'kknh ij ngst gsrq fy, x;s isls dks pqdkus esa en~n dj lds] blfy, og pk; nqdku esa dke djrk gs] dks;yk rksm+us dk dke djrk gs ;gka ij og Ldwyh f'k{kk rks ugha] ijarq thou dh O;kogkfjd f'k{kk izkir dj ysrk gsa "I gave myself a better education at the tea shop than I could have got at any school." P-38 vc cyjke MªkbZOkj cuus dk [okc ns[krk gs rfkk MªkbZfOkax lh[kus ds ckn VSDlh Mªkboj cu tkrk gs rfkk mls ekfyd ds ;gka ek:fr tsu pykus dk volj izkir gksrk gsa ijarq mldk [okc gksamk flvh pykuk gksrk gsa dqn le; Ik'pkr~ mls gksamk flvh pykus dk volj izkir gks tkrk gsa D;ksafd tehankj dk csvk felvj v'kksd viuh f'k{kk iwjh djds fiadh esme ds lkfk?kj vkrk gs vksj cyjke 'kks/k /kkjk 85

96 dks mudh xkm+h dk Mªkboj cuus dk volj izkir gks tkrk gsa v'kksd xqm+xkao ds ikl ikw'k,fj;k esa,d cm+k caxyk ysrk gs rfkk jktusrkvksa vksj iqfyl dks?kwl nsdj viuk dk;z cm+h gh ckjhdh ls djrk gsa felvj v'kksd dks ;g lc djrs ns[k cyjke Hkh ;g pkykfd;ka lh[k ysrk gsa igys og vius ekfyd v'kksd o fiadh esme ds fy, cgqr gh oqknkj Mªkboj Fkk] tsls jke vksj lhrk ds fy, guqekua ysfdu v'kksd ds lkfk dk;z djrs&djrs og vk/ kqfud ;qx] vk/kqfud ;qx dh ckjhfd;ksa dks lh[kdj T;knk gh O;kogkfjd gks x;k vfkkzr~ mlus Hkz"Vkpkj dh lkjh ckjhfd;ka vksj tqxr lh[k yhaa "He returned from America an innocent man, but life in Delhi corrupted him - and once the master of the Honda City becomes corrupted, how can the driver stay innocent." P-197 fnyyh us v'kksd dks Hkz"V,oa pkykd cuk;ka D;ksafd ;gka mls usrkvksa] eaf=k;ksa] nykyksa] iqfyl vksj ttksa ls dke fudyokus dk rjhdk fl[kk fn;ka fiadh esme dks ;gka dh vlr&o;lr ;krk;kr O;OkLFkk rfkk >qxxh&>ksim+h ij jgus okyksa ij fviik.kh rks dh ijarq mudh bzekunkjh Hkh fn[kkbz im+h gsa tc muls jksm ij lks;s gq,,d cppks dh mudh xkm+h ls ncdj eksr gks tkrh gs( og mudh bzekunkjh,oa ekuoh;rk gh gs fd og fifm+r ifjokj dks lkarouk jkf'k nsuk pkgrh gsa ogha ij v'kksd vksj muds HkkbZ us nq?kzvuk dh fteesnkjh cyjke dks vius Åij ysus ds fy, ck/; fd;k rfkk >wbk 'kifk i=k lkbzu djkok;ka ;gka ij ys[kd us lekt esa nksgjs O;ogkj,oa nksgjs pfj=k dk fp=k.k fd;k gs fd dsls lcy] ckgqcyh yksx xyr rjhds ls /ku] cy ds cycwrs ij xjhc dk 'kks"k.k djrs gsa] ijarq muds fgr dh fpark fcydqy Hkh ugha djrsa cyjke dks nq?kzvuk dh fteesnkjh ysuh im+rh gs gkwykafd v'kksd us dsl dh lsfvax djds tt vksj iqfyl dks?kwl nsdj dsl dks lekir djok fn;ka fdlh dks Hkh fdlh izdkj dk n.m ugha feyrk gsa ijarq cyjke dks blls xgjk lnek yxrk gs rfkk fiadh esme bu lc ckrksa ls] ;gk dh U;k; O;oLFkk] ;gka dh dk;ziz.kkyh ls {kqc/k gksdj U;w;kdZ okil pyh tkrh gsaa ;gka ij ys[kd us cyjke ds ek/;e ls jk"vª ds nks cm+s uxjks ls gesa :c: djok;k gs 1- jk"vª dh jkt/kkuh fnyyh& lrrk] 'kfdr] jktuhfr rfkk yksdra=k dk xoza rfkk nwljh rjq caxkyksj gkbzvsd uxj tks fd ckgjh yksxkas dk x<+ gs] tgka yksx HkhM+ esa jgrs gsa] fnu esa lksrs gsa vksj vk/kh jkr rd dke djrs gsa] dk fp=k.k fd;k gsa cyjke lksprk gs] ijs'kku gksrk gs b/kj&m/kj HkVdrk gs] fnyyh esa xjhch ns[krk gs] LVs'ku ds Q'kZ ij lks;s] ysvs yksxkas dks ns[krk gs] dpjs dk <sj] ogk ij dqrrkas dk lewg] lhkh dks ns[kdj ijs'kku gks tkrk gs rfkk og lksprk gs fd og MªkbZOkj dh uksdjh NwVus ij mldk vflrrok D;k gs \ og felvj izkbefefulvj dks fy[krk gs % "Delhi is the capital of not one but two countries - two Indias. The Light and the Darkness both flow in to Delhi. Gurgaon, where Mr. Ashok lived, in the end of the city, and this place, Old place, Old Delhi, in the other end. Full of things that the modern world forgot all about - rickshaws, old stone buildings, and Muslims." P- 251 'kks/k /kkjk 86

97 ys[kd jktusrkvksa ij Hkh izgkj djrk gs fd Hkkjr esa dbz rjg ds cq[kkj gsa tsls fd VkbQkbZM] dkyjk vkfna,sls gh,d cq[kkj pquko Hkh gs&bysd'ku&qhoj] ;g vr;ar cqjk vksj [kjkc cq[kkj gsa pquko esa fofhkuu izdkj ds okns fd;s tkrs gsaa >qxxh&>ksim+h oklh dh fodkl dh ppkz dh tkrh gs vksj oklro esa gksrk dqn Hkh Ukgha gsa "The election shows that the poor will not be ignored. The Darkness will not be silent. There is no ter in our taps, and what do your people in Delhi give us? You give us mobile phones. Can a man drink phone when he is thirsty? Women lk for miles every mornig to find a bucket of clean ter." P-269 ys[kd us viuh ys[kuh lekt esa O;kIr vu;k; vksj vlekurk ij izgkj djds yksxks dk /;ku vkdf"kzr djds jk"vª dk fodkl rfkk t:jrean yksxkas dks eq[; /kkjk esa ykus dk iz;kl djrk gsa >qxxh&>ksim+h esa f'k{kk dh vko';drk gsa tula[;k o f) dh lel;k gsa ml ij jksd yxkuk vr;ar vko';d gsa ys[kd fy[krk gs fd dhkh&dhkh >qxxh&>ksim+h okfl;ksa dks vius cppksa dh la[;k rfkk uke rd ;kn ugha jgrsa cyjke] v'kksd ds fy, dk;z djrs&djrs cm+s yksxkas ds rksj&rjhdksa ls okfdq gks tkrk gs vksj oks Hkh mugha ds leku thou dk vkuan yqrq ysuk pkgrk gsa oks Hkh ml Lora=krk dk vkuan ysus ds fy, dksbksa is tkuk izkjahk dj nsrk gsa bl dk;z ds fy, mls /ku dh vko';drk gksrh gssa vr%,d fnu vius eklvj felvj v'kksd dh gr;k dj nsrk gs lkjk islk ysdj caxkyksj pyk tkrk gsa vksj ogka VSDlh Bsdsnkj dk dk;z djrk gs vksj viuk uke cnydj felvj v'kksd 'kekz cu tkrk gsa rfkk lhkh tqxr&tqxkm+ esa ikjaxr gksus ds dkj.k lqy O;kolkf;d cu tkrk gsa ys[kd us 'kk;n lekt dh fo"kerkvksa ij /;kukd"kz.k djds jk"vª ds leqfpr fodkl ds fy, ge lhkh dh lghkkfxrk pkgh gsa oks pkgrs gas fd lekt ls lkjs fo"kerk,a nwj gks lds vksj jkejkt; dh LFkkiuk gks ldsa ys[kd ifjdyiuk dh gs fd& nsfgd nsfod HkSfrd rkik] jkejkt ufg dkgqfg O;kikA ys[kd us,sls Hkkjr dh dyiuk dh gs] tgka losz Hkoarq lqf[ku% losz larq fujke;k] losz Hknzkf.k Ik';arq ek dflpr~ nq[k Hkkx Hkosr dh psruk gksa miu;kl Hkkjr dh oklofodrk dk lgh fp=k.k djrk gs rfkk vfmxk us viuh gkl; iqv ls ljkcksj o.kzu 'ksyh ls vehj ij dvk{k djds laosnu'khy cuus dh vihy dh gsa ys[kd fy[krk gs fd /kuoku O;fDr dk 'kjhj] ¼rksan½ lqsn :bz ds xn~ns tslk gksrk gs tcfd xjhc dh jh<+ dh gm~mh,sabh gqbz jllh ds leku gksrh gs ftlls fl=k;ka dq,a ls ikuh [khapus dk dk;z djrh gsa xjhc dk thou mlds 'kjhj ij gh fy[kk gksrk gsa cyjke,d vpns thou dh ryk'k esa MªkbZOkj cudj vius ekfyd felvj dks iwtrk gs] ijarq cnys esa mls D;k izkir gqvk\ /kks[kk\ mls ml vijk/k dh fteesnkjh ysus dks etcwj gksuk im+k tks mlus fd;k gh ugha FkkA ;g dksu lk usfrd ewy; Fkk] ftls mlus fnyyh vkdj lh[kka vfmxk dgrs gsa fd fnyyh dh tsy,sls gh dsfn;ksa ¼MªkbZOkjksas½ ls Hkjh im+h gsa xjhc ds fy, yksdra=k dksbz ek;us ugha j[krk gsa ys[kd dgrk gs fd vijk/k dh J a[kyk esa tt yksx Hkh bu fxjksgkas esa fyir gsaa cyjke 'kks/k /kkjk 87

98 tsls oqknkj MªkbZOkjksa dh deh ugha gs( ijarq mpp oxz] mppk e/;oxz] e/; oxz ds gkfkkas fcdus ij etcwj gksdj thou dk u;k usfrd ewy; viukus dks ck/; gks tkrs gsaa ;n~fi Hkkjr dh lkjh vfkzo;olfkk esa MªkbZOkj egroiw.kz fdjnkj fuhkkrs gsa ijarq muds fgr dh ckr dksbz ugha djrka MªkbZOkjksa ds lg;ksx ls gh lwvdsl Hkj&Hkj ds ghjs tokgjkr liykbz fd;s tkrs gs( mudh gh bzekunkjh ls lkjk O;kikj pyrk gsa Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk MªkbZOkjksa dh bzekunkjh ij gh fuhkzj gsa ijarq mudh n'kk ;k euksn'kk ij dksbz faparu ;k eafku ugha djrk gsa xjhc MªkbZOkj rks,d mngj.k gsa],sls gh vu; xjhcksa ij vr;ar /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gsa ftlls lekt esa O;kIr vlekurk nwj gks ldsa vlekurk nwj gkus ij ns'k dk fodkl lahko gsa lanhkz 1- Adiga, Arvindo' The white tiger, Harpar Kelins, New Delhi, P Ibid, p Ibid p Ibid p Ibid, p Ibid, p. 269 'kks/k /kkjk 88

99 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fuekz.k esa lalñr dh Hkwfedk Jherh mrrjk fujkyk lgk0 izk0] lalñr] 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo ky;] [kjksn] NRRkhlx<+ Jh jkedqekj flag daoj l0izk0 lalñr] 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo ky;] [kjksn]nrrkhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract Hkk"kk fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fuekz.k o fodkl esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkrh gsa fo'o dh izr;sd lh;rk ds mn; vksj fodkl ds lkfk&lkfk Hkk"kk dk Hkh mn; vksj fodkl gqvk gsa ge vius ns'k Hkkjr dh ckr djsa rks ikrs gsa fd Hkkjr vk;ksaza dk ns'k jgk gsa ;gka dh lalñfr vk;ksza dh lh;rk vksj lalñfr ls gh iyyfor vksj fodflr gqbz gsa vkt dh flfkfr esa Hkkjr esa vusd izdkj dh Hkk"kk;sa izpfyr gsaa izkphu Hkkjr esa vk;ksza dh Hkk"kk lalñr FkhA ;g Hkk"kk gh Hkkjr ds lhkh Hkk"kkvksa dh tuuh ekuh tkrh gsa blk iwoz ls gh bldk izpyu Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gsa Hkk"kk fokkuh ;g ekurs gsa fd vius ns'k dh fofhkuu Hkk"kkvksa dk fodkl lald r ls gh gqvk gsa lald r Hkk"kk dk fo'o dh vu; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfk Hkh egroiw.kz laca/k Hkk"kk fokkuh Lohdkj djrs gsaa lalñr us fo'o dh vusd Hkk"kkvksa dks izhkkfor fd;k gsa ;g Hkk"kk Hkkjksih; Hkk"kk ifjokj dh izkphure vksj Js"B Hkk"kk ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gsa Figure : 00 References : 05 Table : 00 Key Words : lalñr vksj jk"vªokn] jk"vª fuekz.k esa lalñr dh Hkwfedk Hkk"kk ekuo thou dk,d,slk vfhkuu vax gs] ftlds fcuk ge fdlh Hkh O;ogkj dh dyiuk ugha dj ldrs gsaa ekuo lh;rk dh nks egroiw.kz [kkst Hkk"kk vksj vfxu gsaa bu nksuksa gh [kkstsa dk ekuo lh;rk ds fodkl esa cgqr cm+k ;ksxnku jgk gsaa Hkk"kk fdlh Hkh ekuo lh;rk dh,d,slh vewy; fuf/k gs] ftlds ojnku ls euq"; lh;rk vksj lalñfr ds fofhkuu lksikuksa ij fodkl djrs gq, vusd izdkj dh muufr dks izkir djus esa lefkz gks ik;k gsa egku fo}ku esdl ewyj us ;g Bhd gh dgk gs fd ÞHkk"kk ;fn izñfr dh nsu gs rks fullunsg izñfr dh vfure vksj lozjs"b jpuk gs] ftls izñfr us flqz euq"; ds fy;s gh lqjf{kr j[kk FkkAÞ Hkk"kk fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fuekz.k,oa fodkl esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkrh gsa fo'o ds izr;sd lh;rk ds mn; vksj fodkl ds lkfk&lkfk Hkk"kk dk Hkh mn; vksj fodkl gqvk gsa ge vius ns'k Hkkjr dh ckr djsa rks ikrs gsa fd Hkkjr vk;ksza dk ns'k jgk gsa ;gka dh lalñfr vk;ksza dh lh;rk vksj lalñfr ls gh iyyfor vksj fodflr gqbz gsa vkt dh flfkfr esa Hkkjr esa vusd izdkj dh Hkk"kk;sa izpfyr gsaa izkphu Hkkjr esa vk;ksza dh Hkk"kk lalñr FkhA ;g Hkk"kk gh Hkkjr ds lhkh Hkk"kkvksa dh tuuh ekuh tkrh gsa bzlk iwoz ls gh bldk izpyu Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gsa Hkk"kk fokkuh ;g ekurs gs fd vius ns'k dh fofhkuu Hkk"kkvksa dk fodkl lald r ls gh gqvk gsa lald r Hkk"kk dk fo'o dh vu; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfk Hkh egroiw.kz laca/k Hkk"kk fokkuh Lohdkj djrs gsaa lald r us fo'o dh vusd Hkk"kkvksa 'kks/k /kkjk 89

100 dks izhkkfor fd;k gsa ;g Hkk"kk Hkkjksih; Hkk"kk ifjokj dh izkphure vksj Js"B Hkk"kk ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gsa bl Hkk"kk ifjokj ds leqnk;ksa dh lh;rkvksa dk ftruk fodkl gqvk gs] mruk vu; Hkk"kk ifjokj dh lh;rkvksa dk fodkl ugha gks ik;k gsa vk;z lalñr lh;rk vksj mudh Hkk"kk dk lkfgr; gekjs fy;s,d vewy; migkj dh Hkk fr gsa lald r Hkk"kk vksj lalñr lkfgr; ds dkj.k fo'o ivy ij viuh,d vyx igpku gsa bl Hkk"kk dk fo'o esa viuk,d fof'k"v LFkku gsa fo'o dh lelr izkphu Hkk"kkvksa vksj muds lkfgr; esa lalñr dk [kklk egro gsa ;g egro vusd dkj.kksa ls gsa Hkkjr ds lkalñfrd],sfrgkfld] /kkfezd] nk'kzfud]lkekftd vksj jktuhfrd thou,oa fodkl ds lksikuksa dh laiw.kz O;k[;k lalñr lkfgr; esa vkt miyc/k gsa jk"vªh; fodkl esa lalñr dk ;ksxnku & izkxsfrgkfld dky ls gh lalñr dk ;ksxnku Hkkjrh; lh;rk ds fodkl esa jgk gsa jk"vª fuekz.k esa lalñr dh Hkwfedk dk lkalñfrd] lkfgfr;d o jk"vª ds pfj=k ds fuekz.k ds fy;s fof'k"v :i ls ;ksxnku jgk gsa lalñr lkfgr; dk v/;;u djus ls Kkr gksrk gs fd ;g vius le; ds ledkyhu Hkk"kkvksa dh vis{kk esa lkfgfr;d :i ls dgha T;knk laiuu gsa rrdkyhu le; esa tks dqn Hkh Kku] fokku] /kez] n'kzu] vk/;kre] jlk;u] fpfdrlk] [kxksy] fokku vkfn fo"k;ksa esa tks dqn Hkh fy[kk x;k gs] og lc lalñr esa gh gsa lelr Hkkjrh; lalñfr dk vk/kkj lalñr gh gsa fdlh Hkh ns'k dh jk"vªh; uhfr dks ogka dh Hkk"kk vksj lkfgr; cgqr gn rd izhkkfor djrh gsa Hkkjrh; lalñfr iwjs fo'o esa viuh mnkjrk,oa fo'o ca/kqro dh Hkkouk ds fy;s tkuh tkrh gsa lalñr lkfgr; esa miyc/k /kez] n'kzu] vk/;kre~]~ fokku ds fo"k;ksa ij tks dqn fy[kk x;k gs( mlds vk/kkj ij gh Hkkjr dks fo'o xq: ekuk tkrk gsa lalñr lkfgr; esa jps x;s osn] osnkax] mifu"kn~] czkeg.k xzafk RkFkk egkdko; ds :i esa jkek;.k]egkhkkjr]hkxor xhrk Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy;s /kez xzafk gsaa dksfvy; dk vfkz'kkl=k rks jktu;u o yksd O;ogkj ds {ks=k esa ekxzn'kzd dh Hkk fr gsa blds lkfk&lkfk gekjs izkphu euhf"k;ksa ds KkukuqHko lhkh lalñr esa gh lqjf{kr gsaa orzeku ih<+h dks mpp dksfv dh lkekftd] laklñfrd vksj jk"vªh;&psruk ds muu;u mnkrr ekuoh; ewy;ksa ds izfr fu"bk,oa muds mrrjksrj fodkl ds fy;s lalñr Hkk"kk esa jps x;s lkfgr;ksa dh vga Hkwfedk gsa lalñr uhfr opuksa] 'yksadksa,oa lwfdr;ksa ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh;ksa esa ijksidkj] ns'kizse fo'o ca/kqro dh Hkkouk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gsa ekr Hkwfe ds izfr ekrk dk lacks/ku ge vfkozosn esa ns[k ldrs gsaa ekr Hkwfe ds izfr leiz.k vksj vxk/k izse dh Hkkouk izkphu dky ls gh fo eku jgh gsa vfkozosn esa Hkwfe dks ekrk ekurs gq;s Lo;a dks mldk iq=k crk;k gsa ekrk Hkwfe% iq+++=kks vga i ffko;k%a vfk-osn 12@1@12 /kkfezd xazfk HkxoRk xhrk esa rks Kku dh ckrsa Hkjh gqbz gsaa /kez n'kzu dez bz'oj ds izfr vklfkk dk tks Kku xhrk esa myysf[kr gs] og u flqz Hkkjr ds fy;s vfirq iwjs fo'o ds fy;s lalñr dh vueksy /kjksgj gsa vius jpuk dky ls ysdj vc rd ;g iwjs fo'o dks Kku ds izdk'k ls vkyksfdr dj jgh gsa Hkxoku Jh Ñ".k us xhrk esa dez ij tks mins'k fn;k gs]mls iwjs lalkj esa Lohdkj fd;k 'kks/k /kkjk 90

101 tkrk gsa xhrk xzafk esa fy[kk x;k gs fd O;fDr dks HkkX; ij fuhkzj u jgdj vius dez ij fo'okl djuk pkfg;s] vfkkzr~ mls dez;ksxh gksuk pkfg;sa dez.;sokf/kdkjlrs ek Qys"kq dnkpu~a ek dezqygsrqhkzwekz rs lm-~xks LRodeZf.k AA xhrk 2@47 xhrk ls iwoz jfpr izkphure~ xzafk ds :i esa ekus tkus okys _Xosn esa Hkh dezokn ij fy[kk x;k gs & ;kn f'eu~ /kkf; reil;;k fonr~a _x- 5@444@8 vfkkzr ekuo vius /;s; dks Je vksj ri ls gh izkir dj ldrk gsa u _rs JkUrL; l[;k; nsok%a _x 4@33@11 vfkkzr~ tks Je ugha djrs mlds lkfk nsork fe=krk ugha djrsa bl izdkj dk o.kzu _Xosn esa izkir gksrk gsa Je ds egro dks li"v djrs gq;s osnksa esa dgk x;k gs fd euq"; vius /;s; dks Je vksj ri ls gh izkir dj ldrk gsa bruk gh ugh osnksa esa euq"; dh ohjrk,oa fuhkz;rk dh Hkkouk dks Li"V djrs gq;s dgk x;k gs fd lr~ dk;ksza esa ck/kd tks 'k=kq ge ij vk?kkr djrs gsa] rks gesa pkfg;s fd ohjksfpr Øks/k vksj ijkøe ds lkfk ge mudk lkeuk djsa vksj mudks fou"v dj nsaa _Xosn esa dgk x;k gs fd firk dks ;g dkeuk djuh pkfg;s fd esjs iq=k 'k=kq dk guu djus okys gksa & ee~ iq=kk% 'k=kqg.k%a _x-10@159@03 ns'k ds 'kkld ds laca/k esa dksfvy; us vius xzafk vfkz'kkl=k esa fy[kk gs fd 'kkld dks iztk ds fgr esa gh viuk fgr ns[kuk pkfg;sa Li"V gs fd pk.kd; us,d iztkrkaf=kd jk"vª dk lefkzu fd;k gsa vfkz'kkl=k uked xzafk esa fy[kk x;k gs & iztklq[ks lq[ka jkk% iztkuka rq fgrs fgre~a ukrefiz;a fgra jkk% iztkuka rq fiz;a fgre~aa vfkz-'kk-1@18 vfkkzr iztk ds lq[k esa jktk dk lq[k fufgr gsa 'krifk czkeg.k esa dgk x;k gs fd iztk ls gh jktk cyoku gksrk gsa mlh ls gh,d l'kdr jk"vª dk fuekz.k lahko gs& fo"kk ok {kf=k;ks cyoku~ HkofrA 'krifk czkeg.k-4@3@3@6 lald r lkfgr; esa euq"; ds egroiw.kz xq.kksa ds :i esa lr;rk dk myys[k dbz txgksa ij ns[kus dks feyrk gsa lr; dh egrrk dk Kku izkphu euhf"k;ksa dks vpns ls jgk gsa rhkh *eq.mdksifu"kn* esa dgk x;k gs&lr; dh gh thr gksrh gsa bl okd; dks gh Hkkjr ds vkn"kz okd; ds :i esa jk"vh; izrhd fpug esa myysf[kr fd;k x;k gsa lr;eso t;rsa eq.mdksifu"kn 3@1@6 Hkkjrh; lalñfr esa /kez ds :i esa vfgalk dks gh ije /kez ekuk x;k gsa lhkh laiznk;,oa èkeksza esa vfglk ds egro dk o.kzu fd;k x;k gsa vkpk;z euq us euq Le fr esa /kez ds nl y{k.k Li"V fd;s gsaa muesa loz izfke vfgalk dks egro fn;k x;k gs & vfgalk lr;elrs;a 'kkspfefuanz;fuxzg%a,oa lkekflda /kez pkrqoz.;sz czohueuq%aa euq-1@63 'kks/k /kkjk 91

102 Ekgf"kZ iratyh us ;ksx lw=k esa ;ksx dh x.kuk izlax esa Þ;eÞ uke ds vam-esa lozizfke vfgalk dh x.kuk dh gs& vfgalk lr;klrs;&czg~ep;kzifjxzgk ;ek%a egkdko; egkhkkjr ds ouioz esa vfgalk dks Li"V djrs gq;s dgk x;k gs fd vfgalk lcls cm+k /kez gs vksj og lr; ij gh fvdk gksrk gsa lr; esa fu"bk j[krs gq;s gh dk;z laiuu gksrs gsaa ;gka ij dk;z ls rkri;z lr~deksza ls gsa egkhkkjr ds ouioz esa fy[kk x;k gs & vfgalk ijeks /kez% l p lr;s izfrf"br%a lr;s drok izfr"bka rq izorzurs izo Rr;%AA egk-ouioz v/k-207&ekjd.ms;lel;kioz Hkkjrh; lalñfr fo'o ca/kqro o ijksidkj dh Hkkouk ls Hkjh gqbz gsa izkphu dky ls gh gekjh lalñfr ijksidkj ca/kqrk fo'o dy;k.k ds jkg ij pyrs vk jgh gsa olq/kso dqvqacde~ dh Hkkouk ds dkj.k gh iwjs fo'o ds ns'kksa esa viuk fof'k"v LFkku j[krk gsa fgrksins"k esa dgk x;k gs & mnkjpfjrkuka rq olq/kso dqvqacde~aa ¼fgrksins'k½ tks mnkjpfjr gsa muds fy;s lkjh i Foh dqvqac ds leku gsa lalñr vius vkjafhkd dky ls ysdj vkt i;zar rd,d laldkfjr Hkk"kk ds :i esa lhkh izpfyr Hkk"kkvksa ds chp viuk fof'k"v LFkku j[krh gsa lalñr vius fof'k"v O;kdj.k fu;eksa] 'kcn fuek.kz dh {kerkvksa ls Hkk"kk fokkfu;ksa ds fy;s rks egroiw.kz gs gh] ogha egku o fo'kky lkfgfr;d jpukvksa ds dkj.k lkfgr; txr esa Js"Bre Hkk"kk ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gsa orzeku ih<+h dks mpp dksfv dh lkekftd laklñfrd vksj jk"vªh; psruk ds muu;u] mnkrr ekuoh; ewy;ksa ds izfr fu"bk,oa muds mrrjksrj fodkl ds fy;s lalñr Hkk"kk esa jps x;s lkfgr;ksa dh vge Hkwfedk gsa vkt gekjs ns'k ds yksxksa esa usfrd ewy;ksa dk iru gksrk tk jgk gs( ftlds dkj.k O;fDrxr] lkekftd] jk"vªh;] varjkz"v ªh; lel;k;sa ifjyf{kr gks jgh gsaa ifj.kkelo:i fj'or[kksjh] O;fHkpkj] pksjh] MdSrh br;kfn vkijkf/kd ÑR;ksa dk nq"ifj.kke lkeus vk jgk gsa bu lhkh folaxfr;ksa dks lalñr Hkk"kk esa jfpr uhfrijd lkfgr; tsls&jkek;.k] egkhkkjr] Hkxor~ xhrk] uhfr'krd] fgrksins'k tsls y?kq dfkk xzafkksa rfkk lqhkkf"kr 'yksdksa ds ek/;e ls tuekul dks usfrd ewy;ksa o lnkpkj dh f'k{kk nsdj muesa ijksidkj] lr;] vfgalk] n;k] Lusg] fu"bk] ns'khkfdr] ohjrk vkfn xq.kksa dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gsa viuh uhfrijd lkfgfr;d jpukvkssa ds pyrs ns"k dks usfrdrk ds ekxz ij vkxs ys tkus esa lalñr Hkk"kk vksj lkfgr; dk ;ksxnku ges'kk cuk jgsxka lanhkz 1- Hkk"kk fokku] o/kzeku egkohj vksiu fo'ofo kky;] dksvk 2- euq Le fr 3- Jhen~ Hkxor~ xhrk ]xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj 4- egkhkkjr ]xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj 5- 'kkl=kh] eaxynso ¼ladyudrkZ½( lqhkkf"kr lir'krh] 'kks/k /kkjk 92

103 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P iwoz e/;;qxhu fgunh&lkfgr; vksj jk"vªh;,drk MkW0 ¼Jherh½ m"kk frokjh 'kkldh; bz- jk?kosunz jko LukrdksRrj fokku egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] NÙkhlx<+ MkW0 vkj-ds- frokjh 'kkldh; ekrk 'kcjh uohu du;k egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] NÙkhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract lkfgr; ds bfrgkl esa *e/;&;qx* lkfgr;&jpuk dh n f"v ls fgunh&lkfgr; esa lokszrñ"v gsa fopkjksa dh mnkjrk] vuqhkwfr dh xgjkbz vksj yksd dks ekxzn'kzu nsuss okyh n f"vijdrk ds dkj.k ;g ;qx u dsoy mrñ"v l tu cfyd lkfkzd l tu dh n f"v ls vuqie FkkA blfy, bls *Lo.kZ;qx* dgk x;ka vkpk;z jkepunz 'kqdy us fgunh&lkfgr; ds e/; ;qx dks nks Hkkxksa esa fohkkftr fd;k gs&igyk iwoz eè;dky ftls HkfDrdky dgrs gsa vksj nwljk mrrj e/;dky ftls jhfrdky dgrs gsaa HkfDrdky jktuhfrd mfky&iqfky] /kkfezd vurfozjks/k,oe~ lkekftd foj a[kyrk dk ;qx FkkA rrdkyhu Hkkjr esa izpfyr fofhkuu /keksza esa vusdkusd ekxksaz vksj laiznk;ksa esa cavus dh izo frr pje lhek esa igaqp xbz FkhA u dsoy fgunw /kez ds fofhkuu laiznk; dbz&dbz Hkkxksa esa cavs] vfirq blyke esa Hkh tks fgunw&eqflye,d; dk iz;ru gqvk] og lar&lkfgr; esa izlqqfvr gqvka ;s yksx lerk Hkko ds ekuus okys Fks vksj fuxqz.k czeg ds miklda KkuekxhZ fuxqz.k'kk[kk ds bu larksa esa dchj] ukud] nknw] eywdnkl] lqunjnkl] jsnkl vkfn izeq[k FksA Figure : 00 References : 02 Table : 00 Key Words : lkfgr; esa jk"vªokn] lkfgr; esa laosnuk ds fofo/k :i fdlh ns'k] jkt; ;k jkt; ds fu;e] vuq'kklu vksj,drk ls c) O;fDr ;k lekt gh lkalñfrd n f"v ls,d jgdj jk"vª dh lakk ls fohkwf"kr gksrs gsaa jk"vªh;rk ;k jk"vª Hkko gekjs ns'k esa chloha 'krkcnh dh nsu gsa lhek] Hkwfe] vkpkj&fopkj] laldkj vkfn dk ifjpk;d gsaa ;g,d ;FkkFkZ vksj dvq lr; gs fd Hkkjr jktuhfrd n f"v ls dhkh Hkh,d v[k.m bdkbz ds :i esa ugha jgka bfrgkl lk{kh gs fd Hkkjr dh lrrk] Lora=krk ds iwoz pkj jktuhfrd 'kfdr;ksa ds gkfkksa esa folr r :i ls dsfunzr jgh gs eks;z] xqir] eqxy] vksj fczfv'ka HkkSxksfyd n f"v ls lrrk ds vkf/kir; dk Lo:i de ;k vf/kd {ks=kksa ds :i esa lhfer Hkys gh jgk gks] ij os i Fkd bdkbz FksA lkfgr; ds lanhkz esa jk"vªh;,drk ls rkri;z jk"vª dh *lkalñfrd,drk* dks cuk, j[kus esa lkfgr; dh Hkwfedk ls gsa jk"vªh;,drk dk iz'u fdlh Hkh Lora=k vksj laizhkq jk"vª dh v[k.mrk ls lec) gs vksj tc fdlh Hkh jk"vª dh v[k.mrk dks cuk, j[kus dk iz'u ckj&ckj mbk;k tk;s rc ;g le> ysuk pkfg, fd jk"vª fuekz.k ds egroiw.kz?kvdksa esa njkj vk xbz gsa vk/kqfud lanahkksza esa Hkkjr esa,d dsunzh; 'kklu O;oLFkk Hkys gh gks vksj og jktuhfrd Lrj ij,d bdkbz ds :i esa viuk Lo:i ys pqdh gks] rfkkfi Hkkjr jk"vª dh v[k.mrk dks dk;e j[kus dh vihy ckj&ckj jktuhfrkksa }kjk dh tk jgh gs] rc yxrk gs fd,d v[k.m bdkbz ds :i esa ifjhkkf"kr Hkkjr ewyr%,d bdkbz ugha 'kks/k /kkjk 93

104 gs vfkkzr lekt] lalñfr] /kez] Hkk"kk] tkfr vusd Lora=k bdkbz;ksa dh lkeqnkf;d psruk] HkkokRed] rknkre; vksj lkalñfrd,drk ds QyLo:i gh mldh jk"vªh;,drk cuh jg ldrh gsa ;g fufozokn gs fd Hkkjr esa fofo/k {ks=kksa] Hkk"kk] tkfr] /kez] lalñfr vkfn esa vusd:irk] fofo/krk ;k fo"kerk gsa ;g vusd:irk ;k fofo/krk lkekftd lanahkksz ds :i esa Hkh gs vksj Hkkf"kd fodyiksa ds :i esa HkhA vfkkzr~ os"ke; lkalñfrd Lrj ij Hkh gs vksj lkekftd Lrj ij HkhA vr% jktuhfrd mrkj&p<+ko] /kkfezd vurfozjks/k] lkalñfrd fo?kvu vksj lkekftd Lrj Hksn dks lekir djus gsrq fd;s tkus okys HkkokRed vksj dykred iz;kl lkfgr; ds Lrj ij jk"vªh;,drk ds ladsrd gsa bl :i esa ns'k HkfDr ;k ns'k&izse ls vksr&izksr vfhko;fdr;k ;k fqj ekuorkokn] fo'o ca/kqro] lksgknz] HkkbZpkjk] lkaiznkf;d ln~hkko] n;k] d:.kk] vkfn mnkrr Hkkoksa dh vfhko;fdr tks euq"; esa euq"; ls gh ugha vfirq izk.kh ek=k vksj izñfr ds lkfk Hkh rknkre; LFkkfir djus dh yyd isnk dj ns] tks l f"v ds d.k&d.k ls gesa tksms+] tks jk"vª ls lecu/k izr;sd Lora=k bdkbz ds lkfk HkkokRed vksj lkalñfrd leca/k dh LFkkiuk djs] ogh jk"vªh;,drk ds fy;s egroiw.kz ek/;e fl) gksxha HkkSxksfyd vksj jktuhfrd fofhkuurkvksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr dh lkalñfrd,drk dks cuk, j[kus esa Hkk"kk vksj lkfgr; dk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku jgk gsa lkfgr; ds bfrgkl esa *e/;&;qx* lkfgr;&jpuk dh n f"v ls fgunh&lkfgr; esa lokszrñ"v gsa fopkjksa dh mnkjrk] vuqhkwfr dh xgjkbz vksj yksd dks ekxzn'kzu nsuss okyh n f"vijdrk ds dkj.k ;g ;qx u dsoy mrñ"v l tu cfyd lkfkzd l tu dh n f"v ls vuqie FkkA blfy, bls *Lo.kZ;qx* dgk x;ka vkpk;z jkepunz 'kqdy us fgunh&lkfgr; ds e/; ;qx dks nks Hkkxksa esa fohkkftr fd;k gs&igyk iwoz eè;dky ftls HkfDrdky dgrs gsa vksj nwljk mrrj e/;dky ftls jhfrdky dgrs gsaa HkfDrdky jktuhfrd mfky&iqfky] /kkfezd vurfozjks/k,oe~ lkekftd foj a[kyrk dk ;qx FkkA rrdkyhu Hkkjr esa izpfyr fofhkuu /keksaz esa vusdkusd ekxksaz vksj laiznk;ksa esa cavus dh izo frr pje lhek esa igaqp xbz FkhA u dsoy fgunw /kez ds fofhkuu laiznk; dbz&dbz Hkkxksa esa cavs] vfirq blyke esa Hkh tks fgunw&eqflye,d; dk iz;ru gqvk] og lar&lkfgr; esa izlqqfvr gqvka ;s yksx lerk Hkko ds ekuus okys Fks vksj fuxqz.k czeg ds miklda KkuekxhZ fuxqz.k'kk[kk ds bu larksa esa dchj] ukud] nknw] eywdnkl] lqunj nkl] jsnkl vkfn izeq[k FksA jk"vªh;,drk dh n f"v ls larksa ds iz;kl nks Lrjksa ij egroiw.kz Fks(,d rks lkekftd Lrj ij Hksn vfkkzr~ tkfr&ik fr] Å p&uhp dk izcy fojks/k djrs gq, lkekftd os"ke; dks lekir djus esa vksj nwljs èkkfezd vurfozjks/k dks lekir djus ds mn~s'; ls loz/kez lehkko ds :i esaa bl fo"k; esa dchj dh fueufyf[kr iafdr;k nz"vo; gsa&lkekftd Lrj ij Hksn dh vlohñfr& mpps dqy dk tufe;k] tks djuh Å ph u gksba lqcju dyl lqjk Hkjk] lk/kq fuans lkbzaa vr% lkekftd fo"kerk dh lekfir gh *jk"vªh;,drk* dk ewy ea=k gsa HkfDrdkyhu larksa us ;gh dk;z viuh ckfu;ksa ls fd;ka loz/kez lehkko ds :i esa larksa us rrdkyhu Hkkjr esa izpfyr lelr /keksza] lk/kuk i)fr;ksa] 'kks/k /kkjk 94

105 nk'kzfud fl)karksa,oa HkfDr&izokg ls tks xzg.kh; Fkk] mls xzg.k djds,d lefuor HkfDr vksj lkèkuk dk ifk iz'klr fd;ka ;fn dchj ds gh dko; dk vuq'khyu fd;k tk, rks irk pysxk fd mugkasus mifu"knksa ds v}srokn] 'kadj ds czg~eokn],oa ek;kokn] cks)ksa ds nq%[kokn] fl)ksa,oa ukfkiaffk;ksa ls gb;ksx] os".koksa dh HkfDr] izse vksj izifùkokn] blyke ds,ds'ojokn] lwfq;ksa dh b'd gdhdh ¼vykSfdd&izse½ lcdk lkj rro xzg.k dj /kkfezd Lrj&Hksn dks lekir djus dk gh iz;kl ugha fd;k vfirq /kkfezd lerk ds Hkko dk mrñ"v :i Hkh izlrqr fd;ka lwqh dfo;ksa esa tk;lh] ea>u] dqrqcu] mleku] uwj] eksgeen vkfn izeq[k gsa ekuo dks ekuo ds vf/kd fudv ykus vfkkzr~ muds e/; HkkokRed,drk LFkkfir djus esa izse ls c<+dj l'kdr vksj dksbz rro ugha gks ldrka blh izse rro dk voyec ysdj lwqh dfo;ksa us fgunq&eqflye,drk dh lel;k dk vf/kd dksey vksj dko;e; lek/kku izlrqr fd;ka fojfg,d ykxh nqbz gkjka,dfg rs ukukijdkjka ekrq ds jdr firk ds fcunqa nqvks rqjd vks fgunqaa iwoz e/; ;qx esa,d vksj tgk fgunqvksa dk fuxqz.kokn] eqlyekuksa ds,ds'ojokn ls rknkre; LFkkfir dj jgk Fkk vksj nwljh vksj eqlyekuksa dk izserro ekuo dks gh ugha] izk.kh ek=k dks izse ds jax esa jaxrk gqvk lkjs fojks/k fevk, tk jgk Fkk] ogha jke&dfkk ds iz.ksrk *rqylh* vius lokszrñ"v izcaèk dko; jkepfjr&ekul ds }kjk lkalñfrd,drk LFkkfir djus esa yxs gq, FksA ekul esa jke dk fot; vfhk;ku *lkalñfrd,drk* dk fot; vfhk;ku gh Fkk] ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i laiw.kz jk"vª,d dsunzh; lrrk ds v/khu vk x;k FkkA rqylh olrqr% fojkv ân; dfo Fks] mudh len f"v] O;kid leuo; Hkko ls iw.kz FkhA *rqylh* us 'kso] os".ko vksj Kku&HkfDr dk viwoz leuo; dj /kkfezd fojksèk dks lekir djus dk lkgfld iz;kl fd;k & lxqufg] vxqufg dnq HksnkA xkofg eqfu iqjku cq/k csnkaa O;kid vfkz esa mudk /kez *ekuorkoknh* Fkk & ijfgr lfjl /kje ufg HkkbZA ij ihm+k le ufga v?kekbzaa jk"vªh;&,drk ds izlax esa Ñ".kHkfDr 'kk[kk ds vej xk;d *v"vnkih* dfo;ksa dh ppkz u dh tk, rks ckr v/kwjh gh jgsxha lwjnkl] uannkl tsls czthkk"kk ds lefkz dfo;kssa us vius dko; ds ek/;e ls Ñ".k dh eqjyh dh og rku lqukbz ftlds ek/kq;z esa dsoy czt&e.my gh ugha] lewpk fgunqlrku,d lkfk gh vkiykfor gqvka ;g HkkokRed,drk dk lokszrñ"v :i FkkA vr% iwoz& eè;dkyhu fgunh&lkfgr; esa *jk"vªh;&,drk* dk tks Lo:i izkir gksrk gs] mls la{ksi eas fueukafdr :i ls myysf[kr fd;k tk ldrk gs & 1- lar lkfgr; eas & lerk Hkko ;k loz/kez lehkko ds :i esaa 2- lwq+h dko; esa & izserro lefuor ikjlifjd rknkre; ds :i esaa 3- jkehkfdr dko; esa & lkalñfrd,drk vksj leuo;oknh n f"v ds :i esaa 4- Ñ".kHkfDr dko; esa & HkkokRed,drk ds :i esaa olrqr% rrdkyhu Hkkjr esa le; dh pquksrh dsoy /kez vksj n'kzu dh vksj ls gh ugha Lo;a 'kks/k /kkjk 95

106 thou dh vksj ls vk;h FkhA xjhch] vf'k{kk] lkaiznkf;d oseul;] jktusfrd ijk/khurk] va/k&fo'okl] oxz&os"ke;] 'kks"k.k vkfn ml dky dk ne?kksavw okrkoj.k FkkA fuli g larksa vksj HkDrksa us bl chekj ekufldrk dk mipkj dj jk"vªh;,drk dks dk;e j[kus dk LrqR; iz;kl fd;k] muds vkre&fo'okl dks 'kfdr nh vksj mugsa mnkrr] O;kid rfkk dy;k.kdkjh thou dk ekxz fn[kk;ka jk"vªh;&,drk dh n f"v ls iwoz&e/;;qxhu fgunh&lkfgr; fu%lansg lokszrñ"v miyfc/k gs] tks vk/kqfud lanahkksz esa lokzf/kd mikns; vksj egroiw.kz gsa lanhkz 1- Jksf=k;] MkW- izhkkdj( fgunh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl% Hkk"kk] lalñfr vksj fparu&a 2- ikjk'kj] MkW- ed[kuyky( dchj dko;ke r ¼vkykspuk [k.m½a 'kks/k /kkjk 96

107 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª ds fodkl esa fgunh Hkk"kk dh Hkwfedk MkW- lr;sunz dqekj d';i lgk;d izk/;kid] fgunh] 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo ky;] [kjksn] tkatxhj pkaik] NÙkhlx<+ Jh vfuy dqekj usrke lgk;d izk/;kid] fgunh] 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo ky;] [kjksn] tkatxhj pkaik] NÙkhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract e/;dky esa Qkjlh Hkkjr dh jkthkk"kk Fkh vksj vkt Hkh 'kklu O;oLFkk esa vjch&qkjlh 'kcn O;oâr gks jgs gsaa Hkkjr esa vaxzsth 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ds lkfk vaxzsth ds iz;ksx dk izpyu c<+rk x;k rfkk esdkys dh f'k{kk i)fr us Hkkjr esa vaxzsth dk izhkqro vksj vf/kd c<+k fn;ka ljdkjh uksdjh izkfir ds fy, yxhkx vaxszth vfuok;z gks x;ha vaxzstksa us Hkkjr dh Hkk"kk ij vf/kd n[ky ugha fn;k] ijarq esdkys dh f'k{kk uhfr us Hkkjr ds Hkk"kk;h Hkfo"; dk ud'kk cny fn;ka ijurq Hkk"kk dh,dfu"brk rfkk izfrc)rk ds dkj.k fofo/krkvksa okys ns'k esa jk"vªh;,drk lnso cuh jgha ; fi rqdz vkøe.k&dkfj;ksa us Hkkjr esa vkøe.k dj /ku&nksyr ywv fy;k] ijurq Hkk"kk leink NksM+ x,a ftlls fgunh Hkk"kk fofhké fons'kh 'kcnksa ls ifjiw.kz gksrh pyh x;ha fgunh Hkk"kk us Lora=krk vkanksyu ds le; esa Hkkjrh;ksa dks,d lw=k esa fijksus dk egroiw.kz nkf;ro fuozgu fd;k rfkk ij izkarh; leku/kehz fopkj /kkjk ds chp la;kstd dk dk;z fd;k] ftlds dkj.k gh 1857 dh Økafr gks ik;ha Figure : 00 References : 06 Table : 00 Key Words : Hkk"kk vksj jk"vª] jk"vª fodkl esa Hkk"kk dh Hkwfedk jk"vªh; fodkl dh Hkkouk vk/kqfud ;qxhu fparu gsa jk"vªh; fodkl esa ; fi izr;sd O;fDr dk ;ksxnku vko';d gsa jk"vªh;rk dh vo/kkj.kk dks vfgald <ax ls iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gs] ijarq jk"vªokn dh vo/kkj.kk fgald gks ldrh gsa Hkk"kk euq"; dks ih<+h ls rfkk ekrk ls izkir gksrh gsa Hkkjr esa vusd Hkk"kk rfkk os'khkw"kk rfkk vkpkj O;ogkj ds dkj.k jk"vªh; fodkl varr% ckf/kr gqvk gs rfkk {ks=kokn vksj izkarokn rfkk Hkk"kkokn jk"vª ds fodkl esa udkjkred dkjd gsaa ÞKku] fokku] lkfgr; vksj dyk ds {ks=k esa euq"; ds lelr fodkl dk,d vk/kkj Hkk"kk gsaþ 1 e/;dky esa Qkjlh Hkkjr dh jkthkk"kk Fkh vksj vkt Hkh 'kklu O;oLFkk esa vjch&qkjlh 'kcn O;og r gks jgs gsaa Hkkjr esa vaxzsth 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ds lkfk vaxzsth ds iz;ksx dk izpyu c<+rk x;k rfkk esdkys dh f'k{kk i)fr us Hkkjr esa vaxszth dk izhkqro vksj vf/kd c<+k fn;ka ljdkjh uksdjh izkfir ds fy, yxhkx vaxszth vfuok;z gks x;ha vaxzstksa us Hkkjr dh Hkk"kk ij vf/kd n[ky ugha fn;k] ijarq esdkys dh f'k{kk uhfr us Hkkjr ds Hkk"kk;h Hkfo"; dk ud'kk cny fn;ka ijurq Hkk"kk dh,dfu"brk rfkk izfrc)rk ds dkj.k fofo/krkvksa okys ns'k esa jk"vªh;,drk lnso cuh jgha ; fi rqdz vkøe.k&dkfj;ksa us Hkkjr esa vkøe.k dj /ku&nksyr ywv fy;k] ijurq Hkk"kk leink NksM+ x,a ftlls fgunh Hkk"kk fofhké fons'kh 'kcnksa ls ifjiw.kz gksrh pyh x;ha fgunh Hkk"kk us Lora=krk vkanksyu 'kks/k /kkjk 97

108 ds le; esa Hkkjrh;ksa dks,d lw=k esa fijksus dk egroiw.kz nkf;ro fuozgu fd;k rfkk ij izkarh; lekuèkehz fopkj /kkjk ds chp la;kstd dk dk;z fd;k ftlds dkj.k gh 1857 dh Økafr gks ik;ha vk/kqfud dky esa HkkjrsUnq gfj'panz dk vkxeu fgunh Hkk"kh turk ds fy, xoz dk fo"k; gsa HkkjrsUnq us fut Hkk"kk dks viukus ij tksj nsrs gq, dgk fd & Þfut Hkk"kk méfr vgs] lc méfr dks ewy fcu fut Hkk"kk Kku ds] fevr u fg; dks lwy bd Hkk"kk bd tho] bd efr lc?kj ds yksx rcs cur gs lcu lks fevr ew<+rk lksx x x x vksj,d vfr ykhk ;g ;k esa izxv y[kkr fut Hkk"kk esa dhft, tks fo/kk dh ckraß 2 HkkjrsUnq us 15 vxlr 1867 esa ^dfo opu lq/kk^ uked ekfld if=kdk dk izdk'ku fd;k méhloha 'krkcnh ds var rd fgunh Hkk"kk ¼[kM+h cksyh½ izfrf"br gks pqdh FkhA Hkk"kkfon MkW- gjnso ckgjh us fy[kk gs fd& Þméhloh 'krha ds mùkjk)z dh Hkk"kk flfkfr dk voyksdu djus ij bl fu"d"kz ij igq pk tk ldrk gs fd HkkjrsUnq gfj'panz vksj muds ;qx ds lkfkh [km+h cksyhs dh méfr ds fy, cgqr lfø; Fks vksj mugksaus eksfyd Ñfr;ksa rfkk vuqokn }kjk lkfgr; dks le ) djus dk Hkjld iz;ru fd;k ijurq Hkk"kk 'ksyh ifjekftzr ugha gks ik;h FkhA vr% lkeku; :i ls Hkk"kk dk xbu] 'kcnkoyh iz;ksx] orzuh O;kdj.k rfkk df; dh vo;olfkk cuh jgha dko; Hkk"kk esa czt Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx pyrs jgus ds dkj.k [km+h cksyh lkfgr; dh osnh ij izfrf"br rks gqbz] ijurq,d vkn'kz dh LFkkiuk ugha gks ik;ha méhloha 'krkcnh ds lekiu esa ';ke lqunj nkl }kj ukxjh izpkfj.kh lhkk^ dh LFkkiuk dh] ftlls lkfgr; dh fofhké fo/kkvksa ds izdk'ku dk ekxz iz'klr gqvkaß 3 fgunh Hkk"kk dks O;kdj.k leer cukus esa vkpk;z egkohj izlkn f}osnh dk ;ksxnku egroiw.kz gsa f}osnh th us Hkk"kk ifjektzu esa Hkh egroiw.kz dk;z fd;ka ^ljlorh^ if=kdk dk leiknu rfkk bl if=kdk ds ek/;e ls mugksaus fgunh ys[ku dk laldkj ys[kdksa esa MkykA jk"vª ds fodkl,oa HkkoukRed,drk esa jk"vª Hkk"kk dk lfeefyr iz;kl vko';d gksrk gsa egkrek xk /kh ds fgunh izse ds dkj.k fofhké lalfkkvksa dk fuekz.k fd;k x;ka 1918 esa vius lhkkifrro esa fn;s x, mn~cks/ku esa mugksaus dgk Fkk fd&;g fgunh,dne lalñre;h ugha gs vksj u,dne Qkjlh 'kcnksa ls ynh gqbz gsa tks Hkk"kk tu lewg dh le> esa le> esa vk lds] ogh lokszùke gsa fgunh og Hkk"kk gs] ftldks mùkj esa fgunw o eqlyeku cksyrs gasaß 19oha 'krkcnh ds e/;karj ds i'pkr~ HkkjrsUnq ;qx rfkk f}osnh ;qx Hkk"kk;h uotkxj.k ds fy, egroiw.kz FkkA Nk;kokn esa rrle~ 'kcnksa dk iz;ksx dh vf/kdrk ls fgunh dh izhkfo".kqrk c<+ xbza ifj.kkelo:i fgunh esa,d u;k eksm+ vk;ka ÞNk;koknh dfo;ksa us lalñr inkofy;ksa dks O;kogkfjd cukdj fgunh dh vfhko;fdr dks dko;e; vksj l'kdr cukus esa cgqr Hkkjh dke fd;kaß 4 'kks/k /kkjk 98

109 Lora=krk ds iwoz ;fn fgunh jk"vªhkk"kk?kksf"kr gks tkrk rks jk"vª fodkl rfkk jk"vªh;,drk vksj vf/kd lqn <+ gksrk ijurq vaxzstks us tkucw>dj Hkkjr esa Hkk"kk fohksnhdj.k dks tkjh j[kk] ftlds dkj.k vaxzsth lùkk v{kq..k cuh jgha lqhkk"k panz cksl dk Hkh ekuuk Fkk fd&þns'k dh,drk ds fy,,d Hkk"kk dk gksuk vko';d gsaß Lora=krk laxzke ds egku lsukfu;ksa dks Hkh ;g Hkyh&Hkk fr ekywe Fkk fd Hkkjrh;ksa dks,drk ds lw=k esa fijksus ds fy,,d Hkk"kk dh vko';drk gksxha og fgunh Hkk"kk gh gks ldrh gsa Lora=krk ds i'pkr Hkkjrh; jktusrkvksa ds eu esa ;g fopkj vk;k fd ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dk fø;kuo;u fdl Hkk"kk esa gksxk\ lafo/kku fuekzrkvksa us bls Þ/;ku esa j[krs gq, Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqpnsn 343 ds vuqlkj ;g fu.kzy fy;k fd la?k dh jkthkk"kk nsoukxjh fyfi esa fgunh gksxhaß 5 fgunh lkfgr; ds dfo;ksa us jk"vªh;rk ds fodkl esa egrh ;ksxnku fn;ka esffkyh'kj.k xqir jke/kkjh flag fnudj] ek[kuyky prqosznh] izlkn] iar] fujkyk us tuhkk"kk fgunh dks viuk;ka lqfe=kkuanu iar us dgk gs& ÞeSa dqath dgrk fgunh dks] [kqyrk ftlls lkewfgd eua {ks=k o fùk ls mbdj gh ge] dj ldrs tu jk"vª laxbuaaß 6 fgunh dk ibu&ikbu Hkhs jk"vª lsok gsa vkt Hkh Hkkjr dh pgq eq[kh rfkk cgqeq[kh fodkl ds fy, fgunh Hkk"kk dh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk dks Lohdkj djuk gh gksxka lanhkz 1- fej] MkW- jktsunz( fgunh Hkk"kk vksj lalñfr ¼i 0&30½ 2- HkkjrsUnq xzafkkoyh ls mn~/k ra 3- ckgjh] MkW- gjnso( fgunh Hkk"kk ¼i 0&108½ 4- ogh ¼i 0&107½ 5- 'kekz] MkW- jkeckcw( fgunh Hkk"kk vksj lkfgr; ¼i 0&48½ 6- iar] lqfe=kkuanu( yksdk;ru ls mn~/k ra 'kks/k /kkjk 99

110 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª ds fuekz.k esa Hkk"kk dk ;ksxnku MkW- js'kek valkjh,lksfl,v izksqslj] fgunh fohkkx] esv~l fo'ofo ky;] jk;iqj] NRrhlx<+ MkW- deys'k xksfx;k lgk;d izk/;kid] fgunh fohkkx] esv~l fo'ofo ky;] jk;iqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract orzeku le; esa fgunh dk ifj"ñr :i lkeus vkrk gs v j bldk iwjk Js; ;qx nz"vk vkpk;z egkohj çlkn f}osnh d tkrk gs( ftug aus fgunh d Hkkoh jk"vªhkk"kk cukus fy;s viuk iwjk thou lefizr dj fn;ka gkyk fd muds le; ls iwoz gh fgunh Hkk"kk çpfyr g xbz Fkh v j dbz fo}ku x rfkk i }kjk mls lqfodflr djus ds fy, ç;kljr~ Hkh FksA fdurq,d le ) jk"vªhkk"kk dh vko';drk d le>rs gq, vkpk;z egkohj çlkn f}osnh th us vewy; ; xnku fn;k] ftls dhkh fole r ugha fd;k tk ldrka v[k.m T; fr esa ;g myysf[kr gs fd vkpk;z egkohj çlkn f}osnh ;qx nz"vk FksA os tkurs Fks fd dksbz ns'k,d jk"vª Hkk"kk ds fcuk u rks HkkoukRed,drk çkir dj ldrk gs vksj u f'k{kk rfkk lalñfr dh n f"v ls lqleiuu gh cu ldrk gsa mu fnuksa Hkkjr dh vusd Hkk"kkvksa dh rjg fgunh Hkh,d Hkk"kk Fkh] mlesa jk"vªh; Hkk"kk ds mi;qä ç[kjrk mriuu u gks ikbz FkhA bl deh dks iwjk djuk vko';d FkkA jktusfrd LorU=krk mu fnuksa ugha Fkh] v xzsth 'kklu viuk iatk etcwrh ds lkfk tek;s gq, FkkA ij Hkk"kk dh Å"kk viuk vkhkkl çdv djus yxh Fkh vksj ;g ckr fnu&fnu Li"V gksrh tk jgh Fkh fd Hkkjr vkt ugha rks dy jktusfrd LorU=krk çkir djsxka rc lcls igyh vko';drk,d le ) jk"vªhkk"kk dh im+sxh] ;g xq.k dsoy fgunh esa Fkk] ij mlds ç[kjrk çkir djus esa vhkh yech eafty ikj djuh FkhA Figure : 00 References : 06 Table : 00 Key Words : Hkk"kk vksj jk"vª] jk"vª fuekz.k esa Hkk"kk;h lalñfr tc ls ekuo vflrro esa vk;k rc ls Hkk"kk dk mi; x dj jgk gsa Hkk"kk gekjs c ypky dk ekè;e gs] ;k dg ldrs gsa fd blds fcuk ge vius fopkj a dh vfhko;fdr ugha dj ldrsa Hkk"kk ekuo thou dh vkèkkjf'kyk gsa Hkk"kk ds fcuk r thou lahko Fkk ij ekuo thou lahko ugha v j ;fn Hkk"kk u g rh r ekuo euq";ro u laikfnr dj ldrka Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk fokku esa vkpk;z fd'k jh nkl oktih; dgrs gsa ÞfofHkUu vfk Za esa ladsfrr 'kcn lewg gh Hkk"kk gs] ftlds }kjk ge vius fopkj ;k eu Hkko nwlj a ds çfr cgqr ljyrk ls çdv djrs gsaaß MkW- ';kelqanj nkl ds vuqlkj Þeuq"; v j euq"; a ds chp olrqv a ds fo"k; esa viuh bpnk v j efr dk vknku&çnku djus ds fy;s O;Dr èofu&ladsr a dk t O;ogkj g rk gs mls Hkk"kk dgrs gsaaß Li"V gs fd vius Hkko a] fopkj d nwlj a rd igqapkus v j nwlj a ds fopkj a] bpnkv a] er d xzg.k djus ds ekè;e ds :i esa Hkk"kk dk mn~hko gqvka Hkk"kk v j lalñfr dk ijlij lacaèk gs v j lkalñfrd vfhko;fdr dk vkèkkj Hkk"kk gh gs v j Hkk"kk ds ekè;e ls gh lkfgr; d vkèkkj feyrk gsa lkfgr; ds ekè;e ls gh gesa lkekftd& lkalñfrd thou dk ifjp; çkir g rk gs v j lkfgr; ds ekè;e ls gh gesa ekuo thou d muur 'kks/k /kkjk 100

111 cukus dh çsj.kk çkir g rh gsa jk"vª fuekz.k ds ifjçs{; esa Hkk"kk ds ; xnku ij n f"vikr djrs gsa r ge ns[krs gsa fd Hkk"kk ds oy vfhko;fdr dk ekè;e ugha gs cfyd bldk ç'u lexz gsa,d v j ;g lh;rk d laldkfjr djrh gs r nwljh v j lalñfr d 'kcn nsrh gs] vfkkzr~ Hkk"kk lh;rk v j lalñfr d lajf{kr ;k u"v djus esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkrh gsa ;fn fdlh jk"vª d iru dh v j ys tkuk g r lozçfke ogk dh Hkk"kk ij çgkj djuk pkfg,a fonsf'k; a us Hkkjr ij 'kklu djus ds mís'; ls gh lozçfke fgunh Hkk"kk d u"v djus dh d f'k'k dh v j viuh Hkk"kk d yknus dk ç;kl fd;ka ckotwn blds Hkkjr ds euhf"k; a us x v j i ds ekè;e ls fgunh Hkk"kk d le ) djus esa d dlj ugha N M+hA orzeku le; esa fgunh dk ifj"ñr :i lkeus vkrk gs v j bldk iwjk Js; ;qx nz"vk vkpk;z egkohj çlkn f}osnh d tkrk gs ftug aus fgunh d Hkkoh jk"vªhkk"kk cukus fy;s viuk iwjk thou lefizr dj fn;ka gkyk fd muds le; ls iwoz gh fgunh Hkk"kk çpfyr g xbz Fkh v j dbz fo}ku x rfkk i }kjk mls lqfodflr djus ds fy, ç;kljr Hkh Fks] fdurq,d le ) jk"vªhkk"kk dh vko';drk d le>rs gq, vkpk;z egkohj çlkn f}osnh th us vewy; ; xnku fn;k] ftls dhkh fole r ugha fd;k tk ldrka v[k.m T; fr esa ;g myysf[kr gs fd vkpk;z egkohj çlkn f}osnh ;qx nz"vk FksA os tkurs Fks fd dksbz ns'k,d jk"vª Hkk"kk ds fcuk u rks HkkoukRed,drk çkir dj ldrk gs vksj u f'k{kk rfkk lalñfr dh n f"v ls lqleiuu gh cu ldrk gsa mu fnuksa Hkkjr dh vusd Hkk"kkvksa dh rjg fgunh Hkh,d Hkk"kk Fkh] mlesa jk"vªh; Hkk"kk ds mi;qä ç[kjrk mriuu u gks ikbz FkhA bl deh dks iwjk djuk vko';d FkkA jktusfrd LorU=krk mu fnuksa ugha Fkh] v xzsth 'kklu viuk iatk etcwrh ds lkfk tek;s gq, FkkA ij Hkk"kk dh Å"kk viuk vkhkkl çdv djus yxh Fkh vksj ;g ckr fnu&fnu Li"V gksrh tk jgh Fkh fd Hkkjr vkt ugha rks dy jktusfrd LorU=krk çkir djsxka rc lcls igyh vko';drk,d le ) jk"vªhkk"kk dh im+sxh] ;g xq.k dsoy fgunh esa FkkA ij mlds ç[kjrk çkir djus esa vhkh yech eafty ikj djuh FkhA f}osnh th jk"vª dh bl egroiw.kz vko';drk dks iw.kz djus ds fy,,d prqj f'kyih rjg dh yxs vksj vkthou mlh ozr dks iwjk djus esa,d dezb vkn'kzoknh dh rjg vfopy J)k vksj ifjiw.kz mrlkg ds lkfk layxu jgsa jk"vª ds fuekz.k esa fgunh Hkk"kk ds lkfgr;dkj a dk vhkwriwoz ; xnku ns[kus d feyrk gsa fgunh lkfgr; ds çkjahk ls iwoz çkphu lalñr xzafkdkj a dh jpuk, jk"vªçse ls v rç r gqvk djrh FkhaA osn v j iqjk.k lfgr ns'k ds çfl) èkkfezd xzafk Jhen~Hkxor xhrk] jkek;.k] egkhkkjr] dkfynkl dh lalñr jpuk, ] ck.khkv~v] Hkk#fo tsls lalñr ds egku xzafkdkj a dh jpukv a esa jk"vªh;,drk v j jk"vª fuekz.k ds vusd lw=k feyrs gsaa fgunh lkfgr; ds vkfndky esa i Fohjkt jkl ds ohjdko; lfgr rrdkyhu dfo; a dh J axkfjd jpuk, jk"vªh; psruk dk fodkl djrh jghaa eè;;qx ds HkfDrdky esa xq:ukud nso] lar dchjnkl] x Lokeh rqylhnkl] jsnkl] nknw] tk;lh] lwjnkl dh egku Ñfr; a us jk"vª fuekz.k esa ; xnku fn;ka vkèkqfud fgunh lkfgr; esa lozçfke Hkkjrsanq gfj'kpaæ us viuh jpukv a ds ekè;e ls jk"vªh; psruk dk uolapkj fd;ka jk"vªh; Hkkouk dk mn; Hkkjrsanq dky esa ml le; gqvk tc tu&tu esa fc[kjh jk"vªh; psruk d,d lw=k esa fij us dh vko';drk FkhA tuekul 'kks/k /kkjk 101

112 esa LojkT; dh Hkkouk dk uomn; gqvka rrdkyhu dfo; a us viuh jpukv a ds ekè;e ls uotkxj.k dk dk;z fd;ka f}osnh ;qx esa çxv gqbz uohu psruk us jk"vªh; lel;kv a ds lekèkku dh fn'kk esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkbza ek[kuyky prqosznh] esffkyh'kj.k xqir] fl;kjke'kj.k xqir] cafdepaæ] dfkk lezkv eqa'kh çsepan] 'kjrpan] t;'kadj çlkn lfgr vusd rrdkyhu lkfgr;dkj a us fgunh lkfgr; ds i,oa x foèkk esa viuh l'kdr ys[kuh ds ekè;e ls jk"vªh; psruk d vfhko;dr dj tuekul esa uolapkj fd;ka vkèkqfud dky esa fgunh Hkk"kk jk"vªh;rk vflerk dk çrhd gs v j vkèkqfud fgunh lkfgr; us jk"vªokn ds fodkl esa egùkh Hkwfedk fuhkk gsa oscnqfu;k esa lq'khy dqekj 'kqdyk vius ys[k orzeku lkfgr; esa jk"vªh;rk ds lanhkz esa fy[krs gsa &ÞçR;sd ns'k dk lkfgr; vius ns'k dh HkkSxksfyd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkalñfrd ifjflfkfr ls lac) gksrk gsa lkfgr;dkj vius ns'k dh vrhr ls çkir fojklr ij xoz djrk gs] orzeku dk ewy;kadu djrk gs vksj Hkfo"; ds fy, lius cqurk gs vksj bl çdkj dgk tk ldrk gs fd og jk"vªh; vkdka{kkvksa ls ifjpkfyr gksrk gsa vkpk;z gtkjh çlkn f}osnh us Hkh vius fucaèkksa esa çkphu Hkkjrh; lalñfr ds mnkùk Lo:i dks çr;{k dj ubz ih<+h dks mlds egro ls ifjfpr djk;k gsa jk"vªh;rk dk,d vu; i{k ogka fn[kkbz nsrk gs] tgka jpukdkj viuh jpukvksa esa orzeku ds çfr fpark O;ä djrk gs] ns'k dh jktuhfrd] vkffkzd] lkekftd folaxfr;ksa ij çgkj djrk gs] bu flfkfr;ksa esa lqèkkj dh dkeuk djrk gs] turk dk vkºoku djrk gs vksj Lo;a lfø;rkiwozd Hkkx Hkh ysrk gsa Lora=krk la?k"kz ds vkjafhkd dky ls ysdj Lora=krk çkfir rfkk mlds ckn dh vusd jpuk,a bldk mnkgj.k gsaa jk"vªh;rk dh Hkkouk fodflr djus esa vkèkqfud lkfgr; dk cgqr cm+k ;ksxnku gsa jk"vªokn ls lkeqnkf;d Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gs vksj yksdrkaf=kd Hkkouk Hkh jk"vªokn ls le ) gksrh gsa ns'k dh j{kk] fgr] laxbu],d lekt ds tkrh; Lo:i ds fodkl dh vkdka{kk] dksf'k'k jk"vªh; psruk dk vfohkkt; vax gsaß ikap o"kz iwoz Hkkjr ds iwoz jk"vªifr Jh ç.kc eq[kthz us 6 twu 2013 d Hk iky esa vvy fcgkjh oktis;h fgunh fo'ofo ky; dk f'kyku;kl djrs gq, vius odrko; esa ;g Li"V fd;k fd lkekftd dy;k.k vksj fodkl ds dk;zøeksa dh lqyrk Hkk"kk ij fuhkzj gsa fgunh Hkkjrh; lkekftd vksj lkalñfrd,drk dk çrhd gsa jk"vª dks tksm+us esa fgunh dk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku gsa fgunh nqfu;k ds vu; ns'kksa esa Hkh yksdfç; gks jgh gsa fgunh ds ekè;e ls rduhdh fo"k;ksa dh f'k{kk çnku djus dh t:jr gsa lanhkz 1- oktis;h] fd'k jhnkl( Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk fokku] ÞHkk"kk dk egroß ok.kh çdk'ku] us fnyyh] çfke laldj.k] 1999] f}rh; laldj.k 2008] i &19-2- 'kekz] Jhjke( v[k.m T; fr] ^jk"vªhkk"kk ds vej f'kyih&egkohj çlkn f}osnh*] vxlr] 'kekz] lq'khy dqekj( orzeku lkfgr; esa jk"vªh;rk d lanhkz] oscnqfu;k 4- _1.html 5- tulaidz fohkkx] eè;çns'k 'kklu] Þjk"Vª ds fuekz.k esa fgunh dk egroiw.kz ; xnku&jk"v~ªifrß] 6 twu] 'kks/k /kkjk 102

113 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl esa Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dk ;ksxnku ¼egkRek xk /kh ds lanhkz esa½ Jherh Hkkjrh /kqeky 'kks/kkfkhz] gsepan ;kno fo'ofo ky;] nqxz] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract vk/kqfud ;qx esa xk /kh th rfkk xk /khokn ds izhkko ls fgunh esa vf/kd dfork, jph x;ha tc xk èkh th nf{k.k vkfýdk esa lr;kxzg vkunskyu djs Fks] rhkh muls izhkkfor gksdj ek[ku yky prqosznh th us fu%'kdr lsukuh dfork fy[kh FkhA esffkyh'kj.k xqir] gfjvks/k] ckyñ".k 'kekz uohu] lqfe=kkuunu iar] jkeèkkjh flag ^fnudj* vkfn xk /khokn ls izhkkfor gksdj egkdko;] [k.mdko; rfkk xhfrdko;ksa dh jpuk, dha fl;kjke'kj.k xqir th us viuh jpukvksa esa xk /khokn dh rkfrod vfhko;fdr dha xk /khokn ls izhkkfor gksdj xhr fy[kus okyksa esa ek[ku yky prqosznh] x;k izlkn 'kqdy ^lusgh*] lqhknzkdqekjh pksgku] xksiky flag usikyh] lksgu yky f}osnh] f'koeaxy flag lqeu] gfjoa'kjk; cppu] Hkokuh izlkn fej izeq[k gsaa fgunh dforkvksa esa xk /kh th ds egku O;fDrRo ds dkj.k gh bldk izhkko vfgalk rro] lr;kxzg] /kez lehkko] Lok/khurk vkunksyu] [kknh vksj pj[kk] vnwrks)kj] lkeiznkf;d,drk ij im+ka ^vfgalk* xk /khth ds fy, lr; izkfir dk lk/ku FkhA bl vfgalk esa n;k] d:.kk] izse vkfn lc Hkko fnis gsaa xk /kh th dh vfgalk dk;jksa dh vfgalk ugha FkhA mlesa yk[kksa ryokjksa dks g lrs gq, lkeuk djus dh 'kfdr FkhA Figure : 00 References : 03 Table : 00 Key Words : Nk;koknh dko; esa jk"vªh;&psruk] xk /khoknh izhkko vksj jk"vªh; psruk vk/kqfud ;qx esa xk /kh th rfkk xk /khokn ds izhkko ls fgunh esa vf/kd dfork, jph x;ha tc xk /kh th nf{k.k vkýhdk esa lr;kxzg vkunksyu djs Fks] rhkh muls izhkkfor gksdj ek[ku yky prqosznh th us fu%'kdr lsukuh dfork fy[kh FkhA esffkyh'kj.k xqir] gfjvks/k] ckyñ".k 'kekz uohu] lqfe=kkuunu iar] jke/kkjh flag ^fnudj* vkfn xk /khokn ls izhkkfor gksdj egkdko;] [k.mdko; rfkk xhfrdko;ksa dh jpuk, dha fl;kjke'kj.k xqir th us viuh jpukvksa esa xk /khokn dh rkfrod vfhko;fdr dha xk /khokn ls izhkkfor gksdj xhr fy[kus okyksa esa ek[ku yky prqosznh] x;k izlkn 'kqdy ^lusgh*] lqhknzk dqekjh pksgku] xksiky flag usikyh] lksgu yky f}osnh] f'koeaxy flag lqeu] gfjoa'kjk; cppu] Hkokuh izlkn fej izeq[k gsaa fgunh dforkvksa esa xk /kh th ds egku O;fDrRo ds dkj.k gh bldk izhkko vfgalk rro] lr;kxzg] /kez lehkko] Lok/khurk vkunksyu] [kknh vksj pj[kk] vnwrks)kj] lkeiznkf;d,drk ij im+ka ^vfgalk* xk /khth ds fy, lr; izkfir dk lk/ku FkhA bl vfgalk esa n;k] d:.kk] izse vkfn lc Hkko fnis gsaa xk /kh th dh vfgalk dk;jksa dh vfgalk ugha FkhA mlesa yk[kksa ryokjksa dks g lrs gq, lkeuk djus dh 'kfdr FkhA ek[ku yky prqosznh th us ^fu%'kdr lsukuh* dfork esa crk;k gs fd 'kks/k /kkjk 103

114 yk[kksa ryokj fu%'kdr ij VwV im+s vksj gkgkdkj ep tk;sa] ysfdu cfy i'kq ds leku fu%'kdr lsukuh ejus ds fy, rs;kj jgs gsaa os dgrs gas fd iyv tk;s pkgs lalkj bu gkfkksa esa ryokj u yw xk& Þyidrh gs yk[kksa ryokj] epk Mkysaxh gkgkdkja ekjus ejus dks euqgkj [km+s gsa] cfy i'kq lc rs;kja iyv tk;sa lalkj u yw xk bu gkfkksa esa ryokjaaþ lqhknzkdqekjh th us fgalk Hkko yk?kdj ohj v'kksd cuus ds fy, izsj.kk nsrs gq, dgk gs fd & vfgald ohj v'kksd ds leku,slk dke djs ftlls bgyksd vksj ijyksd nksuksa cusa & ge fgalk dk Hkko yk?kdj fot;h ohj v'kksd cusa dke djsaxs ogh fd ftlesa yksd vksj ijyksd cusaa egkrek xk /kh th us /kkfezd leuo; ds }kjk fgunw&eqflye,drk ds fy, thou i;zur izr;ur fd;k vksj varr% mlh dke esa dqjcku gks x;s A /kkfezd,drk ls gh Hkkjr dh vktknh lahko ekudj :iukjk;.k ik.ms; th us lcdks feydj ym+us dk lans'k fn;ka mugksaus dgk fd tsu] cks)] Qkjlh] ;gwnh] eqlyeku] fl[k] bzlkbz vkfn fofhkuu /kez ds yksd lc feydj dgs fd lc HkkbZ&HkkbZ gsa & ÞtSu] cks)] Qkjlh] ;gwnh] eqlyeku] fl[k] bzlkbza dksfv dab ls feydj dg nks] ge lc gsa HkkbZ&HkkbZAAÞ xk /kh th 'kl=k cy ls eukscy esa fgald Økafr ls g n; ifjorzu esa vksj ejus ls [kqn ejdj thrus esa fo'okl j[krs gsaa tsy esa fy[kh x;h ek[kuyky prqosznh th dh izfl) dfork ^iq"i dh vfhkyk"kk* esa dfo us dsoy cfynkuh os".ko O;fDrRo dh fu"bk gh izdv ugha gqbz gs] oju~ ml ;qx ds leiw.kz jk"vªh; la?k"kz dh psruk Hkh /ofur gqbz gs A dfo ekr Hkwfe ds fy, mrlxz dh Hkkouk O;Dr djrs gq, Qwy ds eq g ls dgyokrs gsa fd gs cuekyh] eq>s rksm+dj ftl ifk esa ekr Hkwfe ds fy, ohj cfynku djus x;s Fks] ml ifk esa Qsad nks & Þeq>s rksm+ ysuk ouekyh] ml ifk esa nsuk rqe QsadA ekr Hkwfe ij 'kh'k p<+kus] ftl ifk tkosa ohj vusdaaþ xk /khth fo'o ds 'kkafr nwr FksA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd lokszn; ls gh txr~ esa 'kkafr lahko gsa ysfdu fnudj th us fopkj esa tc rd vkidks cjkcj lq[k u feys rc rd 'kkafr lahko ugha gs & Þ'kkafr ugha rc rd] tc rd] lq[k Hkkx u uj dk le gks AAÞ xk /khokn ds ewy rro gs lr; vksj vfgalka MkW- lq"kekukjk;.k us dgk&þxk /kh th ds lr; rfkk vfgalk dh ehekalk] fgunh dko; {ks=k esa Jh Þf=k'kwy] Jh ek[ku yky prqosznh] Jherh lqhknzkdqekjh pksgku vkfn us dh gsaþ xk /kh n'kzu ds iz'kald Jh x;k izlkn 'kqdy ^lusgh* us xk /kh th dk Lrou djrs gq, dgk gs fd ftl lr;] vfgalk vksj izse ls rhuksa yksd mfnr gq, mudh t; gksa lr; vksj vfgalk ds jkgh fo'ooa'k ckiw dh t; gksa Þt; lr;] vfgalk vksj izse] ftlls f=kyksd gqvk mn;aa lqfe=kkuanu iar th us lr; dks ekuo thou dh ifjpkyu 'kfdr crk;k gsa muds vuqlkj ftldk 'kjhj Hkwrokn gks vksj eu izk.kokn gks ogh lr; ekuo thou dk ifjpkyu dj ldrk gsa 'kks/k /kkjk 104

115 Hkkjr tsls xzke iz/kku ns'k esa fdlkuksa dh flfkfr lkspuh; gksus ls egkrek xk /kh th us xzkeksa ds fodkl dh vksj vf/kd /;ku fn;ka fgunh ds dfo;ksa us egkrek xk /kh dh blh xzkeks)kj Hkkouk ls izhkkfor gksdj vla[; dfork, jpha iar th us ^xzke;k*] esffkyh'kj.k xqir us ^fdlku* vksj lksgu yky f}osnh th us ^lsokxzke* vkfn dh jpuk dha bu lhkh jk"vª dk d.kz/kkj fdlku dks ekuk gsa ns'k dh muufr ml dezb ds gkfk esa gh gs] blfy, lksgu yky f}osnh th fdlku ls dgrs gsa fd rqegkjs tkx r gq, fcuk ns'k dh muufr dh ehukj u mbsxh & ÞrqEgsa ugha D;k Kkr jk"vª ds] rqe gks dezb d.kz/kkj fcuk rqegkjs mb u mbs] ldrh gs muufr dk ehukjaþ Nk;koknh dfo;ksa us LojkT;] Lora=krk ;k jk"vªh;rk laca/kh dfork xkbz gsa fxfj/kj 'kekz us ^jk"vªh; xku* esa jk"vªh;,drk dh vksj ladsr fd;k gsa mugksaus dgk fd lqunj Hkkjr ns'k lc ds fy, gs iatkch] xqtjkrh] caxkyh] cztoklh] enzklh] jktlfkkuh lcdk gs Þt;&t; I;kjs ns'k! je; gekjs ns'k! jktlfkkuh ;k enjklh] lc ds lc gsa HkkjroklhAÞ Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dk xk /kh&lrou vksj xk /khokn ls izhkkfor dko;] lkfgr; dh n f"v ls mrñ"v ugha gs] fdurq xk /khokn dks vkrelkr~ djds jpk x;k dko; tsls&iffkd mueqdr] ckiw] lkdsr vkfn lr; esa mpp dksfv ds gsaa vr% blls Li"V gksrk gs fd Nk;koknh dfo;ksa ij egkrek xk /kh dk O;kid izhkko gsa lunhkz 1- 'kekz] MkW-jes'kpUnz( fgunh ds vk/kqfud dfo 2- ÞeaxyÞ MkW-ykypUn xqir( mrrj'rh ds Js"B fgunh dfo 3- fgunh vuq'khyu] flrecj&fnlecj 2013 'kks/k /kkjk 105

116 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vªhkk"kk dh vo/kkj.kk,oa fgunh MkW0 e/kqefr ljksvs 'kkldh; fcyklk du;k Lo'kklh ¼LukrdksRrj½ egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] NRRkhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract fgunh cgqr le; ls jk"vª dks,drk ds lw=k esa cka/kus dk dke dj jgh gsa lfn;ksa ls larksa dh Hkk"kk fgunh Fkh vksj vkt Hkh gsa lekt lq/kkjdksa dh Hkk"kk Hkh fgunh gs] ns'k HkDrksa dh Hkk"kk Hkh fgunh gsa ns'k esa ns'kokfl;ksa ls laokn LFkkfir djus ds fy, fgunh dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gs] fdurq vkt gekjh laln us fgunh dks laos/kkfud rksj ij ns'k dh jk"vªhkk"kk ugha cuk;k gsa xk /khth ls ysdj jktho xk /kh rd lhkh pkgrs vksj cksyrs Fks fd fgunh ns'k dh jk"vªhkk"kk gksuh pkfg;s] D;ksafd fgunh Hkk"kk esa gh oks 'kfdr gs tks jk"vª dks,drk dh lw=k esa ck /kdj j[k ldrh gsa ;g 'kfdr vu; fdlh Hkk"kk esa ugha gsa gekjh ospkfjd lksp us fgunh dks ns'k dh jk"vªhkk"kk ugha cuus fn;ka vklvªsfy;k ds iz/kkuea=kh twft;k fxykbz us dgk&fd Hkkjr,d vaxzsth Hkk"kh yksdra=k gs vksj Hkkjr tkus okys muds jktukf;dksa dks fgunh lh[kus dh t:jr ugha gs] D;ksafd ogk lkjk dkedkt vaxzsth esa gh gksrk gsa vesfjdk] jf'k;k] phu] tkiku] dksfj;k] bamksusf'k;k] bzjkd] rqdhz tsls vusd ns'kksa dh viuh Hkk"kk gs vksj mudh Hkk"kk esa gh laln vksj dk;kzy;ksa dk dkedkt pyrk gsa Hkkjr dh laln dk dkedkt vaxzsth esa pyrk gsa ;gk rd fd Hkkjrh; lokszpp U;k;ky; dh Hkk"kk Hkh vaxzsth gsa Figure : 00 References : 03 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª vksj jk"vªhkk"kk] Hkk"kk dk ifjizs{;] jk"vªhkk"kk dk ifjizs{; jk"vªhkk"kk dk vfkz] jk"vª dh Hkk"kk ls gsa vke rksj ij,slk ekuk tkrk gs fd jk"vª esa ftruh Hkh izeq[k Hkk"kk, gksrh gs] os lc jk"vªhkk"kk ekuh tkrh gsa tsls&hkkjr esa fgunh] ejkbh] xqtjkrh] jktlfkkuh] caxkyh] rfey] rsyxq vkfna ijurq ikfjhkkf"kd vfkz esa jk"vª esa izpfyr vusd Hkk"kkvksa esa ls ogh Hkk"kk jk"vªhkk"kk ds in ij vklhu gks ldrh gs] tks lewps jk"vª dks HkkokRed,drk ds lw=k esa ckaèk ldrh gsa lkfk gh og ns'k ds cgqla[;d yksxksa }kjk cksyh tkrh gks,oa fopkj&foe'kz vksj yksd O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gsa jk"vªhkk"kk turk dh Hkk"kk gksrh gs] ftlesa lewps ns'k dh turk dh lksp] lalñfr] /kez vksj lkekftd /kkj.kk] yksfdd&vk/;kfred izo frr;k ] yksd O;ogkj] yksd uhfr laca/kh fopkj,oa n f"vdks.k O;Dr gksrk gsa vksj tks Hkk"kk jk"vª ds lkoztfud {ks=k] esys mrloksa esa leidz Hkk"kk ds :i esa viuk;h tkrh gks] ogh Hkk"kk jk"vªhkk"kk cuus dh {kerk j[krh gsa 1 fgunh cgqr le; ls jk"vª dks,drk ds lw=k esa cka/kus dk dke dj jgh gsa lfn;ksa ls larksa dh Hkk"kk fgunh Fkh vksj vkt Hkh gsa lekt lq/kkjdksa dh Hkk"kk Hkh fgunh gs] ns'k HkDrksa dh Hkk"kk Hkh fgunh gsa ns'k esa ns'kokfl;ksa ls laokn LFkkfir djus ds fy, fgunh dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gs] fdurq vkt gekjh laln us fgunh dks laos/kkfud rksj ij ns'k dh jk"vªhkk"kk ugha cuk;k gsa xk /khth ls ysdj jktho xk /kh rd lhkh pkgrs vksj cksyrs Fks fd fgunh ns'k dh jk"vªhkk"kk gksuh pkfg;s] D;ksafd fgunh 'kks/k /kkjk 106

117 Hkk"kk esa gh oks 'kfdr gs] tks jk"vª dks,drk ds lw=k esa ck /kdj j[k ldrh gs] ;g 'kfdr vu; fdlh Hkk"kk esa ugha gsa gekjh ospkfjd lksp us fgunh dks ns'k dh jk"vªhkk"kk ugha cuus fn;ka vklvªsfy;k ds iz/kkuea=kh twft;k fxykbz us dgk&fd Hkkjr,d vaxzsth Hkk"kh yksdra=k gs vksj Hkkjr tkus okys muds jktukf;dksa dks fgunh lh[kus dh t:jr ugha gs] D;ksafd ogk lkjk dkedkt vaxzsth esa gh gksrk gsa vesfjdk] jfl;k] phu] tkiku] dksfj;k] bamksusf'k;k] bzjkd] rqdhz tsls vusd ns'kksa dh viuh Hkk"kk gs vksj mudh Hkk"kk esa gh laln vksj dk;kzy;ksa dk dkedkt pyrk gsa Hkkjr dh laln dk dkedkt vaxzsth esa pyrk gsa ;gk rd fd Hkkjrh; lokszpp U;k;ky; dh Hkk"kk Hkh vaxzsth gsa lu~ 1885 bz- esa jk"vª esa Hkkjrh; jk"vªh; dkaxzsl ds :i esa ubz psruk dk tue gqvka ns'k esa tkx:drk vksj,drk ds fy, jk"vªhkk"kk dks vko';d le>k x;ka blh le; esa i=kdkfjrk dk fodkl gqvk vksj caxky ls fgunh i=kksa dk lozizfke izdk'ku izkjehk gqvka bl dky esa leidz Hkk"kk ds egro ij fopkj djrs le; ns'k ds rrdkyhu tu&uk;dksa dks fgunh dk uke ;kn vk;k] D;ksafd cgqr igys ls gh ;gh Hkk"kk leidz Hkk"kk ds :i esa dk;z dj jgh FkhA eqflye vksj vaxzsth 'kklu dh mis{kk ds ckotwn] ;g dk;z fgunh esa blfy, gqvk( D;ksafd ;gh,d,slh lozeku; Hkk"kk gs] ftldk iz;ksx lkjs ns'k esa gks jgk gsa vksj ftls loz=k le>k tk jgk gsa fnukad 5 tqykbz 1928 bz- dks ;ax bafm;k esa egkrek xk /kh us fy[kk& Þ;fn esa rkuk'kkg gksrk rks vkt gh fons'kh Hkk"kk esa f'k{kk fn;k tkuk cun dj nsrka lkjs vk/;kidksa dks Lons'kh Hkk"kk, viukus ds fy, etcwj dj nsrka tks vkuk&dkuh djrs mugsa c[kkzlr dj nsrka esa ikb~; iqlrdsa rs;kj fd;s tkus rd burtkj u djrkaþ usrkth lqhkk"kpunz cksl dk er Fkk&Þ;fn ge yksxksa us eu ls iz;ru fd;k] rks og fnu nwj ugha] tc Hkkjr Lok/khu gksxk vksj mldh jk"vªhkk"kk gksxh fgunhaþ Hkk"kk jk"vªh; psruk dh laokfgdk gksrh gs vksj jk"vªh; fodkl esa jk"vª dh xfr'khy psruk dk izrhd ekuh tkrh gsa ftl jk"vª esa,d Hkk"kk],d fopkj/kkjk dk izokg ugha gksrk vksj ftl jk"vª esa ospkfjd vfhko;fdr ds lalk/kuksa dh deh gksrh gs] ogk HkkokRed,drk dk iz'u mbrk gh ugha gsa Hkk"kk fufezr ugha vftzr leink gsa bl vtzu dh fujurjrk dks ckf/kr djds ml ij u;h Hkk"kk dk vkjksi.k jk"vª ds lkfk fo'okl?kkr gs vksj ml jk"vª dk dhkh fodkl ugha gksrk gsa fo'o ds gj ns'k dh viuh viuh jk"vªhkk"kk gs ij fo'o ds lcls cm+s turkaf=kd ns'k Hkkjr dh dksbz jk"vªhkk"kk ugha gs] ;g cm+s 'kksd dh ckr gsa vk;fj'k dfo FkkWel MsfoM dgrs gsa&þdksbz jk"vª viuh jk"vªhkk"kk dks NksM+dj jk"vª ugha dgyk ldrka jk"vªhkk"kk dh j{kk gekjh lhekvksa dh j{kk ls Hkh T;knk t:jh gs] D;ksafd og fons'kh vkøe.kksa dks jksdus esa iozrksa vksj ufn;ksa ls Hkh vf/kd lefkz gsaþ 2 blfy, jk"vªhkk"kk dh j{kk djuk gekjk drzo; gsa jk"vªhkk"kk jk"vªh;,drk dk fuekz.k djrh gs] nks jkt;ksa ;k izkurksa ds chp lsrq dk dke djrh gs Þjk"VªHkk"kk ds egro dks crkrs gq, egkiafmr jkgqy lkañr;k;u fy[krs gsa&jk"vª dh,d c)rk ds fy, jk"vªhkk"kk dh vko';drk gs] ftldk dke izkurh; Hkk"kk dk LFkku xzg.k djuk ugha] cfyd,d Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh izkurksa dks nwljs Hkk"kk Hkk"kh izkurksa ds lkfk vksj izkurksa dks dsunz ds lkfk laca/k tksm+uk gsaþ 3 jk"vª fuekz.k esa jk"vªhkk"kk egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkrh gsa ftl jk"vª ds ikl viuh jk"vª Hkk"kk ugha gksrh] og x wxh rfkk cgjh gksrk gsa blfy, gesa viuh jk"vªhkk"kk 'kks/k /kkjk 107

118 ds fy;s lnso ltx vksj iz;ru'khy jguk gksxka fgunh og Hkk"kk gs] tks jk"vªhkk"kk cuus dh {kerk j[krh gs vksj ns'k rfkk ns'kokfl;ksa dks leidz ls tksm+s j[krh gsa bruk gh ugha og,drk ds lw=k esa cgqr etcwrh ls cka/kdj j[krh gsa vkt ns'k esa vllh izfr'kr ls vf/kd yksx fgunh cksyrs vksj le>rs gsaa fgunh lkoztfud LFkkuksa] rhfkksz] lkalñfrd dsunzksa] lhkk LFkyksa] xyh&eksgyyksa] gkv&cktkjksa] esyksa&mrloksa dh Hkk"kk gsa vki pkgs iwjc esa tk;as ;k if'pe esa] pkgs mrrj esa tk;sa ;k nf{k.k esa leidz Hkk"kk ds :i esa fgunh dk iz;ksx dhkh Hkh dj ldrs gsaa vkt fgunh fqyeksa dh] nwjn'kzu dh] dei;wvjksa dh] fokkiuksa dh izeq[k Hkk"kk cu x;h gsa blhfy, og jk"vªhkk"kk cuus dk vf/kdkj j[krh gsa fgunh lkfgfr;d n f"v ls vr;ur le ) Hkk"kk gs vksj thou dk vk/kkj HkhA fgunh dk lkfgr; Hk.Mkj foiqy gsa vusd Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk fgunh esa vuqokn gks jgk gs] ftlls fgunh le ) Hkk"kk cu x;h gsa fgunh jk"vªhkk"kk ds in ij vk:<+ gksus dh vf/kdkfj.kh gsa jk"vªhkk"kk cuus ds fy, ftrus Hkh vko';d xq.k fdlh Hkk"kk esa gksus pkfg;s og rc fgunh Hkk"kk esa gsa blfy, fgunh dks jk"vªhkk"kk eku ysuk pkfg;s] D;ksafd oks jk"vªhkk"kk cuus ds ;ksx; gsa vkt fgunh esa yxhkx 470 nsfud] 2709 lkirkfgd rfkk yk[kksa dh la[;k esa i=k&if=kdk, fudy jgha gsaa MkW- t;arh izlkn uksfv;ky ds ÞHkk"kk 'kks/kþ 2005 dh fjiksvz ds vuqlkj fo'o esa fgunh cksyus okyksa dh la[;k 100 djksm+ ls Hkh vf/kd gsa Hkkjr esa 804 djksm+ yksx fgunh tkurs vksj cksyrs gsaa fqj Hkh laos/kkfud rksj ij fgunh ns'k dh jk"vªhkk"kk ugha gks ik jgh gsa laos/kkfud rksj ij fgunh ns'k dh jk"vªhkk"kk Hkys u gks ij Hkkjrh; turk fgunh dks jk"vªhkk"kk ekurh gsa 'kklu fgunh dks jk"vªhkk"kk ekus ;k u ekus ij turk us rks lfn;ksa ls fgunh dks gh jk"vªhkk"kk dk ntkz fn;k gs] D;ksafd fgunh ns'k esa fofhkuu izkurksa esa jgus okys] fofhkuu /keksza dks ekuus okys] fofhkuu Hkk"kkvksa dks cksyus vkfn lhkh dks,d leidz lw=k esa ck /kdj j[krh gsa vr% ;g fu%ladksp dgk tk ldrk gs fd Hkkjr dh jk"vªhkk"kk fgunh gs] fgunh gks vksj fgunh gh jgsxha lunhkz 1- ik.ms;] dsyk'kukfk( iz;kstu ewyd fgunh dh u;h Hkwfedk 2- e/kqdj] xksihñ".k jkbh( xkso/kzu 'kekz( jk"vªhkk"kk fgunh 3- xksnjs] fouksn( iz;kstu ewyd fgunh 'kks/k /kkjk 108

119 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl esa dfo;ksa dk ;ksxnku MkW0 ¼Jkherh½ jkts'k prqosznh vkpk;z,oa v/;{k] fgunh fohkkx] 'kkldh; ikrkys'oj egkfo ky;] elrwjh] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract lekt dk jk"vª ls lh/kk laca/k gsa fdlh Hkh laldkfjr lekt dh fof'k"v thou 'ksyh gksrh gs] tks fd jk"vª ds :i esa nwljs lekt dks izhkkfor djrh gsa :f<+;ksa,oa foñr ijeijkvksa ls ttzj lekt jk"vª dks tkx fr ds xku xkdj la?k"kz ds fy, izsfjr djrk gsa jk"vªh;rk tslh mnkùk izo fùk;ksa dk iks"k.k vksj muu;u lkfgr; }kjk gksrk gsa fdurq fgunh lkfgr; ds mn~hko dky esa dsunzh; lùkk ds vhkko us jk"vªh;rk dh tm+sa fgyk nhaa vkøkarkvksa ds vr;kpkjksa ls ttzj Hkkjrh; lalñfr dk lw;z vlrizk; gks pyk FkkA Figure : 00 References : 03 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª fodkl vksj lkfgr;] lkfgr; vksj jk"vª rfkk lekt Hkkjrh; ok³~e; esa ^jk"vª* 'kcn dk iz;ksx osfnd dky ls gh gksrk pyk vk jgk gsa ;tqoszn esa ^jk"vª esa nsfg* vksj vfkozosn ds ^Rok jk"vª Hk R;k;* esa jk"vª 'kcn lekt ds fy, iz;qdr gksrk gsa jk"vª,d leqpp; gs] vksj jk"vªh;rk,d fof'k"v&hkkouk gsa ftl tuleqnk; esa,drk dh lgt ygj gks] mls jk"vª dgrs gsaa vk;ksza dh Hkwfe vk;kzorz esa,d okg~;,drk ds gh ugha cfyd ospkfjd,drk ds Hkh izek.k feyrs gsaa lkfgr; dk euq"; ls 'kk'or laca/k gsa lkfgr; lkeqnkf;d fodkl esa lgk;d gksrk gs vksj lkeqnkf;d Hkkouk jk"vªh; psruk dk vax gsa lekt dk jk"vª ls lh/kk laca/k gsa fdlh Hkh laldkfjr lekt dh fof'k"v thou 'ksyh gksrh gs] tks fd jk"vª ds :i esa nwljs lekt dks izhkkfor djrh gsa :f<+;ksa,oa foñr ijeijkvksa ls ttzj lekt jk"vª dks tkx fr ds xku xkdj la?k"kz ds fy, izsfjr djrk gsa jk"vªh;rk tslh mnkùk izo fùk;ksa dk iks"k.k vksj muu;u lkfgr; }kjk gksrk gsa fdurq fgunh lkfgr; ds mn~hko dky esa dsunzh; lùkk ds vhkko us jk"vªh;rk dh tm+sa fgyk nhaa vkøkarkvksa ds vr;kpkjksa ls ttzj Hkkjrh; lalñfr dk lw;z vlrizk; gks pyk FkkA egkrek dchj us fujkdkj czã dh mikluk dk mpp vkn'kz izlrqr dj jk"vªh; xfjekvksa esa uothou dk lapkj fd;ka jke vksj jghe dks,d lw=k esa fijksus dk iz;kl fd;ka dchj vius ;qx ds egku jk"vªoknh FksA jk"vª HkDr rqylh us jke ds yksdj{kd] yksdjatd Lo:i dks LFkkfir dj lkalñfrd,drk dks 'kfdr iznku dha jhfrdky ds dfo;ksa dh perdkfjd o fùk ds dkj.k dko; dh vkrek yqir gks xbza fdurq Hkw"k.k ds jk"vªoknh Lojksa us yksd psruk dks >d>ksj fn;ka vk/kqfud dky esa HkkjrsUnq gfj'punz us viuh ys[kuh ls Hkkjr nqnz'kk dk fp=k [khapdj lekt dks tkx fr iznku dha Nk;koknh dko; esa jk"vªh; vkunksyuksa dh LFkwy vfhko;fdr ugha feyrh gsa fdurq Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dh jk"vªh; lkalñfrd 'kks/k /kkjk 109

120 lapsruk dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk gsa mudk jk"vª izse HkkokRed,oa O;kid FkkA xqir th us vius dko; }kjk ekuoh; ewy;ksa dh LFkkiuk ij cy fn;k gsaa mudh Hkkjr&Hkkjrh us jk"vªh;rk dh lksbz gqbz Hkkouk esa ygjsa mriuu dj ek[kuyky prqosznh] ckyñ".k 'kekz ^uohu*] jkeujs'k f=kikbh vksj lksguyky f}osnh us lkalñfrd jk"vªokn] tutkxj.k rfkk vfhk;ku xhrksa ls jk"vª dh vkrek dks,d ubz psruk iznku dha fnudj dh ospkfjd HkkoHkwfe ekuorkoknh gs rfkkfi mugsa jk"vªoknh dfo ds :i esa LFkkfir dj fn;k x;ka fnudj ds dko; us Hkkjrh; tuekul dks uohu psruk ls ljkcksj fd;k gsa fnudj us fgunh lkfgr; esa u flqz ohj jl ds dko; dks,d ubz Å pkbz nh cfyd viuh jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls jk"vªh; psruk dk Hkh l tu fd;ka bldh,d felky lùkj ds n'kd esa leiw.kz ØkfUr ds nksj esa ns[kus dks feyrh gs] tc fnyyh ds jkeyhyk esnku esa yksduk;d t;izdk'k ukjk;.k us gtkjksa yksxksa ds le{k fnudj th dh iafdr ^flagklu [kkyh djks fd turk vkrh gs* dk mn~?kks"k djds rrdkyhu ljdkj ds f[kykq fonzksg dk 'ka[kukn fd;k FkkA ekstwnk nksj ds e'kgwj dfo izse tuest; Hkh ekurs gsa fd fnudj us xqyke Hkkjr vksj vktkn Hkkjr nksuksa esa viuh dforkvksa ds tfj;s ØkfUrdkjh fopkjksa dks folrkj fn;ka tuest; us ^Hkk"kk* ds lkfk ckrphr esa dgk] ^vktknh ds le; vksj phu ds geys ds le; fnudj us viuh dforkvksa ds ek/;e ls yksxksa ds chp jk"vªh; psruk dks c<+k;ka* ek[kuyky prqosznh ljy Hkk"kk vksj vkstiw.kz Hkkoukvksa ds vuwbs fgunh jpukdkj FksA jk"vªh;rk ek[kuyky prqosznh ds dko; dk dysoj gs lqyx&lqyx jh Tkksr nhi ls nhi feysa] dj&dadm+ ct mbs] Hkwfe ij izk.k Qysa ;qx ds nhi u;s ekuo] ekuoh; <ysa] lqyx&lqyx jh Tkksr nhi ls nhi tysaa ^,d Hkkjrh; vkrek* uke ek[kuyky prqosznh ds fy, vr;ur ;ksx; miuke gsa D;ksafd,d Hkkjrh; vkrek ml O;fDr dk uke gs] ftlus Hkkjr vksj Hkkjrh;rk dh vflerk dks iwjh rjg vkrelkr dj mldh j{kk esa viuh jpuk/kfezrk dks lefizr djus esa fo'okl fd;ka Åij nh gqbz iafdr;ka mudh dfork ^nhi ls nhi tys* esa ns'k izse] ekuork vksj jk"vªh;rk lkq&lkq >yd jgh gsa lp esa ek[kuyky prqosznh esa jk"vªh;rk vksj ns'k izse dwv&dwvdj Hkjk gqvk FkkA os vius vki dks vksj ns'k ds lhkh tokuksa dks flikgh ekurs Fks] mudh *flikgh* dfork esa bl Hkko dks ns[kk tk ldrk gs cksy vjs lsukifr esjs! eu dh?kqamh [kksy] ty] Fky] uhk] fgy&mqy tkus nsa t;'kadj izlkn th dh jpukvksa esa Hkh jk"vªh; psruk dk Loj izpnuu gsa mudh psruk us jk"vªh; tkxj.k ds lkfk lkalñfrd tkxj.k dk :i /kkj.k dj fy;k gsa izlkn th jk"vªh; psruk vksj ^f}osnhdkyhu* dfo;ksa esffkyh'kj.k xqir] lqhknzk dqekjh pksgku] ek[kuyky prqosznh dh psruk esa dkqh vurj gsa mudh jk"vªh; psruk ckyñ".k 'kekz ^uohu* ds ^foiyoxku* vksj ^fujkyk* ds ^tkxks fqj,d ckj* ls Hkh fhkuu gsa D;ksfd buesa jk"vªh;rk dk Lo:i LFkwy gsa izlkn th ds dko; esa gesa miyc/k jk"vªh; psruk esa uohu Hkko cks/k ds lkfk Lok/khurk dh 'kks/k /kkjk 110

121 psruk] lw{e dyiuk] yk{kf.kdrk] vksj,d u, izdkj dk lkn ';&fo/kku] uohu lksun;z cks/k vkfn ds n'kzu gksrs gsaa jk"vªh; dko; /kkjk dks fodflr djus okyh lqhknzk dqekjh pksgku dk ^f=k/kkjk* vksj ^eqdqy* dh ^jk[kh*] ^>kalh dh jkuh*] ^ohjksa dk dslk gks clur* vkfn dforkvksa esa rh[ks Hkkoksa dh iw.kz Hkkouk eq[kfjr gsa mugksaus vlg;ksx vkunksyu esa lfø; Hkwfedk fuhkk;ha vkunksyu ds nksjku mugsa dbz ckj tsy tkuk im+ka ^tfy;kokykckx esa clur* dfork esa bl u a'kl gr;kdk.m ij dof;=kh ds d#.k ØUnu ls mldh ewd osnuk ewfrzeku gks mbh gs& ^^vkvks fiz; _rqjkt] fdurq /khjs ls vkuk ;g gs 'kksd LFkku] ;gk er 'kksj epkuk dksey ckyd ejs ;gk xksyh [kk&[kk dj dfy;k muds fy, p<+kuk FkksM+h lh ykdj** budh jk"vªh; dfork,a lelkef;d ns'k izse vksj Hkkjrh; bfrgkl,oa lalñfr ls izhkkfor gsaa bugksaus viuh jk"vªh; jpukvksa esa lalñfr] bfrgkl vksj jk"vªh; Hkkouk dks rrdkyhu jktusfrd lanhkksza ls ftl fln~nr ls tksm+k gs] mlls dgha Hkh,slk ugha yxrk fd bugksaus viuh dforkvksa esa jk"vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dk vkjksi.k fd;k gsa budh dko; 'ksyh dh ;g fo'ks"krk gs fd os fdrus Hkh tfvy fo"k; ij fy[ksa 'ksyh dh lgtrk vo'; gh mhkjdj vk tkrh gsa jk"vªh; fodkl esa dfo;ksa ds ;ksxnku ij fparu fd;s fcuk vkxs c<+uk lhkao gh ugha gsa D;ksafd lkfgr;dkj jk"vª dk fuekz.k gh ugha djrk cfyd jk"vª ds mpprj fodkl esa viuk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku nsrk gsa jk"vªh; dko; /kkjk ls tqms+ gq, dfo dh jpuk, dkyt;h gksrh gsa] vksj mlesas Loj lnso xw trs jgrs gsaa lunhkz 1- fnudj] jke/kkjh flag( lalñfr ds pkj v/;k; 2- 'kqdy] vkpk;z jkepunz( fgunh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl] ueu izdk'ku] ubz fnyykh] Mk0 uxsunz] fgunh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl ¼laikfnr½] ueu izdk'ku] ubz fnyykh] 1994 'kks/k /kkjk 111

122 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P fgunh dfork esa tuoknh psruk MkW- ¼Jherh½ t;jh 'kqdy v/;{k fgunh] 'kkldh; ts-ih- oekz dyk,oa okf.kt; ¼ih-th-½ egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract lkbksrrjh fgunh dfork esa tuoknh psruk vksj tuoknh dko;/kkjk ges'kk vur% lfyyk ds :Ik esa izokfgr gksrh jgh gsaa ukxktqzu] f=kykspu] dsnkjukfk vxzoky] losz'oj n;ky ldlsuk] /kwfey tsls tuoknh dfo;ksa us viuh lokzf/kd egroiw.kz,oa tuoknh rsoj dh jpuk, blh nksj esa fy[khaa bugksaus eu dks ekuoh; rfkk tu dks O;kid tu cukus okyk vksj mls ØkafriFk dh rjq eksm+us okyk dko; fy[kka fdlh Hkh jktusfrd erokn ls nwj jg dj bu dfo;ksa us turk dk i{k fy;k] mlds lq[k& nq[k dks O;Dr fd;k vksj turk dh HkykbZ vksj csgrj thou ;kiu ds fy, dye dh ym+kbz ym+ha turk budh izka.k FkhA bu dfo;ksa us tu ekul dh tq>k: psruk dks viuh dforkvksa esa O;Dr fd;ka tgka turk tqye vksj 'kks"k.k dh ijkdk"bk ij gkfk esa gffk;kj mbkdj vr;kpkjh O;oLFkk ds fo:) Økafr dk mn~?kks"k djrh gs] blfy, ;g dfo tuoknh dgyk,a ;gk ge bu tuoknh dfo;ksa esa ls ukxktqzu] f=kykspu vksj dsnkjukfk vxzoky dh tuoknh psruk ij viuk /;ku dsfunzr djsaxsa Figure : 00 References : 04 Table : 00 Key Words : fgunh dfork esa tuokn] tuoknh psruk vksj jk"vªh; lald fr Tkuoknh lkfgr; fuf'pr :i ls lozgkjk lkfgr; gsa lozgkjk 'kcn,d fuf'pr vfkz dk okgd gsa Hkkjr dh orzeku lkekftd] jktusfrd flfkfr esa ge ;g ikrs gsa fd laiw.kz Hkkjrh; lekt nks izeq[k oxksza esa fohkdr gs],d oxz gs&'kks"kdksa dk] ftldk mriknu,oa forj.k iz.kkyh ij,dkfèkdkj gsa nwljk oxz gs&'kksf"krksa dk] ftlesa fdlku] etnwj] fueu oxz] prqfkz Js.kh dezpkjh vkfn vkrs gsaa Hkkjrh; lekt fofo/krkiw.kz gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd 'kks"kdksa esa dqn cm+s 'kks"kd gsa dqn NksVsA blh rjg 'kksf"krksa esa dqn vr;f/kd 'kksf"kr gsa rks dqn dea lkbksrrjh fgunh dfork esa tuoknh psruk vksj tuoknh dko;/kkjk ges'kk vur% lfyyk ds :Ik esa izokfgr gksrh jgh gsaa ukxktqzu] f=kykspu] dsnkjukfk vxzoky] losz'oj n;ky ldlsuk] /kwfey tsls tuoknh dfo;ksa us viuh lokzf/kd egroiw.kz,oa tuoknh rsoj dh jpuk, blh nksj esa fy[khaa bugksaus eu dks ekuoh; rfkk tu dks O;kid tu cukus okyk vksj mls ØkafriFk dh rjq eksm+us okyk dko; fy[kka fdlh Hkh jktusfrd erokn ls nwj jg dj bl dfo;ksa us turk dk i{k fy;k] mlds lq[k& nq[k dks O;Dr fd;k vksj turk dh HkykbZ vksj csgrj thou ;kiu ds fy, dye dh ym+kbz ym+ha turk budh izka.k FkhA bu dfo;ksa us tu ekul dh tq>k: psruk dks viuh dforkvksa esa O;Dr fd;ka tgka turk tqye vksj 'kks"k.k dh ijkdk"bk ij gkfk esa gffk;kj mbkdj vr;kpkjh O;oLFkk ds fo:) Økafr dk mn~?kks"k djrh gs] blfy, ;g dfo tuoknh dgyk,a ;gk ge bu tuoknh dfo;ksa esa ls ukxktqzu] f=kykspu vksj dsnkjukfk vxzoky dh tuoknh psruk ij viuk /;ku 'kks/k /kkjk 112

123 dsfunzr djsaxsa lkbksrrjh fgunh dfork esa ukxktqzu Hkkjr esa tuoknh fgunh dko; ds izfrfuf/k tudfo ds :i esa tkus tkrs gsaa mugsa vius tudfo gksus dk vglkl Fkk rhkh og fo'okl ds lkfk dgrs Fks %& ^^turk eq>ls iwn jgh gs D;k crykå tudfo gw esa dgw xk D;ksa gdykå AA Lora=krk izkfir ds i'pkr~ csgrj lekt dh LFkkiuk] vkn'kzokfnrk vkfn dh ehbh uhan esa lks;k gqvk esgurd'k tsls gh tkxk rks mldh vk [kksa esa fonzksg dh fpaxkfj;k Fkha] vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:drk FkhA ekpz 1967 esa caxky esa udlyoknh xk o ds fdlkuksa us vius [kwu ilhus ls isnk dh Qlyksa ij dctk dj fy;ka fdlkuksa dk ;g fonzksg tynh gh tehankjksa vksj iqfyl ds fo:) oxz la?k"kz ds :i esa ifjofrzr gqvka bl?kvuk ls fgunh lkfgr;dkjksa dk :[k 'kgj ls xk o dh vksj eqm+ x;k vksj fgunh lkfgr; dh dko;&psruk esa,d u;k eksm+ ut+j vkus yxka lu~ 1974 esa t;izdk'k ukjk;.k ds vkºoku ij ;qok la?k"kz gqvka ukxktqzu us ts-ih-ukjk;.k dh laiw.kz ØkfUr vksj ;qok&vkunksyu ij vusd dfork, fy[khaa ;qok vkanksyu ls?kcjkdj iz'kklu us iwjs ns'k esa lu~ 1975 esa vkikrdky dh?kks"k.kk dj nha bl nksjku vusd tuoknh usrkvksa dks >wbs bytke esa Q lkdj ekufld,oa 'kkjhfjd izrkm+uk nh xbz] ftldks tuoknh dfo;ksa us vius dko; ds ek/;e ls vfhko;dr fd;ka ukxktqzu us viuh dfork ^lwjt lge dj mxsxk^ esa vkikrdky dk vkrafdr djus okyk fp=k [khapk gs %& ^^yxrk gs fgunh ds vkleku esa lwjt ij Hkh ykxw gksaxs vkikrdkyhu flfkfr okys vkfmzusul yxrk gs fgun ds vkleku esa vc lwjt lge dj mxsxka** 1 tu fonzksgh dh i "BHkwfe esa mith lkbksrrjh dfork dh eq[; igpku gh fonzksg dh dfork ds :i esa gqbza djhc,d ntzu dfo O;oLFkk ds izfr fonzksg dks vius dko; esa O;Dr dj jgs FksA ;g dko; tux.k dk i{k/kj cuka ;g vrhr ds mu dko;kanksyuksa ls fhkuu Fkk] ftugsa flqz viuh vflerk dh [kkst ds mn~ns'; ls dqn O;fDrokfn;ksa us 'kq: fd;k FkkA bl nksj dh dfork fdlh,d O;fDr dh LokFkZ iwfrz ugha cfyd 'kksf"kr ihfm+r turk dh jguqek FkhA lalkj esa tgk Hkh neu vksj la?k"kz gs] ukxktqzu dh lân;rk HkkSxksfyd lhek, rksm+ dj turk dh rjqnkj curh gssa mugksaus Jfed turk dh vk/kkjhkwfe ls lekt ds izr;sd oxz] izr;sd lel;k ij n f"vikr fd;k gsa ^os vksj rqe* dfork esa ;g ckr le>h tk ldrh gs %& ^^os yksgk ihv jgs gsa] rqe eu dks ihv jgs gks] os irrj tksm+ jgs gsa] rqe lius tksm+ jgs gksa mudks nq[k gs r:.k vke dh eatfj;ksa dks ikyk ekj x;k gs] rqedks nq[k gs dko;&ladyu nhed pkv x, gsaa** 2 mi;qzdr dfork esa nks oxz gsa&igyk etnwj fdlku oxz gs nwljk cqf)thoh iw thoknha igys oxz dks 'kks/k /kkjk 113

124 vke dh eatfj;ksa dks ikyk ekj tkus ls tks ihm+k gs] mlds lkeus dko; ladyu dks nhed pkv tkus okyk nq[k fdruk cukovh yxrk gsa tulkeku; ukxktqzu dh vk'kkvksa dk izk.k gsa turk dh vne; 'kfdr esa mudk iwjk fo'okl gsa turk d"v esa gs] nq[kh gs] fqj Hkh vius vf/kdkjksa ds fy, la?k"kz djrs gq, var esa thrrh Hkh gsa mldk fp=k.k muds dko; esa feyrk gsa ^'kklu dh canwd* dfork esa ukxktqzu dgrs gsa %& ^^tyh BawB ij csbdj xbz dksfdyk dwda cky u ck dk dj ldh 'kklu dh canwdaa** dsnkjukfk vxzoky Hkh fgunh dfork ds izxfr'khy vkanksyuksa ds eq[; LrEHk jgs gsaa mudk tue Ñ"kd ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA 'kksf"krksa ds fgr dks viuk fgr cuk;k vksj tuoknh dfo ds :i esa viuk ekxz pquka og la?k"kzjr xfr'khy thou dss i{kikrh FksA blfy, fuf"ø; gkfkksa dks ^nks'kh gkfk* dh lakk nsrs gq, dgrs gsa%& ^^gkfk tks pv~vku dks rksm+s ugha og VwV tk;sa yksgs dks eksms+ ugha lks rkj dks tksm+s ugha og VwV tk,aa** Tkkfgj gs,sls gkfkksa dk muds lkeus dksbz ewy; ugha gsa dsnkj th us ftl olrq] ftl ckr esa Hkh lkfkzdrk ns[kh mls viuh dfork dk fo"k; cuk;ka og ftl thou ls izse djrs Fks] og lgh ek;us esa Hkkjrh; tu dk thou gsa vfkkzr~ ns'k ds fdlkuksa] etwnjksa] fueu] lozgkjk oxz dk thoua dsnkjukfk th tkurs Fks fd turk dh lfeefyr 'kfdr ds vkxs cm+s ls cm+k rkuk'kkg i wthoknh vf/kd fnuksa rd ugha fvd ldrk] D;ksafd varr% turk dh tuoknh Hkkoukvksa dh fot; fuf'pr gsa ns'k esa QSyh iw thoknh O;oLFkk vksj egaxkbz dk o.kzu djrs gq, dgrs gsa %& ^^u pyrk?kj vc ugha pyrk pyk, Bsyus&Bkyus ls] bl eg xkbz esa dekbz im+ xbz [kvkbz esaa** 3 mudk fo'okl vke turk FkhA os tkurs Fks fd vke turk dh 'kfdr ds vkxs iw thokn vf/kd fnuksa rd ugha fvd ldrka var esa tuoknh 'kfdr vksj Hkkoukvksa dh fot; fuf'pr gsa rhuksa gh tuoknh dfo;ksa us turk dh tq>k: psruk ds izfr viuh J)k O;Dr dh gs] rhkh MkW- f'kodqekj fej dgrs gsa &^^f=kykspu vksj ukxktqzu] dsnkj ds lkfk fey dj tuoknh dfork dh o g=k;h dk fuekz.k djrs gsaa** 4 ^tuoknh psruk*,d,slh nedrh e'kky gs] ftls fo'o dh 'kksf"kr&ihfm+r turk us vius etcwr gkfkksa esa mbk;k gs] ftlds izdk'k esa lozgkjk dh eqfdr ds fy, la?k"kz ls tqm+dj fy[kk x;k lkfgr; ^tuoknh lkfgr;* gsa lanhkz 1- ukxktqzu % pquh gqbz jpuk, Hkkx&2] i -& ukxktqzu & i -&66-3- ukxktqzu & gs esjh rqe] i -&52-4- fej] f'kodqekj( n'kzu lkfgr; vksj lekt] i -&65- 'kks/k /kkjk 114

125 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 4; P jk"vª fodkl esa lkfgr; fparu Jherh 'osrk 'kekz vfecdkiqj] ljxqtk] NRRkhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract lkfgr; dk iz;kstu lkekftd :f<+;ksa vksj folaxfr;ksa dks nwj djuk Hkh gsa le; le; ij lkfgr; us ;g djds Hkh fn[kk;k gsa e/;dky esa lar dfo;ksa us ledkyhu ] lkekftd] jktusfrd] /kkfezd vkmacjksa ds f[kykq vkokt cqyan dh ftlesa dchj vksj mudk e.my yxkrkj fupys rcds ds mrfkku ds fy, fujarj la?k"kzjr jgka vk/kqfud lkfgr; esa lkfgfr;d fo/kkvksa ds fodkl ds lkfk ;g fojks/k vksj fodflr gqvka lkfgr;dkjksa us reke vkanksyuksa }kjk lekt dks lq/kkjus dk iz;kl fd;ka bl izdkj ns[ksa rks lkfgr; dk igyk iz;kstu lekt vksj jk"vª dk fodkl vksj muu;u gh gsa vfkz vksj ;'k dh izkfir rks euq"; dh lgt vksj LokHkkfod fø;k gsa vxj lkfgr; fdlh dh thfodk dk vk/kkj cus rks Hkh dqn cqjk ugha gs] ijarq /ku vksj ;'k ds fy, lkfgr; dh cqfu;knh izo fùk;ksa ls le>ksrk djuk lkfgr; dk lppk iz;kstu ugha gks ldrka Figure : 00 References : 04 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª vksj lkfgr;] lkfgr; vksj lekt] lkfgr; esa jk"vªh;rk Tkc dhkh ge jk"vª dh ppkz djrs gsa] rks fuf'pr :i ls mldk laca/k fdlh Hkw Hkkx ls gksrk gs] tgka fdlh [kkl leqnk; ds yksx fuokl djrs gsa& ftudh lh;rk vksj lalñfr esa,dfu"brk gksrh gs vksj mlds ewy easa mldh lkjh fof'k"vrk,a fo eku jgrh gsaa mldh lkjh Js"Brk] lkjk lksan;z] lkjk laxhr,d vh;kafdr y; esa vkc) jgrk gsa jk"vª 'kcn gh vusdrk esa,drk dk ifjpk;d gsa jk"vªh;rk dk mn; vkdfled ugha gksrka blesa ih<+h&nj&ih<+h dk ;ksxnku gksrk gsa blds fodkl esaa fotsrkvksa ls vf/kd egroiw.kz ogka ds fpardksa vksj lkfgr; ltzdksa dh Hkwfedk gksrh gsa ftudh Ñfr;k ikjaifjdrk dk vax cu tkrh gsasa mudh mfdr;k lwfdr;k cudj jk"vª ds Luk;qra=k esa jdrèkkjk dh rjg fujarj izogeku jgrh gsaa lekt dk jk"vª ls lh/kk laca/k gsa fdlh Hkh laldkfjr lekt dh fof'k"v thou 'ksyh gksrh gs] tks fd jk"vª ds :i esa nwljs lekt dks izhkkfor djrh gsa :f<+;ksa,oa foñfr ijaijkvksa ls ttzj lekt jk"vª dks iru dh vksj ys tkrk gsa dfo eksg&funzk esa Mwcs jk"vª dks tkx fr ds xku xkdj la?k"kz ds fy, izsfjr djrk gsa 1 lkfgr; dk iz;kstu lkekftd :f<+;ksa vksj folaxfr;ksa dks nwj djuk Hkh gsa le; le; ij lkfgr; us ;g djds Hkh fn[kk;k gsa e/;dky esa lar dfo;ksa us ledkyhu] lkekftd] jktusfrd] /kkfezd vkmacjksa ds f[kykq vkokt cqyan dh ftlesa dchj vksj mudk e.my yxkrkj fupys rcds ds mrfkku ds fy, fujarj la?k"kzjr jgka vk/kqfud lkfgr; esa lkfgfr;d fo/kkvksa ds fodkl ds lkfk ;g fojks/k vksj fodflr gqvka lkfgr;dkjksa us reke vkanksyuksa }kjk lekt dks lq/kkjus dk iz;kl 'kks/k /kkjk 115

126 fd;ka bl izdkj ns[ksa rks lkfgr; dk igyk iz;kstu lekt vksj jk"vª dk fodkl vksj muu;u gh gsa vfkz vksj ;'k dh izkfir rks euq"; dh lgt vksj LokHkkfod fø;k gsa vxj lkfgr; fdlh dh thfodk dk vk/kkj cus rks Hkh dqn cqjk ugha gs] ijarq /ku vksj ;'k ds fy, lkfgr; dh cqfu;knh izo fùk;ksa ls le>ksrk djuk lkfgr; dk lppk iz;kstu ugha gks ldrka HkkjrsUnq ;qx ds lkfgr;dkj vius le; ds izfr tkx:d FksA blfy, fczfv'k 'kklu dh miflfkfr vksj Hkkjrh; lekt dh fn'kk ij mudh ys[kuh pyha ml le; ds fopkjd vksj tkx:d ys[kd,d egroiw.kz dk;z dj jgs Fks vksj og Fkk,d jk"vª ds crksj vkrek dks igpkuuka vksj lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa,oa lekt dh,drk esaa ck/kd rroksa vksj ml le; vfhko;fdr dh Lora=krk ij yxs izfrca/k ij izgkj djuk FkkA uotkxj.k dk ;g dk;z HkkjrsUnq ds lkfk ml le; ds ys[kd ckyñ".k HkV~V] cnjh ukjk;.k pks/kjh] Bkdqj txeksgu flag] us Hkwfedk fuhkkbza,sls dbz dfo gq, ftuds lkfgr; ds ys[ku esa ges'kk jk"vª ds fodkl dh ckr ;k dgsa fd muds vius ys[ku ls jk"vªh;rk dh ckr gh vk;h gs( ftlesa esffkyh'kj.k xqir] lksgu yky f}osnh] lqhknzk dqekjh pksgku] t;'kadj izlkn] lqfe=kkuanu iar] jke/kkjh flag fnudj izeq[k gssa izsepun dk Hkh ;g ekuuk Fkk fd lkfgr;dkjksa dks mu yksxksa ds fy, fy[kuk pkfg, tks vius ekxz ls HkVds gq, gsaa og lkfgr; dk iz;kstu lekt dks fn'kk nsuk Hkh ekurs gasa 2 blh Øe esa ckyñ".k HkV~V us Hkh lkfgr; dks Hkkjrh; thou dh lel;kvksa ij fy[kk gsa os dgrs gsa fdlh Hkh ns'k dk lkfgr; i<+dj ;s ns[kk tk ldrk gs fd og jk"vª dh fn'kk D;k gsa lkfgr; dh uohu ifjhkk"kk nsrs gq, fy[krs gsa fd lkfgr; tulewg ds ân; dk fodkl gsa vkpk;z egkohj f}osnh us lkfgr; ds ifjorzu vksj fodkl dks lkekftd ifjorzu vksj fodkl ls tksm+rs gq, fy[kk gs] ftl tkfr dh lkekftd volfkk tslh gksrh gs] mldk lkfgr; Hkh oslk gh gksrk gsa 3 ekdlz us vius lkfgr; ds ek/;e ls ;g ckr dgh gs fd vkffkzd lekurk gh lkekftd lekurk dk vk/kkj cu ldrh gsa vkt ;g ckr lp lkfcr gqbz gsa vkffkzd i{k etcwr gksus ls reke vflerk foe'kz tks gkf'k;s ij Fks] vpkud mb [km+s gq, vksj vius vf/kdkjksa vksj igpku ds fy, ym+us yxsa o"kksza ls mis{kk ds f'kdkj lektksa esa tks tkx:drk vk;h gs( mlesa lkfgr; dh cgqr cm+h Hkwfedk gsa HkweaMyhdj.k ds bl nksj esa L=kh foe'kz] nfyr foe'kz] vkfnoklh foe'kz] tsls dbz vflerkoknh foe'kksza us vius lkfgr; vksj fopkj ds ek/;e ls viuh miflfkfr ntz dh gsa vkt ds orzeku lkfgr;dkjksa dh Hkh Hkkjr dh eksfyd lel;k Hkw[k] xjhch] csjktxkjh] vlekurk] vkbmasfvvh Økbfll vkfn gh gsaa vkt jk"vªh;rk dks jktuhfrd ifjn '; esa gh O;k[;kf;r djus dh dksf'k'k dh tk jgh gsa orzrku lkfgr; esa yksdrkaf=kd ewy;ksa dh LFkkiuk dks ysdj NViVkgV ;gka ns[kh tk ldrh gsa lkfgr; vc lkekftd lfø;rk dh vksj c<+uk pkgrk gsa ifjorzu dh vne; pkg esa dfo,fdvfolv ds rksj ij dye dh rkdr ubz Hkwfedk esa 21oha lnh izlrqr dj jgk gsa vkt dk nksj ml le; dk lk{kh gs] tgka euq"; ds vekuohdj.k dh xfr esa rhozrk vkbz gsa ospkfjd n f"v ls lektokn dk LoIu /olr gqvk gsa rks ;kaf=kd lh;rk dk dgj Hkh fo eku gsa ekuork dks [kawfv;ksa ij Vkax nsus dk iz;kl gks jgk gsa vkt lkfgr; dks vius ys[ku ls u dsoy 'kks/k /kkjk 116

127 vkøks'k O;Dr djuk gksrk gs] cfyd og ml fopkjghurk dks pquksrh ns jgk gsa vkt ds lkfgr; dk vkøks'k nsj rd la;fer ugha jg ikrk gsa euq"; ds jk{kl cuus dh izfø;k ij vkt dk lkfgr; ml fopkjghu] cs<ky] vfkok ejs gq, yksxksa dh Hkkafr ih<+h ij O;ax dj jgk gsa lh;rkvksa dks tc /kez dk iz;kz; cukdj izlrqr fd;k x;k gs] rc va/kj)k us ekuoh; dvqrk dks tue ns fn;ka dhkh vr;f/kd ekax us fdlh dk gd Nhuk rks *udlyh fparkvkas us lekt dh O;oLFkk ij iz'ufpug yxk fn,a tkrh; muekn] izfrfgalk ds Hkko vksj izfr'kks/k dh fpaxkjh fy, bl ubz lnh dk izos'k gqvka vkt dk lkfgr;dkj vkøks'k dk ltzd gksus ds ckotwn vjktdrkoknh ewy;kasa dk fojks/kh gsa og laxfbr,oa lqlac) lkekftd Økafr dk lefkzd gsa ns'k dh j{kk] mldk fgr D;k dsoy ukjksa esa lqjf{kr jgrk gs\ D;k ge jk"vªh; xksjo esa tks xhr xka,xs] ogh jk"vªh;rk ds nk;js esa vk;sxk\ D;k 15 vxlr vksj 26 tuojh dks jk"vªxku ;k ns'khkfdr ds fqyehxhr xk ysuk gh gekjh jk"vªh;rk ;k ns'khkfdr dh bfr gs\ ;s dbz iz'u vkt ds lkfgrdkjksa dks fonzksgh jpukvksa ds mdlkrs gsaa ;fn orzeku esa geus dqn [kks;k gs rks og gs fj'rksa dh cqfu;kn gsa njdrs fj'rs] de gksrh flux/krk] izse vksj vkreh;rk bfrgkl dh olrq curs tk jgs gsaa izxfr] fodkl] lalñfr] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy vkfn dh tm+ Hkk"kk gksrh gs vksj Hkk"kk dks le ) lkfgr; djrk gsa vksj lkfgr; izr;sd orzeku dks dykred,oa ;FkkFkZ :i esa lekt ds leeq[k izlrqr djrk gsa ckgjh lh;rk HkkSfrd izxfr dks n'kkzrh gs vksj Hkhrjh lh;rk ekuork dks ekuoh; ewy;ksa dks ifjyf{kr djrh gsa lekt dh vkarfjd vksj ckâk izxfr ds fy, lkfgr; ges'kk dyio {k cuk gsa orzeku lkfgr; izñfr,oa jk"vªh;rk dk ekuohdj.k ugha djrk cfyd izñfr ] lekt,oa jk"vª dks mlds Bksl lkekftd lanhkz ds lkfk js[kkafdr djrk gsa vkreleeku vksj vflerk dh j{kk ds fy, gesa ek=k lkfgr; ls gh 'kfdr vksj fgeer fey ldrh gsa vkt thou ewy;ksa dk {kj.k ftl xfr ls gks jgk gs vksj blls usjk'; dk okrkoj.k pkjksa vksj O;kIr gs] bl fodv vksj Hk;kog flfkfr ls mckjus dh lkef;z ek=k lkfgr; esa gsa 4 *dko; ls *lkfgr; cuus dh dgkuh gekjs lekt ds fodflr vksj ifjofrzr gksus dh Hkh dgkuh gsa njvly lekt ds fgr esa tks dqn Hkh jpk tkrk gs] og lkfgr; dh ifjf/k esa lekfgr gsa lkfgr; esa xn~; gks ;k i leku :i ls jk"vªh;rk ds Loj mlesa lqukbz nsrs gsaa Hkkjr esa Hktu] dhrzu ls yxkdj lalñfr] ns'k izse vksj ekr Hkwfe dh xksjo xkfkk gj ;qx vksj gj lnh esa i<+us dks feyrh gsa vktknh ds ckn vk/kh 'krkcnh ls Hkh vf/kd le; chr pqdk gsa bl varjky esa Hkkjr ds varxzr dqn {ks=kksa easa Rkhoz xfr ls fodkl gqvk gs vksj ckj&ckj ;g mn~?kks"k.kk gks jgh gs fd fudv Hkfo"; esa Hkkjr,d lcy] lqfodflr vksj lqle ) jk"vª cuus okyk gsa ftuds eu esa Hkkjr dks,d egku jk"vª ds :i esa ns[kus dh dkeuk gs] mu LoIunz"Vkvksa dks ;g ges'kk ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd dksbz jk"vª viuh xfjekiw.kz fojklr dks njfdukj dj Js"Brk ds f'k[kj rd ugha igqap ik;k gsa bfrgkl bldk p'enhn xokg gsa Lof.kZe Hkfo"; dh vêkfydk dk fuekz.k vrhr dh lqn <+ vkèkkjf'kyk ij gh lahko gsa 'kks/k /kkjk 117

128 lanhkz 1- Ikf=kdk vktdy] vxlr 2005]i "B&6 2- fej] vp;qrkuan( Ikzsepan% lekt lalñfr vksj jktuhfr]la-]lkfgr; dk mn~ns';] izsepan i "B&52&53 3- ikams] esustj( lkfgr; dk lekt'kkl=k dh Hkwfedk] esustj ikams]i -la- 57&58 4- Ikf=kdk vktdy ] ebz 2004]i "B&5 'kks/k /kkjk 118

129 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl vksj lkfgr; fparu ¼HkkjrsUnq ;qx ds fo'ks"k lunhkz eas½ y{eh izlkn d"kz l0 izk0] fganh&fohkkx] Mh-ih- foiz ¼LukrdksRrj½ egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract orzeku esa Hkh fdlh Hkh jk"vª dh 'kfä o fodkl dk lcls cm+k isekuk mldh ijek.kq 'kfä gsa Hkkjr esa Hkh j{kk ctv dh en vu; fdlh Hkh en ls T;knk gsa ^ru vksj eu dk vpnk* ls gh tksm+rs gq, vxj lkfgr; dh vu; mi;ksfxrkvksa ij ckr djsa rks lkfgr; dk cgqr vpnk mi;ksx cppksa esa usfrd Hkkouk ds fodkl ds fy, gksrk FkkA ¼^Fkk* blfy, D;ksafd vc egt gksrk Hkj gs½a elyu cppksa dks ^ykyp cqjh cyk gs* fl[kkus ds fy, ps[ko dh og dgkuh lquk;h tkrh Fkh] ftlesa ykypo'k,d fdlku,d fnu esa vfèkdre tehu nksm+dj viuh dj ysuk pkgrk gs ysfdu Hkkxrs&Hkkxrs Fkddj ej tkrk gs ;k fqj Hkkjrh; ek;fkksyth dh gfj'paæ dh dgkuh cppksa dks lppk dh f'k{kk ;k mldh fot; fn[kkus ds fy, i<+h ;k lquh tkrh Fkh] ijarq vkt lcls cm+h fomacuk ;g gs fd ikbîøeksa ls usfrd f'k{kk dh iqlrdsa gh xk;c gksrh tk jgh gsaa Figure : 00 References : 17 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª fodkl esa lkfgr; dh Hkwfedk] HkkjrsUnq;qxhu lkfgr; vksj jk"vª /kez ^lkfgr; lekt dk niz.k gs* vksj lekt euq";ksa dh bdkbz ls fufezr J a[kyka bl vkèkkj ij lkfgr; dk lekt ¼jk"Vª½ ls lhèkk lacaèk tqm+rk gsa lkfgr; dh lekt lkisf{krk ds vkèkkj ij gh vkèkqfud ;qx ds ¼fganh lkfgr; ds½ çkjahk esa HkkjrsUnq ds lkeus jhfrdkyhu leiw.kz lkfgr; xks.k gks tkrk gs] D;ksafd mugksaus lkfgr; vksj lekt ds chp dh [kkabza ikvus esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk vnk dha bl vkèkkj ij gh çsepan dfkk lezkv curs gsa] tks ;g?kksf"kr djrs gsa fd lkfgr; lekt vksj jktuhfr dks jklrk fn[kkus okyh e'kky gs] ysfdu tsls gh ge lekt dh orzeku le; esa çklafxdrk ij fuxkg Mkyrs gsa] mi;qzä lhkh egt dqn vkn'kz okd; cudj gh jg tkrs gsaa lkfgr; vksj fparu dk lokzfèkd le ) Lo:i ;wuku o fej rfkk mldh jktèkkfu;ksa esa lozçfke n f"vxkspj gksrk gs] ijarq ;g Hkh è;kro; gs fd ogha ds egku~ fpard IysVks us vius ^vkn'kz jkt;* dh ifjdyiuk ls lkfgfr;dksa@dykdkjksa dks ckgj j[kka mlus budh HkRlZuk bl dkj.k dh fd,fksal dh egku~ lkfgfr;d ijaijk Hkh mugsa ;q) dh fohkhf"kdk ls cpk ugha ik;h rfkk LikVkZ muls egt ckgqcy ds dkj.k fot;h gqvka vr% IysVks us jk"vª fodkl ds fy, ekufld cy ls T;knk 'kkjhfjd cy dks mùkjnk;h ekuka og?kksf"kr djrk gs&^vpnk jk"vª vpns ukxfjdksa ls curk gsa ukxfjdksa ds vpnk dk eryc gs ru vksj eu dh lcyrka* mlus eu ds vpnk ds lkfk&lkfk ru dh vpnk vfkkzr~ 'kkjhfjd cy ij Hkh tksj fn;k gsa orzeku esa Hkh fdlh Hkh jk"vª dh 'kfä o fodkl dk lcls cm+k isekuk mldh ijek.kq 'kfä 'kks/k /kkjk 119

130 gsa Hkkjr esa Hkh j{kk ctv dh en vu; fdlh Hkh en ls T;knk gsa ^ru vksj eu dk vpnk* ls gh tksm+rs gq, vxj lkfgr; dh vu; mi;ksfxrkvksa ij ckr djsa rks lkfgr; dk cgqr vpnk mi;ksx cppksa esa usfrd Hkkouk ds fodkl ds fy, gksrk FkkA ¼^Fkk* blfy, D;ksafd vc egt gksrk Hkj gs½a elyu cppksa dks ^ykyp cqjh cyk gs* fl[kkus ds fy, ps[ko dh og dgkuh lquk;h tkrh Fkh] ftlesa ykypo'k,d fdlku,d fnu esa vfèkdre tehu nksm+dj viuh dj ysuk pkgrk gs ysfdu Hkkxrs&Hkkxrs Fkddj ej tkrk gs ;k fqj Hkkjrh; ek;fkksyth dh gfj'paæ dh dgkuh cppksa dks lppk dh f'k{kk ;k mldh fot; fn[kkus ds fy, i<+h ;k lquh tkrh Fkh] ijarq vkt lcls cm+h fomacuk ;g gs fd ikbîøeksa ls usfrd f'k{kk dh iqlrdsa gh xk;c gksrh tk jgh gsaa tc ge jk"vªfodkl vksj lkfgr; fparu dh ckr djrs gsa] rks bl fn'kk esa HkkjrsUnq ;qx dk cgqr cm+k ;ksxnku utj vkrk gs] D;ksafd HkkjrsUnq ;qxhu dfo;ksa dk dko;&qyd vr;ar folr r gsa mudh jpuk ço fùk;k,d vksj Hkfädky vksj jhfrdky ls vuqc) gsa] rks nwljh vksj ledkyhu ifjos'k ds çfr tkx:drk dk Hkh muesa vhkko ugha gsa HkkjrsUnq ;qxhu dfo;ksa us Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds xksjo'kkyh i "Bksa dh Le fr rks vusd ckj fnyk;h] ij mudh jk"vªh; Hkkouk dsoy ;gha rd lhfer ugha jgha vaxzstksa dh fopkjèkkjk vksj mudh ns'khkfäiw.kz dforkvksa ls Hkh mugksaus ;Fks"V çsj.kk yh] ftldk Qy ;g gqvk fd {ks=kh;rk ls Åij mbdj os leiw.kz jk"vª dh uct dks VVksyus yxsa ns'k ds mrd"kz&vid"kz ds fy, mùkjnk;h ifjflfkfr;ksa ij çdk'k Mkydj bl ;qx ds dfo;ksa us tu&ekul esa jk"vªh; Hkkouk ds chtoiu dk egroiw.kz dk;z fd;ka ns'khkfä dh tks Hkkouk ckn esa esffkyh'kj.k xqir Ñr ^Hkkjr&Hkkjrh* esa yf{kr gs] mldh çsj.kk Hkwfe HkkjrsUnq] çse?ku] çrki ukjk;.k fej] jkèkkñ".k nkl dh dfork, gh gsaa HkkjrsUnq dh ^fotf;uh*] ^fot; ost;arh*] çse?ku dh ^vkuan v:.kksn;*] çrki ukjk;.k dh ^egkioz* vksj ^u;k laork~* rfkk jkèkkñ".k nkl dh ^Hkkjr ckjgeklk* vksj ^fou;* 'kh"kzd dfork, ns'khkfä dh çsj.kk ls ;qä gsaa bl lunhkz esa mugksaus vius çfrik dks dgh O;aX;ksfä;ksa ds ekè;e ls çdv fd;k gs] rks dgha vrhr dh çsj.kknk;h çlaxksa dh ppkz }kjk uo;qodksa dks iqutkzxj.k dk eu=k fn;k gsa vaxzstksa dh 'kks"k.k uhfr dk HkkjrsUnq }kjk çr;{k myys[k bl Hkkouk dh pje ifj.kfr gs& ÞHkhrj&Hkhrj lc jl pwls] gafl&gafl ds ru eu èku ewlsa tkfgj ckru esa vfr rst] D;ksa lf[k lttu! ugha vaxzstaaß 1 jk"vªh; dko; esa vfèkdrj jk"vªh;rk ds fofoèk Hkko cgqr gh Li"V :i ls çdv gksrs gsaa bldk eq[; dkj.k ;g gs fd ladv dky esa turk dh lelr Hkkouk,a jk"vªh;rk ds jax esa jax tkrh gsa vksj ifj.kke Lo:i dksbz Hkh {ks=k,slk ugha cprk gs] ftlesa jk"vªh; Hkkouk,a çlqqfvr u gks mbrh gksaa,sls le; dk dko; vusd vkyacuksa ds ekè;e ls jk"vªh;rk dh vfhko;fä djrk gsa bl çdkj dh ifjflfkfr esa fdlh ns'k dk jk"vªh; dko; jk"vªh; Hkkoukvksa ls vksr&çksr gks tkrk gsa Þfganh lkfgr; dk lkjk l tu jk"vªh; ladv ds le; gh gqvk gsa blhfy, blesa jk"vªh; dko; dh,d yech vksj xksjoe; ijaijk fodflr gqbz gsaß 2 HkkjrsUnq gfj'puæ us dko; lkfgr; dks u;s&u;s {ks=kksa dh vksj eksm+ka bl u, jax esa lcls 'kks/k /kkjk 120

131 Å pk Loj ns'khkfä dh ok.kh dk FkkA ^uhy nsoh*] ^Hkkjr nqnz'kk* vkfn ukvdksa ds Hkhrj vkbz gqbz dforkvksa esa ns'k&n'kk dh tks ek ed O;atuk gs] og rks gs gh] lkfk gh cgqr&lh LorU=k dfork, Hkh mugksaus fy[kha] ftuesa dgh ns'k dh vrhr xksjoxkfkk dk xoz] dgh orzeku vèkksxfr dh {kkshkhkjh osnuk] dgè Hkfo"; dh Hkkouk ls txh gqbz fpark br;kfn] vusd iquhr Hkkoksa dk lapkj ik;k tkrk gsa ^uhynsoh* esa ;g dslh d#.k iqdkj gs& Þdgk d#.kkfufèk dslo lks,\ tkxr ukfg vusd tkrka dj Hkkjroklh jks,aaß 3 Hkkjr dk xksjo v{kq..k gs] dsoy dqn dky ds fy, og yqir gks x;k FkkA ns'k ds vrhr xksjo] mlds çkphu xzufk rfkk mldh ohjxkfkkvksa ds bfrgkl dh lqj{kk gh thou esa uotkx fr dk lkèku cu ldrh FkhA jk"vªh; psruk ds vkjehk rfkk fodkl dh flfkfr;ksa ds foospu ls ;g Li"V gs fd jktsuæyky fe=k] HkaMkjdj] fryd vkfn jk"vªh; usrkvksa }kjk jfpr fo}rkiw.kz lkfgr;],sfrgkfld vè;;u rfkk uohu [kkstksa us fo'o ds leeq[k ;g fl) dj fn;k Fkk fd Kku&foKku dks xw<+re ckrksa ij dsoy if'pe dk gh,dkfèkdkj ugha Fkk] lozçfke Hkkjr us gh bl {ks=k esa çxfr dh FkhA lkfgr; ds {ks=k esa Hkh HkkjrsUnq gfj'paæ] çse?ku] çrki ukjk;.k fej] Jh fuokl nkl] jkèkkpj.k xkslokeh çhk r lkfgr;dkjksa us bfrgkl ijeijk rfkk lkfgr; xzafkksa }kjk jf{kr vrhr xksjo rfkk ohj ÑR;ksa dk mùkstukiw.kz 'kcnksa esa o.kzu fd;ka HkkjrsUnq gfj'paæ us vfr vkrz Loj esa Hkkjr ds çkphu,oa vkè;kfred ohj iq#"kksa dks orzeku nq%[kekspu ds fy, Lej.k fd;k gs& Þdga x, foøe Hkkst jke cfy d.kz ;qfèkf"bja puæxqir pk.kd; dgka ukls dfjds ffkjaa dga {kf=k; lc ejs tjs lc x;s fdrs fxja dga jkt vks rksu lkt tsfg tkur gs fpjaa dga nqxz&lsu&èku&cy x;ks èkwjfg èkwj fn[kkr txa tkxks vc rks [ky cy&nyu j{kgq viuk vk;z&exaaß 4 blh çdkj çse?ku us th.kz tuin esa vius iwoztksa ds fuokl LFkku ij nùkkiqj xzke dh çkphu fohkwfr vksj vkèkqfud n'kk dk ;FkkFkZ o.kzu fd;k gsa bl çcaèk dko; esa ns'k ds vrhr xksjo dk o.kzu çrhdkred 'ksyh esa fd;k x;k gsa blds vfrfjä ^firj foyki* dfork esa mugksaus fir i{k esa vk;s firj tuksa }kjk Hkkjr dh orzeku nqnz'kk ij foyki djk;k gs] ftlls Hkwrdkyhu xksjo ds jax vfèkd xgjs gks tkrs gsaa mùkj ls nf{k.k] iwoz ls if'pe rd Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd,drk dh rqf"v djus okys lqfo[;kr uxjksa&dk'kh] v;ksè;k] çfr"bkuiqj] buæçlfk] efkqjk] mttsu] }kfjdk] fpùkksm+] ikvyhiq=k] iatkc] d'ehj dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk myys[k djrs gq, dfo buds iru ;k fouk'k ij 'kksd çdv djrk gsa ;g vrhr xksjo&xku orzeku nqjolfkk dh vuqhkwfr dks vfèkd rhozrk çnku djus okyk gs& Þufg og dk'kh jg x;h] grh gse ek; tksua ufg pksjklh dksl dh] jgh v;ksè;k rksua jktèkkuh tksi txr dh] jgh dhkks lq[k lkta lks fcxgk nl chl esa] fldqm+h lh t.kw vktaß 5 n;k] èkez vksj lr;rk ds 'kq) ekxz dk vkpj.k djus okys fnfxot;h rfkk çtkçfrikyd jktk vc ugha jgs] ^yyfd ykjs efj fevs uk fy;ks nsu dk ukea* 6 HkkjrsUnq th ds ^Hkkjr nqnz'kk* ukvd ds,d xhr esa Hkh vrhr xksjo rfkk orzeku nqnz'kk dk {kkshkiw.kz 'kcnksa esa rqyukred foospu feyrk gs& 'kks/k /kkjk 121

132 Þjksogq lc fefyds vkogq Hkkjr HkkbZA gk! gk! Hkkjr nqnz'kk u ns[kh tkbzaa lcds ifgys tsfg bz'oj èku cy nhuksa lcds ifgys tsfg lh; foèkkrk dhugksaaa lcds ifgys tks :i&jax&jl HkhuksA lcds ifgys fo kqy ftu xfg yhuksaa vc lcds ihns lks ijr y[kka gk! gk! Hkkjr nqnz'kk u ns[kh tk;aaß 7 ;g fopkj dj dfo ân; vr;ar nq%f[kr gksrk gs fd tgk ßjke] ;qfèkf"bj] oklqnso] gfj'paæ] ugq"k] ;;kfr] Hkhe] vtqzu tsls egku~ iq#"kksa us viuh NVk fn[kk Fkh] ogk vkt ew<+rk] dyg vksj vfo k dk jkt; gsaß 8 ßckyeqdqUn xqir us ^iqjk.kh fnyyh* dfork esa Hkkjr ds,sfrgkfld uxj dh çkphu xksjo&xkfkk dk fp=k vafdr dj dky ds?kkrd çhkko dks crk;k gsaß 9 bl ;qx ds lkfgr; euhf"k;ksa us ns'khkfä dh Hkkouk tkx fr ds fy, ftl vrhr dky dk xku fd;k Fkk] og fgunw dky dk Lo.kZ;qx FkkA mudh volfkk ds çrhd fgunw bfrgkl rfkk ijaijk ds ohj iq#"k rfkk ukjh Fks vksj ;fn mugksaus bfrgkl esa eqlyeku dky ds ohj jktiwrksa dk pfj=k pquk rks mudk ç;ru ;gh Fkk fd Þmudh rqyuk esa eqlyeku ik=kksa dk pfj=k vfèkd ';key n f"vxr gksa iwoz 'krkfcn;ksa ds eqlyeku 'kkldksa ds vr;kpkj rfkk vu;k; dks folej.k djuk muds fy, dfbu Fkk] D;ksafd tgk fclslj lkseukfk ekèko ds eafnj Fks] ogk efltnsa cu x;h Fkh vksj vyykg vdcj dh èofu lquk im+rh FkhAß 10 fgnh lkfgr; ç.ksrk fgunw Fks vksj jk"vªokn ds bl vh;qrfkku dky esa mudh jk"vªh; Hkkouk tkrh;rk ;k èkk edrk ls eqä ugh gks ldh FkhA vr% Þfganh lkfgr;dkj vius èkez] bfrgkl] lalñfr] ohj pfj=kksa dh vksj LokHkkfod :i esa vkñ"v gq, FksA ns'kokfl;ksa dks vkku] ew[kzrk] dwie.mwdrk ls eqä djus] muesa vkrefo'okl Hkjus rfkk mugsa lkgl çnku djus ds fy, vrhr xksjo dk ;g Lej.k i;kzir ek=kk esa lgk;d gqvkaß 11 HkkjrsUnq] çse?ku vkfn ys[kdksa us vrhr xksjo ds fouk'k dk dkj.k Hkkjrokfl;ksa ds pkfjf=kd iru esa < w<+k FkkA muds erkuqlkj ns'kokfl;ksa dh QwV] vkilh egkhkkjr] vkyl; vkfn dk ykhk mbkdj vrhr esa ;ouksa us eafnj QksM+s Fks] ewfrz;k rksm+h Fkha vksj vc vaxzsth jkt; esa ns'k ijkèkhurk dh csfm+;ksa esa tdm+ x;k FkkA çk;% bl ;qx dk vrhr xksjo&xku orzeku nq%[kolfkk ds fo{kkshk dh Hkkouk ls vkpnkfnr gsa vrhr ds çfr vuqjkx ls mn~hkwr buds mn~xkj dgha Hkkjr dh HkO;rk dh vksj yksxksa dk è;ku vkñ"v djrs gsa] dgha çdv :i ls mttoy Hkfo"; cukus dk ladsr nsrs gsa vksj dgha bu dfo;ksa ds varj dk {kkshk çdv djrs gsaa bl çdkj vrhr dk vuqjkx dko; dh çeq[k ço fùk cu x;h gsa rrdkyhu fganh lkfgr;dkjksa us ns'k ds usfrd iru] lkekftd,oa èkkfezd voufr] lkalñfrd gzkl rfkk jktusfrd vfhk'kki dk fu%'kad Hkko ls o.kzu fd;k gsa vkku] vkyl; rfkk ew[kzrk ds dkju nhu&ghu ns'kokfl;ksa dks ns[kdj mugsa ekufld Dys'k gksrk gsa HkkjrsUnq th bz'oj ls çkfkzuk djrs gq, dgrs gsa& ÞMwcr Hkkjr ukfk osfx tkxks vc tkxksa vkyl&nso,fg ngu gsrq pgqa fnfl lksa ykxksaa egkew<+rk ok;q c<+kor rsfg vuqjkxksa Ñik n f"v dh o f"v cq>kogq vkyl R;kxksAA viuks viuk;ks tkrh ds djgq Ñik fxfjoj èkjua tkxks cfy osxfg ukfk vc nsgq nhu fganqu ljuaaß 12 'kks/k /kkjk 122

133 jkèkkñ".k nkl us ns'k dh nqnz'kk ij nq%[k vfhko;ä djrs gq, fy[kk gs fd ÞHkkjr,d,slk ns'k gs tks jksdj viuk thou [kks jgk gsa ;wjksi vesfjdk] Ýkal] tezuh vkfn lhkh eksn ls Hkjs vkuan esa exu gsaaß 13 bruk gh ugha] rrdkyhu vaxzst 'kkldksa us tcku ij Hkh rkyk yxk j[kk FkkA ns'k ds yksx viuk nq%[k&nnz Hkh fdlh ls dg ugha ldrs FksA ml le; dh Hkkjrh; turk dh ;g fo"ke euksn'kk çrki ukjk;.k fej ds bu 'kcnksa esa vfhko;ä gqbz gs& ;g ft; èkjdr ;g u gks] dgw dksm lqfu ysa dnq nks"k ns ekjfg v# jksou ugha nsa ftl jkt; esa jksus dh Hkh eukgh gks ml jkt; ds 'kklu dk D;k dguka HkkjrsUnq th us viuh Hkk"kk dh muufr dks gh lc muufr dk ewy ekuk Fkk&Þfut Hkk"kk muufr vgs lc muufr dks ewyaß 14 çrki ukjk;.k fej us Hkh fganh] fgunw] fgunqlrku ^fcu fut Hkk"kk Kku ds fevr u fg; dks lwy* dk jkx NsM+k FkkA Jhèkj ikbd Hkh fganh çseh FksA vaxzsth i<+s&fy[ks ckcqvksa ls ikbd th dks v#fp Fkh] D;ksafd os vaxzst vksj vaxzsth ds Hkä gksdj fganh dh mis{kk djrs Fks& Þvaxzsth i<+s ckcw dks fganh ls D;k xjta baxfy'k dh cjkcj rks fdlh esa etk ughaaß 15 vaxzsth 'kklu ds çfr mxz fojksèk u gksus ij Hkh 'kkldksa dh uhfr vlá gks x;h Fkh ns'k dk vk Fkd 'kks"k.k lokzfèkd d"vdj Fkk vksj tslk fd Li"V fd;k tk pqdk gs] jk"vªh; usrkvksa us bl vksj fo'ks"k :i ls è;ku fnyk;k FkkA HkkjrsUnq th us Hkh bl lacaèk esa dgk fd& Þvaxjst jktlq[k lkt lts lc HkkjhA is èku fons'k pfy tkr bgs vfr [okjhß 16 HkkjrsUnq ;qxhu lkfgr; esa jk"vªokn dk vu; çcy i{k gs ns'k&çsea ;g jk"vªh;rk dk ewykèkkj gsa HkkjrsUnq rfkk muds lg;ksxh bl Hkkouk ls vksrçksr FksA os jkthkfä ls vkiykfor FksA jkthkfä ns'khkfä dk vax cu x;h FkhA vaxzstksa ds çfr mudh èkkj.kk cgqr Li"V FkhA os vaxzstksa ls u dsoy fdlh Hkyk dh vk'kk j[krs Fks] oju~ os ekurs Fks fd muds dkj.k gh ge vkt ijkèkhu lozlkèkughu gsaa blls gesa vaxzstksa ds vr;kpkj ls jksuk u pkfg, vksj ;g vk'kk Hkh u j[kuh pkfg, fd og gekjh Hkyk djus vk, gsaa vr%,slh ifjflfkfr;ksa vksj chekfj;ksa ls lekt dks mckjus ds fy, lkfgr; dh furkar vko';drk gsa D;ksafd chekj jk"vª muufr ugha dj ldrk vksj djsxk Hkh rks og [kks[kyh gksxha vkt Hkh tks yksx muufr ds f'k[kjksa ij fojkteku gsa] os pkgs fdlh Hkh fo"k; ls jgs gksa vksj vkt pkgs fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa gksa] muds çsj.kkjksr lkfgr; ls tqm+s dksbz u dksbz O;fäRo jgs gsaa jk"vªh; Hkkouk 'kus% 'kus% èkkfezd ed rfkk lkekftd lqèkkj dk;ks± ds ekè;e ls ewrz :i ikus yxh FkhA HkkjrsUnq ;qx ds vafre pj.k esa mldk Lo:i çr;{k gksus yxk FkkA lkaçnkf;d HksnHkko bl Hkkouk esa ckèkd FkkA 'kkldksa dh pkvqdkfjrk dks cqjh n f"v ls ns[kk tkus yxk FkkA vr% Þckcw ckyeqdqun xqir us lj ls ;n dh lkaçnkf;d Hkkouk rfkk 'kkldksa dh pkvqdkfjrk dh çfrø;klo:i ^tkrh; jk"vªh; Hkkouk* dh jpuk dh FkhAß 17 bl rjg bl ;qx esa jk"vªh; psruk dh iw.kz vfhko;fä 'kks/k /kkjk 123

134 lkfgr; us dh gsa jk"vªh; usrkvksa ds fopkjksa dks lkfgr; esa eq[kfjr dj rrdkyhu ys[kdksa rfkk dfo;ksa us vius nkf;ro dk iw.kzr;k fuokzg fd;k gsa bl çdkj jk"vªfodkl esa lkfgr; fparu dh fopkjèkkjk fuckzèk xfr ls çokfgr gksus yxha vr% Hkys gh vkt lkfgr; vksj lkfgfr;dksa dks mis{k.kh; n f"v ls ns[kk tkrk gksa lkfgr; dks fupys ik;nku ij j[kk tkrk gks] jk"vª dh çxfr esa lkfgr; ds ;ksxnku dks oskkfud vksj vks ksfxd ;qx us LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k gks] ijarq tgk Hkh fopkjksa dh] eu dh etcwrh dh ckr vk,xh ogka xf.krh; QkewZys èolr gksaxsa ogk lkfgr; dk chtxf.kr gh dke vk,xk tks fopkjksa vksj Hkkoksa dh my>u dks lqy>k ldsxk vksj fopkjksa vksj Hkkoksa ds lqy>siu ds fcuk u rks fokku dk xzkq c<+ ldrk gs vksj u gh vk Fkdh dka vr% cnyrs ifjçs{; esa ;fn fokku vksj vfkz çxfr ds isekus cus gsa rks mugsa lacy nsus esa lkfgr; dh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk gsa vr% ;s rhuksa lkekukarj çxfr ds çrhd gsaa jk"vª dh çxfr ds okgd gsaa jk"vª ds fodkl esa lgk;d gsaa lunhkz 1- Mk- uxsuæ] fganh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl] us'kuy ifcyf'kax gkml] ubz fnyyh] t;iqj] bykgkckn] 1976] i pksgku Jh f'konku flag] jk"vªh; lkfgr; ds fuekz.k dh lel;k] vkykspuk¼bfrgkl fo'ks"kkad½] tuojh] 53] i 'kqdy] vkpk;z jkepaæ( fganh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl] ukxjh çpkfj.kh lhkk] dk'kh] laor~ 2022] i nkl la- cztjru] HkkjrsUnq xzafkkoyh] nwljk Hkkx] f}rh; laldj.k] ukxjh çpkfj.kh lhkk] dk'kh] foøe laor~ 2010] i - 683&84 5- mikè;k;] la- Jh çhkkdjs'oj( Jh fnus'k ukjk;.k mikè;k;] çse?ku lozlo] çfke Hkkx] çfke vko fùk] Çgnh lkfgr; leeysu] ç;kx] laor~ 1966] i ogh] i nkl] la- cztjru( HkkjrsUnq xzafkkoyh % ^Hkkjr nqnz'kk*] ukvî jfld o ykl; :id] igyk [k.m] çfke laldj.k] ukxjh çpkfj.kh lhkk] dk'kh] foøe laor~ 2007] i ogh] i flag] MkW- urfku( x dkj ckcw ckyeqdqun xqir % thou vksj lkfgr;] i HkkjrsUnq xzafkkoyh % nwljk Hkkx] i ukjk;.k] MkW- lq"kek( Hkkjrh; jk"vªokn ds fodkl dh fganh lkfgr; esa vfhko;fä] fnyyh&7] ivuk&4] 1966] i HkkjrsUnq xzafkkoyh % nwljk Hkkx] i nkl] ';kelqanj( la-] jkèkkñ".k xzafkkoyh&hkkx 1] çfke laldj.k] i HkkjrsUnq xzafkkoyh % nwljk Hkkx] i Hkê] ia- ckyñ".k( i HkkjrsUnq xzafkkoyh % çfke Hkkx] i xqir fucaèkkoyh] i 'kks/k /kkjk 124

135 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vªh; psruk dk laokgd % lkfgr; MkW0 'kf'k volfkh izk/;kid fgunh] 'kkldh; ¼LukrdksRrj½ egkfo ky;] eqjsuk] e/;izns'k ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract lkfgr; dk lksun;z'kkl=kkkh; v/;;u djrs gq, lkfgr;dkjksa o vkykspdksa dk,d oxz ^dykoknh*?kksf"kr gks x;ka lkfgr; esa dyk rùoksa dks [kkstrs gq, mudh n f"v esa df; xks.k gks x;k vksj f'kyi rùo dks iz/kkurk feyrh x;ha,sls esa lkfgr; dk mn~ns'; ek=kkk dyk izn'kzu rd lhfer jg x;ka lkfgr; dk mn~ns'; LFkkfir djrs gq, iz[;kr dfkkdkj eqa'kh izzsepun us lu~ 1936 esa y[kuå esa gq, ^izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k* ds igys vf/kos'ku esa dgk Fkk&ßgekjh dlksvh ij ogh lkfgr; [kjk mrjsxk] ftlesa mpp fpuru gks] Lok/khurk dk Hkko gks] lksun;z dk lkj gks] l tu dh vkrek gks] thou dh lppkb;ksa dk izdk'k gks] tks geeas xfr] la?k"kz] cspsuh isnk djs] lqyk;s ugha] D;kasfd vc vksj T;knk lksuk e R;q dk y{k.k gsa* Figure : 00 References : 03 Table : 00 Key Words : psruk vksj jk"vªh; psruk] lkfgr; vksj jk"vªh;&psruk ukjh dks ân; dh laosnukvksa dk iqat vksj rjy vuqhkwfr;ksa dk i;kz; ekuk tkrk gsa dko; dh bu vurjax >añfr;ksa dh lk/kukolfkk,oa pjekolfkk us gh dko; dks jln'kk dh ^e/kqerh Hkwfedk* rd igq pk;k gsa ;g Hkh lr; gs fd dfo;ksa dks Hkh dko; dh bl volfkk esa vkus ds fy, ukjh ân; gksuk im+rk gsa pje volfkk dh bl nk'kzfud Hkwfe ij,slk LokHkkfod Hkh gsa blfy, vf[ky lalñfr ds lali'kz ls f[kyh gqbz dfork, gh ekuork ds Å"kkdky dh dfork dgykbz gsa lkekftd thou ds vurjax ifjos'k esa tgk,d vksj jk"vª ds izfr vklfkk cfynku vksj izse dh vuqhkwfr;k tue ysrh gsa( ogha nqhkkzx; ls LokFkZ dh vu/kh unh esa rsjrk lewpk lekt tc ewy; fo?kvu dh nk:.k vuro;zfkk dks >syrk gs rks jk"vª nzksg tslh [krjukd lkft'ksa Hkh tue ysus yxrh gsaa dko; esa ;g Hkko iwjh laosnuk vksj vflerk ds lkfk O;Dr gqvk gsa ledkyhu jpukdkjksa esa punzdkur nsorkys th ds dko; esa fonzksg vksj vkøks'k ds Loj fn[kkbz nsrs gsaa ^nhokjksa ij [kwu ls* Ñfr esa dfo dk vkøks'k lkq fn[kkbz nsrk gsa jktuhfr ds {ks=k esa c<+rs Hkz"Vkpkj ij dfo dh fpurk LokHkkfod gsa dfodkar ds va/ksjs esa,d,slh dfork gs] tks ns'kdky vksj jktuhfr ds Hkz"Vkpkj dks mtkxj djrh gs& Þ[kwu ds xk<+s pdrrksa ds Hkhrj] /kal dj lm+ jgh gs] tks tgjhyh lnh] mlds fy, fteesnkj gs] vkneh dh [kky esa] x/ks vksj HksfM+;s dk] 'kks/k /kkjk 125

136 vk/kk&vk/kk Hkstk fy;s]?kwers jktuhfr ds >.Mk njckjaþ iar th us ukjh dks lkalñfrd efgek ls eafmr dj mls,d vfrekuoh; :i iznku fd;k gsa iar th us ukjh ds HkksX;k vksj dkfeuh :i dk var djds ^ekuoh* :i dh izfr"bk dh gsa ukjh dks dfo us ^ekuoh* rfkk ^lgpjh* ds :i esa izfrf"br fd;k gsa mugksaus ukjh dks fdlku vksj etnwj dh Hkkafr 'kksf"kr oxz ds :i esa ns[kk vksj ukjh 'kks"k.k ds fo:) vkokt mbk;h gs & ÞeqDr djks ukjh dks ekuo! fpjoafnuh ukjh dks] ;qx&;qx dh cczj dkjk ls] tufu] lf[k I;kjh dksaþ iar th us ukjh ds lksun;z dk fo'o O;kih izhkko izñfr ds lanhkz esa gh O;Dr fd;k gsa ukjh dh ifo=krk dk vadu djus ds fy, dfo us mlds LFkwy fp=k vafdr u dj mlds lw{e lksun;z dk vadu fd;k gsa ;g lksun;z dfo us izñfr ds ek/;e ls O;Dr fd;k gsa dfo us izñfr ds je; :i esa ukjh vksj ukjh esa gh izñfr dk lksun;z ns[kk gs & Þuoy e/kq _rq &fudqat esa izkir izfke dkfydk&lh] vlqqvxkr uhy uhk var%iqj esa rfuoa nwr dh dyk ln '; uotkr e/kqjrk] e nqyrk lh rqe izk.kaþ ÞxzkeukjhÞ vksj ÞetnwjuhÞ dks iar th us vkn'kz ukjh ekuk gsa vkn'kz ukjh Hkkjrh; lalñfr dk izrhd gsa iar th dgrs gsa&þftl fnu ukjh] Þukjh dh lakk Hkqykdj ujks lax csb dj] tu&thou dk dkedkt] lkfk&lkfk da/ks ls da/kk feykdj djsxh] mlh fnu jk"vª nzqrxkeh gksdj fodkl ds ifk ij vxzlj gksxka iar th us viuh dko; Ñfr esa izkñfrd lksun;z dk lgkjk ysdj ukjh ds izfr ekuo ân; esa leeku dh Hkkouk txkus dk vfkd iz;kl fd;k gsa fujkyk fgunh txr ds,d,sls ;qxkurjdkjh dfo gsa] ftudh jpukvksa esa rrdkyhu ekuo dh ihm+k] ijru=krk,oa ijo'krk ds izfr mriuu rhoz vkøks'k dh /ofu lqukbz im+rh gsa ^ckny jkx*,d,slh Ñfr gs] ftlus jk"vª esa uo Økafr mriuu dj nh vksj ekuo ân; esa jk"vªh; psruk dh Hkkouk dks m}sfyr dj fn;k & ÞeSa nsrh gw lozlo Nqvks er vogsyuk] dh viuh flfkfr dks] tks rqeus vifo=k Li'kZ gks x;k rqegkjk] :dks nwj ls djks n'kzaþ dfo us jk"vª izse ds vkstloh Hkkoksa ls izsfjr gksdj gh Hkkjr ek ds ml lkdkj :i dh ounuk dh gs] ftlds inry esa 'krny ds rqy; yadk }hi fojkteku gs] ftlds pj.kksa dks xftzrksfekz lkxj ty /kks jgk gsa] r#] r.k] ou] yrk vkfn ftlds 'kqhkz olu gsa] xaxk dh T;ksfrtZy d.kksa dk gkj ftlds xys esa lq'kksfhkr gs] fge rq"kkj dk 'kqhkz eqdqv ftlds flj ij 'kkshkk;eku gs vksj ftlds iz.ko dh eèkqj /ofu ls lelr fn'kk, /ofur gks jgh gasa dfo,sls gh fopkjksa ls vksr&izksr gksdj ek ljlorh dh oanuk djrs gsa vksj muls Hkkjr esa Lora=krk dh vej /ofu dks ejus dh izkfkzuk djrs gsa] lkfk gh og lelr cu/ku dks rksm+us] dyq"k vksj vu/kdkj dks gvkdj izdk'k Hkjus vksj LokrU=k; uhk ds fogax&o Un ljh[ks 'kks/k /kkjk 126

137 jk"vªtu dks uo xfr] uoy;] uohu rky Nan] uoy dab] uo /ofu] uohu ia[k vksj uohu Loj iznku djus dh ;kpuk djrs gsa] ftlls loz=k Lok/khurk dk vej jkx lqukbz nsa fujkyk th us dbz,slh jpuk, dh gsa] tsls&dqdqjeqrrk] u;s irrs] csyk] vf.kek vkfn tks jk"vªh; psruk txkus esa lgk;d fl) gq;ha dqdqjeqrrk,d,slh dko; Ñfr gs] ftlus iw thifr oxz dks fgyk dj j[k fn;ka dfo us izñfr dk vr;ur gh euksgkjh n '; viuh ys[kuh ds ek/;e ls lkfgr; txr dks iznku dh gs tks ukjh oxz ds fy, izsj.kklzksr cu x;ha ^og rksm+rh irfkj* esa os fy[krs gsa & Þog rksm+rh irfkja ns[kk mls esaus bykgkckn ds ifk ij] ns[krs ns[kk eq>s rks,d ckj] ml Hkou dh vksj ns[kk fnuu rkj ns[kdj dksbz ugha] ns[kk eq>s ml n f"v ls tks ekj [kk jks;h ughaaþ dko; esa ukjh fo"k;d Hkkouk vkn'kziw.kz gsa ukjh dk fp=k.k dko; esa dforkvksa ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;k gsa dfo;ksa us ukjh ds izfr vkn'kzoknh n f"v j[kh gsa muds vuqlkj ukjh txuukfkk gs] ije'kfdr gs vksj ije vkjk/; gsa vkfn 'kfdr] thou dh izsj.kk] fot; dh vk/kkjhkwr 'kfdr vkfn ds :i esa ukjh dk fp=k.k fd;k gsa lunhkz 1- dqyjs"b] MkW- jtuh( jktlfkku dh efgyk dko;/kkjk 2- >aoj] MkW-vkse izdk'k( fujkyk vksj eqfdrcks/k ds dko; dk rqyukred v/;;u 3- ldlsuk] MkW- }kfjdk izlkn( fgunh ds vk/kqfud izfrfuf/k dfo 'kks/k /kkjk 127

138 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ;,MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P jk"vª fodkl vksj lkfgr; fparu MkW- vydk iar fohkkxk/;{k] fgunh fohkkx] lh-,e-mh- egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract lkfgr; lekt esa lksgknzz],drk vksj tkx:drk QSykrk gs] blfy, jk"vª fuekz.k esa lkfgr; dh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk gsa Hkkjr esa fofhkuu Hkk"kkvksa dh vr;ur le ) ijeijk gsa muds lkfgr; us ;gk ds lkekftd] usfrd] jktusfrd vksj vkffkzd {ks=k dks ges'kk lacy fn;k gs vksj lh;rk] thou ewy; rfkk ijeijk dh j{kk dh gsa tulkeku; dh Hkk"kk esa jkt; 'kjhj gs] ysfdu jk"vª vkrek gsa blfy, Hkkjrh; lkfgr; esa izkjehk ls gh jk"vª 'kcn ij ppkz gqbz gs vksj jpukdkjksa us fujurj ;g iz;kl fd;k gs fd lkfgr; ds ek/;e ls jk"vª vksj jk"vªh; fparu dks cy feysa Figure : 00 References : 09 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª fodkl vksj lkfgr; dh Hkwfedk] jk"vª vksj lkfgr;] jk"vªoknh psruk vksj fodkl ds vk;ke lkfgr; lhkh dykvksa dh vis{kk lekt ls viuk laca/k vf/kd xgjkbz rd cuk, j[kus esa lqy gksrk gsa blds rhu eq[; dkj.k gsa izfke&hkk"kk&d;ksafd Hkk"kk,d thoar lkekftd lrrk gs] tks vfhko;fdr dk izfke vksj egroiw.kz lkèku gsaa lekt vksj lkfgr; ds chp Hkk"kk dh fu.kkz;d Hkwfedk gsa ftl Hkk"kk dks iz;ksx djus okyksa dh la[;k ftruh vyi gksxh] mldk lkfgr; folrkj Hkh Lo;eso de gks gh tkrk gsa f}rh;&lkfgr; dk jpuk vk/kkj lekt dh xfrfof/k gksrh gsa lkfgr;dkj ys[ku dh lkexzh tksm+us ds fy;s ckj&ckj vius lekt esa yksvrk gsa r rh;&laokn&lkfgr; lekt vksj O;fDr ds chp laokn isnk djrk gsa lkfgr; ds ikbd ijlij laokn djrs gsa] tks mugsa,d&nwljs ls vksj ys[kd ls tksm+rk gsa lkfgr; lekt esa lksgknzz],drk vksj tkx:drk QSykrk gs] blfy, jk"vª fuekz.k esa lkfgr; dh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk gsa Hkkjr esa fofhkuu Hkk"kkvksa dh vr;ur le ) ijeijk gsa muds lkfgr; us ;gk ds lkekftd] usfrd] jktusfrd vksj vkffkzd {ks=k dks ges'kk lacy fn;k gs vksj lh;rk] thou ewy; rfkk ijeijk dh j{kk dh gsa tulkeku; dh Hkk"kk esa jkt; 'kjhj gs] ysfdu jk"vª vkrek gsa blfy, Hkkjrh; lkfgr; esa izkjehk ls gh jk"vª 'kcn ij ppkz gqbz gs vksj jpukdkjksa us fujurj ;g iz;kl fd;k gs fd lkfgr; ds ek/;e ls jk"vª vksj jk"vªh; fparu dks cy feysa tc&tc laøe.k dkyhu ifjflfkfr;ksa esa lekt my>k gs] rc&rc jk"vª] jk"vªh;rk vksj lkfgr; fparu&l tu vkfn dh Hkwfedk dks ysdj iz'u o lansg mriuu gksus yxrs gsaa okn&fookn&laokn vkfn dh vko';drk vuqhko gksus yxrh gs vksj jk"vª fodkl dh Hkwfedk esa lkfgr; dh lghkkfxrk fot; dk rw;zukn djrh gsa bldk dkj.k cm+k ljy vksj lgt gh le> esa vkus okyk gsa jk"vª vksj jk"vªh;rk,d uslfxzd nsu gs] ftlls dksbz ns'k vksj mldk lekt vyx ugha jg ldrka jk"vªh;rk 'kks/k /kkjk 128

139 dks le>us ds fy, lkfgr; dk eafku vko';d gsa lkfgr; esa fgr 'kcn tqm+k gqvk gs] tks bl ckr dk ksrd gs fd fcuk fgr ds jk"vªh;rk dk dksbz vflrro ugha gsa ;fn lkfgr; tslh 'kfdr'kkyh foèkk jk"vª fparu dh ppkz djs rc bl ckr dh [kkst vko';d gs fd bl Hkkouk dk tue lkfgr; esa gqvk dslsa blfy, jk"vªh;rk ls tqm+s fgunh lkfgr; ij gesa,d fogaxe n f"vikr djuk gksxka HkkjrsUnq ;qx ds lkfgr;dkj vius le; ds lekt ds izfr tkx:d Fks] blfy, fczfv'k 'kklu dh miflfkfr vksj Hkkjrh; lekt dh n'kk ij mudh ys[kuh pyha bl le; ds fopkjd o tkx:d ys[kd,d egroiw.kz dk;z dj jgs Fks vksj og Fkk,d ^jk"vª* ds crksj ^vkre* dks igpkuuka Hkkjr dh orzeku n'kk ds dkj.kksa dh igpku] vrhr ds xksjo dh iqu% izfr"bk] lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa rfkk lekt dh,drk esa ck/kd rroksa ij izgkj djuk vkfna fgunh {ks=k esa uotkxj.k dk ;g dk;z HkkjrsUnq gfj'panz dh vxqokbz esa 'kq: gqvk( ftlesa izrki ukjk;.k fej] ckyñ".k HkV~V] cnzhukjk;.k pks/kjh] Bkdqj txeksgu flag vkfn us lg;ksx fn;ka ^LoRo* dh igpku djus dk ;g dk;z Hkk"kk] lkfgr;,oa lekt dh l'kdr ijeijkvksa dks igpkuus vksj mugsa,d jk"vªh; xksjo ds :i esa lkeus ykus ds iz;klksa ij vk/kkfjr FkkA HkkjrsUnq dh Li"V lksp Fkh fd& ^vktknh vksj xqykeh ds chp u lkfgr; rvlfk jg ldrk gs] u lkfgr;dkja* iafmr ckyñ".k HkV~V us ^^lkfgr; dks tulewg ds g n; dk fodkl** ekuka fgunh lkfgr; esa f}osnh ;qx dk izkjehk jk"vªh;rk dh blh O;kid i "BHkwfe esa gqvka ; fi izkjehk esa jk"vª fparu vksj jk"vªh; Hkkouk dh O;kidrk iw.kz:is.k izlqqfvr ugha gqbza rfkkfi dkykurj esa vrhr dk xksjo xku] orzeku dh foiuukolfkk ij {kkshk] ukjh rfkk lekt ds vu; nfer oxksz ds izfr xgjh lgkuqhkwfr ds lkfk&lkfk ijra=krk ls eqdr gksus dh vne; vkdka{kk bl ;qx ds lkfgr; esa mtzflor Lojksa esa eq[kj gqbza rn~;qxhu lkfgr; esa,d HkO; vksj dko; dh n f"v ls mnkrr :Ik ns'k izse laca/kh dforkvksa esa izdv gqvka bl dky ds izfrfuf/k dfo;ksa esa Jh esffkyh'kj.k xqir] fl;kjke 'kj.k xqir] ek[ku yky prqosznh] uohu] lksgu yky f}osnh] ';ke ukjk;.k ik.ms;] gfjñ".k ^izseh*] lqhknzk dqekjh pksgku] 'khy] jke/kkjh flag ^fnudj* vkfn vusd uke fy, tk ldrs gsaa bl dky ds lhkh [;kfr uke ltzdksa us jk"vª dh vku&cku&'kku dk xksjoxku rks fd;k gh] lqugjs Hkfo"; ds LoIuksa vksj jk"vª fuekz.k gsrq fd, tkus pkfg, vko';d iz;ruksa dks Hkh viuh jpukvksa esa eq[kfjr fd;k& ^^bl lekt] bl tkfr ns'k dh gs d:.kk ls Hkjh dgkuh] rqe dgrs gks xhr lqukå ] vkt :) gs esjh ok.kha** 1 ^^fiykus dks dgk ls jdr yk, nkuoksa dks\ ugha D;k LoRo gs izfr'kks/k dk ge ekuoksa dks\ tjk rw cksy rks] lkjh /kjk ge Qw d nsaxs im+k tks iafk esa fxfj] dj mls nks Vwd nsaxsa** 2 Nk;kokn dk leiw.kz jpuk dez Lora=krk ds dsunzh; fpuru ls ;qdr gsa fo'oukfk f=kikbh& ^^Nk;kokn HkfDrdkO; ds ckn lcls egroiw.kz dko; vkanksyu gsa HkfDr dko; dk vk/kkj HkfDr 'kks/k /kkjk 129

140 vkanksyu Fkk] Nk;kokn dk Lok/khurk vkanksyua bl nksj esa izsepan] izlkn] fujkyk] vkpk;z 'kqdy vkfn fohkwfr;k ledkyhu gsaa fo"ke ;FkkFkZ izszepan ds dfkk lkfgr; esa fpf=kr gs rks LoIu Nk;koknh dko; gsa LofIuy LoIu ugha] ;FkkFkZ LoIu] ijk/khu Hkkjr dk Lokra=k~; LoIuA** 3 Nk;koknh ;qx dk lcls fo'oluh; fo'ys"k.k MkW- ukeoj flag us lkeus j[kk&^^nk;kokn bl jk"vªh; psruk dh dko;kred vfhko;fdr gs] tks,d vksj iqjkuh ih<+h ls eqfdr pkgrk gs vksj nwljh vksj fons'kh ijk/khurk lsa** 4 ^^f}osnh ;qx ds Ik'pkr vkfohkwzr gksus okyk Nk;kokn ;qx pw fd,d jksekafvd vkanksyu Fkk vksj dko; lrrk ds izfr Hkh bl ;qx ds dfo lgt gh iw.kz lps"v FksA vr% mugksaus jk"vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dks O;kid :i esa xzg.k djrs gq, Hkh eq[;r% jkxkred i{k dh vksj vf/kd vuqjfdr fn[kkbz vksj ns'k izse laca/kh ftu Hkko Hkjs] e/kqj vksj izsjd xhrksa dh l f"v dh os u dsoy jk"vªh; dfork oju~ lewph fgunh dfork dh vuqie fuf/k dgs tk ldrs gsaa** 5 mrrj Nk;koknh izo frr;ksa ds rksj ij tc ge izxfroknh] iz;ksxoknh rfkk lkbksrrj lkfgr; ls ysdj v ru ij utj Mkyrs gsa rks mlesa vusdfo/k vk;keksa esa jk"vªh; psruk dk izlkj rfkk izorzu feyrk gsa tsls&fons'kh nklrk ds fojks/k ds :i esa] iw thokn lkearokn ds fojks/k ds :i esa] lkaiznkf;drk ds fojks/k ds :i esa] lkekftd lq/kkjksa ds vkxzg ds :i esa] ;q) fojks/k,oa 'kkafr mik;ksa ds lefkzu ds :i esa] ns'k esa 'kklu O;oLFkk vksj jktuhfrd nkao isapksa ds izfr lefkzu vfkok fojksèk ds :i esa] lekt fuekz.k vksj /kkfezd vkpkj&fopkjksa ds izpkj ra=k ds i{k&foi{k :i esa rfkk bu lcls Åij jk"vª] jk"vªokn vksj jk"vªh; fodkl ds fofhkuu i{kksa ij lw{e fparu ds :i esa& ^^lq[k lqfo/kk lc ds gsrq lgt] lc l{ke] lc gksaxs izcq)] vkcky&o )&ofurk lkjs drzo;fujr] fuekz.k'khy] lc,d lw=k esa xqfeqr dqlqekoyh leku] vejro u pkgsxk dksbz] le gksaxs thou vksj ej.ka** 6 x x x ^^ftl fnu viuh gj vklfkk fruds lh VwVs] ftl fnu vius varjre ds fo'okl lhkh fudys >wbsa ml fnu gksaxs os dksu pj.k ftlesa bl y{; Hkz"Veu dks fey ik;sxh var esa 'kj.ka** 7 x x x d- }hi gsa ge] ;g ugh gsa 'kki] ;g viuh fu;fr gsa 8 x x x [k- nkl esa Hkh g w fu;fr dk] D;k Hkyk fo'okl esjka 9 x x x Hkkjrh; lkfgr; esa izkjahk ls gh jk"vª 'kcn ij ppkz gqbz gsa jk"vª gksus dh igyh 'krz mldh Lora=krk gs vksj nwljk og turk dk] turk ds fy;s] turk ds }kjk gksuh pkfg,a Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd 'kks/k /kkjk 130

141 jk"vª ls igys lkalñfrd jk"vª dh dyiuk ekstwn FkhA dguk u gksxk fd ;fn ge Hkkjrh; lkfgr; ij fog xe n f"vikr djsa rks lokzf/kd vkuan blh ckr ls gksrk gs fd iwjc] if'pe] mrrj] nf{k.k lhkh {ks=kksa ds lkfgr; l tu esa jk"vªh; vflerk vksj xksjo ds xku vn~hkqr,drk ds lkfk n f"vxr gksrs gsaa bu jpukdkjksa us jk"vª ds fodkl ds fofo/k vk;keksa dks viuh&viuh Hkk"kk esa vfhko;dr fd;k vksj ekuoh; Hkkoksa vksj fopkjksa ds lksan;z dks fyfic) fd;ka Hkkjrh; lkfgr; ds jk"vª fparu esa fgunh Hkk"kh izns'k ek=k dks 'kkfey djuk v{ke; vijk/k gksxk D;ksafd jk"vªh; fodkl ds vuar iz{ks=k esa lkfgr; fparu dh Hkwfedk leiw.kz Hkkjr ds fgunh vfgunh Hkk"kh {ks=kksa ds fojkv~ fparu vksj l tu dk,d lkewfgd miøe gs] tks jk"vªh; v[k.mrk rfkk fodkl ds xhr xkrk gs vksj mldk vfody le f) gsrq fd;s tkus okys iz;ruksa ds izfr izfrc) utj vkrk gsa lanhkz 1- f}osnh] lksguyky( HkSjoh] i -& fnudj] gq dkj] i -& f=kikbh] fo'oukfk( vktdy if=kdk] Lo.kZ t;urh] vad& 1994]i -&4 4- flag] MkW- ukeoj( Nk;kokn] i fej] MkW- f'kodqekj( u;k fgunh dko;] i ukxktqzu] ;qx/kkjk] i Hkkjrh] /kezohj( 'kadk]ikvy] vizsy vks;] unh ds }hi 9- vks;] br;ye~] i - & 117 'kks/k /kkjk 131

142 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl vksj Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu ¼dkSfVY; ds fo'ks"k lanhkz esa½ vlhe cktis;h l0 izk0] jktuhfr fokku] uohu 'kkldh; egkfo ky;] ikex<+] tkatxhj] pk ik] NÙkhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract jk"vª,d,slk tu lewg gs( ftlesa Hkk"kk] lalñfr] /kez ;k viuh mrifrr vkfn dks ysdj lekurk vksj,drk dh Hkkouk fufgr gksrh gsa ;g yksxksa dks vkil esa tksm+us okyh,d O;kid vo/kkj.kk gsa ijurq tc ge ns'k 'kcn dk iz;ksx djrs gsa] rc gesa,d HkkSxksfyd lhek dk vkhkkl gksrk gsa vfkkzr~ ns'k,d fohkktu dkjh fopkj izrhr gksrk gsa tcfd jk"vª ml leqnz dh rjg lhkh dks [kqn esa lekfgr djus okyk n'kzu izrhr gksrk gs] tks lelr lfjrkvksa dks [kqn esa lekfgr dj O;kidrk o,drk dk izn'kzu djrk gsa vius ukxfjdksa dk lokzaxh.k fodkl jk"vª dk y{; gksrk gsa lkfk gh vius jk"vª dks vk/;kfred] vkffkzd] lkalñfrd] jktuhfrd fljeksj cukuk ml jk"vª ds ukxfjdkas dk y{; gksrk gsa vr% Li"V gs fd jk"vª dk fodkl vksj ukxfjdksa dk dy;k.k ijlij?kfu"b :i ls lacaf/kr gs,oa,d&nwljs dh vfuok;zrk gsa jk"vª fodkl lacaèkh ;gh rf; Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu esa Hkh Li"V :i ls ifjyf{kr gksrk gsa Figure : 00 References : 06 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª fodkl vksj jktuhfrd fparu] dksfvy; dk fl)kar vksj jk"vªokn izlrkouk%& jk"vª,d,slk tu lewg gs ftlesa Hkk"kk] lalñfr] /kez ;k viuh mrifrr vkfn dks ysdj lekurk vksj,drk dh Hkkouk fufgr gksrh gsa ;g yksxkas dks vkil esa tksm+us okyh,d O;kid vo/kkj.kk gsa ijurq tc ge ns'k 'kcn dk iz;ksx djrs gsa rc gesa,d HkkSxksfyd lhek dk vkhkkl gksrk gsa vfkkzr~ ns'k,d fohkktu dkjh fopkj izrhr gksrk gs] tcfd jk"vª ml leqnz dh rjg lhkh dks [kqn esa lekfgr djus okyk n'kzu izrhr gksrk gs] tks lelr lfjrkvksa dks [kqn esa lekfgr dj O;kidrk o,drk dk izn'kzu djrk gsa vius ukxfjdksa dk lokzaxh.k fodkl jk"vª dk y{; gksrk gsa lkfk gh vius jk"vª dks vkè;kfred] vkffkzd] lkalñfrd] jktuhfrd fljeksj cukuk ml jk"vª ds ukxfjdksa dk y{; gksrk gsa vr% Li"V gs fd jk"vª dk fodkl vksj ukxfjdksa dk dy;k.k ijlij?kfu"b :i ls lacaf/kr gs,oa,d&nwljs dh vfuok;zrk gsa jk"vª fodkl laca/kh ;gh rf; Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu esa Hkh Li"V :i ls ifjyf{kr gksrk gsa jkt; laca/kh Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu& jk"vª izkjahk ls gh jktuhfrd fparu dh fiz; fo"k; olrq jgk gsa jkt; D;k gs] bldh izñfr dslh gs] bldk mn~hko dsls gqvk] blds vax dksu&dksu ls gsa] jkt; ds fofhkuu vk;keksa dk v/;;u gh jktuhfrd fparu gsa Hkkjr o"kz esa Hkh izkphu dky ls gh jk"vª o mlds fodkl ij fopkj gksrk vk;k gsa Hkkjrh; fpuru dh fo'ks"krk ;g gs fd gekjs fpuru ij Hkkjrh; lalñfr dh Nki Li"V :i ls fn[kkbz nsrh 'kks/k /kkjk 132

143 gsa gekjs izkphu xzafk Li"V :i ls Hkys gh jktuhfr ij fy[ks gq, u izrhr gksrs gks ijurq buesa jk"vª o jk"vª ds lq[kle f),ao fodkl laca/kh fopkj Li"V #i ls fufgr gasa izkphu Hkkjrh; osnksa esa jkt;] jkt; dh lajpuk] thou 'ksyh dh tkudkjh feyrh gsa jkek;.k] egkhkkjr nks,ls egkdko; gsa] tks /kez fo'ks"k ds xzafk le>s tkrs gsaa ijurq bu xzfkksa esa jkt;] jktk] iztk] jktk ds dro;z] jktk ds /kez vkfn dk o.kzu fd;k x;k gsa egkhkkjr ds 'kkafr ioz esa jkt; dh mrifrr laca/kh fopkj O;Dr fd;s x;s gsaa cks),oa tsu xzafkksa esa Hkh ml dky dh jkt O;oLFkk o jktkvksa ds o.kzu feyrs gsaa izfke fof/k osrrk gksus dk Js; euq dks fn;k tkrk gsa ijarq jk"vª o mlls lacaf/kr Hkkjr dh loz izeq[k jpuk dksfvy; ds ^vfkz'kkl=k* dks ekuk tkrk gs tks fd jktuhfr ij fy[kh lokszrñ"v Ñfr gs] ftlesa dksfvy; us jkt; ds mn; gsrq erl; U;k; dh flfkfr dks Lohdkj fd;ka jk"vª fodkl o dksfvy; dk fpuru& jk"vª ds fodkl gsrq,drk,d vko';d rro gsa Hkkjr dks,drk ds lw=k esa fijksus dk dk;z vkfn xq: 'kadjkpk;z }kjk fd;k x;ka ftugksus mrrj] nf{k.k] iwoz] if'pe esa pkj /kkeksa dh LFkkiuk dha ijurq Hkkjr ds jktusfrd fodkl ds iqjks/kk vkpk;z dksfvy; gh gsaa jk"vª fodkl esa vkpk;z dksfvy; ds fueufyf[kr fpuru egroiw.kz gsa 1- lirkax fl)kur& fo".kq xqir us jkt; ds lkr vaxksa Lokeh] vekr;] tuin] nqxz] dks"k] n.m] fe=k dh foospuk dha buesa ls,d egroiw.kz vax gs LokehA Lokeh ls rkri;z jktk ls gs jktk gh jkt; o iztk ds fodkl gsrq mrrjnk;h gksrk gsa vr% dksfvy; us vius jktusfrd fpuru esa jktk dks /kez ikyu dk mins'k fn;ka ;gk /kez ls rkri;z jktk ds dro;z ikyu ls gs A ftl izdkj firk ds }kjk vius iq=k o ifjokj ds ikyu ls ifjokj fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gsa mlh izdkj dksfvy; gh og igys fopkjd gsa] ftugksus jktk dks iztk ls iq=kor~ O;ogkj djus dh lh[k nha orzeku ifjn '; esa,sls gh iz'kkldksa dh egrh vko';drk gsa ^^dks'kiwokz% lokzjehkk%aa1aa rlekkriwoz dks'khkos{ksraa2aa** ¼vkBoka v/;k; 26 izdj.k] vfkz'kkl=k½ vfkkzrk~ laiw.kz dk;kasz dk fuhkzj dks"k ij gsablfy;s jktk dks mfpr gs fd lcls izfke og dks"k ds fo"k; esa fopkj djs vfkkzr~ dks"k lnk o f) dks izkir gksrk jgs]mldk {k; dnkfi u gks] bl ckr dk /;ku j[ksaa2aa mdr 'yksd ls Li"V gs fd dks"k jk"vª ds fodkl gsrq vfuok;z rro gsa 1 dksfvy; us,d etcwr forr O;oLFkk gsrq iztk ls djkds :i esa /ku,oa /kku;,df=kr djus dk fopkj fn;ka ns'k esa mrikfnr Qlyksa ds izeq[k vf/kdkjh dks dksfvy; us lekgrkz ds uke ls lacksf/kr fd;k gs tks fd jktkdj dh olwyh djrk FkkA orzeku ifjn '; esa bl in dks dysdvj ds uke ls Lohdkj fd;k x;k gsa lsu; :i ls detksj jk"vª dhkh Hkh viuk lokza=kh.k fodkl ugha dj ldrka blfy, dksfvy; us n.m ¼lsuk½ gsrq ohj] mrlkgh ;qokvksa ds egro dks js[kkafdr fd;k] ftudh 'kfdr ds cy ij eks;z lkezkt; us,d fo'kky lezkt; dh LFkkiuk dha 2- e.my fl)kar& dksfvy; dk e.my fl)kar jk"vª dh lqj{kk o fodkl ds fy, vkt Hkh izkalfxd gsa bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj jk"vª dk im+kslh jkt; mldk 'k=kq gksrk gsa D;ksafd ;s nksuksa jk"vª vkil esa lhek lk>k djrs gas] ijurq im+kslh jkt; ds ckn dk jkt; gekjk fe=k o gekjs im+kslh jkt; dk 'k=kq gksxka orzeku ifjn '; esa ;fn ge bl fpuru ij xksj djsa rks ge ns[krs gas fd Hkkjr ¼foftxh"kq½ ds ihns fd vksj dk im+kslh jkt; ikfdlrku ¼ikf"k.kkZxzkglkj½ lnso 'k=kq dh Hkkafr O;ogkj djrk gsa 'kks/k /kkjk 133

144 tc fd mlds ihns dk jk"vª vfkkzr vqxkfulrku ¼vkØkUnklkj½ ikfdlrku ls rks 'k=kqrk j[krk gs ijurq Hkkjr ds lkfk mlds fj'rs e/kqj,oa fe=kor gas] bl fpuru ds egro dks phu ds ifjizs{; esa Hkh le>k tk ldrk gsa phu gekjk im+kslh jkt; gssa vr% og fuf'pr #i ;s vfj ¼'k=kq½ jkt; gksxka orzeku esa dksfvy; ds ;g fopkj lr; lkfcr gq, gsaa Mksdyke fookn bldk rkrdkfyd mnkgj.k gsa phu Hkkjr ds fy;s lrr~ pquksfr;k izlrqr djrk jgk gsa dksfvy; ds e.my fl)kar dks utj vankt djus dk [kkfe;ktk Hkkjr us 1962 esa Hkkjr phu ;q) esa Hkqxrk gsa Hkkjr us Lora=krk ds ckn ls gh im+kslh jkt; phu dk la;qdr jk"vª ] vqzhdh Qksje,oa fo'o eap ij fujarj lefkzu fd;k vksj ;g iz;kl fd;k fd im+kslh jkt; dks fe=k cuk;k tk ldsa ysfdu Hkkjr dks gj ckj fo'okl?kkr dk lkeuk djuk im+ka blh izdkj ge ns[krs gsa fd phu ds ckn flfkr tkiku gekjk fe=k jk"vª gsa tks fd lnso gekjs lg;ksx gsrq rrij gsa ogha tkiku dk phu ds lkfk lsudkdw }hi dks ysdj ruko dh flfkfr gsa vr% tkiku gekjk LokHkkfod lg;ksxh gsa dksfvy; us,d ek/;e rfkk mnklhu jkt; dk Hkh o.kzu fd;k gs tks fd vfj o foftxh"kq nksuksa ls vf/kd rkdroj gksrs gsa,oa nksuksa dk lg;ksx ;k lkeuk djrs gsaa ;fn ge Hkkjr ikfdlrku ds laca/k esa ek/;e vfkok mnklhu jkt; ij fopkj djas rks finys dqn n'kdksa esa vesfjdk gesa ;g Hwkfedk fuhkkrk gqvk fn[kkbz nsrk FkkA vesfjdk ds }kjk ikfdlrku dks F 16 foeku cspk x;k vksj ogh foeku Hkkjr dks Hkh cspus dh dksf'k'k dh xbza vesfjdk }kjk 2004 esa vqxku ;q) ds le; ikfdlrku dks ^^xsjukvks lg;ksxh** dk ntkz iznku fd;k x;k rks ogha Hkkjr dks 2005 esa ^^123 ijek.kq le>ksrk** dk migkj fn;k x;ka orzeku ifjn '; ij xksj djsa rks vesfjdk Hkkjr dh vksj >qdrk fn[kkbz ns jgk gsa ijurq Hkkjr ds fy, fpurk dk fo"k; :l&ikd ds chp c<+rk lg;ksx gsa mm+h geys ds le; flrecj 2017 esa :l ikd ds chp lk>k lsu; vh;kl Hkkjr dh is'kkfu;ksa ij cy isnk dj jgk gsa vdvwcj 2015 esa :l vksj ikfdlrku ds e/; ykgksj ls djkph rd xsl ikbi ykbzu fcnkus gsrq le>ksrk gqvka 2014 rd ftl :l us ikd ds lkfk j{kk le>ksrksa ij izfrca/k yxk j[kk Fkk] ogha :l vc ikd ds lkfk vkffkzd lkefjd lg;ksx dj jgk gsa :l dh ;g Hkwfedk phu ds ekkeys esa Hkh fn[kkbz nsrh gsa :l ds }kjk phu o Hkkjr nksuksa dks gh S400 felkby fmqsul fllve cspk x;ka mi;qzdr rf;ksa ij fopkj djsa rks ge dg ldrs gsa fd ek/;e vfkok mnklhu jkt; dh tks Hkwfedk,d le; ;w-,l-,- }kjk fuhkkbz tk jgh Fkh] ikd o phu ds elyksa esa vc mlh Hkwfedk esa :l utj vk jgk gsa vr% ;g lgh odr gs fd Hkkjr vius fo}ku vkpk;z dksfvy; ds e.my fl)kar dks /;ku j[ks o :l dks ek/;e vfkok mnklhu jkt; cuus ls jksds o Hkkjr&:l fe=krk esa iqjkuh xeztks'kh cjdjkj j[ksa Hkkjr ftl izdkj mrrj if'pe o mrrj iwoz esa pquksfr;ksa dk lkeuk dj jgk gsa bl ifjflfkfr esa dksfvy; dh "kkmxq.; uhfr o eamy fl)kar Hkkjr dh ekxzn'kzd cu ldrh gsa milagkj& Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij n f"vikr fd;k tk;s rks ;g rf; Li"V gs fd Hkkjr og jk"vª gs; ftlus dhkh fdlh jk"vª ij vkøe.k ugha fd;k oju Lo;a vusd fons'kh vkøe.kksa dk lkeuk fd;ka bu lcds ckotwn Hkkjr dk orzeku xksjo'kkyh Lo:i gekjs lkeus gsa lsdm+kas vkøe.kksa ds ckn Hkh ;fn 'kks/k /kkjk 134

145 Hkkjr us fodkl ds ijpe ygjk;s gsa] rks bldk Js; jktuhfrd fparu dks gh tkrk gsa ;fn ge bu xksjo'kkyh jktuhfrd fparu dks vey esa yk;s gksrs rks dksfvy; dks ^^Hkkjr dk esfd;koyh** u dgk tkrk cfyd esfd;koyh dks ^bvyh dk dksfvy;^ dgk tkrka ;g lgh odr gs fd ge Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu dks u flqz le>s cfyd mugs vey esa Hkh yk;saa ftlls fuf'pr gh Hkkjr fo'oxq: dh viuh inoh iqu% izkir djsxk o fodkl ds u;s dhfrzeku x<+ ldsxka lanhkz 1- 'kkl=kh] izks-mn;ohj( dksfvy; vfkz'kkl=k&vuqoknd] izkdk'kd esgj panz y{e.k nkl] llñr iqlrdky; ykgksj 2- volfkh],-ih-( Hkkjrh; jktuhfr fparu 3 jktuhfr fokku & izfr;ksfxrk lkfgr; fljht 4- n f"v- vkbz-,-,l- MWkV dkwe 5-,e-MkWV if=kdk MkWV dkwe 6- gfjhkwfe MkWV dkwea 'kks/k /kkjk 135

146 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vªfodkl % jktuhfr,oa izca/ku dh n f"v ls MkW0 xkserh flag izkpk;z] mrre eseksfj;y dkwyst] jk;x<+] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract jk"vªh;rk,d Hkkouk gs] ftlesa jgus okys yksxksa esa,d ifjokj dk izse gksrk gsa jk"vªh; leink dk lgh lnqi;ksx gksrk gs,oa gj ukxfjd dk fodkl gksrk gsa ftl jk"vª esa ukxfjd jk"vªh;rk dh Hkkouk es vksr izksr gksrs gsa( og ns'k fdlh Hkh ladv dh pqukksrh dk lkeuk djrs gq, fot;h cu ldrk gsa vu;fkk fouk'k,oa cckznh gksrh gs] rc dksbz ukxfjd Hkh cckznh dk gh f'kdkj gksrk gsa /kez dk vfkz,sls dez ls gs] ftugsa djuk pkfg,,oa /kez esa dqn deksaz dk fu"ks/k fd;k x;k gs ftugsa ugha djus pkfg,a /kez dk dke iq.;,oa v/kez dk dke iki dgk x;k gsa iq.; dk vfkz ftl dez dk Qy dy;k.kdkjh gks,oa iki dk vfkz gs ftl dez dk QYk d"vdkjh gksa lekftd thou ij _f"k;ksa us 'kks/k fd;k gs],oa euq"; dks vpnk lekt cuk dj thus dk lans'k fn;k gsa iartfy ;ksx dk igyk vax ;e ¼deZ½ gs] tks crkrk gs fd lkekftd thou esa yksxksa ds lkfk dsls ft;s o O;ogkj esa lr;] vfgalk] vlrs;] vifjxzg] czkãp;z dk ikyu djsaa Figure : 00 References : 03 Table : 00 Key Words : jktuhfrd izca/ku vksj jk"vªokn] jk"vªokn Hkkjr o"kz eas jk"vª dh vo/kkj.kk jkek;.kdky ls iwoz dh gsaoklro esa iwjh nwfu;k dks,d O;oLFkk esa j[k ikuk u rks igys lehko Fkk vksj u gh vkt ds ;qx eas lehko gsa bl izdkj jk"vª,d lekt ;k ifjokj ds :i esa ys fy;k x;k,oa jktuhfr mls lapkfyr djus dk ek/;e cuha jktuhfr&vkt ds ;qx esa izk;% iztkra=k dks 'kklu ds fy, Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gs] jk"vª dh ifjhkk"kk esa HkwHkkx dk,d {ks=kqy]mlesa jgus okys ukxfjd 'kkld,oa O;OkLFkk iz.kkyh dh vo/kkj.kk vko';d ekuh xbza bl izdkj iwjh i Foh ds ekuo fdlh&u&fdlh jk"vª dh iztk ds :Ik tkus tkus yxsa orzeku esa yksdra=k turk }kjk turk ds fy, pquh ljdkj }kjk eku; lafo/kku,oa dkuwuksa ds vuqlkj pyk;k tkrk gsa izk;% lhkh ns'kksa ds lfo/kku esa ukxfjd dks leku volj ds lkfk leeku ls thu dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gsa ukxfjdrk dk dkuwu gj ns'k ds lafo/kku esa gsa dqn fo'ks"k ifjflfkfr;ksa dks NksM+dj gj O;fDr fdlh,d ns'k dk ukxfjd gksrk gsa gj ukxfjd vius ns'k ls thus dk vf/kdkj ekaxrk gsa Hkkjrh; lfoa/kku esa eksfyd vf/kdkjksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbz gsa vxj bl n f"v ls fopkj djsa rks ns'k,d la;qdr ifjokj dh vo/kkj.kk ij pyrk gsa lkfk gh ;g Hkh lr; gs fd gj ukxfjd dk ifjokj ds izfr EkkSfyd drkzo; Hkh gksrk gsa bl izdkj ;fn gj ukxfjd vius eksfyd vf/kdkjksa ds lkfk vius eksfyd drzo;ksa dks ân; 'kks/k /kkjk 136

147 esa clk dj j[ks,oa drkzo;iw.kz thou ft;sa,oa viuh viuh {kerk dk lnqik;ksx jk"vª ds fodkl esa djsa rks jk"vª le f) gksrk gs,oa ukxfjd lq[kh thou fcrkrk gsa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh eksfyd O;oLFkk &yksdra=k] /kez fujis{krk,oa lektokn dk,d vhkwriwoz laxe gsa Ykksdra=k esa fu.kz; ysuk,oa fu;e cukuk turk ds izfrfuf/k;ksa dk nkf;ro gksrk gsa ysfdu vxj tuizfrfuf/k fu.kz; ysus dh {kerk gh u j[ksa rks yksdra=k vfkzghurk dh rjq c<+rk gssa lektokn ls vfkz gs&,d lekt esa leku vf/kdkj ds lkfk gj O;fDr dk fodkl] ysfdu lektokn ds uke ij lekt ds brus VqdMs+ dj fn;s tka; fd NksVs&NksVs VqdMs+,d&nwljs dks {kfr igq pkus dk dke djsa rks oklro esa lektokn dh vo/kkj.kk gh vfkzghu gks tkrh gsa /kezfujis{krk dk vfkz gs gj O;fDr dks viuh viuh iwtk&i)fr ds vuqlkj bz'oj dh mikluk djuka gekjs ns'k dh /kezfujis{krk esa iwtk i)fr dks viukus ij dksbz izfrca/k ugha gsa ysfdu /kez,oa /kezfujis{krk dh xyr O;k[;k dh tkrh gsa leiznk;ksa esa jhfr&fjokt dks /kez eku fy;k tkrk gsa ekuo bfrgkl esa jhfr fjokt fopkj O;ogkj ges'kk izxfr'khyrk dh rjq vxzlj jgs gsaa vr% ifjorzu'khy jgs gsaa vkt ds le; esa ns'k esa bu NksVh&NksVh ckrksa dks ysdj gks jgh ym+kbz ls ;gh fl) gksrk gs fd O;fDr vius vkidks ugh le> ik jgk gs ;k rks og lekt dks VqdM+s&VqdM+s djds tkfr&mitkfr dks lefizr gks pqdk gsa vfkok fdlh&u&fdlh leiznk; dh ladhz.k dksbjh eas vius dks cun dj pqdk gsa,slh ekufldrk,d lgh ukxfjd dh ugha gksuh pkfg,a,slk yxrk gs fd viuk vf/kdkj ysus ds fy, ns'k ;kn vkrk gs] ysfdu ns'k ds izfr viuh fteesnkjh ds uke ij ns'k tsls dksbz pht gh ugha gksrh A /kez dk vfkz gs thou n'kzuk % gj /kez izk;% HkkokukRed Lrj,oa ospkfjd ij Lrj,d gh ckr dgrk gsa ysfdu ml n'kzu dks thus ds fy, tks rjhds crkrk gs] mu rjhdksa es ns'k dky ds vurj ls dqn&dqn vurj vkrk gs vksj le; chrus ds lkfk fu;eksa esa la'kks/ku Hkh gksrk jgrk gsa /kez fujis{krk dk vfkz gs % gj fdlh dks viuh eku;rk ds vuqlkj iwtk i)fr viukus dk vf/kdkj gsa jktdh; Lrj ij fdlh /kez dks NksVk&cM+k] eku;&veku; dk ntkz ugha fn;k tk ldrka fdlh /kez ds ikyu eas glr{ksi ugha fd;k tk ldrk gsa nq%[k dh ckr gs tc dksbz O;fDr /kez ds uke ij,slk dqn djuk pkgs tks nwljs /kekzuq;k;h ds /kez ikyu esa ck/kk vksj Vdjko vkus dh flfkfr isnk gk(s rc vo'; gh fopkj djuk vko';d gks ldrk gsa /kezfujis{krk ds uke ij tc ljdkjsa fopkj djus ls drjk,a rc vo'; gh vo;olfkk Ck<+rh gsa ;g vo;olfkk /kez] jkt; lcdh vlqyrk dh lwpd gsa jk"vª fodkl dh txg ij jk"vª fouk'k dh flfkfr isnk gksrh gsa /kezfujis{krk dk vfkz gksuk pkfg, viuh ethz ls /kez dk ikyu djuka ysfdu bl uke ij nwljksa ds /kezikyu eas O;o/kku u cuuka /kez fujis{k jkt; dk vfkz ;g ugha gksuk pkfg, fd os og /kezhkh: cu tk;,oa /kez ds uke vo;olfkk QSyus nsa cfyd,slk okrkoj.k cuk, ftlesa lhkh yksx vius&vius /kez dks ft;saa jhfr&fjoktksa eas fn[kus okys vurj dks /kez dk vurj u ekuasa /kez dh egkurk dks ladhz.krk eas u cka/ksa,sls Hkzeiw.kZ O;OkLFkk esa ns'k dk fodkl ugh fouk'k gh gksrk gs] rc ukxfjd mfpr volj,oa lalk/ku ikus ls oafpr jg tkrk gsa 'kks/k /kkjk 137

148 jk"vªokn%& gekjs ns'k esa jk"vªokn dh vo/kkj.kk ij fookn gksuk 'kr&izfr'kr lehko gsa ysfdu NksVh ls NksVh ckr yksx Hkwy tkrs gsaa viuh ekr Hkwfe dks NksM+dj /kjrh ij fdlh vu; ns'k dh ukxfjdrk ikuk dqn fo'ks"k ekeys NksM+dj vlahko gsa /kez rks cm+h vklkuh ls cnyk tkrk gs] cnyk tk ldrk gs Hkys gh og fopkj,oa n'kzu dk ifjorzu u gks jhfr&fjokt dk ifjorzu gksa ysfdu ukxfjdrk rks vo'; gh viuh ethz ls ugha cnyh tk ldrh gsa vr% dqn viokn dks NksM+dj ejuk&thuk rks mlh ns'k eas gksrk gs] ftlesa mldk tue gksrk gsa vr% lq[kh ukxfjd cu dj thou thus dk liuk lkdkj gks gh ugha ldrka ukxfjdrk gh jk"vªh;rk fuf'pr djrh gsa jk"vªh;rk vius vki eas,d èkez cu tkrk gs] D;kasfd,d lgh le ) jk"vª esa gh O;fDr lkekftd] vkffkzd] cksf)d] v/;kfred thou dh m pkbz ij igq pdj thou dks lqy cuk ldrk gsa jk"vªh;rk dk ;g vfkz gs viuk fodkl djrs gq, ukxfjd dks lq[kh thou thus dk vf/kdkj ds lkfk lk/ku,oa O;oLFkk ns,oa lhkh jk"vª feydj ekuork ds dy;k.k ds fy, dke djsa ysfdu nq%[k dh ckr gs fd fo'o jktuhfr esa tc dksbz jk"vª {kqnz jktuhfr viukrs gq, nqljs jk"vª dks {kfr igq pkus ds mn~ns'; ls ml jk"vª esa vo;olfkk QSyk, rc jk"vªh;rk dh Hkkouk gh 'kfdr cudj nq'eu jk"vª ds eulwcs dks vlqy djrh gsa ;gka rd fd jk"vªh; vkink dh pquksrh dk lkeuk Hkh iwjk ns'k,d gksdj jk"vªh; Hkkouk dh 'kfdr ls gh dj ikrk gsa vr% jk"vªh;rk dh Hkkouk jk"vª dh,d 'kfdr gs] ftl ukxfjd esa jk"vªh; Hkkouk ugha gksrh gs] og jk"vª ds fodkl esa lgk;d ugha gks ldrka jk"vªh;rk,d Hkkouk gs] ftlesa jgus okys yksxksa eas,d ifjokj dk izse gksrk gsa jk"vªh; leink dk lgh lnqi;ksx gksrk gs,oa gj ukxfjd dk fodkl gksrk gsa ftl jk"vª esa ukxfjd jk"vªh;rk dh Hkkouk eas vksr&izksr gksrs gsa] og ns'k fdlh Hkh ladv dh pqukksrh dk lkeuk djrs gq, fot;h cu ldrk gs vu;fkk fouk'k,oa cckznh gksrh gs rc dksbz ukxfjd Hkh cckznh dk gh f'kdkj gksrk gsa /kez dk vfkz,sls dez ls gsa] ftugsa djuk pkfg,,oa /kez esa dqn deksaz dk fu"ks/k fd;k x;k gs ftugsa ugha djuk pkfg,a /kez dk dke iq.;,oa v/kez dk dke iki dgk x;k gsa iq.; dk vfkz ftl dez dk Qy dy;k.kdkjh gks,oa iki dk vfkz gs] ftl dez dk QYk d"vdkjh gksa lkekftd thou ij _f"k;ksa us 'kks/k fd;k gs,oa euq"; dks vpnk lekt cuk dj thus dk lans'k fn;k gsa iartfy ds ;ksx dk igyk vax ;e ¼deZ½ gs tks ges crrk gs fd lkekftd thou esa yksxksa ds lkfk dsls ft;sa o O;ogkj esa lr;] vfgalk] vlrs;] vifjxzg ]czkegp;z dk ikyu djsaa Hkkjrh; n.m lafgrk esa bugsa u ekuus ij vfkzkr~ bldk myvk dke djus ij tsls&>wb] fgalk] pksjh] L=kh ds lkfk vukpkj br;kfn dks vijk/k crk dj nam dk izko/kku gsa 'kkl=kksa esa,slk O;ogkj djus okys dks udz esa tkus dh ckr dgh x;h gsa ckbfcy d nl vkns'kksa esa vf/kdre vkns'k bugha ls feyrs gs( tsls&bz'oj dh izkfkzuk djuk] ek &cki dk leeku,oa lsok djuk] yksxksa ds lkfk I;kj,oa n;k Hkko es jguk] lr; dk ikyu djuk] fdlh dks ihm+k u nsuk] pksjh u djuk] efgyk ds lkfk Hknz O;ogkj djuk br;kfna cks),oa tsu èkez dk vk/kkj vafglk,oa izse gh gsa fgalk] ym+kbz] >xmk djuk d"v nsuk br;kfn 'ksrku ;k jk{kl dk dke crk;k x;k gsa jkek;.k] egkhkkjr ikfjokfjd,oa lkekftd thou ij fd;s 'kks/k xzafk gsa,oa 'kks/k /kkjk 138

149 mudh vuq'kalk gsa fd D;k djuk pkfg,,oa D;k ughaa /kkfekzd f'k{kd Hkh vxj vius /kez ds vuq;kf;;ksa dks lgh vfkksaz esa /kez dks le>k dj O;ogkj esa]mrjok lds rks jk"vª ds ekuo lq[kh gkasxsaa ysfdu oklrofdrk ;g ik;h tkrh gs fd /kkfezd f'k{kdksa dk /;ku /kkfezd f'k{kk dks O;ogkj esa mrkjus dk de gs] cfyd lkeiznkf;d jhfr&fjokt dks c<+kok nsus dk vf/kd gsa ftl dkj.k Vdjko] >xms+ vo;olfkk br;kfn c<+rs gasa /kez esa Hkh oklrfodrk ugha jg tkrh gs] cfyd /kez dk tks vfhkizk; gs( mldk myvk izhkko fn[krk gsa ;g /kez ds lkfk /kks[kk gs( ekuork ds lkfk /kks[kk gsa jk"vª fodkl esa cgqr cm+h ck/kk gsa /kez esa jhfr&fjokt ijeijk, cukbz tkrh gsaa ;fn ik;k tkrk gs fd os vc lgh vfkkasz esa /kez dh Hkkouk,oa mn~ns'; ds fo:) gks pqdh gsa] rc lq/kkjh ;k cnyh tkrh gsa rkfd /kez dk mn~ns'; izkfir ckf/kr u gksa bls lq/kkj Hkh dgk tkrk gsa ;fn lq/kkj u fd;k tk; ;s rks e rizk; :f<;ka cu tkrh gsa tks myvk izhkko isnk djrh gsa /kkfezd f'k{kdksa dks /kez ds ewy mn~ns'; ^^ekuork dk fodkl ekuo dk lq[kh le ) thou** ij /;ku dsfunzr djds dke djuk pkfg,a /kkfezd f'k{kdksa dh ekufld ospkfjd O;kidrk esa deh vkus ds dkj.k /kez ds uke ij vo;olfkk,oa nq[k dk okrkoj.k curk tk jgk gsa ekufld ospkfjd ladh.kzrk ls jk"vª fodkl rks nwj dh ckr gs] myvs ekuork ihfm+r gksrh gsa geus bfrgkl ls D;k lh[kk \ loz/kez lehkko dks ekuus okyk vdcj fgunw R;kSgkjksa ij iwtk ikb esa tks/kkckbz ds lkfk lfeefyr gksrk FkkA rc mls dksbz Qrok blyke ls ckgj ugha fd;ka ojuk vksjaxtsc ugha gksrka ekuflag tks vdcj ds lkfk [kkrk&ihrk Fkk] mldks fdlh us fgunw /kez ls ckgj ugha fd;k rks vkt dbz 'krkcnh ckn ioz R;kSgkj jhfr&fjokt /kez ds Ik;kZ; dsls cu x,\ /kez dh vkrek mldk n'kzu gksrk gs] ftls O;ogkj esa mrkjk tkuk pkfg, ojuk izak.kghu /kez dks ek=k <ks;k tkuk gsa bfrgkl ls f'k{kk dh ckrsa fudky dj fl[kkbz tk; rks jk"vª fodkl gks ldrk gs ojuk bfrgkl nksgjkus dh gh ckr gksxha Ikzca/ku%& izca/ku dh izfø;k y{; cukuk] ;kstuk cukuk] lalk/kuksa dk xbu djuk] dk;zøe dks usr Ro iznku djuk] dkjokbz ij fu;a=k.k djuk,oa dk;z dks iw.kz djds Yk{; izkfir djuk gksrk gsa ;s lc vpns ifj.kke dks izkir djuk lqfuf'pr djrs gsaa izca/ku izfø;k ykhk dekus dh lalfkkvksa esa rks gksrk gh gs] lkfk gh lsok {ks=kksa es Hkh gksrk gsa lkeku; iz'kklu esa Hkh gksuk pkfg,a D;ksafd izc/kau rks dke djus dh dyk,oa fokku nksuksa gsa vkffkzd,o vks ksfxd izxfr vo'; gh jk"vªh; fodkl ds fy;s vr;ur egroiw.kz gsa izfr O;fDr vk; c<+us ls O;fDr dh dfbukbz;k nwj gksrh gsaa ysfdu vks ksfxd fodkl esa rduhdh ds lkfk izca/ku dk Hkh mruk gh egro gsa oklro esa izca/ku Hkh rduhdh f'k{kk gsa gj ckr [kkst djus ds ckn fy[kh tkrh gsa izca/ku mrikndrk c<kus dk rjhdk crkrk gsa O;kikj folrkj dk rjhdk crkrk gsa cktkj a[km+k djuk crkrk gs] forrh; O;oLFkk crkrk gsa lcls egroiw.kz ckr gs fd ekuo lalk/ku dk fodkl dk rjhdk Hkh crkrk gsa ekuo lalk/ku fdlh Hkh jk"vª ds fy, vewy; leifr gksrh gsa fodflr jk"vªksa ds ikl forrh; rduhdh&le f) gksus ds ckotwn Hkh ekuo lalk/ku ds ekeys esa vu; jk"vªksa dh rjq 'kks/k /kkjk 139

150 ns[krs gsaa ; fi fd Hkkjr dks vius ekuo lalk/ku esa fodkl djus ds fy, cgqr dqn djuk vhkh ckdh gs( ysfdu,d Hkkjrh; tgk Hkh gksrk gs] og viuh lalñfr,oa laldkjksa ds dkj.k ml jk"vª dh vewy; leifr cu tkrk gs] tgk og jg jgk gksrk gsa ekuo lalk/ku ds fodkl eas gekjs jk"vª dh lalñfr dk Hkh cgqr cm+k ;ksxnku gsa vr% izca/ku fo/kk dk mi;ksx gj txg gksuk pkfg,] tgk ij ekuo lalk/ku forrh; lalk/ku ysdj fuf'pr mn~ns'; ls fuf'pr ifj.kke ikuk pkgrk gsa lanhkz 1- d';i] lqhkk"k( Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] us'kuy cqd VªLV] jktfd'kksj( Hkkjr dh lkekftd lel;k,a] vkgwtk] jke( lkekftd lel;k,a] jkor ifcyds'ku] t;iqj] 1994 'kks/k /kkjk 140

151 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl vksj jktuhfrd fparua bz'ojh c toklh lw;zoa'kh l0 izk0] jktuhfr fokku] Bk- Nsnhyky csfjlvj 'kkldh; egkfo ky;] tkatxhj] pakik] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract izkphu Hkkjrh; fopkjdksa ftlesa euq] dksfvy;] jktkjke eksgujk;] Lokeh n;kuan ljlorh] nknkhkkbz uksjksth] xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys] bugksus jkt; ds Lo:Ik&laxBu dk;z o fofhkuu igyqvksa ij i;kzir lkspk FkkA ik'pkr; jktuhfrd esa IysVks] vjlrw] esfd;kosyh] VkWel gkwcl] tkwu ykwd] thu tsdl :lks] csufke] ts,l fey] ghxy] xzhu] ekdlz] ykldh vkfn FksA vk/kqfud dky ftlesa 18 oha 'krkcnh ds mrrjk)z ls orzeku rd dk dky vkrk gs] tks Hkkjrh; lkekftd,oa jktuhfrd fpuru dk dky dgykrk gsa vkèkqfud jktuhfrd fparu us jk"vªokn vksj iwathokn nksuksa ds fodkl dk vfkz gs] vk/kqfud ;qx dk vkjahka iquatkzxj.k rfkk lq/ kkj vkunksyu dh cksf)d] oskkfud vksj /kkfezd Økafr us e/;;qxhu lh;rk dk fodkl fd;ka jk"vª fodkl esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpardksa us vge Hkwfedk fuhkk;h] ftlesa izeq[k ;ksxnku euq] dksfvy;] vkfn dk gsa jk"vª fodkl esa ik'pkr; jktuhfrd fparu esa IysVks] esfd;kosyh dh jpuk ^^fn fizul^^ mugs vk/kqfud ;qx dk f'k'kq dgk tkrk gsa iqutkzxj.k ;qx dh 'kq:vkr muds fopkjksa ls gqbz FkhA gkwcl] ykwd] :lks us jkt; ds tue dk O;ofLFkr o oskkfud fo'ys"k.k fn;ka ykwd] ts-,l- fey vkfn fpardksa us Hkkjr ds lekftd] jktuhfrd] vkffkzd o fofhkuu i{kksa ij fparu fd;k rfkk Hkkjr dks fodkl dh vksj ys x;s A Figure : 00 References : 04 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª fparu esa jktuhfr dh Hkwfedk] vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fparu vksj jk"vª fodkl Hkwfedk % ;fn ge jk"vª fodkl ds ckjs esa v/;;u djrs gsa rks ;g lk{; lkeus vkrk gs fd Hkkjr ds fodkl esa vusd Hkkjrh;] ik'pkr; o vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fpardkas dk izhkko ik;k tkrk gs A izkphu Hkkjrh; fopkjdksa ftlesa euq] dksfvy;] jktkjke eksgujk;] Lokeh n;kuan ljlorh] nknkhkkbz usjksth] xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys] ckyxaxk/kj fryd] ykyk yktir jk;] lqhkk"k paunz cksl] egkrek xka/kh o MkW0 Hkhejko vecsmdj th FksA bugksaus jkt; ds Lo:Ik] laxbu] dk;z o fofhkuu igyqvkas ij i;kzir lkspk FkkA fdurq muds jktuhfrd fopkjksa dh izfø;k] /kkfezd fparu ls vf/kd izhkkfor jgha Hkkjr esa vaxzsth 'kklu dh LFkkiuk rfkk mlds tuthou ij imus okys izhkko us dbz uohu ik'pkr; o jktuhfrd fopkjkas dks Hkkjr esa izpfyr gksus dk volj iznku fd;k gs] ftlesa IysVks] vjlrw ] esfd;koyh ] VkWel gkwcl] tkwu ykwd] thu tsdl :lks] csufke] ts,l fey] ghxy] xzhu] ekdlz] ykldh vkfn FksA vk/kqfud dky ftlesa 18 oha 'krkcnh ds mrrjk)z ls orzeku rd dk dky vkrk gs] tks Hkkjrh; lkekftd,oa jktuhfrd fpuru dk dky dgykrk gsa xsvy ds 'kcnks esa&jktuhfrd fparu,d vfr mpp dksfv dh ekufld flkf) dks O;Dr djrk gsa 'kks/k /kkjk 141

152 vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fparu dk izkjahk %& jk"vªokn] iw thokn vks ksfxd Økafr] O;kikfjd Økafr iqutkzxj.k] /kez lq/kkj vkfn vk/kqfud lh;rk dh fo'ks"k nsu gsa jk"vªokn vksj iq thokn nksuksa ds fodkl dk vfkz gs vk/kqfud ;qx dk vkjahka iqutkzxj.k rfkk lq/kkj vkunksyu dh cksf)d] oskkfud vksj / kkfezd Økafr us e/;;qxhu lh;rk ds vkèkkj dks /olr dj fn;ka O;kikfjd Økafr us i wthokn dks tue nsdj e/;;qxhu lkekftd vkffkzd <kapk vlr&o;lr dj fn;ka vkffkzd Økafr us gh cksf)d jktuhfrd Økafr dk lehko cuk;ka /kezlq/kkj vkanksyu o Ýsap jkt; Økafr rfkk lkeuroknh O;oLFkk ds vur vksj jk"vªh; jkt;kas ds tue vksj fodkl ds lkfk gh vk/kqfud fpuru dk izkjahk gqvk&vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fparu esa fudksyks esfd;koyh izfke gsa vk/kqfud vkffkzd jktuhfrd fpuru ds fodkl esa,me flefk ¼1723&1790½ dh iqlrd ^^fn osyfk vkqw us'kul izeq[k^^ FkhA jk"vª fodkl esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu dh Hkwfedk %& euq us vjktdrk dk var dj 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ij cy fn;ka dksfvy; dks dwvuhfr] 'kklu dyk dk lcls cmk+ izfriknd ekuk tkrk gsa Hkkjr esa,d laxfbr jkt; LFkkfir djus dk Js; dksfvy; dks gsa Lokeh n;kuan ljlorh,d lekt lq/kkjd Fks] ftugksus Hkkjrh; lekt dh dqjhfr;kas dks nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;k] Lokeh foosdkuan th Hkkjrh; ;qokvksa ds izsj.kk lzksr gsaa cky vksj yky buds fopkjksa esa vkosx Fkk] jk"vªokn ds izsjd FksA jk"vªh; tkxj.k o jktuhfrd Lora=krk dks lefkzd FksA Lons'k izse o fons'kh olrqvksa ds cfg"dkj esa budk vrqy; ;ksxnku jgk gsa ykyk jktirjk; ns'k HkfDr ds izrhd] jk"vªokn ds fpard vksj ekuork ds elhgk Fks] mugkus Hkkjrh; Lok/khurk dh uhao j[kh vius izak.k funkoj dja yksdeku; fryd jk"vªh; vkanksyu o iqutkzxj.k esa fpjlfkk;h jgsa mugksus Hkkjrh; lalñfr dk fodkl fd;k o yksxkas esa,drk dh Hkkouk tkx r fd;k x.ks'kksrlo ds ek/;e lsa usrkth us Hkkjr dh Lora=krk gsrq vktkn fgan ^QSkt dk xbu fd;ka os Lora=krk] lektokn ds fopkjksa dks yksdfiz; cukus dh n f"v ls fof'k"v O;fDr FksA xka/kh th us /kez fujis{k lekt] fu%'kqyd izkfkfed f'k{kk] dqvhj m ksxksa dk lefkzu] vks ksfxdhdj.k dk fojks/k] L=kh lq/kkj ds lkfk gh os vfgalkoknh FksA mugksus vfgalk }kjk xqyke Hkkjr dks vktkn djk;ka os Hkkjr esa jke jkt; dh LFkkiuk djuk pkgrs FksAuhfr funsz'kd rro eas jke jkt; dh >yd fn[kkbz nsrh gsa vecsmdj dk thou Hkkjr esa lkekftd lq/kkj dks lefizr FkkA mugksus tkfrokn vksj vli ';rk fuokj.k ds fy;s thou Hkj dk;z fd;ka lafo/kku lhkk esa mudh Hkwfedk iz'kaluh; jgh o mugksus Hkkjr ds lafo/kku dk fuekz.k fd;ka yksdlhkk esa fgunw dksm fcy ij muds fopkjkas us mugs nfyr ds lkfk&lkfk Hkkjrh; efgykvkas dh flfkfr esa lq/kkj ykus okys elhgk ds :Ik esa LFkkfir dj fn;ka ik'pkr; jktuhfrd fparu dk fodkl Øe %& izkphu ;qx dk dkyøe 300 bz-iw- rd ekuk tkrk gsa ;g ;qx lqdjkr] IysVks] vjlrw] vkfn ;wukuh fopkjdkas dk ;qx gs] ftuds fpuru dk dsunz fcunq uxj jkt; FksA vkn'kz uxj jkt; dh LFkkiuk buds fpuru dk eq[; mn~ns'; FkkA e/; ;qx dk dky Øe 300 bz-iw- ls 1500 'krkcnh bz- rd folr r gsa pksfkh 'krkcnh bz-iw- esa fldun }kjk uxj jkt;kas dk fouk'k dj muds LFkku ij fo'o lkezkt; dh LFkkiuk dh x;ha bl 'kks/k /kkjk 142

153 ,sfrgkfld?kvuk us jktuhfrd fopkjkas esa Hkh Økafrdkjh ifjorzu dks tue fn;ka vc fo'oo;kih lkezkt; dh izo fr us tue fy;ka bl ;qx esa fldunj vkfn jkseu lezkvks dk izhkqro jgka Qyr% e/ ; ;qxhu jktuhfrd fpuru ij ppz] jkt; lrrk la?k"kz dk xgjk izhkko imk+a vk/kqfud ;qx dk dkyøe 1500 bz- ls orzeku le; rd gsa bl ;qx dk izkjahk 16 oha 'krkcnh esa gksus okys iqulfkkziuk rfkk /kez lq/kkj vkanksyu ls gqvka bl ;qx esa jktuhfrd fparu dk eq[; fo"k; e/;;qxhu lkozhkksfed ds LFkku ij ^jk"vª jkt;^ gks x;ka jk"vªh;rk dk mrfkku bl ;qx dh eq[; fo'ks"krk gs] ftlus jk"vªokn dks tue fn;ka tks vc vk/kqfud flfkfr;ksa ls izhkkfor gksdj 'kus% 'kus% varj&jk"vªokn esa ifjofrzr gksrk tk jgk gsa jk"vª fodkl esa ik'pkr; jktuhfrd fparu dh Hkwfedk %& IysVks us vkn'kz jkt; dh dyiuk] cqf) dk 'kklu] L=kh iq:"k lekurk vkfn U;k; fl)kar fn;sa og ;wuku gh ugha vfirq laiw.kz if'peh jkt; ds fon~oku FksA vjlrw jktuhfr fokku ds tud gasa mugksus ;FkkFkZokn dks viuk dj vkxeukred fof/k dk vuqlj.k fd;ka lafo/kku dk oxhzdj.k] jkt; fl)kar dk Øec) fu:i.k fd;ka mugksus gh lozizfke ;g crk;k dh euq";,d jktuhfrd o lkekftd izka.kh gsa essfd;kosyh dh jpuk ^fn fizul^ mldh egkure~ Ñfr FkhA mugs vk/kqfud ;qx dk f'k'kq dgk tkrk gsa iqutkzxj.k ;qx dh 'kq:vkr muds fopkjkas ls gqbz FkhA mugksus jk"vªh; jkt; dh LFkkiuk dha gkwcl] ykwd] :lks us jkt; ds tue dk O;ofLFkr,oa oskkfud fo'ys"k.k fn;ka ykwd us O;fDr ds thou]leifr o Lora=krk ds vf/kdkjkas dh ckr dh( rks :lks lcls igyk vk/kqfud fopkjd Fkk ftlus lekurk] Lora=krk] vkfn tura=k ds fopkjkas dk mn?kks"k fd;ka ts-,l- fey us O;fDr dh Lora=krk o csufke us jkt; ds dk;kasz ls vf/kdre O;fDr ds lq[k dh ckr dgh vksj yksd dy;k.kdkjh jkt; dh ckr dgha xzhu us O;fDr dks] jkt;kas ds dk;ksza dk fojks/k djus dk vf/kdkj fn, tkus dh ckr j[kh o izkphu le; esa jktk dh vkkk dk fojks/k djus dk vf/kdkj turk dks ugha Fkk] yksdra=k dh lqyrk ds fy, ;g vko';d vf/kdkj Fkk] ftldh odkyr xzhu us dha dkyzekdlz us iwathoknh O;oLFkk dk fojks/k dj etnwjksa dks 'kks"k.k ls eqdr djkus gsrq o muds dy;k.k ds fy;s dkuwu cuok,a ;g dkuwu varjkz"vªh; vksj jk"vªh; Lrj ij cuk;k x;k] fu"d"kz %& jktuhfr fparu fd mrifrr dc vksj dsls gqbz ;g Li"V ugha fd;k tk ldrk] ijarq varjkz"vªh; Lrj ij lqdjkr] IysVks] vjlrw us xq: f'k"; iajijk dks c<k;k o buds fopkjkas ls ik'pkr; gh ugha vfirq iwjs fo'o esa buds fopkjksa ls oskkfud lksp o u;s n f"vdks.k dk lw=kikr gqvka Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpardksa us Hkkjr ds lekftd]jktuhfrd] vkffkzd o fofhkuu i{kksa ij fparu fd;k rfkk Hkkjr dks fodkl dh vksj ys x;sa muds fopkjksa ls Hkkjr esa QSyh dqjhfr;k nwj gqbz] Hkkjr dks vktknh izkir gqbza vkt varjkz"vªh; Lrj ij Hkkjr dh,d vfev igpku gsa ;gk dh lalñfr] v/;kre] ;ksx] Hkkjr dks fo'o ivy ij vyx igpku fnykrs gsaa lanhkz 1- esgrk] thou( jktuhfrd fpuru dk bfrgkl] lkfgr; Hkou ifcy'klz vkxjk 2- QfM;k] ch-,y-( vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fpuru dk bfrgkl] lkfgr; Hkou vkxjk 3- QfM;k] ch-,y-( jktuhfrd fpuru Hkkjrh;,oa ik'pkrk] lkfgr; Hkou ifcyds'ku vkxjk 4- ikbd] ih-mh-( jktuhfrd fpuru Hkkjrh;,oa ik'pkr;] mi;ksxh izdk'ku Xokfy;jA 'kks/k /kkjk 143

154 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl vksj jktuhfrd fparu MkW0 vkhkk frokjh l0 izk0] jktuhfr fokku] Mh-ih-foiz- egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ MkW0,e-,l- racksyh lgk;d izk/;kid] jktuhfrd fokku] Mh-ih-foiz- egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract fodkl ifjorzu ls gksrk gsa ijarq ifjorzu ldkjkred o udkjkred nksuksa gks ldrs gsaa ijarq fodkl dk laca/k udkjkredrk ls ugha gs oju~ fdlh Hkh ns'k o lekt dh csgrjh dh fn'kk esa gksus okyk ifjorzu gh oklro esa fodkl dks iznf'kzr djrk gsa fodkl ds ek/;e ls dksbz ns'k o lekt vius miyc/k lk/kuksa o {kerk ds vk/kkj ij mrrjksrrj ifjofrzr gksrk gsa olrqr% jk"vª fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gs( tsls vkffkzd fodkl] jktuhfrd fodkl] lkekftd fodkl] lkeqnkf;d fodkl vkfna la;qdr jk"vª la?k ds }kjk fodkl dh ifjhkk"kk nh xbz gs] mlds vuqlkj ^^fodkl dk rkri;z gs&fd lkekftd O;oLFkk] lkekftd lajpuk] lalfkkvksa lsokvksa dh c<+rh {kerk tks lalk/kuksa dk iz;ksxa bl izdkj ls dgsa rkfd thou Lrj esa vuqdwy ifjorzu vk;sa** Figure : 00 References : 13 Table : 00 Key Words : mnkjokn] lokszn;] lektokn] Hkkjrh; iqutkzxj.k] lfg".kqrk 'kks/k ds mn~ns'; & 1- jk"vª fodkl dh O;k[;kA 2- jktuhfrd fparu dh Hkwfedk jk"vª fodkl ds lanhkz esa fpfugr djuka 3- jk"vª fodkl ds uohu izfreku dh [kkst djuk izlrkouk fo'o esa LFkkfir izr;sd jkt O;oLFkkvksa ds vius jax o 'ksyh;k gksrh gasa bu jaxksa esa ml jkt O;oLFkk ds lkekftd] /kkfezd] lokalñfrd] vkffkzd vusd izdkj ds jax gksrs gsaa blhfy;s og nwljs fdlh Hkh 'kklu O;oLFkk ls viuh vyx igpku j[krs gsa Hkkjrh; jkt O;oLFkk Hkh bu ls vyx ugh gsa Hkkjr dh fo'o esa viuh mpp lh;rk] lalñfr] jktuhfrd n f"vdks.k o fparu rfkk vusd O;fDrxr xq.kksa tsls dh mnkjrk] lfg".kqrk] lekurk] lg&vflrrork] ijksidkfjrk] n;k] lkgl] rfkk ohjrk vkfn rro fo'o ds nwljs ns'kksa ls vyx igpku cukrs gsaa vusd ckj,slk volj vk;k tc Hkkjr ds bu xq.kksaa dh ijh{kk dk le; Fkk( pkgs og fdlh fons'kh vkøe.k dk le; gks ;k vkarfjd ifjorzu dk] Hkkjr us viuh xfjek dks cuk;s j[kka vkt Hkkjrh; viuh lkekftd lkaldfrd igpku dks latks;s gq;s fodkl ds ekxz ij fnu izfrfnu vxzlj gks jgs gsa jk"vª fodkl D;k gs\ fodkl ifjorzu ls gksrk gsa ijarq ifjorzu ldkjkred o udkjkred nksuks gks ldrs gsaa ijarq fodkl dk laca/k udkjkredrk ls ugha gs oju~ fdlh Hkh ns'k o lekt dh csgrjh dh fn'kk esa gksus 'kks/k /kkjk 144

155 okyk ifjorzu gh oklro esa fodkl dks iznf'kzr djrk gsa fodkl ds ek/;e ls dksbz ns'k o lekt vius miyc/k lk/kuksa o {kerk ds vk/kkj ij mrrjksrrj ifjofrzr gksrk gsa olrqr% jk"vª fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gs( tsls vkffkzd fodkl jktuhfrd fodkl lkekftd fodkl] lkeqnkf;d fodkl vkfna la;qdr jk"vª la?k ds }kjk fodkl dh ifjhkk"kk nh xbz gsa mlds vuqlkj ^^fodkl dk rkri;z gs&fd lkekftd O;oLFkk] lkekftd lajpuk] lalfkkvksa lsokvksa dh c<+rh {kerk tks lalk/kuksa dk iz;ksx bl izdkj ls dgs rkfd thou Lrj esa vuqdwy ifjorzu vk;saa** Hkkjr ds jk"vªh; fodkl ij jktuhfrd fparu vksj fopkj /kkjkvksa dk izhkko im+k gsa Hkkjr esa izkphu jktuhfrd fparu ds varxzr euqle fr] jkek;.k] egkhkkjr tsls /kkfezd xzafk rfkk dksfvy; ds }kjk jfpr vfkz'kkl=k tsls jktuhfr o nam uhfr ij vk/kkfjr xzafk dk ;ksxnku fufgr gsa bu xzafkksa us rkrdkfyd lekt o jkt; dks fn'kk&funsz'ku fn;ka rkrdkfyd lekt f'kf{kr] fodflr o tkx r fd;ka Lora=krk iwoz gh Hkkjr esa vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fparu dk vkfozhkko gks pqdk FkkA Lora=krk iwoz Hkkjr dh flfkfr fdruh n;uh; Fkh ;g lhkh dks Kkr gsa,sls Hkkjr dks iqutkzx r djus dk dk;z vusd egku fohkwfr;ksa }kjk fd;k x;ka 19oha 'krkcnh dks Hkkjrh; iqutkzxj.k dh 'krkcnh ekuh xbz gsa Hkkjrh; iqutkzxj.k ls vfhkizk; gs,d yach fuæk ls jk"vª ds ekul] vkrek rfkk eulrro dk tkx r gksuka 17oha rfkk 18oha 'krkcnh esa,d egku rfkk vn~hkqr lalñfr dk?kksj v/k%iru gqvk FkkA vusd dqizfkkvksa dk tue gqvk( ;Fkk lrh] cykr] os/ko;] vli ';rk] du;kvksa dh ckygr;k vkfna bu dqizfkkvksa us lekt dks [kks[kyk dj fn;ka olrqr% ;g dky l tukred fparu dh lqlqirk volfkk dk FkkA Hkkjr dh thou rfkk cqf) xfrghu gks xbz FkhA ;g vpsru volfkk Fkh] e r volfkk ughaa jktk jke eksgu jk;] Lokeh n;kuan ljlorh] foosdkuan] nknkhkkbz uksjksth] cky xaxk/kkj fryd] egkrek xk /kh] xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys tsls iqutkzxj.k ds nsonwrkas us Hkkjr dh vkrek rfkk 'khy dks iqu% tkx r fd;ka Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu dh fok'ks"krkvksa dks le>uk ;gk vko';d gs( ftudk izhkko orzeku jk"vª fodkl dh vko/kkj.kk ij im+k gs & 1- /kez vk/;kre dk izhkko %& jktuhfrd fpardksa esa tks izeq[k LFkku j[krs gsa( tsls xka/kh th] foosdkuan] t;izdk'k ukjk;.k] fouksck Hkkos] Hkhejko vacsmdj] vkfn gsaa lhkh ds jktuhfrd fparu ij /kez o vk/;kre dk izhkko Li"V ns[kk tk ldrk gsa xka/kh th us Lo;a Lohdkj fd;k gs fd fdlh Hkh rjg ls jktuhfr dks /kez ls i Fkd ugha fd;k tk ldrka /kez og /kjkry gs] ftl ij jktuhfr dk Hkou [km+k gsa xka/kh th xhrk ls csgn izhkkfor FksA blh fy;s os dgrs Fks dh nkuo dh mikluk djds nso mikluk dk Qy izkir ugha fd;k tk ldrka fgalk djds vfgalk dks thfor ugha j[kk tk ldrka 2- lektokn dk izhkko %& Hkkjr ds lkekftd,oa jktuhfrd fparu ij ik'pkr; lektoknh fopkj/kkjk dh Nki Hkh fn[kkbz nsrh gsa :l esa gqbz lke;oknh Økafr dk izhkko Hkkjr esa Hkh im+ka Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk us ik'pkr; lektokn dks ns'k dh izkphu vk/;kfred i "BHkwfe vksj vko';drkvksa ds 'kks/k /kkjk 145

156 vuqqdwy cukus dk ps"vk dha 3- mnkjokn dk izhkko %& 19oha 'krkcnh esa izfke fo'o ;q) ds izkjahk gksus rd mnkjokn ;wjksi o vesfjdk dk iz/kku n'kzu FkkA mnkj okn /kkfezd lfg".kqrk rfkk /kez fujis{krk dks Hkh Lohdkj djrk gsa Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpardksa dks mnkjokn ij cgqr lkjh O;oLFkkvksa dks izsjfr fd;ka 4- ik'pkr; jktuhfrd lalfkkvksssa dk izhkko %& ik'pkr; ns'kksa ls laidz ds izhkko ls Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd lalfkkvksa dk lw=kikr gqvka fof/k vk;ksx] la?k fuekz.k] lokszpp U;k;ky;] laln vkfn ik'pkr; jktuhfrd lalfkkvksa ds izfreku gsaa 5- Hkkjrh; vrhr dk vuqla/kku %& Hkkjrh; Kku fokku vksj fparu ds vuqla/kku dk;z us Hkh Hkkjr ds vkre xksjo dks mrrstuk iznku dh vksj Hkkjrh;ksa ds eu esa ;g fo'okl isnk dj fn;k fd Hkkjr lalkj esa lcls egku RkFkk vf}rh; ns'k gsa ns[krs gh ns[krs Hkkjr dk izkphu bfrgkl nsnhi;eku gks mbk vksj Hkkjroklh bl bfrgkl ij vfhkeku djus yxsa 6- lkaiznkf;drk dk izhkko %& ^QwV Mkyks vksj jkt djks* dh uhfr us lkaiznkf;drk ds cht cks;sa lkaiznkf;drk ds fodkl us gekjs jktuhfrd fparu dks vr;f/kd izhkkfor fd;ka blh i "BHkwfe eas ge lkojdj] ls ;n vgen] eqgeen bdcky RkFkk eqgeen vyh ftuuk ds jktuhfrd fopkjksa dk ewy;kadu dj ldrs gsaa jk"vªfodkl esa jktuhfrd fparu dh Hkwfedk dk leh{kkred voyksdu %& vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu esa dbz /kkjk;sa fn[kkbz nsrh gsaa vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fparu dk izkjahk /kkfezd,oa lkekftd lq/kkjksa ls gqvka buesa jktk jke eksgu jk; o n;kuan ljlorh dk uke fo'ks"k myys[kuh; gsa mnkjoknh fopkj/kkjk dk ijpe~ nknkhkkbz uksjksth] fqjkst 'kkg esgrk] xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys us ygjk;k rks cky xaxk/kj fryd] fofiu pan iky] ykyk yktir jk; us mxzjk"vªoknh fopkj /kkj dks izcy cuk;ka vk/;kfred jk"vªokn dh Tokyk foosdkuan o Jh vjfoan us HkM+dkbZA Lojkt oknh fprjatu nkl eksrhyky usg: FksA lokszn;h fopkj/kkjk ds iz.ksrk egkrek xk / kh] t;izdk'k ukjk;.k] fouksck Hkkos FksA ekuosuæ ukfk jk; uoekuork oknh rfkk tokgjyky usg:] jke euksgj yksfg;k yksdrkaf=kd lektokn ds izfrfuf/k jgsa la{ksi esa vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu esa lq/kkjoknh] mnkjoknh] mxzoknh] lakiznkf;d lokszn;h vksj lektoknh /kkjk;sa fn[kkbz nsrh gsa tgk,d vksj Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu ij ik'pkr; fopkjksa dk izhkko Li"V fn[kkbz nsrk gsa ogk nwljs rjq Hkkjrh; n'kzu o vk/;kfredrk ls Hkh vksr&izksr gsa orzeku ifjizs{; esa jk"vª fodkl ds izfreku %& vkt Hkkjr fo'o dh egk'kfdr;ksa esa 'kkfey gksus dks rrij gsa Lora=krk izkir gq;s 70 o"kz gks pqds gsa( Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd o laos/kkfud O;oLFkk ij xksre ls ysdj xka/kh rd ds fparu dk Li"V izhkko ns[kk tk ldrk gsa vktk Hkkjr ds le{k fodkl ds uohu y{; gsaa uohu pquksfr;k Hkh gsaa vkt Hkkjr,d l{ke] o rkdrokj jk"vª gsa vkt fo'o Hkkjr eas rsth ls gks jgs] fodkl dks ns[kdj nkrksa rys Å xyh nck jgk gsa varjkz"vªh; Lrj ij Hkkjr ds vusd izfrli/khz gas] tks Hkkjr dks pquksrh ns jgs 'kks/k /kkjk 146

157 gs vksj dqn gn rd Hkkjr ds fodkl ls Hk;Hkhr Hkh fn[kkbz im+ jgs gsaa vkt lsu; n f"v ls Hkh Hkkjr vk/kqfud vl=k 'kl=kksa ls rfkk Lo;a ds cuk;s o fodflr rduhdksa ls ;qdr gsa Hkkjr ckgjh rksj ij tgk etcwrh o rkdr ls [km+k gs] ogk nwljh vksj vkarfjd lq/kkj o fodkl ds Hkh u;s izfreku x<+ jgk gsa ^esd bu bafm;k*] LoPN Hkkjr] U;w bafm;k dkwulsiv vkfn fopkj/kkjk Hkkjr dks vkxs c<+k jgh gsaa f'k{kk] LokLF;] dks'ky muu;u] lapkj rduhdh ds {ks=k esa u;s dhfrzeku LFkkfir fd;s gsaa Hkkjr ds le{k pquksfr;ksa esa egaxkbz dh lel;k] xjhch] csjkstxkjh] udlyokn] vkradokn] lkaiznkf;drk] tkfrokn] Hkk"kkokn] Hkz"Vkpkj vkfn gsa jk"vª fodkl ds ekxz esa vkus okys lel;kvksa dk lek/kku rfkk uohu voljksa dh miyc/krk fuf'pr rksj ij fparu dh lrr~ izfø;k }kjk gh lahko gksxka Hkkjrh; jk"vª fodkl dk Lo:Ik Hkh 'kq) ns'k fparu ds vuq:i gksuk gh Js;"dj gksxka lanhkz 1- QfM+;k] Mk-ch-,y-( vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu 2- eq[kthz] jfouæukfk( lkekftd fopkj/kkjk 3- uohkkjr nsfud lekpkj i=k& fnukad 23 uoacj 2017 'kks/k /kkjk 147

158 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª ds fodkl esa lkaxhfrd vksj oskkfud fparu dk Lo:i Jherh vpzuk nhoku l0 izk0] lekt'kkl=k] 'kkldh; uohu egkfo ky;] ikyh] dksjck] NRrhlx<+ MkW- ¼Jherh½ dfork BDdj l0 izk0] lekt'kkl=k] 'kkldh; uohu egkfo ky;] ikyh] dksjck] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract jk"vª ds uoksrfkku ds fy, laxhr dh èkkjkvksa ls fupksm+ fudkydj mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gsa mldk Hkjiwj ykhk ys ysuk pkfg,a lkaxhfrd fø;k] lkaxhfrd eap dk og lsrq gs] ftl ij çkphu vksj uohu Hkkjr ijlij vkfyaxu djrs gsaa laxhr og leqæ gs( ftlesa èkez] jktuhfr] jk"vªh;rk] fokku lc ds lc lekfgr gksrs gsaa ;fn dksbz Hkkjr dks le>uk pkgs rks mls ;gka dh laxhr ijaijk dks le>uk gksxka Hkkjr esa lkalñfrd jk"vªh;rk igys mriuu gqbz] mlds i'pkr jktusfrd flfkfr;k A lalñfr dk eq[; Hkkx dyk gs vksj dyk dk thoar Hkkx gs( laxhr] lalñfr] laj{k.k vksj laoèkzu esa lkalñfrd eapksa dh vge Hkwfedk jgh gs vksj blh laj{k.k ds Øe esa gh jk"vª fuekz.k dh çfø;k vkxs c<+rh gs! Figure : 00 References : 03 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª dk oskkfud fparu] jk"vª dk lkaxhfrd n'kzu] ifjorzu dk jk"vª ij izhkko Hkkjr ds Hkfo"; dh vkgv bl dksus ls ysdj ml dksus rd lqukbz nsus yxh gs vkffkzd] lkekftd] lkalñfrd] oskkfud rkdr ds :i esa,d çkphu lh;rk vksj çxfr'khy lalñfr dk lfeefjr :i lhkh dks fn[kkbz nsus yxk gsa HkkSfrd ijkhko dks jksduk Hkkjr dh vkè;kfred 'kfä ls gh lahko gsa vfkkzr~ O;kid jk"vªokn dk Hkko gksuk] lkeqnkf;d psruk dk gksuk] mpp Lrj dk fparu gksuk] jktuhfr dks O;olk; u ekuuk] cfyd lekt o jk"vª ds çfr leiz.k dk ekxz viukuk vksj bl Hkko dks lnso ds fy, txk, j[kuk( Hkz"Vkpkj] vusfrdrk] ve;kznk] fuyzttrk] O;kogkfjdrk dk ifjr;kx O;kogkfjd ifjflfkfr;ksa dk fuekz.k] fopkj èkkjkvksa ds ekè;e ls laokn o tu çcksèku] fopkjoku] vkn'kzoknh vksj çfrc) yksxksa dk vkxs vkuk],dtqv gksuk usfrd vk;keksa ls ;qä usr Ro dk gksuk] çkñfrd lalkèkuksa dk leqfpr mi;ksx] dqpø dks u"v djus gsrq O;wg jpuk] fueu ekufldrk vksj fojksèkh fopkj èkkjkvksa dks grksrlkfgr djuk] eksfyd vfhko;fä] pfj=k ÑfrRo] fulokfkz Hkko] tulsok gsrq n <+rk tsls rro tgka flfkr gas] ogka jk"vª dk fuekz.k Lo;a gks tkrk gsa tgka rd laxhr dk lacaèk jk"vª fuekz.k ls dsls gsa] ;g le>uk gs rks çfker% laxhr dh egùkk dks le>uk gksxka vksj fofhkuu lkaxhfrd lekjksg tsls rkulsu lekjksg] [ktqjkgks mrlo] pøèkj lekjksg vkfn dk;zøeksa dk jk"vª fuekz.k ds 'kqhk dk;z esa ijks{k&vijks{k vonku jgrk gs dks tkuuk gksxka ns'k esa c<+rh vlekurk] laosnughurk tks fuf'pr rksj ij lkekftd lksgknzz] lkeatl; vksj 'kks/k /kkjk 148

159 larqyu ds fy, Bhd ugha gs],slh gh vusdkusd oklrfodrkvksa ls eap dyk ds ekè;e ls tuekul çhkqro oxz dk è;ku vkdf"kzr djrk gsa usfrd pfj=k dks iqu% LFkkfir djus ç;kl dyk ds ekè;e ls uotkxj.k yksd dyk 'kfä ds ekè;e ls vko';d la'kksèku uo ifjorzu gsrq jk"vª ds çfr v[kam çfrc)rk jk"vª ds çfr ltho Hkko tsls mpp Hkkoksa dh fufezfr dk lkaxhfrd eap okgd gksrk gs! jk"vª ds uoksrfkku ds fy, laxhr dh èkkjkvksa ls fupksm+ fudkydj mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gs] mldk Hkjiwj ykhk ys ysuk pkfg,a lkaxhfrd fø;k] lkaxhfrd eap dk og lsrq gs] ftl ij çkphu vksj uohu Hkkjr ijlij vkfyaxu djrs gsaa laxhr og leqæ gs( ftlesa èkez] jktuhfr] jk"vªh;rk] fokku lc ds lc lekfgr gksrs gsaa ;fn dksbz Hkkjr dks le>uk pkgs rks mls ;gka dh laxhr ijaijk dks le>uk gksxka Hkkjr esa lkalñfrd jk"vªh;rk igys mriuu gqbz] mlds i'pkr jktusfrd flfkfr;k A lalñfr dk eq[; Hkkx dyk gs vksj dyk dk thoar Hkkx gs% laxhr] lalñfr] laj{k.k vksj laoèkzu esa lkalñfrd eapksa dh vge Hkwfedk jgh gs vksj blh laj{k.k ds Øe esa gh jk"vª fuekz.k dh çfø;k vkxs c<+rh gsa ;fn jk"vª fuekz.k dh vkèkkjf'kyk dks etcwrh çnku djuk gs( bls vksj l'kä vksj le ) Lo#i çnku djuk gs( rks blds fy, laxhr gh egroiw.kz lksiku gsa osdfyid lksp&le>,oa lkaxhfrd lalñfr ls mits osf'od n'kzu,oa ifjhkk"kk dks LoPN :i ds lkfk lkeus ykus ds fy, ;g eap dfvc) gsa laxhr dh lvhd voèkkj.kk ds lkfk Hkfo"; fuekz.k o vkè;kfredrk ds ewy lzksr rd igqapus ds fy, 'kkl=kh; laxhr lekjksg dh vko';drk gksrh gsa çr;sd dykred eap dyk ds ekè;e ls jk"vªh;,drk dk lans'k nsrs gsaa ekuo ls ekuo dks tksm+us dk dk;z djrs gsaa Hkkjrh; laxhr i)fr esa çlrqfr lkozhkkse LohÑfr ds lkfk dh tkrh gs! laxhr dyk NksVk&cM+k] tkfrhksn xksjs dkys dk fohkktu ugha tkurha Hkkjr ds dksus&dksus esa fc[kjs gq, çfrhkkoku ifjjeh lkèkdksa dks lkaxhfrd eap esa LFkku nsuk] jk"vªh;,dhdj.k dh fn'kk esa mbk;k gqvk dne gsa fofoèk Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh fofoèk foèkkvksa esa ikjaxr fofoèk ifjèkku br;kfn fofoèk fo'ks"krkvksa ls ;qä dykdkj tc laxhr lekjksg esa vkdj viuh çlrqfr nsrk gs] rks og Hkh vusdrk esa,drk dk lw=kikr dj tkrk gsa jk"vªh; xhr jk"vªxku dk lloj xku tu ekul ij euksoskkfud çhkko Mkyrk gs vksj lhkh dks,d vkdkj dj jk"vªçse dk Hkko lapkfyr dj tkrk gsa vusd Toyar lel;k,a tks jk"vª fuekz.k esa ckèkd gsa] ls futkr ikus dk,dek=k lkèku gs dyk dk lekxea ftlesa lelr dyk riloh,df=kr gksdj lekt dks dyk ds ekè;e ls txkus dk dk;z djrs gas( tks jk"vª fuekz.k ds fy, vr;ko';d gsa orzeku le; ç;ksxèk fezrk ij cy nsrk gs] ftlls ge u, u, vkfo"dkjksa dks tuekul ds eè; j[k ldsaa ;g rf; ldkjkredrk dks fpfugr djrh gsa fdarq vkt ç;ksxèk fezrk ds uke ij lkekftd fu;eksa dks rkd esa j[kdj fnxhkzfer djus okys ç;ksx T;knk gks jgs gsaa dr ZRooku dykdkj dk 'kl=k gksrk gs 'kcn oshkoa çhkko'kkyh jpuk gh mrñ"vrk dks çkir djrh gsa ;fn jpuk fueu Lrj 'kks/k /kkjk 149

160 dh gksxh rks mlls lacafèkr dyk Hkh fueurk ds Lrj ij vkadh tkrh gsa QyLo:i vyi le; esa çflf) o llrh yksdfç;rk ds pôj esa dykdkj Hkh Lrjghu dk;zøe dh çlrqfr djus yxrs gsa! dyk dh e;kznkvksa] mlds fuf'pr ekinamksa dk myya?ku gksus yxrk gs vksj bl rjg dh ve;kzfnr dyk lekt esa vo;olfkk ykuk 'kq# dj nsrh gs] ftls ge lkalñfrd {kj.k dh 'kq:vkr dgrs gsaa tulapkj esa vkbz Økafr us Hkh dyk dks u;k vk;ke çnku fd;k gs vksj blh ds varxzr rduhdh fodkl dk ifj.kke ;g jgk fd dqn ykhk ds lkfk {kfr vfèkd gqbza QyLo:i lkalñfrd çfreku dh Åapkb;ksa dks u Nwdj ge ikrky yksd esa xeu vksj fopj.k djus yx x,a Hkkjrh; lalñfr dh igpku mldh dyk;sa gsa] mlesa Lrj ghurk dk vkuk dyk ds mpn a[kyrk dks crkrk gsa viuh yksdfç;rk oèkzu gsrq dyk ds çn'kzu esa fdlh Hkh çdkj dk le>ksrk dj ysuk mu flfkfr;ksa dks n'kkzrh gs] ftlesa dyk dh mpprk fueurk ds ik;nku ij vkdj [km+h gks tkrh gsa ftldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gs] fd ;qok oxz blh dh fueurk ilan djus yx tkrk gs vksj 'kkl=kh; vkèkkjksa dh mis{kk djus yx tkrk gsa lwpuk o rduhdh ds æqrxkeh fodkl rfkk fokku dh perdkfjd miyfcèk;ksa us ekuo dks HkkSfrdrk ds pjeksrd"kz rd igqapk fn;k] tks bl ckr dk ladsr gs fd vkarfjd fodkl ds LFkku ij cká fodkl ij T;knk cy fn;k tk jgk gsa ifj.kker% nwf"kr Hkkoksa dk ços'k gksuk 'kq: gks tkrk gs! ifjorzu vksj fodkl dh vkm+ esa dyk ds uke ij foñfr;k vk xbz gsa( tsls vusfrdrk] ewy;ksa esa fxjkov] vkn'kz ghurk] fu;e ghurk] cká vkmacjksa dks c<+kok vkfna vkt tgka gesa lkalñfrd lkekftd okrkoj.k çnwf"kr fn[kkbz nsrk gs tks eku; fl)kar vksj fo'okl detksj im+rs utj vk jgs gsa] muesa foñr dyk dk gh ;ksxnku ekuk tk,xka fdlh ns'k dk lcy oxz ;fn vius bfrgkl dks Hkwyrk gs] rks og ns'k dhkh vkxs ugha c<rka ;fn lkalñfrd {kj.k gks jgk gks rks ml jk"vª dk vflrro Hkh lekfir dh jkg idm+ ysrk gsa ekuo thou dks mppre vkn'kz okys usfrd,oa lkalñfrd ewy;ksa ls ifjp; djkus dk dk;z gekjh lalñfr djkrh gsa bugha ewy;ksa ds çfr ubz ih<+h dks tksm+uk gksxk] ftlls LoLFk lekt dh fujarjrk cuh jgsxha fo'o caèkqro dh Hkkouk tkx r gksxha lkalñfrd laoèkzu gksxka fn'kkghurk lekir gksxha lkalñfrd iw.kzrk vkè;kfred thou ds lkfk oskkfud voèkkj.kk ds :i esa fodflr Hkkjrh; thou i)fr lozlohñr,d egroiw.kz vuq"bkfud çfø;k gsa laldkj O;fä dks laokjrs gsa rks lalñfr lekt dks laokjrh gsa vr% fofhkuu dk;zøeksa] lekjksg] mrlo] cksf)d fø;kvksa ds ekè;e ls lkalñfrd vijnu dks jksdus ds ç;kl gksus pkfg, o lkfk gh vkèkqfud f'k{kk i)fr esa lkalñfrd ewy;ksa ds egro dks le>krs gq, fofhkuu fo"k;ksa esa 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd Hkkjr esa dksbz lkalñfrd geyk djus dk dksbz lkgl gh uk djsaa lanhkz 1- jktfd'kksj( lkekftd lel;k,a] Hkkouk ifcyds'ku] vkxjk 2- vxzoky] fouhr( Hkkjr dk lkekftd lanhkz] veu izdk'ku dkuiqj 3- gqlsu] vkfcn] Hkkjrh; lalñfr 'kks/k /kkjk 150

161 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl esa oskkfud fparu vyh glu 'kks/k Nk=k] jktuhfr fokku fohkkx] ia0 lqunjyky 'kekz ¼eqDr½ fo'ofo ky; fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract Lora=krk ds 70 o"kz ds i'pkr oskkfudksa ds ;ksxnku ds QyLo:i gh vkt ns'k v.kq leiuu ns'kksa dh drkj esa [km+k gsa ekuo fodkl gh fokku dk y{; gksuk pkfg,a Hkkjrh; oskkfud fokku,oa vkè;kre dh fefjr ladyiuk ls foüo dks,d ubz jkg fn[kk ldrs gsaa ;qok ih<+h ns'k dks,d :f<+oknh ns'k le>rh gsa vr% vko';d gs fd ubz ih<+h dks ns'k dh egku oskkfud ijeijk ls voxr djk;k tk;a oskkfud Losn'kh fokku ds fodkl ds fy, 'kksèk djsaa Figure : 00 References : 03 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª dhs vo/kkj.kk vksj fokku] jk"vª ds fodkl esa fokku dh Hkwfedk ns'k ds çr;sd ukxfjd dk HkkX; ns'k ds lkfk tqm+k gqvk gsa oskkfud eksfyd fparu djrk gs] vr% mldh fteesnkjh jk"vª ds çfr vksj c<+ tkrh gsaþ ns'k ds fodkl esa oskkfudksa dk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku gsa ij gekjs ns'k esa oskkfudksa dks HkkSfrd lqfoèkk,oa leeku fdlh vu; {ks=k dh vis{kk de çkir gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd vkt ;qok oskkfud cuus dh vis{kk bathfu;j ;k MkWDVj cuuk T;knk lqfoèkktud le>rk gsa Lora=krk ds 70 o"kz ds i'pkr oskkfudksa ds ;ksxnku ds QyLo:i gh vkt ns'k v.kq leiuu ns'kksa dh drkj esa [km+k gsa ekuo fodkl gh fokku dk y{; gksuk pkfg,a Hkkjrh; oskkfud fokku,oa vkè;kre dh fefjr ladyiuk ls foüo dks,d ubz jkg fn[kk ldrs gsaa ;qok ih<+h ns'k dks,d :f<+oknh ns'k le>rh gsa vr% vko';d gs fd ubz ih<+h dks ns'k dh egku oskkfud ijeijk ls voxr djk;k tk;a oskkfud Losn'kh fokku ds fodkl ds fy, 'kksèk djsaa txnh'k paæ clq] lj lh-oh- jeu vksj gkseh tgkaxhj HkkHkk ns'k ds fodkl ds fy, lcls igys vkxs vk,a oskkfud lksp] fparu vksj mlds fø;kuo;u dk,d rjhdk gsa blds fy, HkkSfrd oklrfodrkvksa dk vk dyu] iwnrkn] ijh{k.k] ifjdyiuk vksj fo'ys"k.k tslh fo'ks"k i)fr;ksa dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk gsa Hkkjr ds çfke çèkkuea=kh tokgjyky usg# ^oskkfud lksp* 'kcn dk blrseky djus okys igys O;fä;ksa esa ls,d FksA mugksaus oskkfud lksp dks c<+kok fn, tkus dh tksjnkj odkyr dha ia- usg# us viuh fdrkc ^Hkkjr,d [kkst* esa fy[kk gs&^^vkt t:jr oskkfud n f"vdkas.k viuk, tkus dh gsa fokku ds lkgfld vksj vkykspukred lksp] lr; vksj u, Kku dh [kkst] fcuk ijh{k.k vksj ç;ksx ds fdlh Hkh pht dks Lohdkjus ls badkj] u, lk{;ksa dh jks'kuh esa iwoz fu"d"kks± dks ifjofrzr djus dh {kerk] vkdfyr rf;ksa ij fuhkzjrk vksj iwoz fu;ksftr fl)karksa ls nwj jguk] eu dk dbksj vuq'kklu] ;g lhkh u dsoy oskkfud vuqç;ksx ds fy, vko';d gs cfyd] dbz lel;kvksa ds gy ds fy, vksj Lo;a thou ds fy, Hkh vko';d gsa** oskkfud fparu ds fopkj dh mrifùk vksj fodkl MkfoZu ds O;ä fopkjksa ls lacfèkr gsa 'kks/k /kkjk 151

162 mugksaus dgk gs ^^fopkjksa dh Lora=krk dks csgrj <ax ls rc etcwrh feysxh] tc mlesa fokku dh le> gksxha** oskkfud lksp,d jos;s dks O;ä djrk gs] ftlesa rdz dk vuqç;ksx Hkh 'kkfey gsa ppkz] rdz vksj fo'ys"k.k oskkfud lksp dk egroiw.kz fgllk gsa fu"i{krk] lekurk vksj yksdra=k ds vo;o Hkh blesa fufezr gksrs gsaa Hkkjr cqfu;knh vuqlaèkku ds {ks=k esa 'kh"kz ns'kksa esa 'kqekj gsa fo'ks"kdj mhkjrs ifjn '; vksj çfrli)kz ds nksj esa bafm;u lkbal] o f) vksj fodkl ds lcls egroiw.kz midj.kksa esa fxuk tkus yxk gsa gky ds?kvukøe vksj ubz ekaxksa ds chp dqn çeq[k fokku ifj;kstuk,a 'kq: fd;k tkuk vko';d gsa ;s ifj;kstuk,a jk"vª dh t:jrksa ds fy, çklafxd vksj Hkfo"; dh çks ksfxdh ds vuq:i gksuh pkfg,a fokku vksj çks ksfxdh fohkkx us ns'k esa fokku vksj çks ksfxdh dks c<+kok nsus esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk dk fuokzg fd;k gsa ;g fohkkx mpp~ 'kksèk dks c<+kok nsus ls ysdj vkèkqfud çks ksfxdh ds fodkl rd fofhkuu O;kid xfrfofèk;ksa esa layxud gsa mi;qä dks'ky vksj çks ksfxdh ds fodkl ds tfj, ;g fohkkx vke vkneh dh rduhdh t:jrksa dks iwjk dj jgk gsa fokku] çks ksfxdh vksj uokpkj ¼,lVhvkbZ½ fodkl ds u, çeq[k laokgd cudj mhkjs gsaa Hkkjr ds rst] LFkkbZ vksj lekos'kh fodkl esa Hkkjrh;,lVhvkbZ O;oLFkk çfrhkk ds fo'kky HkaMkj ds lkfk jk"vªh; y{;ksa dks gkfly djus esa,d fu.kkz;d Hkwfedk fuhkk ldrk gsa Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds vuqlkj oskkfud lksp dks c<+kok nsuk Hkkjrh; ukxfjd ds ewy drzo;ksa esa ls,d gsa o"kz 1958 ds Hkkjr ds fokku uhfr çlrko ¼,lihvkj½ dk mís'; fokku vksj oskkfud vuqlaèkkuksa dks c<+kok nsuk gsa 2003 dh fokku vksj çks ksfxdh uhfr¼,lvhih½ esa jk"vªh; uokpkj ç.kkyh ds l tu ds fy, vksj jk"vªh; lel;kvksa ds lekèkku ds fy, jk"vªh; vuqlaèkku vksj fodkl O;oLFkk ds tfj, lkekftd vkffzkd {ks=k dks c<+kok nsus dh ckr dgh xbz gsa oskkfud vuqlaèkku èku dk blrseky dj Kku dk l tu djrk gs vksj blls çkir uokpkj] Kku dks èku esa cny nsrk gsa bl rjg ;g jk"vª ds fodkl y{;ksa esa vge LFkku gkfly dj pqdk gsa jk"vªh; fokku vksj çks ksfxdh lapkj ifj"kn¼,ulh,lvhlh½ us 1986 esa Hkkjr ljdkj dks 28 Qjojh dks jk"vªh; fokku fnol?kksf"kr djus dh lykg nha vc ;g vk;kstu Ldwy] dkwystksa] fo'o fo ky;ksa vksj vu; 'ks{kf.kd fudk;ksa] oskkfud rduhdh] fpfdrlk vksj vuqlaèkku lalfkkuksa lesr laiw.kz Hkkjr esa euk;k tkrk gsa o"kz 2014 ds fy, bl vk;kstu dk fo"k; ^oskkfud lksp dks c<+kok* FkkA lekt ds lhkh leqnk;ksa ds chp oskkfud lksp dks c<+kok nsus ds lkfk 'kksèk vksj uokpkj dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, mi;q++++drk okrkoj.k ds fuekz.k dh vko';drk gsa Hkkjr esa vuqlaèkku vksj fodkl esa fuos'k ldy?kjsyw mrikn dk,d çfr'kr ls Hkh de gsa bl {ks=k esa fuos'k dks ldy?kjsyw mrikn dk 2 çfr'kr fd;k tkuk jk"vªh; y{; jgk gsa vxys ikap o"kks± esa bl y{; dks gkfly djus ds fy, futh {ks=k dk lg;ksx t:jh gsa fokku vksj çks ksfxdh {ks=k ds fy, ldy ctvh; lgk;rk i;kzir :i ls c<+kus dh vko';drk gsa lanhkz 1- usg:] tokgjyky( Hkkjr,d [kkst 'kks/k /kkjk 152

163 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P fodkl] i;kzoj.k,oa i;kzoj.k laj{k.k dkuwu MkW0 jke vk'kh"k JhokLro] lgk;d izk/;kid] 'kkldh; uohu fof/k egkfo ky;] HkkVkikjk&cykSnkcktkj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract izlrqr 'kks/k i=k dk mn~ns'; gs fd D;k i;kzoj.k laj{k.k fodkl ds lkfk lkfk fd;k tk ldrk gsa bl laca/k esa orzeku esa varjkz"vªh;,oa jk"vªh; nlrkost rfkk ekuuh; loksazpp U;k;ky; dk D;k fopkj gsa D;k U;k;ky; i;kzoj.k ds laj{k.k esa fo'ks"k Hkwfedk vnk dj jgk gs\ D;k varjkz"vªh; iz;kl bl fn'kk esa izhkko'kkyh jgs\ lkfk gh lkfk ;g Kkr djuk fd i;kzoj.k laj{k.k ls lacaf/kr fof/k;ks ds izko/kku fdl izdkj ls dk;z dj jgs gas\ Figure : 00 References : 09 Table : 00 Key Words : fodkl dk i;kzoj.kh; ifjn ';] i;kzoj.kh; dkuwu] i;kzoj.k laj{k.k+ ^f{kfr ty ikod xxu lehjka iap jfpr ;g v/ke 'kjhjk*aa ekuo thou dk vk/kkj LoLF;,oa LoPN i;kzoj.k gsa bl l f"v dks jpus esa tyok;q] lw;z] i Foh vksj oulifr rfkk tso fofo/krk dh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk jgh gsa izkñfrd lalk/kuksa ds nksgu ds dkj.k vkt ubz&ubz lel;k,a tue ys jgha gsa( ftuesa Hkwdai] Tokykeq[kh] lqukeh] pøokr] veyh; o"kkz] Hkw&L[kyu] i Foh ij LFky tyexurk vkfn gsaa ekuo lh;rk izñfr dk,d fgllk gs ;k fqj,slk dgsa fd ge izñfr }kjk fufezr gsa( dsoy ge gh ugha tks Hkh ge vius pkjksa vksj ns[krs gsa] og Hkh izñfr }kjk viuh dyiuk ls jpk gsa Ik;kZoj.k vksj euq"; dk xgjk laca/k jgk gsa euq"; tc ls i Foh ij vk;k gs( mlus Ik;kZoj.k ds lkfk vius dks tksm+ j[kk gsa ou] iozr] ufn;ksa] egklkxj] lw;z] panzek] i Foh] ok;q ty br;kfn dk euq"; us 'kq: ls gh iz;ksx fd;k gsa ydm+h] Hkkstu] ol=k] vks"kf/k br;kfn izkir djus gsrq euq"; us izkñfrd laink dk mi;ksx fd;k gs rfkk orzeku esa Hkh dj jgk gsa le; ds lkfk&lkfk euq"; dh vko';drkvksa us Hkh viuk vkdkj c<+k fy;ka ouksa ds fouk'k] ok;q rfkk tyh; iznw"k.k,oa e nk esa dhvuk'kd nokvksa ds c<+rs gq, iz;ksx us okrkoj.k esa dbz ifjorzu fd, gsaa vdky] Hkwdai] egkekjh] lw[kk] vfro f"v] rjg&rjg ds jksx] ekuo lh;rk ds fouk'k dk dkj.k cus gq, gsaa lhkh tho i;kzoj.k ds izfr ltx jgrs gsaa vius thou pø dks pykus ds fy, Ik;kZoj.k ls la;kstu cuk, j[krs gsaa Ik;kZoj.k ds ifjorzu ds lkfk muds lek;kstu dh fø;kfof/k tso o vtso,d nwljs esa bl izdkj fefjr gsa fd mudks vyx djds ns[kuk dfbu gsa vuar rroksa esa tyok;q izeq[k gsa mlh izdkj usfrd rroksa esa euq"; izeq[k gsa tyok;q o euq"; nksuksa rroksa dh Hkwfedk tho eamy dh O;oLFkk o fø;k'khyrk esa lokszpp gsa i;kzoj.k iznw"k.k dh lel;k u dsoy Hkkjr cfyd laiw.kz fo'o dks vius vk;ke esa lesvrh 'kks/k /kkjk 153

164 tk jgh gsa ;fn laiw.kz fo'o ds ns'k vius nzqrxkeh fodkl ij fu;a=k.k ugha j[krs rks bldk xahkhj ifj.kke lehkh dks Hkksxuk ims+xka varjkz"vªh; leqnk; ds }kjk ftu mn~?kks"k.kkvksa] vfhkle;] izlafonk,oa fu;eksa dks izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gs( muesa ls dqn dk ;gk ij o.kzu fd;k tk jgk gsa 1948 esa varjkz"vªh; ekuokf/kdkj dh?kks"k.kk dh xbz vksj 1960 ds n'kd esa i;kzoj.k ds ekuovf/kdkj ds vax ds :i esa igpku izkir gqbza ekuo i;kzoj.k ij la;qdr jk"vª dk ekuo i;kzoj.k LVkdgkse leesyu 1972 esa LohMu ds LVkdgkse 'kgj esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;k FkkA bl leesyu dk eq[; mn~ns'; varjkz"vªh; Lrj ij ekuo i;kzoj.k ds laj{k.k rfkk lq/kkj dh fo'o O;kih lel;k dk funku djuka bl leesyu esa igyh ckj 119 ns'kksa esa ^,d gh i Foh* dk fl)kar Lohdkj fd;k x;ka la;qdr jk"vª i;kzoj.k dk;zøe ds varxzr 'kklh ifj"kn~ us viuk izfke leesyu 1973 dks tsusok esa vk;ksftr fd;ka ftlesa okrkoj.k] lkewfgd i;kzoj.k] Hkwfe i;kzoj.k] [kk i;kzoj.k] Ñf"k i;kzoj.k] LokLF; i;kzoj.k] ÅtkZ i;kzoj.k] i;kzoj.k laca/kh iznw"k.k,oa euq"; rfkk i;kzoj.k izcu/ku vkfn fo"k;ksa ij csbdsa vk;ksftr dh xbza fodkl dh xfr rhoz gksus,oa izfrli/kkz ds dkj.k euq"; iznw"k.k ls gksus okys nq"ifj.kkeksa ls voxr gksus ds ckotwn Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ds izfr fuf"ø; gsaa bl dkj.k orzeku le; esa fodkl dh /kqjh ij vkfjr gsaa izr;sd O;fDr,oa jk"vª fodkl dh vksj tk;s rks Ik;kZoj.k dks [krjk gksxk vksj ;fn Ik;kZoj.k dks /;ku fn;k tk;s rks fodkl gksuk vlahko gks tk;sxka bl lel;k ds lek/kku ds fy,,d,slk chp dk jklrk ftlls fd fodkl Hkh gks vksj Ik;kZoj.k fodkl dk lozizfke iz;ksx lu~ 1974 esa dksdks;k leesyu esa fd;k x;ka bl leesyu esa ;g fopkj fd;k x;k fd iks"k.kh; fodkl fdl rf; ij cy nsrk gsa vfkkzr~ fodkl ;kstukvksa dks fdl izdkj fø;kfuor fd;k ftlls fd Ik;kZoj.k dh xq.korrk dk;e jgsa Ikks"k.kh; fodkl ls vk'k; ikfjflfkfrdh; vksj mlds fodkl ls lacaf/kr gsa iks"k.kh; fodkl] /kkj.kh;] la/k r] lrr~ vkfn fofhkuu ukeksa ls tkuh tkus okyh fo k dk chtkjksi.k ekuo Ik;kZoj.k dh ladyiuk ds vh;qn; ds lkfk gh izkjahk gks x;ka la;qdr jk"vª fodkl leesyu ¼;w,ubZih½ vksj la;qdr jk"vª O;kikj,oa fodkl leesyu ds la;qdr iz;kl ls vdvwcj 1947 esa eksjddks ds dksdks;ku LFkku ij vk;ksftr fd;k x;kackhloha 'krkcnh ds vafre rhu n'kdksa esa LoPN Ik;kZoj.k ds varjkz"vªh; ekuokf/kdkj dk vflrkro esa vkuk Ik;kZoj.kh; fof/k laj{k.k dh fn'kk esa,d u;h Økafr dks tue fn;k gsa u;s vf/kdkj iznku djk;s x;s( tsls thus dk vf/kdkj] leqfpr thou Lrj dk vf/kdkj] LokLF; dk vf/kdkj] Hkkstu dk vf/kdkj] vkokl dk vf/kdkj br;kfna ijurq ekuof/kdkjksa dh Js.kh esa i Fkd LoPN Ik;kZoj.k dk vf/kdkj dk tqm+uk,d fof'k"v egro j[krk gsa la;qdr jk"vª ds ekuo Ik;kZoj.k dkuqsal 1972 dh mn~nsf'kdk esa vafdr fd;k x;k gs fd ewy ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds mihkksx ds fy, Ik;kZoj.k vr;ko';d gsa mihkksx ds fy, Hkh Ik;kZoj.k vr;ko';d gsa izfke fl)kar esa?kks"k.kk dh x;h fd euq"; dk ewyhkwr vf/kdkj,d,sls xq.kkred i;kzoj.k dk gs] ftlesa xfjek;qdr,oa lq[kh thou dh vuqefr ds lkfk Lora=krk lekurk vksj jgu&lgu dh i;kzir lqfo/kk,w miyc/k gksa A výhdu pkvzj vkwq º;weu,.M ihiqyl Vljkb 1981 ds vuqpnsn 24 esa Li"V fd;k x;k fd lhkh ykssxksa dk muds fodkj ds vuqdwy lkeku; larks"kizn i;kzoj.k dk vfèkdkj gksxka 'kks/k /kkjk 154

165 vkstksu ijr laj{k.k fo;uk vfhkle; 1985] dks iw.kkzf/kdkjh nwr leesyu }kjk 22 ekpz 1985 dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k] bl leesyu dks la;qdr jk"vª i;kzoj.k dk;zøe }kjk vk;ksftr fd;k x;k FkkAekuo vf/kdkjksa dh vesfjdh izlafonk ds 1988 ds vuqpnsn 29 esa Li"Vr% vis{kk dh x;h fd cppksa dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk izkñfrd i;kzoj.k ds leeku esa o f) dks /;ku esa j[kdj dh tk;a la;qdr jk"vª Ik;kZoj.k rfkk fodkl leesyu ¼i Foh leesyu½ fj;ks Mh tsusfj;ks czkthy 1992 bl dk;zøe esa 182 ns'kksa ds izfrfuf/k e.myksa us Hkkx fy;ka bl leesyu dk izfke fl)kur?kksf"kr fd;k x;k fd izk.kh iks"k.kh; fodkl dk dsunz fcunq gssa os izñfr ls laxr LokLFk,oa l tu'khy thou ds gdnkj gsaa i;kzoj.k ekuokf/kdkj dh LFkkiuk us ifjflfkfrdh fe=k la;a=k dh ladyiuk rfkk i;kzoj.k lfg".kq vkffkzd fodkl dh vis{kk dks fof/kd nkf;ro dk vax cuk;k gsa ekuo i;kzoj.k 1972 ds fl)kar 8 esa Li"Vr% dgk x;k gs fd ^vkffkzd,oa lkekftd fodkl euq"; ds vuqdwy thou rfkk dke djus ;ksx; Ik;kZoj.k cuk, j[kus rfkk i Foh ij csgrj thou ds lequul djus ds fy, vko';d flfkfr fufezr djus ds fy, vko';d gsa lu~ 1994 esa nh buthz pkvzj VhVh dh vuq- 19 esa vis{kk dh xbz dh le>ksrs ds i{kdkj Ik;kZoj.k ij uqdlkuizn izhkko Mkyus okys rroksa dks izhkkodkjh vkffkzd rjhds ls de djus dk iz;kl djsaxsa la;qdr jk"vª ekuo leesyu gsfcvkv f}rh; 1996 esa vk;ksftr fd;s x;sa ftls *'kgj leesyu* ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gsa bl leesyu dh dk;zlwph ds varxzr vxyh 'krkcnh ds izfke nks n'kdksa esa fo'o ds 'kgjksa] uxjksa rfkk xk oksa ds mfpr fodkl ds fy, lhkh Lrjksa ij dk;zokgh rfkk ekxzn'kzu dh vis{kk dh xbza i;kzoj.k iznw"k.k ds izeq[k dkj.k gsa% ou fouk'k] rhoz tula[;k o f)] vr;f/kd Ik'kq pkj.k] fuèkzurk] vks ksxhdj.k] uxjhdj.k] lalk/kuksa dk vfoosdiw.kz nksgu] rhoz ;krk;kr fodkl] vfu;ksftr fodkl] vk/kqfud izks ksfxdh] fo'o cktkj esa izfrli/kkz] tu tkx:drk esa deh vkfn izeq[k gsaa euq"; mijksdr dkj.kksa ls dbz lel;kvksa dks tue ns nsrk gs] ftuesa izeq[k gsa% ck<+ vksj lw[kk] Hkwfe {kj.k] e#lfkyhdj.k] tyok;fod O;frØe] HkwdEi vksj HkwL[kyu] chekjh vksj egkekjh] OkU; tho vksj iztkfr;ksa dk fouk'k vkfna Hkkjr esa Hkh i;kzoj.k laj{k.k gsrq 42 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e 1976 }kjk vuqpnsn 48&d }kjk lafo/kku esa vaxhñr fd;k x;ka lkfk gh Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vukqpnsn 51&d ¼N½ ds varxzr ukxfjdksa dk ;g ewy dùkzo; crk;k x;k fd ^^og izkñfrd Ik;kZoj.k dh ftlds vurxzr ou] >hy unh vksj ou; tho gsa dh j{kk djsa] vksj mudk lao/kzu djsa rfkk izk.kh ek=k ds izfr n;khkko j[ksaa** ds :i esa ifjf.kr fd;k x;ka mppre U;k;ky; ds }kjk vfhkfu/kkzfjr fd;k x;k LoLFk Ik;kZoj.k dk vf/kdkj ewy vf/kdkj gsa,e lh esgrk cuke Hkkjr la?k ds okn esa pem+s ds dkj[kkuksa dks can djus dk vkns'k tkjh djrs gq, mppre U;k;ky; us Ik;kZoj.kh; ewy;ksa dks ojh;eku ekuka U;k;ky; us vfhker O;Dr fd;k ge yksx ltx gsa fd pem+k m ksx dks canh vfhk;kstu,oa forr gkfu mriuu dj ldrh gs] ijurq thou] LokLF;,oa ikflfkfrdh dk yksxksa ds fy, T;knk egro gsa bl izdkj Hkkjr ds loksazpp U;k;ky; ds }kjk fodkl ds igyw dks njfdukj djrs gq, i;kzoj.k ds fy, egroiw.kz ntkz iznku fd;k x;k] tks fd gekjs thou ls tqmk gqvk gsa lqhkk"k dqekj cuke fcgkj jkt; ds ekeys esa mppre U;k;ky; us iznw"k.k ls eqdr ty,oa ok;q ds mihkksx 'kks/k /kkjk 155

166 dks vuq- 21 esa lfeefyr ekuka Ik;kZoj.kh; iznw"k.kdkfjrk iznwf"kr okrkoj.k dks,d /khek tgj ekurs gq, blds dkjdkas dks can djus dk vkns'k fn;k x;k gsa,e- lh- esgrk cuke Hkkjr la/k& ds ekeys esa eklvj Iyku ds myya?ku esa fufezr Hkou ds fxjk;s tkus ds laca/k esa U;k;ewfrZ okbz ds lhkjoky vksj U;k;ewfrZ ch-,-u vxzoky dh ihb us vuq- 21 vksj 48&, dk myys[k djrs gq, dgk fd LoPN] LokLF;izn,oa lqjf{kr Ik;kZoj.k dk vf/kdkj vis{kk djrk gs fd jkt; mugsa lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, drzo; c) gsaa,u- Mh- t;ky cuke Hkkjr la?k ds ekeys esa mppre U;k;ky; us Li"V fd;k fd LoPN Ik;kZoj.k dk vf/kdkj rfkk fodkl dk vf/kdkj vuq- 21 esa of.kzr ewykf/kdkj ds vfhkuu vax gsaa Vsgjh cka/k ls mriuu i;kzoj.kh; lel;k ds ckjs esa U;k; ihb us Li"V fd;k fd LokLF; Ik;kZoj.k dk vf/kdkj vuq- 21 esa of.kzr ewyvf/kdkj gs rfkk cs?kj gq, yksxksa dks iquokzl,oa thfodksiktzu dh O;oLFkk vko';d dh tkuh pkfg,alqlsfkk cuke rfeyukmq jkt; ds ckn esa mppre U;k;ky; us,d /olr]iz;ksxghu rkykc dks ikvdj iquokzl gsrq nqdkuksa ds fuekz.k dh vuqefr rks ns nha ijurq vuqpnsn 21]48&A vksj 51&A¼g½ ds vurxzr iznrr vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k gsrq xzke iapk;r dks funsz'k tkjh fd;k fd xkwo ds vklikl ds vu; rkykcksa dk mfpr j[kj[kko dj lqfuf'pr fd;k tk; fd ty vkiwfrz esa deh u gksa vku/kz izns'k iznw"k.k ifj"kn~ cuke izks-,e- oh- uk;mw ds izdj.k esa iwoz lrdzrk dk fl)kar izfrikfnr fd;k x;ka ftlds varxzr {kfr dh iwoz dyiuk rfkk bl f{kfr ls cpus ds mik; djuk ;k U;wure i;kzoj.k {kfr okyh xfrfof/k;ksa dk pquko djuk lfeefyr gsa iwoz lrdzrk dk fl)kar oskkfud vfuf'prrk ij dsfunzr gsa,e- lh- esgrk cuke dey ukfk ds ekeys esa lokszapp U;k;ky; }kjk Hkkjr esa yksd U;k; ds fl)kar dks eku;rk iznku dha bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj ok;q] ty] leqnzrv] ufn;kw rfkk ou tsls izkñfrd Lkzksr lkeku; tu dks izñfr }kjk iznrr egroiw.kz rfkk cgqewy; migkj ds :i esa gsaa ;g izkñfrd leink,d yksd U;kl gsa ljdkj bldh U;klh gs,oa lk/kkj.k turk bl U;kl dh ykhkkfkhz gsa ;fn ljdkj bl laifrr dks O;fDrxr ykhk rfkk euksjatu ds fy, ftlesa erl;ikyu vkfn mi;ksx ds fy, futh gkfkksa esa nsrh gs] rks ;g dgk tk,xk fd ljdkj us vius U;klh ds dro;z dk ikyu ugha fd;k gs rfkk lk/kkj.k turk blds fo:) mipkj izkir djus dh vf/kdkjh gsaa ekuokf/kdkj ikfjflfkfrdh; rksj ij LokLFk] i;kzoj.k] iksf"k.kh; fodkl vksj 'kfur,d nwljs ij vkfjr,oa vfohkkt; gsasa lhkh O;fDr;ksa dks lqjf{kr] LoLFk vksj ikfjflfkfrdh; rksj ij LokLFk i;kzoj.k dk vf/kdkj gsa ;g vf/kdkj lkozhkkse] ijlijkfjr vksj vfohkkt; gsaosyyksj flvhtu osyqsj; Qksje cuke ;wfu;e vkwq bafm;k] ds ekeys esa U;k;k/kh'k dqynhi us dgk fd] Þgesa ;g dgus esa dksbz fgpfdpkgv ugha gksxh fd iks"k.kh; fodkl dk fl)kar ikfjflfkfrdra=k rfkk fodkl ds eè; larqyudkjh ifjdyiuk gs rfkk bls ikjeifjd vurjkz"vªh; fof/k ds vax ds :i esa Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gs rfkkfi blds vko';d y{k.kksa dks vurjkz"vªh; Lrj ds fo'ks"kkksa }kjk vfure :i fn;k tkuk 'ks"k gsa Þekuuh; loksazpp U;k;ky; us cecbz MkbZ,.M esu;qqsdpfjax da-fy- cuke,uok;juesuvy,d'ku xzqi ds fu.kz; esa vfhkfu/kkzfjr fd;k fd] fodkl ds dkj.k m ksx,oa dkj[kkuksa dh vko';drk le; ds lkfk c<+rh tk jgh gsa vksj i;kzoj.k dh laj{kk Hkh vko';d gs rks,sls esa larqfyr fodkl 'kks/k /kkjk 156

167 dh vksj vxzlj gksuk vko';d gks tkrk gs] vfkkzr~ larqfyr fodkl dh cuk;s j[kus dh vko';drk gsa orzeku esa tgka,d rjq Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ogha nwljh vksj fodkl dh rhoz xfr ;fn Ik;kZoj.k dks /;ku esa j[kk tk;s rks fodkl gksus dh lahkkouk ugha gsa ;fn fodkl fd;k tkrk gs rks Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ugha gks ikrk gsa iks"k.kh; fodkl,d,slk ek/;e gs] ftlds }kjk fodkl ds lkfk&lkfk Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gsa :jy fyfvxs'ku,.m,uvkbfvyesav dsaunz cuke Hkkjrh; la?k rfkk :jy fyfvxs'ku,.m buvkbfvyesav dsaunz cuke mrrj izns'k jkt; egroiw.kz oknksa esa nsgjknwu pwuk irfkj [knkuksa dh [kqnkbz] ftlls ogk jgus okys fuokfl;ksa dks i;kzoj.k iznw"k.k ls gkfu igq p jgh FkhA mppre U;k;ky; us tk p ds fy, lfefr dh fu;qfdr dh FkhA lfefr dh fjiksvz ij [kkuksa esa [kqnkbz jksdus ds vkns'k fn;s x;sa,e-lh- esgrk o vu; cuke Jhjke QwM,.M QVhZykbtj,oa Hkkjr la?k ds ckn esa lokszpp U;k;y; us fnyyh esa flfkr Jhjke QwM,.M QfVZykbtj b.mlvªht dh,d bdkbz dks vksfy;e uked [krjukd xsl ds fofuekz.k ls jksd fn;ka bafm;u dkmfuly Qkj bufojks yhxy,dlu cuke Hkkjr la?k bl ckn esa jktlfkku ds mn;iqj ftys ds fcokjh xk o ds vklikl dk vks ksfxd {ks=k cuk gqvk Fkk] ftlls vklikl dk tyok;q,oa thou dks [krjk mriuu gks x;ka mppre U;k;y; us us'kuy i;kzoj.k 'kks/k lalfkku dks mldh tk p djus laca/kh funsz'k fn;sa 'kksèk lalfkku dh fjikzv ds vk/kkj ij lokszpp; U;k;ky; us vkns'k fn;k fd fcuk yk;lasl okys dkj[kkuksa ds fo:) leqfpr dk;zokgh dh tk;sa iwoz of.kzr oknksa ds vykok vu; egroiw.kz okn Hkh gs] ftuesa dkmfuly Qkj bufojksa yhxy,d'ku cuke Hkkjr la?k csyyksj flfvtu csyqs;j Qksje cuke Hkkjr la?k,txuukfk cuke Hkkjr la?k] iwoz of.kr oknksa esa lokszpp U;k;ky; us laos/kkfud izko/kkuksa ds varxzr i;kzoj.k laj{k.k ds fy;s vr;ar egroiw.kz fu.kz; fn;sa eqjyh,l nsom+k cuke Hkkjr la?k lkoztfud LFkkuksa ij /kweziku djuk oftzr dj fn;k x;k vksj lkfk gh fu.kz; fn;k fd vuqpnsn 21 ds varxzr fof/k }kjk LFkfir izfø;k ls gsa vksj fdlh O;fDr dk thou lekir ugha tks fd ekuo vf/kdkjksa dk izr;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls laj{k.k u djrk gksa iwoz of.kzr izko/kkuksa,oa mppre U;k;ky; ds fu.kz;ksa ls ;g Kkr gksrk gs fd lafo/kku ds varxzr i;kzoj.k laj{k.k dks fo'ks"k egro fn;k x;k gsa i;kzoj.k lh/ks ekuo ds thou ls lacaf/kr gsa ;fn i;kzoj.k iznwf"kr fd;k tkrk gs]rks bldk vfkz gksxk ekuo thou,oa mlds vflrro dks [krjs esa MkyukA ;gh dkj.k jgk gs fd Hkkjrh; n.m fo/kku esa i;kzoj.k laj{k.k dks fo'ks"k egro fn;k x;k gsa Hkkjrh; n.m lafgrk 1860,oa n.m izfø;k lafgrk 1973 esa i;kzoj.k ds laj{k.k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,,slh O;oLFkk dh xbza Hkkjrh; n.m lafgrk 1860 ds varxzr mica/k fd;s x;s gas] yksd U;wlsal] tks,slk dk;z ftlls tulk/kkj.k dks dksbz {kfr] ladv ck/kk] ;k {kkshk dkfjr gks ;k,slk gksuk vo';ahkkoh gksa mis{kkiw.kz dk;z ftlls fd thou ds fy, ladv iw.kz jksx dk laøe.k QSyuk laehkko; gks] tks dksbz fof/k fo:) :i ls ;k mis{kk ls,slk dksbz dk;z djsxka ftlls thou ds fy, ladv iw.kz jksx dk laøe.k QSykuk lehkko; gks] tks dksbz fof/k fo:) :i ls ;k mis{kk ls,slk dksbz dk;z djsxk] ftlls fd og tkurk gs fd og fo'okl djus dk dkj.k j[krk gks fd thou ds fy, ladviw.kz fdlh jksx dk laøe.k QSykuk lhkko; gs] og nksuksa esa ls fdlh Hkkafr ds dkjkokl ls] ftldh vof/k 6 ekl rd dh gks ldsxh ;k tqekzuk ls ;k nksuksa ls 'kks/k /kkjk 157

168 nafmr fd;k tk;sxka yksd ty L=kksr ;k tyk'k; ds ty dyqf"kr djuk] tks dksbz yksd ty L=kksr ;k tyk'k; ds ty dks LosPNk bl izdkj Hkz"V ;k dyqf"kr djsxh fd og ml iz;kstu ds fy,] ftlds fy, og ekewyh rksj ij mi;ksx esa vkrk gks de mi;ksx gks tk;s] og nksuksa esa ls fdlh Hkakfr ds dkjkokl ls ftldh vof/k rhu ekl rd gks ldsxh ;k tqekzuk ls tks ik p lks :i;s rd dks gks ldsxk]nf.mr fd;k tk;sxka ok;qe.my dks LoLFk ds fy, vik;dj cukuk tks dksbz fdlh LFkku ds ok;qe.my dks LosPN;k bl izdkj nwf"kr djsxk fd og tulk/kkj.k ds LokLF; ds fy, tks fuokl ;k dkjksckj djrs gks] ;k yksd ekxz esa vkrs&tkrs gksa vik;dj cu tk;sa o tqekus ls tks ikawp lks :i;s rd dk gks ldsxk nf.mr fd;k tk;sxka Hkkjrh; n.m lafgrk 1860 ds varxzr iwoz of.kzr /kkjkvksa esa i;kzoj.k laj{k.k rfkk iznw"k.k fuokj.k vksj fu;a=k.k ds fy, fdlh O;fDr ds fo:) dk;zokgh dh tk ldrh gsa lafgrk 1973 ds varxzr fdlh vijk/k ds fuokj.k ds fy, D;k izfø;k ds fo:/k dk;zokgh dh tk ldrh gsa n.m izfø;k lafgrk 1973 ds varxzr fdlh vijk/k ds fuokj.k ds fy, D;k izfø;k viukbz tk;sxha bl laca/k esa egroiw.kz izko/kku fd;s x;s gsa tks fd rkehy ;k vf/klwpuk ftl O;fDr dks U;wlsal gvkus laca/kh vkns'k lacksf/kr gks] og mldk ikyu djsxk ;k dkj.k nf'kzr djsxka vlqy jgus dk ifj.ke gksxk fd mls Hkkjrh; nam lafgrk dh /kkjk 188 ds varxzr nafmr fd;k tk;sxka U;wlsal ds vtszuv ekeyksa esa vkns'k tkjh djus laca/kh izo/kku gsa Hkkjr esa i;kzoj.k iznw"k.k fuokj.k vksj fu;a=k.k ds fy, fo/kk;u gs% ai;kzoj.k ¼laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1986( ty ¼iznw"k.k fuokj.k vksj fu;a=k.k½vf/kfu;e 1974( ty iznw"k.k fuokj.k vksj fu;a=k.k midj vf/kfu;e 1977( ok;q ¼iznw"k.k fuokj.k vksj fu;a=k.k ½ vf/kfu;e 1981( Hkkjrh; ok;jy vf/kfu;e 1923( Hkkjrh; ou vf/kfu;e 1927( ou laj{k.k vf/kfu;e( ou; thou laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1972( yksd nkf;ro chek vf/kfu;e( jk"vªh; i;kzoj.k vfhkdj.k vf/kfu;e 1995( i;kzoj.k laj{k.k djus dk ewy mn~ns'; i;kzoj.k dk laj{k.k vksj lq/kkj djuk gsasaik;kzoj.k iznw"k.k nwj djus gsrq mik; ftudk ;fn lgh rjhds ls mi;ksx fd;k tk;s rks Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gsa ftuesa iznw"k.k eqdr izks ksfxdh dk fodkl] tula[;k Hkkj esa dfe izkñfrd lalk/kuksa ds va/kk/kqa/k fonksgu ij fu;a=k.k] o {kkjksi.k] ljdkjh uhfr;ka vksj nam fo/kku dk mica/k] tutkx fr rfkk Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk dk izpkj&izlkj vkfn izeq[k gsaa vkt euq"; us viuh vko';drkvksa dks folr r dj fy;k gsaa,d rjq rks ekuo i;kzoj.k fcxm+ jgk gsa ekuo i;kzoj.k dk rkri;z gs lkekftd Hksn&Hkko ls gsa tgk,d ds ikl ihus dk ikuh ugha gs] ogha nwljk O;fDrxr foeku ls py jgk gs vksj bz/ku dks ikuh dh rjg cgk jgk gsa orzeku le; esa ;fn ge varjkz"vªh; nlrkostksa dh ckr djsa rks ikyu,d :irk ls ugha gks ik jgk gsa nlrkost,oa varjkz"vªh; dkuwu NksVs,oa cms+ ns'kksa ds chp esa fohkdr gsa fodflr ns'k i;kzoj.k ls lacafèkr vius oknksa ls eqdjrs utj vk jgs gsaa i;kzoj.k dh rks ckr D;k gsa fo'o esa,sls ijek.kq,oa ukfhkdh; gffk;kj gsa tks iwjh nqfu;k dks iy Hkj esa HkLe dj ldrs gsaa Hkkjr esa i;kzoj.k laj{k.k ds uke,oa lqkbz vfhk;ku ds uke ij vpns dk;z fd;s tk jgs gsaa fdurq jkf'k dh ek=kk vr;f/kd gsa Hkkjr esa ekuuh; loksazpp U;k;ky; ds }kjk ljkguh; Hkwfedk vnk dh xbz gsa 'kks/k /kkjk 158

169 lanhkz 1- ckcsy] clarh yky( i;kzoj.k,oa dkuwu] lqfof/kk ykw gkål HkksikyA 2 'kqdy] Ogh-,u( dkulvhv~;w'ku vkwq bafm;k] bzlvuz cqd daiuh y[kuåa 3 jkbh] vkj-,y-( vk/kqfud i;kzoj.k fof/k] ;wfuoflzvh cqd gkål] t;iqja 4 izlkn] vfu:)( i;kzoj.k laj{k.k dkuwu] bzlvuz cqd daiuh] y[kuåa 5 mik/;k;] t; t; jke( Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] lsuvªy ykw,tsulh] bykgkckna 6 'kekz] ih-mh-( bdksykwth,.m,uok;jesuv] jlrksxh icyhds"ku esjba 7 ik.ms;] t;ukjk;.k( Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] lsuvªy ykw,tsulh] bykgkckna 8 vkwy bafm;k fjikszvja 9 føeuy ykw tuzya 'kks/k /kkjk 159

170 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fuekz.k esa lrr~ fodkl rfkk i;kzoj.k laj{k.k,oa lao/kzu Jherh lhek tk;lh l0 izk0] vaxzsth] jktho xka/kh 'kkldh; dyk] okf.kt;],oa fokku egkfo ky;] yksjeh] eqaxsyh] NÙkhlx<+ MkW0 jfounz tk;lh izkpk;z] ipism+h egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract lrr~ fodkl lkekftd vkffkzd fodkl dh og izfø;k gs] ftlesa i Foh dh lgu'kfdr ds vuqlkj fodkl dh ckr dh tkrh gsa ;g vo/kkj.kk 1960 ds n"kd rd fodflr gqbz tc yksx vks ksfxdj.k ds i;kzoj.k ij gkfudkjd izhkkoksa ls voxr gq,a lrr~ fodkl dk mn~hko izkñfrd lalk/kuksa dh lekfir rfkk mlds dkj.k vkffkzd fø;kvksa dk mriknu&iz.kkfy;ksa ds /khes gksus ;k muds can gksus ds Hk; ls gqvka ;g vo/kkj.kk mriknu&iz.kkfy;ksa ij fu;a=k.k djus okys dqn yksxksa }kjk izñfr ds cgqewy; rfkk lhfer lalk/kuksa ds y{;iw.kz nq:i;ksx dk ifj.kke gsa lrr~ fodkl dks;yk] rsy rfkk ty tsls lalk/kuksa ds nksgu ds fy, mriknu rduhdh vks ksfxd izfø;kvksa rfkk fodkl dh mfpr uhfr;ksa ds laca/k esa nh?kzdkyhu ;kstuk izlrqr djrk gsa Figure : 00 References : 13 Table : 00 Key Words : fodkl dk i;kzdj.kh; ifjn ';] jk"vª fuekz.k esa i;kzoj.k laj{k.k] tso fofo/krk la/kkj.kh; fodkl vfkok lrr~ fodkl (sustainable development)] fodkl dh og vo/kkj.kk gs( ftlesa fodkl dh uhfr;ka cukrs le; bl ckr dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gs fd ekuo dh u dsoy orzeku vko';drkvksa dh iwfrz lqfuf'pr gks lds oju~ vuardky ekuo vko';drkvksa dh iwfrz lqfuf'pr gks ldsa blesa izkñfrd i;kzoj.k dh lqj{kk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk gsa lrr~ fodkl lkekftd vkffkzd fodkl dh og izfø;k gs] ftlesa i Foh dh lgu'kfdr ds vuqlkj fodkl dh ckr dh tkrh gsa ;g vo/kkj.kk 1960 ds n'kd rd fodflr gqbz tc yksx vks ksxhdj.k ds i;kzoj.k ij gkfudkjd izhkkoksa ls voxr gq,a lrr~ fodkl dk mn~hko izkñfrd lalk/kuksa dh lekfir rfkk mlds dkj.k vkffkzd fø;kvksa dk mriknu&iz.kkfy;ksa ds /khes gksus ;k muds can gksus ds Hk; ls gqvka ;g vo/kkj.kk mriknu&iz.kkfy;ksa ij fu;a=k.k djus okys dqn yksxksa }kjk izñfr ds cgqewy; rfkk lhfer lalk/kuksa ds y{;iw.kz nq:i;ksx dk ifj.kke gsa lrr~ fodkl dks;yk] rsy rfkk ty tsls lalk/kuksa ds nksgu ds fy, mriknu rduhfd vks ksfxd izfø;kvksa rfkk fodkl dh mfpr uhfr;ksa ds laca/k esa nh?kzdkyhu ;kstuk izlrqr djrk gsa lrr~ fodkl dk vfkz,oa ifjhkk"kk % & lrr~ fodkl ls vfhkizk; vkffkzd fodkl ds lkfk&lkfk i;kzoj.k dks lqjf{kr djuk gsa bldk mn~ns'; orzeku vksj Hkfo"; dh vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, izkñfrd lalk/ku dks lqjf{kr j[kuk 'kks/k /kkjk 160

171 gsa lrr~ fodkl ¼lrr~ 'khyrk½ dk vfkz,d,slh flfkfr ls gs] tks ges'kk ds fy, cuh jgsa i;kzoj.k laj{k.k,oa fodkl dk vkil esa cgqr xgjk laca/k gs] oks blfy, D;ksafd gekjs ekuo fodkl ds ekstwnk izfreku us i;kzoj.k dks cgqr uqdlku igqapk;k gsa gesa i;kzoj.k dk laj{k.k ds lkfk&lkfk i;kzoj.k dh laxzfgr djus dh vko';drk gsa ekuo l f"v ds izkjahk ls gh fodkl dj jgk gsa mlds fodkl dk mlds pkjksa vksj ds okrkoj.k ij lh/kk izhkko im+rk gsa *f{kfr] ty] ikod] xxu] lehj] iaprro fey cuk 'kjhj*] ;g mfdr bl ckr dh ksrd gs fd ;s rro tgka,d vksj euq"; ds fodkl dks izhkkfor djrs gsa] ogha nwljh rjq euq"; dks i Foh ij lcls lqy izk.kh cukus esa lgk;d Hkh gsaa ekuo {kfr dk vflrro iw.kzr% i;kzoj.k ij fuhkzj gs vksj i;kzoj.k dh fdlh Hkh izdkj dh mis{kk Lo;a ds vflrro dh mis{kk gsa blh rf; dks n f"vxr j[krs gq, Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa us vius vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k ds izfr fe=kor~ O;ogkj dks vr;ar egro fn;ka i;kzoj.k dk vfkz,oa ifjhkk"kk (Meaning and defination of environment) i;kzoj.k nks 'kcnksa ls feydj cuk gs% *ifj* vksj *vkoj.k*a *ifj* dk vfkz pkjksa vksj rfkk *vkoj.k* dk vfkz gs <adus okyka vaxzsth esa environment 'kcn esa environ dk vfkz gs%?ksjuk (encircle) rfkk ment dk vfkz gs pkjkas vksj ls (surround)a olrqr% environment 'kcn envelope 'kcn dk i;kz; gsa dqn fopkjd environment 'kcn dh vis{kk ¼izkÑfrd vkokl½ 'kcn;k ¼okrkoj.k ;k flfkfr½ 'kcn dk iz;ksx djrs gsa( ftldk vfhkizk; ifjflfkfr ;k ifjo frr (total set of surroundings) ls gsa bl izdkj i;kzoj.k,d lef"v gs vksj ekuo bl lef"v dk,d vax gsa nksuksa dk gh vflrro Lora=k ugha gs] cfyd nksuksa gh,d nwljs ij fuhkzj gsaa i;kzoj.k izñfr dk og Hkkx gs] tks fdlh tho ;k tho leqnk; dks ifj"ñr djrk gsa osclvj (wester) ds 'kcnksa esa ''environment is the sum total of all external condition and influences effecting the life and development of organism'' vfkkzr~ izkf.k;ksa ds thou,oa fodkl dks izhkkfor djus okyh lhkh ckâ; izhkkoksa,oa n'kkvksa dk leqpp; i;kzoj.k gsa Li"V gs fd i;kzoj.k fofhkuu izdkj ds vusd rroksa tsls ok;q] ty] feêh] /kwi] tho vkfn dk lfeej.k gsa bl izdkj i;kzoj.k fdlh izk.kh leqnk; dk og izfrfø;kred ra=k gs] ftlesa vkc) fofhkuu rro mlds thou pø ds fdlh Hkh vof/k esa ml ij izr;{k izhkko Mkyrs gsa rfkk mlds thou izk:i dks izhkkfor djrs gsaa tso fofo/krk dk laj{k.k (conservation of Biodiversity) i;kzoj.k larqyu ds fy, tso fofo/krk laj{k.k vko';d gs,oa fofo/krk ds varxzr tho tarqvksaa,oa iks/kksa dh fofhkuu iztkfr;ka ikbz tkrh gsaa ftl {ks=k esa ftruh vf/kd tso fofo/krk ikbz tkrh gs] ogka ikfjflfkfrdh larqyu (ecological balance) mruk gh vpnk gksrk gsa bl tso fofo/ krk esa deh gksus ij i;kzoj.k esa ifjorzu gksrk gs] blls ikfjflfkfrdh vlarqyu c<+rk gsa oskkfudksa ds erkuqlkj i Foh dks Kkr 4 djksm+ iztkfr;ksa esa ls izfro"kz yxhkx 10 gtkj 'kks/k /kkjk 161

172 iztkfr;ksa dk ekuo ÑR;ksa tsls&vks ksfxd fodkl uxjhdj.k] e nk vijnu] Ñf"k {ks=k esa folrkj] Ñf"k mriknu esa o f)] ck /k,oa tyk'k;ksa dk fuekz.k] tho tarq dk Hkkstu ds :i esa xzg.k vkfn ds dkj.k foyksiu gks jgk gsa blh rjg lkxjh; thoksa dh iztkfr;ka Hkh lkxjh; ty iznw"k.k ds dkj.k u"v gks jgh gsa i;kzoj.k laj{k.k,oa lao/kzu (Environment protection and conservation) euq"; vksj mlds i;kzoj.k ds chp vkfndky ls py jgh varføz;k ds QyLo:i dkykarj esa i;kzoj.k dk âkl izkjahk gqvk gsa vkt ;g flfkfr gs fd i;kzoj.k Hk;kud ladv ds nksj ls xqtj jgk gsa bddhloha lnh ¼21oha½ lnh esa o"kkzdky esa i;kzoj.k ladv,d fo'oo;kih ladv cudj lkeus [km+k gsa i;kzoj.k laj{k.k,oa lao/kzu gsrq i;kzoj.k tkx:drk vr;ar vko';d gsa i;kzoj.k iznw"k.k dsoy,d lekt o ns'k dh lel;k ugha vfirq iwjs fo'o dh lel;k gsa i;kzoj.k ladv fo'ks"kdj i;kzoj.k iznw"k.k ;k ladv vkt,d Toyar fo"k; cu xbz gsa finys dqn o"kks± esa tu lkeku; esa i;kzoj.k laj{k.k,oa lao/kzu ds izfr tkx:drk esa fuf'pr gh o f) gqbz gsa laj{k.k dk vfkz] ifjhkk"kk,oa mn~ns'; (Meaning of definitation of conservation) laj{k.k 'kcn dk ewy vaxzsth i;kz; *dutjos'ku* (conservation) ysfvu Hkk"kk ds 'con' vfkkzr~ 'together' ¼lkFk½ rfkk servare vfkkzr~ 'guard' ¼j{kk½ ls cuk gs ftldk lkeku; vfkz lqj{kk ;k laj{k.k gsa izkñfrd lalk/kuksa ds mi;ksx ds Hkfo"; dks n f"vxr j[krs gq, mfpr nj fu/kkzfjr djuk gsa Li"V gs fd lalk/kuksa dk mfpr,oa lqfu;ksftr mi;ksx gh laj{k.k gsa izñfr gesa vusd lalk/ku iznku djrh gsa fdarq ;fn mudk ;Fkksfpr mi;ksx ugha fd;k x; rks u dsoy fodkl dh xfr :d tk,xh vfirq gekjh Hkkoh ih<+h dk Hkfo"; Hkh va/kdkje; gks tk,xka ;g fopkj izkjahk esa ekuo eflr"d esa ugha vk;k D;ksafd ml le; lalk/ku mi;ksx lhfer FkkA fdarq laj{k.k dh vko';drk ds ewy dkj.k gsa % & rhoz xfr ls tula[;k o f)( iznw"k.k( miyc/k lalk/kuksa dk vf/kdre mi;ksxa laj{k.k dh ifjhkk"kk (Definition of Conservation) izkñfrd lalk/kuksa ds n{kre rfkk fgrdkjh mi;ksx ds :i esa dh tkrh gsa oklro esa laj{k.k os iz;kl gsa fd ftuls izkñfrd lalk/kuksa dk foosdiw.kz mi;ksx (rational euploitation)] ijh{k.k rfkk uohuhdj.k lahko gsa laj{k.k ls rkri;z&izkñfrd lalk/kuksa dk mfpr,oa vko';d mi;ksx ls gs ftlds ek/;e ls ge u dsoy orzeku esa mudk mi;ksx dj ldrs gsa vfirq Hkfo"; esa Hkh mi;ksx gsrq vk'olr gks ldsa ftejesu (Gemerman) ds vuqlkj *laj{k.k ls rkri;z orzeku ih<+h o Hkfo"; dh ih<+h gsrq R;kx gsa* laj{k.k dh vko';drk ds ewy dkj.k% 1- rhoz xfr ls tula[;k o f),oa i;kzoj.k (population & pollution problem) fo'o dh tula[;k yxkrkj c<+ jgh gsa blds fodkl ds dkj.k,d vksj rks ekuo lalkèku esa o f) gqbz gsa vkt bddhloha lnh ¼21 oha lnh½ esa yxkrkj c<+rh tula[;k ds dkj.k i;kzoj.k esa,sls ifjorzu gks jgs gsa fd Hkfo"; Hk;kog fn[k jgk gsa 02 vdvwcj] 2017 x.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr 'kks/k /kkjk 162

173 dh vuqekfur tula[;k 134]29]4]853 gs] tcfd iwjs fo'o dh tula[;k dk izfr'kr gsa tula[;k folqksv ds dkj.k i;kzoj.k iznw"k.k dkqh c<+ jgk gs] D;ksafd bruh cm+h tula[;k dks f[kykus ds fy, [ksrksa esa va/kk/kqa/k mozjd] dhvuk'kdksa dk mi;ksx gksus yxk gs( ftlds dkj.k feêh] ikuh] ok;q iznwf"kr gks pqdk gsa bruk gh ugha vkt iwjs fo'o esa vks ksfxdhdj.k ds lkfk&lkfk gfjr Økafr dh xw t gsa vks ksfxdhdj.k ds dkj.k i;kzoj.k dk rkieku c<+ jgk gs] ftldk mnkgj.k gekjk fcykliqj 'kgj gsa orzeku esa,u-vh-ih-lh- m ksx LFkkfir gksus] 'kgjhdj.k,oa lm+d pksm+hdj.k gksus ds dkj.k ism+ksa dh va/kk/kqa/k dvkbz gks jgh gsa ml vuqikr esa u rks ism+ iks/ks yxk, tk jgs gsa vksj u gh bl vksj /;ku fn;k tk jgk gsa ftl dkj.k o"kkz Hkh ugha gks jgh gs vksj 'kgj dk rkieku fnu&izfrfnu c<+ jgk gs tks fuf'pr gh fpark dk fo"k; gsa iznw"k.k vc,d ns'k fo'ks"k dh lel;k ugha gs cfyd iwjs fo'o dh lel;k cu xbz gsa fokku dh ftruh muufr gqbz gs] mruh gh ek=kk esa og vfhk'kki cu dj lkeus vk;k gsa iznw"k.k ls fo'o dh vkcknh izhkkfor gks jgh gs vksj vkcknh ls i;kzoj.k ;g dslh fomacuk gsa tula[;k bruh c<+ xbz gs fd fctyh] ikuh] vkokl] ifjogu] lapkj] f'k{kk] LokLF;] lqkbz vksj euksjatu ds lk/ku br;kfn dh ekax c<+us ls mldh iwfrz Hkh c<+ jgh gs vksj dwm+s&dpjs ds <sj yxus ls ;k unh] leqnz esa cgkus ls iznw"k.k QSy jgk gsa vxj c<+rh vkcknh dks ugha jksdk x;k rks lkjh /kjrh jsfxlrku fn[ksxh vksj gekjk fouk'k fuf'pr gsa 2- miyc/k lalk/kuksa dk vf/kdre mi;ksx % & ekuo dh vf/kd vksj vf/kd mrikn o f) izkir djus dh vr Ir vfhkyk"kk us LoxhZ; i Foh dks ujde; cuk Mkyk gsa fuf'pr ifjf/k okyh i Foh ij HkkSfrd vfhko f) (physical growth) loznk ds fy, tkjh ugha dj ldrh gsa ekuo tula[;k dk folqksv vksj tso eamy ij blds cnys vp;fur glr{ksi ekuo dh mrrjthfork ds fy, [krjukd cu x, gsaa oklro esa ekuo tula[;k dk folqksv lokzf/kd [kjkc,oa ewy fdle dk iznw"k.k gsa lhkh izeq[k i;kzoj.kh; lel;k,a tks Hkkoh ekuo tkfr gsrq [krjk mriuu dj jgh gsaa os ewyr%,d gh rro ls mriuu gks jgh gs&og rro gs tula[;k ckgqy;a chloha ¼20oha½ lnh ds iwoz rd ;g tuhkkou Fkh] **izxfr dk rkri;z tula[;k] vf/kd tula[;k dk rkri;z&vf/kd izxzfr vksj vf/kd izxfr dk rkri;z&laiuurka** chloha ¼20oha½ 'krkcnh ds var ls flfkfr foijhr gks xbza tula[;k dk rkri;z gs&mrikn o f)] vf/kd tula[;k dk rkri;z gs&vf/kd mrikn o f)] vf/kd mrikn o f) dk rkri;z gs izkñfrd lalk/kuksa d T;knk 'kks"k.k] izkñfrd lk/kuksa ls T;knk 'kks"k.k dk rkri;z gs% i;kzoj.k vlarqyu vksj ifj.kkelo:i mriuu Lo;a ekuo tkfr dks [krjka vfu;af=kr tula[;k folqksv,oa ekuo LokLF; dh cnrj gksrh flfkfr lhkh vk/kqfud ekuo ds eflr"d jfgr fø;kdykiksa dk gh ifj.kke gsa i;kzoj.k laj{k.k,oa lao/kzu dk mn~ns'; (objective of environment protection and conservation) laj{k.k dk eq[; mn~ns'; gs lalk/kuksa dk mfpr mi;ksx u dsoy orzeku ds fy, vfirq Hkfo"; dks n f"vxr j[krs gq, djuka laj{k.k ds fofo/k i{kksa esa vkffkzd] lkekftd,oa jktuhfrd i{k gksrs gsaa vkffkzd izxfr,oa fodkl ds fy, lalk/kuksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa vkffkzd izxfr,oa fodkl ds 'kks/k /kkjk 163

174 fy, lalkèkuksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa ;g iz;ksx tc izfrli/kkz dk :i ys ysrk gs rks fouk'kd cu tkrk gsa ; fi vfkz'kkl=kh orzeku ykhk dks n f"vxr j[krs gq, mlds vf/kdre ykhk dh LohÑfr iznku djrs gsa fdarq Hkfo"; dks ns[kuk Hkh mudk mrrjnkf;ro gsa vr% laj{k.k vko';d gsa lkekftd ifjos'k esa laj{k.k vko';d gh ugha] vfirq vfuok;z gsa D;ksafd gesa orzeku lekt ds lkfk gh Hkfo"; ds lkfk Hkh U;k; djuk gsa orzeku esa fo'o esa laj{k.k dk jktuhfrdj.k vf/kd gks x;k gsa mifuos'kokn us tgka 'kks"k.k ds fopkj dks izcyrk nh( ogha bldh jktuhfr laj{k.k ij tksj ns jgh gsa fdarq viokn Lo:i lalk/ku vio;; esa Hkh lgk;d gsa oklro esa laj{k.k ds izfr jktuhfrd tkx:drk orzeku ;qx esa ubz vk'kk dh fdj.k gs fd ge Hkfo"; ds izfr ;Fks"V ¼lpsr½ gsaa laj{k.k ds izeq[k mn~ns'; gsa % & izkñfrd i;kzoj.k dk laj{k.k ftlls ekuo,oa izkñfrd esa lkeatl; cuk jgs vksj ikfjflfkfrd ra=k larqfyr jgs bl dk;z gsrq fueu rf;ksa dks n f"vxr j[kuk pkfg, % & v- ok;qeamy laj{k.k vfkkzr~ ok;q&iznw"k.k ij fu;a=k.k] vkstksu ijr dk Lrj cuk, j[kuka c- tyok;q ifjorzuksa ij fuxjkuh j[kuka l- ty iznw"k.k ij jksd,oa ty dk mfpr mi;ksxa n- e nk laj{k.ka b- ou,oa vu; izkñfrd laink dk laj{k.ka p- ou; thoksa dk laj{k.ka 1- la{ksi esa izkñfrd okrkoj.k dh j{kk] mls larqfyr,oa ekuoksi;ksxh cuk, j[kuk vko';d gsa 2- lhkh izdkj ls iznw"k.k jksduka 3- izkñfrd lalk/kuksa dk foosdiw.kz iz;ksx dk fodkl djuk ftlls mudk nh?kzdky rd mi;ksx lahko gks ldsa 4- [kftu lalk/kuksa dk laj{k.k fo'ks"kdj os [kfut tks lekir gks tkus okys gsaa 5- fuf'pr {ks=kksa esa dqn vkffkzd fø;kvksa tsls&ouksa dks dkvuk] tkuojksa dks ekjuk] vfu;fer [kuu vkfn dks jksduka 6- uohuhdj.k ;ksx; lalk/kuksa dk mfpr mi;ksx ftlls mudk iqu% mi;ksx lahko gks ldsa 7- uohuhdj.kh; lalk/kuksa dk laj{k.k vfr vko';d gs] D;ksafd mudks iqu% izkir djuk lahko ughaa 8- dks;yk] isvªksy rfkk vu; [kfut b±/kuksa ds izfrlfkk;h b±/kuksa dh [kkst xahkhjrkiwozd dh tkuh pkfg,a ;FkklaHko fo qr] lksj ÅtkZ,oa ijek.koh; 'kfdr (atomic energy) ds mi;ksx dks izksrlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,a 9- ou; thoksa ds f'kdkj ij izfrca/k yxkuk pkfg,] fo'ks"k :i ls mu ou; izkf.k;ksaa ij ftudh la[;k fujarj de gksrh tk jgh gsa 10- fofhkuu LFkkuksa ij NksVs&cM+s fpfm+;k?kj cukus pkfg,a yksxksa dks tho&tarqvksa ds izfr vfgalk dh izñfr dks fodflr djuh pkfg,a 'kks/k /kkjk 164

175 ljdkj dh uhfr rfkk fø;kuo;u % & orzeku esa i;kzoj.k dh lqj{kk ds fy, ljdkj dks uhfr cukuh pkfg,a,slh uhfr dks viukuk pkfg,] ftlls vpns ifj.kke izkir gks ldsa i;kzoj.k laj{k.k esa ljdkjh iz;klksa dh tkudkjha 1- fpidks vkanksyu % bl vkanksyu esa dk;zdrkz ism+ksa ls fpiddj mugsa dkvus ls cpkrs gsaa bldh 'kq:vkr 1793 bz- esa m-iz- vksj mrrjkapy izns'k ds peksyh ftys ds xksis'oj LFkku ls gqvka blds iz.ksrk Jh lqanjyky cgqxq.kk o Jh pamh izlkn gsaa Jh cgqxq.kk th fvgjh cka/k vkanksyu ds tud Hkh gsaa 2- vkijs'ku e x % ekpz] 2001 esa Hkkjr&frCcr lhek iqfyl }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA blesa fgeky; dh igkm+ksa esa ik, tkus okys dlrwjh e x ds f'kdkj dks jksduk gsa 3- nkfcr izkñfrd xsl (C.N.G.): izkñfrd xsl,slh xsl gs] tks vklkuh ls tyrh gs vksj Å"ek mriuu gksrh gsa isvªksfy;e inkfkks± ls mriuu b±/kuksa dks tykus ij okrkoj.k iznwf"kr gksrk gs fdarq izkñfrd xsl dks tykus ij ugha D;ksafd blls esfksu (CH4) gkbmªkstu xsl ik;h tkrh gs ftlls dksbz gkfudkjd ¼iznw"k.k½ djus okyh xsl ugha fudyrha blfy, bldk iz;ksx mpp nkc ij okguksa dks pykus esa djrs gsaa fnyyh esa c<+rs gq, i;kzoj.k iznw"k.k dks jksdus ds fy, U;k;ky; us 31 fnlacj] 2001 ds ckn CNG ds vykok dksbz cl u pykus dk QSlyk fd;k rfkk iwjs ns'k esa tkjh djus ds fopkj fd;k tk jgk gsa Hkkjr esa VsYdks }kjk CNG ds clksa dk fuekz.k fd;k tk jgk gsa tso fofo/krk dk laj{k.k % tso fofo/krk,d,slk lalk/ku gs] tks ;fn,d ckj lekir gks tk, rks mls nksckjk ugha cuk;k tk ldrk ;k foyqir gks tkrs gsaa vkt,slk dksbz Hkh mik; ugha gs ftlls Hkwrdky esa foyqir gqbz tho tarqvksa dks iqu% mriuu fd;k tk ldsa varjkz"vªh;] jk"vªh; rfkk LFkkuh; Lrj ij tso fofo/krk dks lajf{kr djus ds fy, nks izdkj dh j.kuhfr iz;ksx esa ykbz tkrh gsa v- Lo vkoklh; laj{k.k (In-situ conservation) tc thoksa dk laj{k.k muds izkñfrd vkoklksa esa fd;k tkrk gs rks bls bu&lhvw laj{k.k dgrs gsaa laj{k.k dh ;g fof/k vf/kd mi;qdr gs] D;ksafd bl fof/k esa ou; thoksa,oa ikni tkfr;ksa dks iw.kz laj{k.k iznku fd;k tkrk gsa blesa ouksa ds fouk'k dks jksddj jk"vªh; m ku] i'kq fogkj vkfn dks lqjf{kr LFky cuk;k tkrk gsa c- Ñf=ke vkoklh; laj{k.k (Ex-situ conservation) tc thoksa dk laj{k.k muds izkñfrd vkoklksa ls gvdj ekuo }kjk fufezr lqjf{kr vkoklksa ¼'kks/k&laLFkku] 'kj.k LFky] oulifr m ku½ esa fd;k tkrk gs rks bls,dl lhvw laj{k.k dgrs gsaa izkñfrd vkoklksa ls foyqir gks pqds,d fteuksliez ikni fxuxks ckbyksck (Gingo biloba) dks,dl lhvw laj{k.k ds varxzr lqjf{kr j[k dj foyqir gksus ls cpk fy;k x;k gsa bl laj{k.k ls yxhkx 1500 okulifrd m ku dk;kzfuor gsaa ftlesa yxhkx 80]000 nqyzhk ikni dks laj{k.k rfkk 800 ls vf/kd O;oLFkkfir fpfm+;k?kj ftlesa Lru/kkfj;ksa] if{k;ksa] ljhl iksa rfkk mhk;pjksa dh vuqekur% 3]000 iztkfr;ksa dks laj{k.k fn;k tk jgk gsa i;kzoj.k laj{k.k lacaf/kr izeq[k vf/kfu;e % & 'kks/k /kkjk 165

176 1- i;kzoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ¼1986½ & i;kzoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ¼1986½ dks ikfjr djus dk mn~ns'; i;kzoj.k dks fofhkuu gkfudkjd izhkkoksa tsls&jlk;u] tsfod inkfkks± dh deh ls c<+rk gqvk iznw"k.k] izkñfrd izdksi vkfn ls lajf{kr djuk gsa bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu cuk, x, fu;eksa dk myya?ku djus ij 5 o"kz dh ltk,oa 1 yk[k rd dk tqekzuk vfkok nksuksa ls nafmr fd;k tk ldsxka 2- ok;q iznw"k.k ¼fuokj.k,oa fu;a=k.k½ vf/kfu;e ¼1981½&ok;q thou ds fy, vko';d gs] orzeku esa 'kq) ok;q dsoy vrhr dh dyiuk ek=k gsa laln }kjk ok;q iznw"k.k fuokj.k rfkk fu;a=k.k vf/kfu;e] ebz 1981 dks laiw.kz Hkkjr esa ykxw fd;k x;k gs ftugsa lkr v/;k;ksa esa fohkdr fd;k gsa 3- ty iznw"k.k ¼fuokj.k,oa fu;a=k.k½ vf/kfu;e ¼1974½&ty iznw"k.k vf/kfu;e fo'ksys] gkfudkjd vfkok iznwf"kr djus okys inkfkks± dks ufn;ksa,oa dqvksa esa Qsads tkus dks fuf'k) djrk gs mls jksdrk gsa bl vf/kfu;e esa dqy 8 v/;k; rfkk 64 /kkjk,a gsaa 4- ou; tho laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ¼1972½ & ou; tho lqj{kk vksj ladvxzlr tho iztkfr;ksa dh lqj{kk dks fu;af=kr djrk gsa 5- ou laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ¼1980½& ouksa ds laj{k.k laca/kh dbz fu;e,oa dkuwu cuk, x, gsa ysfdu ouksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, ou laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1980 ehy dk irfkj fl) gqvk gsa bl vf/kfu;e rfkk mn~ns'; xsj&okfudh dk;ks± ds fy, ou {ks=kksa ds mi;ksx dks fu:rlkfgr djuk gsa bl vf/kfu;e esa jk"vª ds fodkl ds fy, ;fn dksbz xsj&okfudh dk;z djokrk gs tsls&lm+d cukuk] cka/k dk fuekz.k] fo qr ykbzu Mkyuk] [kuu djokuk vkfn dk;ks± dh ifj;kstuk,a pkyw djuh gks rks,slh flfkfr esa dqn 'krks± ds varxzr ou {ks=k ds LFkkukarj.k ds fy, ljdkj ds }kjk vuqefr nsus dk izko/kku gsa lkj :i esa miqzdr fopkjksa,oa dk;ks± ds lkfk&lkfk ;g Hkh vko';d gs fd % & 1- i;kzoj.k dks larqfyr djus ds fy, izñfr ds lkfk euq"; dk fe=kor~ O;ogkj mriuu fd;k tkuk vko';d gsa 2- i;kzoj.k ¼vuohuhÑr½ dk,slk izca/ku fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls fd vkus okyh ihf<+;ka Hkh bldk mi;ksx dj ldsaa 3-50 ls 5 gtkj,dm+ {ks=kqy dh Hkwfe ij izkñfrd dsanzksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg, ftlls uxjksa,oa cflr;ksa ds ikl gh i;kzoj.k dh f'k{kk izkñfrd flfkfr;ksa esa nh tk;sa 4- uspj Dycksa] uspj dsanzksa vkfn dh LFkkiuk,oa laxfbr fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks fofhkuu {ks=kksa esa tkdj vke ukxfjdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh izkir dj ldsa rfkk vko';d tkudkfj;ksa mugsa iznku dh tk ldsa oklro esa laj{k.k izñfr,oa izkñfrd lalk/kuksa ds mfpr mi;ksx dks iz'klr djrk gsa ;g dk;z uhfr,oa fu;kstu }kjk gh lahko gs] tks varjkzvªh;] jk"vªh;,oa {ks=kh; Lrj ij fd;k tk ldrk gsa izñfr ds laca/k esa latks, vuqhkoksa dks ckavus] i;kzoj.kh; lel;kvksa dks le>us&lqy>kus esa,sls izhkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dks lfeefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks vius {ks=k&fo"k; fo'ks"k esa n{krk j[krs gksa rfkk dezb dk;zdrkz ds :i esa tqm+ ldrs gksaa dsoy fu;e,oa uhfr;ka gh laj{k.k ds fy, i;kzir ugha vfirq bldh lqyrk laiw.kz ekuo tkfr ij fuhkzj gsa 'kks/k /kkjk 166

177 lanhkz 1- 'kekz] nhfir] dqekj- egsanz i;kzoj.k izca/ku,oa izkñfrd lalk/ku] vtqzu ifcyf'kax gkål] ubz fnyyh& ¼2009½A 2- 'kekz] nhfir( dqekj egsanz] ekuo,oa i;kzoj.k vtqzu ifcyf'kax gkål] ubz fnyyh& ¼2009½A 3- tks'kh] yrk( i;kzoj.k dh jktuhfr] vukfedk ifcy'klz,am fmlvªhc;wvlz ¼izk-½ fyfevsm] ubz fnyyha 4- JhokLro] jko( i;kzoj.k vksj ikfjflfkfrdh] olqa/kjk izdk'ku] xksj[kiqj ¼2009½A 5- 'kekz] nhfir dqekj( egsanz( i;kzoj.k f'k{k.k,oa tupsruk] vtqzu ifcyf'kax gkål] ubz fnyyh& ¼2009½A 6- dqekjh] MkW- izhkk( tula[;k folqksv,oa i;kzoj.k iznw"k.k] ok.kh izdk'ku] 'kxqu vkqlsv] 'kkgnjk] fnyyha 7- dksf'kd] nsos'k( lalk/ku Hkwxksy] vtqzu ifcyf'kax gkål] nfj;kxat] ubz fnyyh& ¼2012½A 8- ukxkosy] Hkokuh( i;kzoj.k,oa bldk laj{k.k] 'kks/k&izdyi] ¼2013½ i "B la-37a 9- ;kno] jketh( ds-,u-,l- vtqzu ifcyf'kax gkål] nfj;kxat] ubz fnyyh& ¼2014½A 10- fnccj] MkW-,l-ds( i;kzoj.k laj{k.k vksj U;k;ikfydk] vtq Zu ifcyf'kax gkål] nfj;kxat] ubz fnyyh& ¼2009½A 11- iky] MkW- lqjsanz d';i( ds-ds- i;kzoj.k,oa lekt] vtqzu ifcyf"kax gkål] nfj;kxat] ubz fnyyh& ¼2014½A 12- useh] ch-,l-( **ikfjflfkfrdh; fodkl,oa i;kzoj.k Hkwxksy**] jlrksxh,am daiuh] esjb ¼1991½A environment-conservation and sustainable deveopment. 'kks/k /kkjk 167

178 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl dk i;kzoj.kh; fparu MkW0 dkosjh nkhkm+dj lgk;d izk/;kid] Hkwxksy] 'kkldh; fcyklk du;k LukrdksRrj egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract,d vuqeku gs fd 21oha lnh ds var rd gekjs ns'k dh vkcknh lok vjc gks tk;sxh vksj 2050 rd ge nqqfu;k eas lcls vf/kd vkcknh okyk jk"vª cu tk;saxsa,sls esa vkffkzd fodkl ds lkfk i;kzoj.k dks lek;ksftr dj gh fodkl dh u;h jkg pquuh gksxha jk"vª fodkl dks pan O;kikfj;ksa] cm+s vks ksfxd?kjkuksa ds vkffkzd fgrksa dh cfy u cuus nsa vkffkzd fodkl ds }a}] xjhc] vehj ds chp c<+rh [kkbz us lkekftd i;kzoj.k dks vlarqfyr fd;k gs] ijarq ikfjflfkfrdh; larqyu dks cuk;s j[kuk gekjs uhfr fu;kedksa dk izeq[k y{; gksuk pkfg;sa Figure : 00 References : 04 Table : 03 Key Words : jk"vª fodkl ds rro] i;kzoj.k fparu vksj jk"vª fodkl jk"vª,d HkkSxksfyd bdkbz gsa Hkkjr,d,slh Hkwfe gs] tks lalk/ku laiuu gsa lkalñfrd fofoèkrrk jax] 'kl; 'kkeyk&/kjrh] fofo/k HkwvkÑfrd Lo:i,oa ufn;ksa ds vizokfgr esnku jk"vª ds fodkl dks u;h fn'kk nsrs gsaa fodkl,d lrr~ izfø;k gs] olrqr% fdlh jk"vª ds fodkl dks js[kkafdr djus ds rhu fcanq gks ldrs gsa %1- tula[;k esa o f)2- izfr O;fDr vk; esa o f) 3- v/kkslajpuk esa o f) rhuksa gh lanhkksaz ds usif; esa gs% lalk/kuksa dk fodkla fuf'pr gh Lora=krk ds iwoz,oa i'pkr~ ifjflfkfr;ka cnyh gasa tula[;k esa fujarj o f) gqbz gsa 1901&1911 ds e/; Hkkjr esa tula[;k o f) nj 5-75 Fkh] tks 1951&61 ds e/; 21-64,oa 1981&91 ds n'kd esa rfkk 2001&2011 ds e/; izfr'kr jgha Li"V gs tula[;k esa fujarj o f) ifjyf{kr gsa lkfj.kh 1-0 Hkkjr % tula[;k o f) o"kz tula[;k o f) izfr'kr esa o"kz tula[;k o f) izfr'kr esa $ $ $ & $ $ $ $ $ $ $17-64 L=kksr % prqzhkqt ekeksfj;k Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy 2014 fodkl ds fofhkuu vk;keksa esa izfr O;fDr vk;,d egroiw.kz lwpd gsa Hkkjr esa izfr O;fDr 'kks/k /kkjk 168

179 a a vk; ds o"kz nj o"kz ds vkadm+ksa ls ifjyf{kr gs ¼lkfj.kh 1-1½A foxr o"kksz esa izfr O;fDr vk; esa o f) gqbz gsa fujarj c<+rk vks ksxhdj.k uxjhdj.k ds lkfk&lkfk f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa dbz izxfr esa vkffkzd fodkl dks ubz fn'kk nh gsa lkfj.kh 1-1 & Hkkjr % izfr O;fDr vk; jk"vª dh ldy vk; izfr O;fDr vk; I iapo"khz; ;kstuk II iapo"khz; ;kstuk III iapo"khz; ;kstuk okf"kzd ;kstuk IV iapo"khz; ;kstuk V iapo"khz; ;kstuk VI iapo"khz; ;kstuk VII iapo"khz; ;kstuk VIII iapo"khz; ;kstuk IX iapo"khz; ;kstuk X iapo"khz; ;kstuk XI iapo"khz; ;kstuk XII iapo"khz; ;kstuk &15 iapo"khz; ;kstuk L=kksr % xwxy lpz Lora=krk ds i'pkr Hkkjr esa iapo"khz; ;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls fodkl dk ekxz lqfuf'pr fd;k x;ka 1952 ds i'pkr f'k{kk] LokLF;] ifjogu br;kfn ds lkfk&lkfk flapkbz Ñf"k] {ks=kksa esa fodkl gsrq fur u;s miøe fd;s x;sa cgqmn~ns''kh; flapkbz ;kstukvksa dk folrkj [kuu m ksx] ifjogu ds lk/kuks ds fodkl us ns'k ds v/kkslajpukred flfkfr es o f) dh gsa tslk dh fueu lkfj.kh ls Li"V gs%& lkfj.kh 1-2 & Hkkjr % v/kkslajpukred o f) lm+dksa dh yeckbz LokLF; dsunzksa dh la[;k izk- f"k{kk lalfkku is;ty lqfo/kk ;qdr xzke fo qr lqfo/kk;qdr xzke jsyekxksz dh yackbz gokbz vm~mksa dh la[;k L=kksr % xwxy lpz 'kks/k /kkjk 169

180 mi;qzdr rhuksa lanhkksz ds usif; esa gs% lalk/kuksa dk fodkla ekuo dh ewyhkwr vko';drk dh iwfrz ds fy, euq"; us lalk/kuksa dk va/kk/kaq/k mi;ksx fd;k gsa fodkl ds fy, u;s&u;s 'kgjksa dks clk;k tk jgk gs] vks ksxhdj.k c<+ jgk gs] Ñf"k ds folrkj ls oukurxzr Hkwfe dk vf/kxzg.k gks jgk gs] Hkw.eMyh; rkiu esa 0-8 lsfyl;l dh o f) gks pqdh gsa ifj.kke ekulwu esa nsjh] fcgkj dh ck<+] psuubz dh ck<+] mrrjk[kam ds HkwL[kyu] nkokuy] iznw"k.k]?kjksa dh deh] >qxxh cflr;ksa dk c<+rk Lo:i vkfn vusd i;kzoj.kh;,oa uxjh; lel;k,a Hkkjr jk"vª,oa /kezfujis{k ns'k ds fy, foijhr gksrs tk jgh gsa fujarj im+rs vdky] lw[ks dh lel;k eqag ck, [km+h gsa Vh-,u- usuu ds 'kcnksa esa ^^Hkkjr viuh okf"kzd fodkl ds nj esa 5 izfr'kr c<+r dj ikrk ;fn taxyksa dk rsth ls lqk;k u gksrk] jlk;uksa ds mihkksx ls /kjrh tgjhyh catj u gksrha Hk;kud ;g gs fd Hkkjr vius 33-9 izfr'kr ty Llzksrksa dk blrseky dj jgk gsa Hkkjr gj lky vius ldy vkffkzd mriknu dk 4-9 izfr'kr dher dk izkñfrd lalk/ku u"v dj jgk gsa** bu lc?kvukvksa dk nks"kh dksu\ bl ij vkt vusd v/;srk] Hkwxksyfon] i;kzoj.k fon] uhfr fuekzrk lkspus ij etcwj gsaa D;k /kku mxkus okyk fdlku \ ;k fqj LFkkukarj.khy Ñf"k djus okys Ñ"kd] pjokgs ;k fqj ouksa dh ydfm+;ksa dks dkvdj viuk thou fuokzg djus okys vkfnoklh\ lp rks ;g gs fd fodkl ds vkm+ esa lalk/kuksa ds vfoosdiw.kz iz;ksx] i wthoknh ekufldrk ds lkfk fodkl,d egroiw.kz i{k gsa i;kzoj.k dh izr;sd?kvuk ds ihns fdlh jk"vª dk mihkksdrk Lo:i] vkffkzd] xfrfof/k;k ] clkgv] oskkfud mikxe izeq[k gksrs gsa bu i;kzoj.kh; lel;kvksa ds izfr equ"; lnso laosnu'khy jgk gsa fodkl,oa i;kzoj.k ds varzlaca/kksa ds ifjizs{; esa ek/ko xkmfxy rfkk jkepunz xqgk }kjk rhu eq[; ospkfjd n f"vdks.kksa dks myysf[kr fd;k gs & i;kzoj.k ij xka/khoknh n f"vdks.k % bl er dks ekuus okys i;kzoj.kh; lel;kvksa ds fy;s ekuoh; ewy;ksa esa gkl rfkk vk/kqfud mihkksdrkoknh thou 'ksyh dks fteesnkj ekurs gsa bl lekl;kvksa ds lek/ kku gsrq Hkkjrh; lkalñfrd ewy;ksa dh iqu% LFkkiuk ij tksj nsrs gsaa ;g n f"vdks.k Lora=krkiwoZ ds xzkeh.k thou dh vksj yksvus dk vkogku djrk gs] tks lkekftd rfkk i;kzoj.kh; lksgknzz ij vk/kkfjr gsa i;kzoj.k,oa ekdlzoknh n f"vdks.k % bu erkoyafc;ksa }kjk i;kzoj.kh; ladv dks jktusfrd o vkffkzd igyqvksa ls tksm+k tkrk gsa lekt esa lalk/kuksa dk vleku forj.k i;kzoj.kh; lel;kvksa dk ewy dkj.k gsa vr% i;kzoj.kh; lel;k dk fujkdj.k vkffkzd lekurk ij vk/kkfjr lekt ds fuekz.k ds lkfk ns[krs gsaa i;kzoj.k o rduhdh n f"vdks.k % Ñf"k] cm+s ck /kkas] izkphu o v ru rduhdh ijeijkvksa ds dkj.k fodkl dks u;h fn'kk rks feyh ijurq i;kzoj.k ds vokzphu ewy;ksa dks lkfk ysdj gh fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gsa fodkl ds lkis{; i;kzoj.k tu vkanksyuksa dh Hkwfedk % muuhloha lnh Hkkjr ds vkffkzd fodkl dh lnh gsa [kuu] Ñf"k] flpkbz] mozjd] c<+rk mriknu,oa rduhdh fodkl vkfn lhkh {ks=kksa esa izxfr gqbz gsa c<+rh gqbz tula[;k ds fy;s ewyhkwr vko';drk dks vkiwfrzz gsrq fodkl dk ekxz bl rjg 'kks/k /kkjk 170

181 iz'klr gqvk fd i;kzoj.k ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds xahkhj iz'u lkeus mb [km+s gq;sa tu vkanksyu] fodkl,oa i;kzoj.kh; ikfjflfkfrdh ds foykse laca/kksa ls mits gsaa i;kzoj.kh; ladvks dh j{kk gsrq vusd mnkgj.k Hkkjr esa ns[ks tk ldrs gsaa 1730 esa 360 os".kkbz laiznk; dk cfynku jsuh xko esa pamh izlkn ¼1974½ dk fpidks vkanksyu] es/kk ikvdj dk ueznk cpkvks vkanksyu tks ou Hkwfe] 248 xkao,oa 9 yk[k folfkkfir,oa 584 vkfnoklh dh j{kk ls tqm+k gqvk eqn~nk tks vhkh Hkh tkjh gs] i;kzoj.kh; larqyu ds eqn~nks dks ysdj dsjy dk lk;ysav osyh vkanksyu] 1991 esa 1000 fd-eh- ds {ks=k esa folr r 192 vkfnoklh xk okas dh vkthfodk dk lk/ku,oa nks yk[k tula[;k ds fy;s ojnku okyh fpydk >hy ij cm+s?kjkuksa ds O;kikfjd vfrøe.k ds fo:) la?k"kz] 1990 esa /kez flag usxh dk pkoy dh yxhkx 200 fdleksa,oa jkteksa dh 150 fdleksa dks yqir gksus ls cpkus dk iz;ru] jkysxkao flf) dh ikuh iapk;r,sls gh dqn ehy ds irfkj gsa] tks fodkl ds lkfk i;kzoj.kh; laj{k.k lao/kzu ds izfr fgek;rh tuksa dh ldkjkred igy gsa oklro esa i;kzoj.k vou;u fodkl ds lkfk&lkfk dnerky dj jgk gsa flfkfr dh xahkhjrk dks ns[krs gq;s Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 1980 esa i;kzoj.k,oa ou fohkkx dh LFkkiuk dh xbza ijurq i;kzoj.k fon~ t;ar canksik/;k; ds erkuqlkj ßHkkjr ds LFkk;h fodkl ds fy;s egroiw.kz la?k"kz rsy ugha ikuh gsa fo'o dh 18 izfr'kr tula[;k dk la?k"kz rsy ugha ikuh gsaþ e R;q dqekj ef.k us Hkkjr ds i;kzoj.k vou;u ds vkffkzd foospu djrs gq;s Li"V fd;k dh 2009 rd i;kzoj.k uqdlku dh dher 3-7 yk[k djksm+ :i;s gks x;h gs] tks fd Hkkjr ds ldy mrikn dks 5-77 izfr'kr gsa vkffkzd fodkl,oa i;kzoj.k }an % i;kzoj.k,oa fodkl ds chp ;q) dh flfkfr gsa orzeku esa fodkloknh n f"vdks.k us i;kzoj.k j{kk ds ifjisz{; esa vusdksusd iz'u miflfkr fd;s gsa ß,d osf'od er losz{k.k n'kkzrk gs fd Hkkjr rfkk oklro esa lhkh ns'k fodkl,oa blds rhu vk;keksa&lkekftd] vkffkzd,oa i;kzoj.k ds izfr mrus gh izfrc) gsa fqj Hkh vkffkzd xfrfof/k;ksa dks ns[krs gq;s lalk/kuksa dh visf{kr ek=kk izkir djus ds lanhkz esa pquksfr;k fudv gsaaþ ¼vfHkuhr dqekj 2013½ Hkkjr ds fodkl ds fofhkuu igyqvksa ds chp ;fn Hkwfe mi;ksx ds vkadm+ksa dk voyksdu djsa rks Hkkjr jk"vª ls ouh; Hkwfe dk fujarj }kl gks jgk gsa Hkkjr esa oukpnkfnr Hkwfe ek=k 22-2 izfr'kr gsa tcfd 'ks"k izfr'kr ou;srrj dk;ksaz ds varxzr gsa tcfd i;kzoj.kh; ekud ds vuqlkj ifjflfkrhdh; larqyu gsrq 33 izfr'kr Hkwfe ij oukpnknu dh vko";drk gsa laizfr ns'k ds dbz jkt;ksa esa ou [kre gks x;s gsa iwokszrrj jkt;ksa esa ouksa dh izfr'krrk?kvh gsa ouksa ds fujarj dvko ds dkj.k Hkkjr ds i;kzoj.k ikfjflfkfrdh larqyu esa xzhu gkml xslksa dk izfr'kr ¼20 izfr'kr½ c<+ jgk gsa vr% vko';d gs fd ge ouksa dks uqdlku igq pk;s fcuk vkffkzd fodkl dh u;h fn'kk fu/kkzfjr djsa] ftlls ifjflfkfrdh ra=k Hkh lqn <+ jgsxka ;gh dkj.k gs fd vkt ^gfjr fodkl* dh vo/kkj.kk varjkz"vªh; fopkj.kh; eqn~nk gsa la;qdr jk"vª i;kzoj.k dk;zøe ds eqrkfcd xzhu bdksukweh og gs] ftlesa yksxksa dks vpnh lsgr ds lkfk&lkfk lkekftd lekurk vksj og i;kzoj.k ds [krjs dks de djus ds lkfk gh mldh dfe;ksa dks Hkh nwj djrh gsa fparu dh blh 'kks/k /kkjk 171

182 vo/kkj.kk us ifjflfkfrdh; jk"vªokn dks tue fn;k gsa ikfjflfkfrdh jk"vªokn,d,sls dk;z lewg dk izfrfuf/kro djrk gs] tks /kez,oa laj{k.k ds ewy; dks lefuor j[krk gsa 20oha lnh esa ßizÑfr dks inkfkz ;k olrqþ ds :i esa dbz jk"vªksa us LohÑr fd;k ijarq blh vk/kqfudrkokn,oa i;kzoj.k ds varlzaca/kksa dks \\\ us eglwl djrs gq;s dgk fd euq"; fujarj viuh izñfr ls vyx gks jgk gsa ifj.kke ekuo,oa i;kzoj.k ds e/; vlarqyu,oa rrtfur vusdkusd i;kzoj.kh; lel;k,aa iwoz iz/kkuea=kh eueksgu flag ¼25 vizsy 2013] th-u;wt½ ds 'kcnksa esa vkffkzd fodkl rhkh fvdkå gksxk tc og bl rjg ls gks fd i;kzoj.k dh j{kk gksa la;qdr jkt; la?k ds i;kzoj.k tkudkjh ds isuy us vuqeku yxk;k gs fd vxj xzhuys.m,oa vavkzdfvdk esa cqz fi?kysxh rks bl lnh esa leqnz ehvj c<+sxka iz'kkar egklkxj ds chp flfkr,d ns'k Þrokywß ftldh tehu leqnz ls 01 ehvj ÅapkbZ ij gs egt 26fd-eh- esa QSyk o 12 gtkj dh tula[;k okyk ns'k gs tks fnu izfrfnu lh/ks&lh/ks [krjs ls tw> jgk gsa og fnu nwj ugha tc gekjs njokts ij nlrd nsus yxsxk,oa y{k}hi rd igq p tk;sxka ¼vfHkthr dqekj] 2017½ Li"V gs jk"vª ds fodkl ds i;kzoj.kh; vk;ke dh vuns[kh ge ugha dj ldrsa,d vuqeku gs fd 21oha lnh ds var rd gekjs ns'k dh vkcknh lok vjc gks tk;sxh vksj 2050 rd ge nqqfu;k eas lcls vf/kd vkcknh okyk jk"vª cu tk;saxsa,sls esa vkffkzd fodkl ds lkfk i;kzoj.k dks lek;ksftr dj gh fodkl dh u;h jkg pquuh gksxha jk"vª fodkl dks pan O;kikfj;ksa] cm+s vks ksfxd?kjkuksa ds vkffkzd fgrksa dh cfy u cuus nsa vkffkzd fodkl ds }a}] xjhc] vehj ds chp c<+rh [kkbz us lkekftd i;kzoj.k dks vlarqfyr fd;k gs] ijarq ikfjflfkfrdh; larqyu dks cuk;s j[kuk gekjs uhfr fu;kedksa dk izeq[k y{; gksuk pkfg;sa izñfr ls nwj gksrs ekuo dks iqu% fev~vh ls izse djuk gksxka rhkh lewph ekuo lh;rk dh j{kk gks ldsxh] ojuk egkjk"vª dk ikuh dk xgjkrk ladv laiw.kz Hkkjr dk ladv cu tk;sxk] dsnkjukfk dk rkamo lkjs fgeky; dks {kfjr dj nsxk] nkokuy ls f?kjk mrrj iwohz Hkkjr,oa psuubz dh ck<+ dk ikuh fodkl ds ekxz esa ckj&ckj nhokj curk jgsxka egkrek xka/kh ds 'kcnks esa&' The Earth Provides enough to satisfy every ones need but not forany one"s greed. In short we can say that weare the generation with thea reness ofa great danger. WeAre the ones with the responsibilityand theability to take steps of concreteaction before it is to late. lanhkz 1- ekeksfj;k] prqhkqzt( 2014 %Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy] lkfgr; Hkou izdk'ku] vkxjk 2014A 2- dqekj] vfhkfur( 2013% vkffkzd fodkl esa i;kzoj.k dk ;ksxnku ;kstuk] 2013 ¼Hindi.india terp ortal.org½ 3- [kcj] MkW- eksfudk( vkffkzd i;kzoj.k ls fodkl o le f) ¼ live.in½ <xs] MkW-,l- ds-( 2016 % 'kk'or fodklklkbh i;kzoj.k laj{k.k dkmkph xjt India Stream Research Volueme 06 issue 10 Nov 'kks/k /kkjk 172

183 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P i;kzoj.kh; jk"vªokn MkW- ds-vkj- erkoys lgk;d izk/;kid Hkwxksy] 'kkldh; ikrkys'oj egkfo ky;] elrwjh] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract ge lhkh Ik;kZoj.k ds vfhkuuk vax gsaa Ik;kZoj.k ds rro gesa izhkkfor djrs gsaa ;fn Ik;kZoj.k esa ifjorzu gksrk gs rks mldk izhkko gekjs leiw.kz fø;k&dyki ij im+rk gsa lkfk gh ekuo ds fofhkuuk fø;k&dyki,oa xfrfof/k;k ] pkjksa vksj O;kIr Ik;kZoj.k dks Hkh dqn gn rd izhkkfor djrk gsa usfrd Ik;kZoj.k ds vurxzr leiw.kz izd fr ds lkezkt; dh os lhkh 'kfdr;ka fø;k,a rfkk rro lfeekfyr gksrs gsaa ftudk izhkko ekuo] mlds fø;k&dykiksa] Hkkstu] ol=k] vknrksa,oa {kerk vkfn ij im+rk gsa OgkbV vksj jsuj us Hkksxksfyd Ik;kZoj.k ds egro dks bl :i esa O;Dr fd;k gs&hkksfrd okrkj.k ekuo ds cms+ lewgksa dks Li"Vr% izr;{k :Ik esa izkfkfed rjhds ls izhkkfor djrk gsa izr;sd lewg tutkfr] jkt;] jk"vª vksj i Foh ds lhkh lkezkt; Ik;kZoj.k }kjk lh/ks rksj ij lqyrk ds lkfk fujarj izhkkfor gksrs gsaa ekuo dh dksbz Hkh cm+h egroiw.kz fø;k Ik;kZoj.k dh lgk;rk :dkovsa,oa funsz'kksa ds fcuk Lora=k ugha gsaa izkd frd Ik;kZoj.k ekuo lekt ds fy;s ogh djrk gs] tks lkekftd Ik;kZoj.k O;fDrxr euq"; ds fy;sa Ik;kZoj.k vksj jk"vªokn,d nwljs ds iwjd gsaa,d ds fcuk nwljs dk vflrro [krjs esa vk tkrk gsa Ik;kZoj.k gs rks jk"vª gs] i;kzoj.k ds vou;u ls jk"vª dk fodkl vo:) gks tkrk gsa Ik;kZoj.k gekjs pkjksa vksj O;kIr gsa pkgs og HkkSfrd Ik;kZoj.k gks ;k lkald frda Ik;kZoj.k vou;u dk eq[; dkj.k c<+rh gqbz tula[;k vksj ekuo dh mppk vkdka{kk gsa Figure : 00 References : 04 Table : 00 Key Words : i;kzoj.k vksj vk/kqfud lanhkz] i;kzoj.k vksj jk"vªokn] i;kzoj.k vksj ekuo thou i;kzoj.kh; jk"vªokn dks le>us ds igys ogka O;kIr Ik;kZoj.k dks le>uk gksxka D;ksafd Ik;kZoj.k gh gs tks gesa HkkSfrd,oa lkald frd,oa lkald frd lhkh :iksa esa gekjs fø;k&dykiksa dks izhkkfor djrs gsaa ge lhkh i Foh ds /kjkry esa fuokl djrs gsaa fo'o txr ds lelr ekuo tkfr Ik;kZoj.k vksj jk"vªokn ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr gsaa vkt orzeku le; esa bu nksuksa 'kcnksa dk blrseky lekpkj i=kksa] i=k&if=kdkvksa] nwjn'kzuksa rfkk gekjs vkl&ikl dss O;fDr;ksa }kjk izk;% fd;k tkrk gsa gekjs cms cqtqxz izk;% dgk djrs gsa fd vc og okrkoj.k ughaa jgk] tslk fd igys FkkA vc okrkoj.k cgqr gh [kjkc gks x;k gsa gesa dkqh lw>&cw> ds lkfk LoLFk Ik;kZoj.k esa viuk dk;z djuk pkfg;sa Ik;kZoj.k dks ifjhkkf"kr djrs gq, g"kz dksfov~l fy[krs gsa fd ^^Ik;kZoj.k leiw.kz okg~; ifjflfkfr;ksa vksj mldk tho /kkfj;ksa ij im+us okyk izhkko gs] tks tso txr ds fodkl pø dk fu;ked gsa** ge lhkh Ik;kZoj.k ds vfhkuuk vax gsaa Ik;kZoj.k ds rro gesa izhkkfor djrs gasa ;fn Ik;kZoj.k esa ifjorzu gksrk gs] rks mldk izhkko gekjs leiw.kz fø;k &dyki ij im+rk gsa lkfk gh ekuo dh 'kks/k /kkjk 173

184 fofhkuuk fø;k&dyki,oa xfrfof/k;ka pkjksa vksj O;kIr Ik;kZoj.k dks Hkh dqn gn rd izhkkfor djrk gsa usfrd Ik;kZoj.k ds vurxzr leiw.kz izd fr ds lkezkt; dh os lhkh 'kfdr;ka] fø;k,a rfkk rro lfeekfyr gksrs gsaa ftudk izhkko ekuo] mldh fø;k &dykiksa Hkkstu] ol=k] vknrksa,oa {kerk vkfn ij im+rk gsa OgkbV vksj jsuj us Hkksxksfyd Ik;kZoj.k ds egro dks bl :i esa O;Dr fd;k gs& HkkSfrd okrkj.k ekuo ds cms+ lewgksa dks Li"Vr% izr;{k :Ik esa izkfkfed rjhds ls izhkkfor djrk gsa izr;sd lewg tutkfr] jkt; jk"vª vksj i Foh ds lhkh lkezkt; Ik;kZoj.k }kjk lh/ks rksj ij lqyrk ds lkfk fujarj izhkkfor gksrs gsaa ekuo dh dksbz Hkh cm+h egroiw.kz fø;k Ik;kZoj.k dh lgk;rk :dkovsa,oa funsz'kksa ds fcuk Lora=k ugha gsa izkd frd Ik;kZoj.k ekuo lekt ds fy;s ogh djrk gs] tks lkekftd Ik;kZoj.k O;fDrxr euq"; ds fy;sa Ik;kZoj.k vksj jk"vªokn,d&nwljs ds iwjd gsaa,d ds fcuk nwljs dk vflrro [krjs esa vk tkrk gsa Ik;kZoj.k gs rks jk"vª gs] i;kzoj.k ds vou;u ls jk"vª dk fodkl vo:) gks tkrk gsa Ik;kZoj.k gekjs pkjksa vksj O;kIr gsa pkgs og HkkSfrd Ik;kZoj.k gks ;k lkald frda Ik;kZoj.k vou;u dk eq[; dkj.k c<+rh gqbz tula[;k vksj ekuo dh mppk vkdka{kk gsa izkphu le; esa fczfv'k 'kklu ds igys Hkkjr NksVs&NksVs fj;klrksa esa c Vk gqvk FkkA lhkh fj;klr Lora=k FksA Ik;kZoj.k lqn <+ FkkA ml le;,d izdkj ls {ks=kh;okn FkkA vfkkzr~ izns'kokn FkkA ekuo vius fj;klrksa ds ckjs esa lksprk FkkA fj;klrksa dk fodkl djuk pkgrk FkkA,d&nwljs {ks=kksa ds ckjs esa vf/kd tkudkjh ugha FkhA O;fDr;ksa ls esy&tksy ugha gks ikrk FkkA fdlh Hkh izdkj ls vkpkj&fopkj,oa vknku&iznku ugha gks ikrk FkkA O;fDr jk"vª ds ckjs esa lksp ugha ldrk FkkA,d izdkj ls ml le; jk"vªokn dk chtkjksi.k ugha gqvk FkkA fczfv'k ds vkxeu ds Ik'pkr vkokxeu ekxkzs,oa lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk fodkl gqvka rr~ik'pkr ekuo dk,d nwljs ls laidz c<+ka vkpkj& fopkj dk vknku&iznku gksus yxka,d vyx Ik;kZoj.k dk fuekz.k gksus yxk] vfkkzr~ Ik;kZoj.k esa ifjorzu gksus yxka bl ifjofrzr Ik;kZoj.k esa jk"vªokn dk chtkjksi.k gqvka jk"vªokn 'kcn 14oha 'knh esa rc igyh ckj vflrro esa vk;k( tc Ýkal esa igyh ckj tkwu vkq vkdz ¼lsaV tkwu½ us ukjk fn;k% ^Ýkal Qk lhfl;ksa ds fy;s* vksj mlus vaxzstksa dh lrrkk ds f[kykq Ýkal ds yksxksa dks tkx r fd;ka mifuosf'kd dky esa ;s vo/kkj.kk ;wjksi ls gksrh gqbz nqfu;k Hkj esa QSy xbz] ftldk eq[; dkj.k Fkk ;wjksih; rkdrksa }kjk vius mifuos'k ns'kksa dk vkffkzd 'kks"k.k vksj ogka ds ukxfjdksa ds lkfk nks;e ;k vekuoh; O;kogkj jgka yksxksa dks eglwl gqvk fd gekjh bl n'kk dk dkj.k fons'kh 'kklu gsa ftls nwj fd;s fcuk bl vu;k; ls NqVdkjk ugha fey ldrka Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds bfrgkl esa ns[kk tk; rks fczfv'k dky ls igys jk"vª dh vo/kkj.kk utj gh ugha vkrha lfn;ksa rd fons'kh geykoj ;gka vkrs jgs vksj fqj ;gha ds gksdj jg x;sa tsls eqflye geykoj 'kkld ;gha cl x;s vksj Hkkjrh; eqlkyeku dgyk;sa fofhkuuk jktkvksa esa vkilh la?k"kz vksj vf/kdkf/kd {ks=k dks vius v/khu djus dh ykylk rks Fkh ij turk ds eu esa dksbz jk"vªokn tslh dksbz pht ugha FkhA tc fczfv'k Hkkjr ds 'kkld cus rks mugksaus Hkkjr o Hkkjrh; yksxksa dks gs; n f"v ls ns[kk] mugsa rq{k le>uk] mudk 'kks"k.k djuk vkfn dkj.kksa us jk"vªokn dks tue fn;ka 'kks/k /kkjk 174

185 ifjogu,oa nwjlapkj ds lk/kuksa ds ek/;e ls,d fj;klr ds laidz esa vkus yxk] ftlls jk"vªokn dk fopkj c<+us yxka fofhkuuk izkarksa] /keksz,oa fofhkuuk Hkk"kkvksa dks cksyus okys yksx,d lkfk laxfbr gksdj jk"vª dk fodkl djus ds fy;s dfvc) gksdj la;qdr :Ik ls vktknh ds la?k"kz esa lkfk vk;sa vr% Hkkjr Lora=k gksdj,d uohu jk"vª cuka Hkkjr o"kz ds fy;s uohu lafo/kku dk fuekz.k gqvk tks ge lhkh ds lokzfx.k fodkl ds fy;s gsa bl izdkj,d x.kra=k jk"vª dk vh;qn; gqvk] ftlesa ge lhkh dk fodkl fufgr gsa tula[;k ds fujarj rhcz o f) ds dkj.k vusd Ik;kZoj.kh; lel;k,a mriuuk gksus yxh gsaa D;ksafd c<+rh tula[;k ds ewy Hkwr vko';drkvksa dh vkiwfrz ds fy;s cuksa dk va/kk/kqa/k dvkbz] lalk/ kuksa dk fonksgu] vks ksxhdj.k] uxjhdj.k,oa d f"k Hkwfe dk fodkl vkfn dkj.kksa ls vkt Ik;kZoj.k ladv esa vk x;k gsa ;g lel;k Hkkjr esa gh ugha cfyd leiw.kz fo'o esa gsa vkt Ik;kZoj.k vou;u ds dkj.k ty lalk/ku Hkwfe lalk/ku,oa ou lalk/ku u"v gks jgs gsaa ok;q] ty,oa Hkwfe iznwf"kr gks jgs gsaa vurjkz"vªh; Lrj ij ekuo Ik;kZoj.k ij leeksyu 5 twu 1972 esa LVkWdkgkse esa gqvk] tks Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds lanhkz esa vurjkz"vªh; Lrj dk igyk leeksyu FkkA bl leeksyu dk eq[; mn~ns'; vurjkz"vªh; Lrj ij ekuoh; Ik;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k rfkk lq/kkj dh fo'o O;kih lel;k dk lek/kku djuk FkkA bl leeksyu esa 119 ns'kksa us igyh ckj,d gh i Foh dk fl)kar Lohdkj fd;ka blh leeksyu esa la;qdr jk"vª Ik;kZoj.k dk;zøe dk tue gqvka ekuoh; Ik;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k djus rfkk mlesa lq/kkj djus ds fy;s jkt;kssa rfkk vurjkz"vªh; lalfkkvksa dks fn'kk funsz'k fn;s x;sa f}rh; i Foh leeksyu 26 vxlr ls 4 flrecj 2002 rd nf{k.k výhdk ds tksgkalcxz esa lrr~ fodkl ds i{k esa jktuhfrd izfrc)rk vksj blds fy, oklrfod dne mbk;s tkus dh meekhnksa ds lkfk vk;ksftr fd;k x;ka fdlh Hkh Ik;kZoj.k vou;u dk eq[; dkj.k tula[;k dk rhoz fodkl gs] tks izkd frd lalkèkuksa vksj Ik;kZoj.k dks izfrdwy :Ik ls izhkkfor djrs gsaa rsth ls c<+rh tula[;k vksj i;kzoj.k esa fxjkov lrr~ fodkl dks vo:) dj nsrh gsa tula[;k esa o f) vksj vkffkzd fodkl Hkkjr esa dksbz xehkhj Ik;kZoj.kh; lel;kvksa dks tue ns jgh gsa buls Hkwfe ij Hkkjh ncko] Hkwfe {kj.k] ou fuokl vkfn gksus yxrs gsaa ekuo ds mihkksxrkokn ds dkj.k ÅtkZ dh ekax c<+rh tkrh gsa ifj.kke Lo:Ik ok;q iznw"k.k Xykscy okfezax] tyok;q ifjorzu] ikuh dh deh vksj ty iznw"k.k vkfn gksus yxrs gsaa,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj d f"k ;ksx; Hkwfe dk 60izfr'kr Hkwfe dvko] ty Hkjko vksj yo.krk ls xzflr gsa 1947 ls 2002 ds chp ikuh dh vkslr okf"kzd miyc/krk izfr O;fDr 70 izfr'kr de gksdj 1822?ku EkhVj jg xbz gsa rfkk HkwxfHkZd ty dk vr;f/kd 'kks"k.k gfj;k.kk iatkc o mrrkjizns'k esa,d lel;k dk :Ik ys pqdk gsa ouksa dh dvkbz vks ksxhdj.k vksj eksvj okgu iznw"k.k ds lkfk fey dj Ik;kZoj.k dk rkieku c<+k nsrk gsa ifj.kke Lo:Ik o"kkz dk Lo:Ik cnyus yxrk gs vksj vkdky dh vko frrk c<+ tkrh gsa vkt jk"vªokn ds iqutkzxj.k dh vko';drk gsa Ik;kZoj.k vou;u Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k orzeku le; esa,d jk"vªo;kih lel;k gsa bl fo'o Lrjh; lel;k ds lek/kku ds fy;s gesa 'kks/k /kkjk 175

186 ,d lkfk laxfbr gksdj lkeuk djus dh vko';drk gsa rhkh jk"vª dk lokzxh.k fodkl lahko gsa le; ij Ik;kZoj.kh; lel;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy;s vusd fo'o Lrjh; leeksyu,oa laxks"bh gksrs jgs gsa] vkt ges vksj vf/kd laxfbr gksdj dk;z djus dh vko';drk gsa O;fDr;ksa dks tkx r djuk] mihkksxrkokn dh vko frr dks de djuk] lalk/kuksa ds va/kk/kqa/k nksgu dks jksduk] lkekftd iznw"k.k us udlyokn] vkradokn] HkkbZ&Hkrhtk okn tkfrokn dks tue fn;k gsa mls lewy u"v dj Ik;kZoj.k dks lajf{kr djuk gsa rhkh jk"vª dk lokzxh.k fodkl lahko gksxka i;kzoj.k ds LoPN lqunj o lqn <+ gksus ls ekuo dk Hkfo"; [kq'kgky gksxk] vksj ;g lc jk"vªokn ls gh lahko gsa blds vusd mnkgj.k gsa&tyok;q ifjorzu leeksyu] Ik;kZoj.k rfkk fodkl leeksyu] la;qdr leeksyu vkfna vr%^ fodkl ds vf/kdrj dk mi;ksx bl izdkj fd;k tk; dh orzeku rfkk Hkfo"; ds fodkl rfkk Ik;kZoj.k dh vko';drk,a lkekftd :Ik ls iwjh dh tk ldsa oklro esa ;gh Ik;kZoj.kh; jk"vªokn gsa lanhkz 1- f'kokuan] MkW- xksre( lalk/ku vksj Ik;kZoj.kA 2- jes'k] punziikk(,oa jfo] Mh-vkj-( Ik;kZoj.kh; lel;k,a fof/k vksj izks ksfxdh&,d Hkkjrh; ifjis{;&fjlpz bafm;k izdk'ku fnyykh 2009A 3- us'kuy T;ksxzkfQd lkslkbvh 1995&ikuh% vk'kk dh,d dgkuha 4- jko] MkW- ch-ih-(,oa MkW- JhokLro] Ogh- ds-(& Ik;kZoj.k vksj ikfjflfkfrdh] olqu/kjk izdk'ku xksj[kiqj 2009 'kks/k /kkjk 176

187 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk Jherh d:.kk xk;dokm+ lgk;d izk/;kid] fgunh] MkW Hkaoj flag iksrsz 'kkldh; egkfo ky;] is.mªk] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract ukjh dh Hkwfedk jk"vªh; fodkl esa lcls vge gsa ukjh ij?kj,oa ckgj dh nksgjh fteesnkjh gsa fodkl ds fofhkuu lksikuksa esa ukjh ds nkf;roksa ea mrrjksrrj o f) gqbz gsa ukjh vkt dsoy?kj rd lhfer u gksdj dk;kzy;ksa] Ldwyksa] U;k;y;ksa] vlirkyksa] lsuk eas Hkh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk dk fuozgu dj jgh gsa ukjh u dsoy iq:"k ds thou esa ekw] csvh] cgu] iruh] lgdehz dh Hkwfedk esa vfirq thou eas vkxs c<+us dh izsj.kk gsa ukjh ds thou esa fujarj cnyko vk jgk gsa ukjh dks f'k{kk,oa lekurk dk vf/kdkj feyk gsa ns'k ds fodkl esa ukjh dh lghkkfxrk ds fy, ;g vko';d gs fd mls fuhkhzd,oa Lora=k okrkoj.k feysa ukjh dks f'k{kk,oa leku volj miyc/k gksa ukjh esa fo'okl] eerk] /ks;z] n;k] d:.kk] fu"bk] leiz.k] R;kx] l tu'khyrk,oa lfg".kqrk ds xq.k fo eku gksrs gsaa bugha fofo/k xq.kksa dh 'kfdr;ksa ds ifj.kkelo:ik ukjh dk jk"vª fodkl eas vf}rh; ;ksxnku gsa ukjh f'k{kk] LokLF;] m ksx] fokku] dyk,oa lkfgr;] [ksy] jktuhfr lhkh {ks=kksa esa viuh lfø; lghkkfxrk ls jk"vª fodkl esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkk jgh gsa fofhkuu {ks=kksa esa ukjh dh miyfc/k;k Lo;a mldh dhfrzxkfkk xk jgh gsa ukjh ij gks jgs vr;kpkj,oa vijk/k jk"vª fodkl esa Hkh ck/kd gsaa ukjh ds fodkl esa jk"vª dk fodkl fufgr gsa ukjh ds izfr yksxksa dh nwf"kr ekufldrk,oa iwokzxzgksa dks nwj djds mls lekurk dk vf/kdkj fnyk;k tk ldrk gsa mfpr rduhdh Kku rfkk voljksa dh lekurk ds }kjk ukjh 'kfdr dk iw.kz mi;ksx jk"vª ds fodkl esa fd;k tk ldrk gsa bl 'kks/k izi=k esa ukjh dh jk"vª ds fodkl esa fofo/k {ks=kksa esa Hkwfedk dk foospu fd;k x;k gsa Figure : 00 References : 07 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª fodkl vksj ukjh] lkekftd fodkl ds fofo/k vk;ke vksj ukjh izlrkouk%& **jk"vª ds fodkl dh /kqjh ds nks ifg, uj vksj ukjh ukjh dh fodkl esa fteesnkjh gs Hkkjh ukjh us?kj vksj ckgj nksuksa dh Hkwfedk gs lahkkyh ugha gs lqj vkalk ;s ij dfbu Mxj pquksfr;ksa us mldh dkfcfy;r gs fu[kkjh jk"vª ds fodkl esa fur u, dhfrzeku gs cuk;s u,&u, {ks=kksa esa ukjh viuk ijpe ygjk;sa** dksbz Hkh jk"vª rhkh fodkl dj ldrk gs tc mldh yxhkx vk/kh vkcknh tks fd ukfj;ksa dh gs] lkekftd,oa vkffkzd :Ik ls lfø; Hkkxhnkj gksa vjlrw ds 'kcnksa esa **fdlh Hkh jk"vª dh fl=k;ksa 'kks/k /kkjk 177

188 dh muufr,oa voufr ij gh ml jk"vª dh muufr,oa voufr fuhkzj djrh gsa** jk"vª fodkl ds fofoèk {ks=kksa esa ukjh Hkwfedk dks fueu fcanqvksa ds vk/kkj ij le>k tk ldrk gs& ifjokj esa Hkwfedk& ukjh gh ifjokj dh /kqjh gsa ifjokj dks cka/kdj j[kus dk dk;z ukjh gh djrh gsa ukjh ek ds :Ik esa cppksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k djds muesa mfpr laldkj nsrh gsa ek gh cppksa dh izfke xq: gsa ek dh Hkwfedk esa ukjh Hkkoh ih<+h dks lqlalñr dj muesa jk"vª ds izfr izse,oa fteesnkjh dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djrh gsa ukjh?kj dks LoPN j[kdj mfpr okrkoj.k,oa Hkkstu ds }kjk ifjokj ds LokLF; dh ns[khkky djrh gsa bfrgkl esa thtkckbz] iuuk/kk;] jkuh y{ehckbz tslh vusd ekrkvksa ds ohjrk] R;kx,oa cfynku dh xkfkk,a vej gsaa iruh ds :Ik esa ukjh ifr ds ekxz dks iz'klr djrh gsa mls drkzo; ifk ij vxzlj gksus] lr;] bzekunkjh ls dk;z djus dh izsj.kk nsrh gsa cgu ds :Ik esa viukiu,oa izse iznku djrh gsa ukjh ds R;kx] eerk] /ks;z,oa leiz.k ds xq.kksa ds dkj.k gh ifjokj uked lalfkk thoar gsa lekt esa Hkwfedk %& euq";,d lkekftd izka.kh gsa lekt ds fcuk euq"; dh dyiuk ugha dh tk ldrh gsa lekt esa ukjh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkrh gsa og ih<+h nj ih<+h laldkjksa dk LFkkukUrj.k djrh gsa lekt dh dbz egroiw.kz fteesnkfj;ka efgykvksa ds da/kksa ij gsa lkekftd mrfkku esa ukjh vxz.kh jgh gsa enj Vsjslk us fons'kh gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr dks viuk dk;z{ks=k cuk;k vksj lektlsok ds fy, *n lkslk;vh vkwq n fe'kujht vkwq psfjvh* uked lalfkk LFkkfir dj nhu] nq[kh] ihfm+rksa,oa misf{krksa dks lgkjk fn;ka vusd lektlsoh lalfkkvksa,oa,u-th-vks- dk lapkyu ukfj;ksa ds }kjk lektlsok ds fy, dq'kyrkiwozd fd;k tk jgk gsa Je'kfDr esa Hkwfedk%& ukjh dk Je'kfDr ds {ks=k esa ;ksxnku iq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gsa ukjh lghkkfxrk Qly mriknu esa 75 Qhlnh] ckxokuh esa 79 Qhlnh] Ik'kqikyu esa 58 Qhlnh] erl; ikyu esa 95 Qhlnh gsa efgyk,a izkñfrd lalk/kuksa ls vthfodk dk lzksr izkir djus esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkk jgh gasa blesa [kkn~; inkfkz,df=kr djuk] bz/ku ds fy, ydfm+;ka bdv~bh djuk] iksèkk jksi.k] ouksit laxzg.k djuk dk;z 'kfey gsa eujsxk dh ;kstuk esa Hkh iq:"kksa dh vis{kk efgykvksa Jfedksa dh la[;k T;knk gsa ;fn efgykvksa dks mfpr rduhd,oa leku volj iznku fd, tk;s rks os viuh iw.kz dk;z{kerk dks iznf'kzr djsxha m ksx,oa okf.kt; {ks=k esa Hkwfedk%& jk"vª fodkl esa vks ksxhdj.k egroiw.kz gksrk gsa bl {ks=k esa ukjh viuk 'kr&izfr'kr ;ksxnku ns jgh gsa Jh efgyk x g m ksx] fyttr ikim+] 'kgukt gqlsu lksan;z mrikn ukfj;ksa dh O;kikfjd lqyrk dh dgkfu;k gsaa okf.kt; dh mpp lalfkkvksa esa v/;{k ds inksa ij efgyk,a vklhu gsaa pank dkspj vkbz lh vkbz csad] js.kq lwn dukzm&,p-mh-,q-lh-] fp=kk jkeñ".k& us'ku rfkk fdj.k etwenkj ck;ksdkwu esa v/;{k in ij vius drrkzo;kas dk lqyrk iwozd fuozgu dj jgh gsaa yfyrk xqirs vksj dyiuk eksjifj;k efgyk O;olk;h us QksClZ dh nqfu;k dh lcls 'kfdr'kkyh efgykvkas dh lwph esa viuh txg cuk;h gsa dyk vksj euksjatu ds {ks=k esa Hkwfedk%&,e-,l- lqccqy{eh] xaxwckbz gaxy] yrk eaxs'kdj vksj vk'kk Hkksalys tslh xkf;dk,a,oa,s'o;z jk;] lqf"erk lsu] fiz;adk pksim+k tslh vfhkus=kh us varjkz"vªh; Lrj 'kks/k /kkjk 178

189 ij Hkkjr dks leeku fnyk;k gsa lkfgr; ds {ks=k esa Hkwfedk%& Hkkjrh; lkfgr; esa dbz lqizfl) ysf[kdk,a] dof;f=k;ksa rfkk dfkk ysf[kdkvksa ds :Ik esa ukjh us viuk LFkku cuk;k gsa blesa egknsoh oekz] ljkstuh uk;mw] deyk lqjs;k] 'kkshkk Ms] v:a/krh jk;] vuhrk nslkbz us fo'olrkj ij izfl) ikbz gsa v:a/krh jk; dks muds miu;kl *n xkwm vkwq LekWy ffkaxl* ds fy, cqdj iqjldkj ls leekfur fd;k d;k gsa jktuhfrd {ks=k esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk%& jktuhfr esa ukjh dh lghkkfxrk esa fujarj o f) gqbz gsa 73 osa,oa 74 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds ek/;e ls ns'khkj esa iapk;r Lrj ij fuokzpu izfø;k es 50 izfr'kr efgyk,a viuk ;ksxnku ns jgh gsa Hkkjr ds jkt;ksa teew d'ehj] if'pe caxky] rfeyukmq] xqtjkr] caxky esa efgyk eq[;eaf=k;ksa us lqyrkiwozd jkt; 'kklu dk lapkyu dj viuh usr Ro {kerk o dq'ky iz'kklu dk mnkgj.k izlrqr fd;k gsa Hkkjr dh izfke efgyk iz/kkuea=kh bafnjk xka/kh] izfke efgyk jk"vªifr izfrhkk ikfvy] yksdlhkk v/;{k ehjk dqekj] rfkk efgykvksa us jkt;iky] egkiksj vkfn inksa ij dk;zdq'kyrk dk ifjp; fn;k gsa ukjh us mpp inksa ij Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh xfjek ds vuq:ik dk;z djds ns'k dh izxfr esa egroiw.kz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa [ksy ds {ks=k esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk%& [ksy ds {ks=k esa efgykvksa dks mrus T;knk voljksa,oa lalk/ku ugh fey lds gsaa ijurq bu vhkkoksa ds ckotwn Hkkjrh; efgyk f[kykfm+;ksa esa ih-vh- m"kk] ts-ts- 'kkshkk ¼,FkySfVDl½] dqatjkuh nsoh ¼HkkjksRrksyu½] >wyu xkslokeh] Mk;uk,MTuh ¼fØdsV½] lkbuk usgoky ¼cSMfeaVu½] dksus: giikh ¼'krjat½ vksj lkbzuk fetkz ¼Vsful½ vkfn us varjkz"vªh; eap ij ns'k dks [;kfr fnykbz gsa j{kk ds {ks=k esa Hkwfedk%& vk/kqfud ;qx esa efgyk,a iq:"kksa ds leku j{kk lsokvksa esa dùkzo;ikyu,oa ns'khkfdr ds mnkgj.k izlrqr dj jgh gsaa Hkkjr dh igyh efgyk vkbz ih,l fdj.k csnh us viuh dùkzo;fu"bk ls dk;zdq'kyrk ds fy, esxlsls iqjldkj izkir fd;ka orzeku esa fuezyk lhrkje.k ns'k ds j{kkea=kh ds dùkzo; dk lqyrkiwozd fuozgu dj jgh gsaa lk{kj ukjh dh Hkwfedk%& jk"vª ds fodkl esa efgyk lk{kjrk dk cgqr cm+k ;ksxnku gsa finys dqn o"kksza esa efgyk lk{kjrk esa tsls&tsls o f) vkrh xbz ns'k fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gqvk gsa lu~ 1971 esa tgka dsoy 22 Qhlnh efgyk,a lk{kj Fkha( ogha lu~ 2001 rd Qhlnh efgyk,a lk{kj gks xbzaa lk{kj ukjh ds dkj.k lekt esa L=kh&iq:"k lekurk esa o f)] ifjokj esa larku dh i<+kbz dk Lrj] f'k'kq e R;q nj esa deh] ifjokj fu;kstu dk;zøe esa cgqr izxfr gqbz gsa fokku,oa fpfdrlk {ks=k esa%& muuhloha lnh esa fpfdrld vkuanh ckbz tks'kh ls 'kq: gksdj chloha lnh esa tkudh veey] deyk lksgksuh] v..kke.kh] vflek pvthz] eaxyk ukfrzdj tslh vusd oskkfud ekstwn gsaa MkW- Vslh Fkkel us vfxu&5 felkby ls ijh{k.k dk izfrfuf/kro djds Hkkjrh; felkby oqesu dgykbz] efgyk,a vius ifjje] yxu] fu"bk ls fokku,oa fpfdrlk {ks=k esa Hkkxhnkjh ls ns'k ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku ns jgh gsa fu"d"kz%& ukjh bz'oj dh Js"B Ñfr gsa ukjh dh jk"vª fodkl esa Hkwfedk ds egro dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk gsa jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh dh leqfpr Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, fyax Hksn jksduk] Lora=k okrkoj.k,oa 'kks/k /kkjk 179

190 leku volj vko';d gsa ukjh ds xq.kksa,oa 'kfdr;ksa ds fcuk jk"vª fodkl dh dyiuk ugha dh tk ldrh gsa ukjh ds izfr c<+rs vkijkf/kd izo fùk,oa vr;kpkjksa ij vadq'k yxkuk gksxka ukjh dh fodkl ds lhkh {ks=kksa esa lghkkfxrk c<+kus ds fy, leqfpr,oa lkfkzd iz;kl vko';d gsa yksxksa ds fopkjksa,oa lksp esa cnyko ykuk gksxk vksj ukjh ds izfr vekuoh; O;ogkj ds dkj.kksa dks Hkh [kkstuk gksxka vko';drk gs fd ukjh esa fufgr xq.kksa dh leink dks izksrlkgu nsus dh] ftlls os jk"vª fodkl esa lgk;d gksaa jk"vª ds lexz fodkl esa ukjh dk ys[kk&tks[kk vksj muds ;ksxnku dk nk;jk vlhfer gsa lanhkz m.hindi webdunia.com 4- xwxy ehfm;k vkfn ls vkhkkja 5- JhokLro] jkfxuh( vk/kqfud lekt,oa efgyk,a] banksj] 2011 i valkjh],e-,-( efgyk vksj ekuokf/kdkj] t;iqj] 2007] i gfjhkwfe] 25 ekpz] 2010] i - 10 'kks/k /kkjk 180

191 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P xzkeh.k efgykvksa ds fodkl esa Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?kksa dh Hkwfedk MkW0 lqtkrk lseqvy lgk;d izk/;kid] 'kkldh; ikrkys'oj dyk,oa okf.kt; egkfo ky;] elrwjh] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ MkW0 liuk dkwj lgk;d izk/;kid] 'kkldh; egkfo ky;] vjejhdyk] ckyksn] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract xzkeh.k fodkl ds {ks=k esa LOk lgk;rk lewg ;kstuk lcls xjhc dks fodkl dk ykhk igq pkus] mudh thou'ksyh vksj vkrefo'okl dks mppk djus gsrq,d vr;ko';d 'kfä vksj j.kuhfr ds :Ik esa igpkuk x;k gsa xzkeh.k {ks=ks esa xjhc vksj csjkstxkj efgykvksa dk izfr'kr iq:"kksa ls vf/kd gssa Lo lgk;rk lewgksa ds ek/;e ls bu efgykvksa dk u dsoy vkffkzd] cfyd lkekftd&lkalñfrd] ikfjokfjd o ekufld mrfkku gqvk gsa fdurq ;s lewg Lo;a vusd pquksfr;ksa vksj ck/kkvksa tsls vkthfodk dks çksrlkgu nsus esa vlqyrk] lewg laxbu esa Ik;kZIr lalk/kuksa dk vhkko] lewg lnl;ksa dks Ik;kZIr çf'k{k.k dk vhkko vkfn dk lkeuk dj jgs gsaa bu pquksfr;ksa vksj ck/kkvksa dk lkeuk djus] lewg dks LFkkf;Ro çnku djus rfkk buds ek/;e ls fodkl dh çfø;k dh fujarjrk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, Lo lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?kksa rfkk lewgksa dk vu; laxbuksa ds lkfk lec)rk ;k usvofdzax ds fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk fodflr gqbz gsa Lo lgk;rk lewgksa dk la?k NksVs lewgksa dk,d laxbu gs] tks mu vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrk gs tks,d lewg }kjk iwjk djuk lahko ugha gsa la?k,d eap gs] tgk vusd lewgksa ds çfrfuf/k,d fu/kkzfjr le; ij csbd djds vius lkozyksfdd eqíksa ij ppkz djrs gsaa Figure : 01 References : 08 Table : 01 Key Words : Lo&lgk;rk lewg] xzkeh.k fodkl,oa efgyk,a] Lo&lgk;rk lewg,oa jk"v ªfodkl izlrkouk xzkeh.k fodkl eq[;r% xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa jgus okys fu/kzu yksxksa dh vkthfodk ds lalk/kuksa,oa thou Lrj esa o f) gsrq fd, tkus okys fofhkuu çdkj ds ç;klksa dh vksj ladsr djrs gsaa xzkeh.k fodkl ds {ks=k esa LOk lgk;rk lewg ;kstuk lcls xjhc dks fodkl dk ykhk igq pkus] mudh thou 'ksyh vksj vkre fo'okl dks mppk djus gsrq,d vr;ko';d 'kfä vksj j.kuhfr ds :Ik esa igpkuk x;k gsa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa xjhc vksj csjkstxkj efgykvksa dk izfr'kr iq:"kksa ls vf/kd gssa Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa ds ek/;e ls bu efgykvksa dk u dsoy vkffkzd cfyd lkekftd&lkalñfrd] ikfjokfjd o ekufld mrfkku gqvk gsa fdurq ;s lewg Lo;a vusd pquksfr;ksa vksj ck/kkvksa tsls vkthfodk dks çksrlkgu nsus esa vlqyrk] lewg laxbu esa Ik;kZIr lalk/kuksa dk vhkko] lewg lnl;ksa dks Ik;kZIr çf'k{k.k dk vhkko vkfn dk lkeuk dj jgs gsaa bu pquksfr;ksa vksj ck/kkvksa dk lkeuk djus] lewg 'kks/k /kkjk 181

192 dks LFkkf;Ro çnku djus rfkk buds ek/;e ls fodkl dh çfø;k dh fujarjrk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, Lo lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?kksa (federation) rfkk lewgksa dk vu; laxbuksa ds lkfk lec)rk ;k usvofdzax ds fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk fodflr gqbz gsa Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa dk la?k NksVs lewgksa dk,d laxbu gs] tks mu vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrk gs tks,d lewg }kjk iwjk djuk lahko ugha gsa la?k,d eap gs] tgk vusd lewgksa ds çfrfuf/k,d fu/kkzfjr le; ij csbd djds vius lkozyksfdd eqíksa ij ppkz djrs gsaa la?k Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa ds Lrj ls Åij ds Lrj ds gksrs gsa( ftudk y{; lnl; lewgksa dh {kerk dk fodkl dj mudh vkrefuhkzjrk vksj fujarjrk dks c<+kuk gsa xzkeh.k efgykvksa ds lkekftd,oa jktuhfrd fodkl ij Lo lgk;rk lewg ds la?kksa ds izhkko dk v/;;u izlrqr 'kksèk i=k esa fd;k x;k gsa v/;;u dk mn~ns'; ¼1½ ¼2½ xzkeh.k efgykvksa ds Lo lgk;rk lewgkas ds la?kksa dh flfkfr Kkr djuka Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?kksa dh lgk;rk ls vkffkzd l{kerk izkir xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh orzeku Lkekftd vksj jktuhfrd flfkfr dks Kkr djuka 'kks/k ifjdyiuk ¼1½ Lo&lgk;rk lewgksaa ds la?kksa ds dkj.k xzkeh.k efgyk,a vkffkzd l'kdrrk izkir dj lkekftd xfrfof/k;ksa esa vf/kd lghkkfxrk dj jgh gsaa ¼2½ Lo&lgk;rk lewgksaa ds la?kksa ds izhkko ls xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd tkx:drk,oa jktuhfrd egrodk{kkvksa esa o ++f) gqbz gsa 'kks/k izfof/k 'kks/k dk;z gsrq NRrhlx<+ jkt; ds /kerjh ftys ds /kerjh fodkl[kam dk p;u fd;k x;k gsa mrrjnkrkvksa dk p;u mn~ns'; iw.kz fun'kzu ¼Purposive sampling½ }kjk fd;k x;k gsa lk{kkrdkj vuqlwph gsrq p;fur 05 xkaoksa ds 30 Lolgk;rk lewgksa dh dqy 30 v/;{kksa dk p;u mrrjnkrksa ds :i esa fd;k x;k gsa lk{kkrdkj vuqlwph rfkk voyksdu rf; ladyu ds izkfkfed lzksr jgs gsaa f}rh; leadksa dk ladyu fo"k; ls lacaf/kr iwoz esa izdkf'kr izkstsdv fjiksvksza] i=k if=kdkvksa rfkk v[kckjksa esa izdkf'kr [kcjksa vkfn ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;k gsa Lo&lgk;rk lewgksaa ds la?kksa dh flfkfr Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?kksa ds xbu ds fy, vko';d gs fd os nwljs xkaoksa ds vu; lewgksa ds lkfk usvodz dk fodkl djsa] ysfdu v/;;ujr~ lewgksa esa laidz vksj Hkkoh ;kstukvksa ds fo"k; esa leuo; dk vhkko ik;k x;k gsa 30 çfr'kr mùkjnkrkvksa dks fodkl[kam esa Lka?k ds xbu o muds lewgksa dh la?k esa Hkkxhnkjh dh flfkfr ds fo"k; esa fo'ks"k tkudkjh ugha gsa vf/kdka'k mùkjnkrkvksa dks Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?k dh vo/kkj.kk ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh gs rfkk mùkjnkrk la?k ds fo"k; esa lgh vuqeku yxkrh gsa] ftls bl rkfydk }kjk n'kkz;k x;k gs& 'kks/k /kkjk 182

193 Lo lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?k dh tkudkjh Øekad Lo lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?k dh tkudkjh vko fr çfr'kr 1- gkw ugha ;ksx bls xzkq ds ek/;e ls bl izdkj n'kkz;k tk ldrk gsa lkekftd fodkl 70 çfr'kr mùkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj Lo&lgk;rk lewg ds la?k ls tqmdj fpfdrlk] f'k{kk tslh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrz gqbz gsa vkffkzd :i ls l'kdr gksus ds dkj.k ikfjokfjd fu.kz;ksa esa lghkkfxrk c<h gsa 55 çfr'kr mùkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj Ñf"k@O;olk; gsrq _.k ljyrkiwozd çkir gqvk gsa cky fookg] cky Je vksj ngst tslh dqçfkkvksa dk fojks/k djus ds fy, lewgksa ds la?k ds ekè;e ls os iz;ru'khy gsaa xkao dh lqkbz] ihus ds ikuh dh O;oLFkk] u'kkcanh]?kjsyw fgalk vkfn fofhkuu lel;kvksa dks jskdus esa lewgksa ds la?k ;ksxnku djrs gsa],slk 25 çfr'kr mùkjnkrkvksa dk er gsa Lo&lgk;rk lewg ds la?kkas us tkfr ca/ku dks f'kffky djus o vli ';rk dks de djus esa ;ksxnku fn;k gs D;ksafd la?k esa lhkh tkfr;ksa ds lnl; gksrs gsaa jktuhfrd fodkl Lo&lgk;rk lewg ds la?kksa ds dkj.k efgykvksa us LFkkuh; pqukoksa esa Hkkxhnkjh dh gs vksj jktuhfrd inksa tsls iap] ljiap vkfn ij p;fur gksus ds ckn mugksaus xzkeh.k fodkl dh 'kks/k /kkjk 183

194 xfrfofèk;ksa esa Hkkx fy;k gsa Lo&lgk;rk lewg ds la?k lnl;ksa ds çr;k'kh ds :Ik esa pqukoksa esa [km+s gksus ij çpkj gsrq foùkh; lgk;rk] çpkjd o çsjd ds :Ik esa lkeus vk jgh gsa 60 izfr'kr mùkjnkrkvksa us LFkkuh; pqukoksa esa fdlh izr;k'kh ds :i esa lghkkfxrk ugha dh gs] ysfdu pqukoksa esa izpkjd o ernkrk ds :i esa Hkkx fy;k gsa p;fur mùkjnkrk eas ls 38 izfr'kr LFkkuh; jktuhfr esa lghkkfxrk djrh gsa rfkk ifjokfjd lnl;ksa ds lfø; jktuhfr ls tqms gksus ds dkj.k jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa os :fp ysrh gsaa fu"d"kz vkadm+ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu"d"kz izkir gqvk gs fd xzkeh.k efgykvksa dk Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?kksa ds ek/;e ls fodkl gqvk gs] vksj os la?k dh vo/kkj.kk ls voxr gsaa ysfdu lewgksa ds chp laidz vksj leuo; dh deh ik;h x;h gsa Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?k }kjk mudk lkekftd vkffkzd fodkl Hkh gks jgk gs ; fi os izr;k'kh ds :i es jktuhfr esa ahkkx ugha ysrh]fdurq LFkkuh; jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa mudh lghkkfxrk] esa o ++f) gqbz gsa lanhkz 1- fejk] bafnjk ( xjhc efgyk,w m/kkj,oa jkstxkj] fdrkc?kj ]ubzfnyyh ek;jkm+k vuqhko ( ¼ fej] MkW- vfuy dqekj( efgyk l'kfädj.k % n'kk vksj fn'kk,w] ubz lgl=kkcnh dk efgyk l'kfädj.k % vo/kkj.kk fparu,oa ljksdkj Hkkx 3 % vksesxk ifcyds'ku] nfj;kxat ] ubzfnyyh vkseçdk'k Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa ds ek/;e ls ekbøksqkbusal] fu/kzure rd igqwp,oa çhkko] jhxy ifcyds'ku ] 'kekz] çse ukjk;.k(,oa fouk;d] ok.kh( xjhch muewyu,oa efgyk l'kfädj.k] Hkkjr cqd lsuvj] Usha, P.; Empowerment of women and self help groups, Sonali Publication. New Delhi, ;kno] lqcg flg( xzkeh.k csafdx,oa fodkl] lcykbe ifcyds'ku] t;iqj ;kno] mrrjk( xzkeh.k ukjh ifjorzu dh vksj ]lkfgr; laxe ifcyds'ku] bykgkckn 2004 'kks/k /kkjk 184

195 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl esa efgyk dh Hkwfedk MkW0 cchrk fe>kz jktuhfr fokku] Lo- Bkdqj egkjkt flag 'kkldh; egkfo ky; ] Fkku[kEgfj;k] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract osfnd dky ls gekjs lekt esa ukjh ds vusd :i ns[kus esa vkrs gsaa dhkh og vius Lusfgy vkapy ds rys yksfj;ka lqukrh gsa] rks dhkh vius dksey ân; dk Lusg dykb;ksa ij yqvkrh gs] rks dhkh v)kzafxuh ds :i esa izhfr fuhkkrh gs] rks dhkh lwuh v f[k;ksa dk nqykj cudj thou dks txexkrh gsa mldk O;ogkj dhkh lhrk dh rjg lgu'khy gksrk gs] rks dhkh ifjflfkr oa'k izpam nqxkz&dkyh Hkh cu tkrh gsa ;qxksa ls pyh vk jgh gekjh lalñfr esa ukfj;ksa dk fof'k"v egro jgk gsa izkphu osfnd xafkksa esa ukjh dh efgek ds vusd mnkgj.k gesa izkir gksrs gsaa ;gh og ns'k gs( tgka lkfo=kh vius Lokeh ds izk.kksa dks okil ykus ds fy, lk{kkr dky :ih ;ejkt ls Vdjk xbz FkhA ;gh og ikou Hkwfe gs] tgk mu] ohjkaxukvks dk tue gqvk ftugksus la?k"kkszijkar e R;q dk oj.k djuk mfpr le>ka Figure : 00 References : 03 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vªfodkl vksj ukjh dh Hkwfedk] efgyk usr Ro,oa fodkl ds ifjn ';A osfnd dky ls gekjs lekt esa ukjh ds vusd :i ns[kus esa vkrs gsaa dhkh og vius Lusfgy vkapy ds rys yksfj;ka lqukrh gs] rks dhkh vius dksey ân; dk Lusg dykm;ksa ij yqvkrh gs] rks dhkh v)kzfxuh ds :i esa izhfr fuhkkrh gs] rks dhkh lwuh v f[k;ks dk nqykj cudj thou dks txexkrh gsa mldk O;ogkj dhkh lhrk dh rjg lgu'khy gksrk gs] rks dhkh ifjflfkr oa'k izpam nqxkz&dkyh Hkh cu tkrh gsa ;qxksa ls pyh vk jgh gekjh lalñfr esa ukfj;ksa dk fof'k"v egro jgk gsa izkphu osfnd xafkksa esa ukjh dh efgek ds vusd mnkj.k ges izkir gksrs gsaa ;gh og ns'k gsa tgka lkfo=kh vius Lokeh ds izk.kksa dks okil ykus ds fy, lk{kkr dky :ih ;ejkt ls Vdjk xbz FkhA ;gh o ikou Hkwfe gs] tgk mu] ohjkaxukvks dk tue gqvk ftugksus la?k"kkszijkar e R;q dk oj.k djuk mfpr le>ka lkekftd izfrc)rk%& vk/kqfudhdj.k] fo'ks"kr% uxjhdj.k o izks ksfxdh; fodkl ls gksus okys ifjozruksa us Hkkjrh; vuqlwfpr tkfr ds thou dks cgqr vf/kd izhkkfor fd;k gs]rfkk mudh flfkfr esa lq/kkj vk;k gsa fl=k;ksa ds chp esa /khjs&/khjs f'k{kk dk folrkj gksuk izkajhk gqvk vksj os gj izdkj dh f'k{kk esa iq:"k ds leku gh n{krk izkir dj jgh gsaa tsls fd fl=k;k vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vksj vxzlj gqbza A ifj.kke Lo:i fl=k;ksa esa ijaijkxr va/kfo'okl rfkk ladh.kz eukshkko nwj gksrs x;s vksj os vius izfr gksus okys vr;kpkjksa dk fojks/k djus ds fy, vkanksfyr gsaa ftldk ykhk ykhk mugas feyk Hkh gsa efgykvksa esa LokHkkfod :i ls lkekftd vk;kstuksa esa lghkkfxrk dh izo frr vf/kd gksrh gsa lkekftd vk;kstu pkgs fdlh mrlo ;k R;kSgkj ls lacf/kr gkas ;k fdlh Hkh fo"k; ls lacf/kr gkas izr;sd vk;kstuksa esa mudh lghkkfxrk lkeku; rksj ij ns[kh tk ldrh gsa gekjs ns'k es ukjh dk 'kks/k /kkjk 185

196 lkeku vf/kd gsa vkdk'koka.kh rfkk efgyk usr Ro %& vk/kqfud lapkj lk/kukas esa vkdk'kok.kh dk egroiw.kz LFkku gsa blls,d vksj ns'k Hkj esa [kcj igqaprh gs] rks nwljh vksj fofo/k :iksa eas eauksjtu Hkh gksrs gsaa Hkkjrh; lkekt esa vkdk'koka.kh vksj nwjn'kzu nks,sls ek/;e gs( ftugksus vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfd;k dks tkx r fd;k gsa [kkyh {k.kks dks fcrkus rfkk vdsysiu dh ;kruk ls eqdr vksj eauksjtu dk,d izeq[k lk/ ku vkdk'koka.kh O;fDr ds efr"d ij xgjk izhkko Mky dj mlds fparu&o;ogkj,oa jgu&lgu dks izhkkfor djrk gsa vkdk'koka.kh lquus dh fu;ferrk laøe.k'khy flfkr gks lwfpr djrh gsa efgyk usr Ro dh jktuhfrd ppkzvks esa Hkkxhnkjh%& fopkjd ysiesu dk euuk gs fd O;fDr vius bzn&fxnz ds okrkoj.k ls tks izkir djrk gs] jktuhfrd?kvukvkas esa lk>snkjh muds lac/k esa ppkz ;k futh vuqhko,sls gh L=kksr gsaa vk/kqfud le; ls lapkj lk/kuksa esa Økafr ds dkj.k ns'k&fons'k dh NksVh ls NksVh?kVuk dh tkudkjh rqajr laiw.kz fo'o eas QSy tkrh gsa tkudkjh dh cgqyrk us vke vkneh dh ltxrk,oa vfhk:fp esa o f) dha usr Ro dh ltxrk Hkh bl n f"v ls egrroiw.kz ekuh tk ldrh gsa usr Ro esa vkus ds i'pkr Hkh ;fn fo'ks"kdj efgyk,a dsoy pksds&pwygs rd Lo;a dks lfer j[ksaxh rks iz'kklfud {kerk isnk ugha gks ldrh A QhYM odz ds nksjku v/;;udrkz ds dqn,sls vuqhko gsaa,d efgyk lajip ds ikl tc mrrjnkrk lk{kkrdkj gsrq xbz rks efgyk lajip dk dguk Fkk fd vhkh esjs ifr ckgkj x;s gsaa djhc,d?akvs ds ckn vk;sxs rhkh vki dks dqn crk ik;saxsa njvly tc rd efgykvkas dks fu.kz; ysus dh izfd;k esa leku volj izkir ugha gksxk rc rd fdlh cm+s ifjorzu dh vk'kk; ugha dh tk ldrh gsa mùkjnkrkvksa dh 'ks{kf.kd flfkr%& f'k{kk fdlh Hkh vk/kqfud lkekt dh,d egroiw.kz vko';drk gksrh gsa f'k{kk dk cgqeq[kh vksj xgjk izhkko O;fDr ij im+rk gs rfkk f'k{kk tgka rd,d vksj O;fDr ls uohu mn~ns';ksa ds izfr tkx:drk isnk djrh gs] ogha O;fDr esa ospkfjd n <rk] iz[kj fparu egrokdka{kk br;kfn xq.kkas dk lekos'k djrh gsa efgyk usr Ro ds vhkko ds ihns muds finm+s] 'ks{kf.kd flfkr dk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku jgk gsa D;kasfd ijaijkxr Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dh mpp f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k /;ku ugha fn;k x;ka xzkeh.k leqnk; esa vkt dh efgykvkas eas mpp f'k{kk dk vhkko Li"Vr% ns[kk tk ldrk gsa oklro esa lkald frd fojklr,oa thou ds vfkz dks izkir djuk gh f'k{kk gsa orzeku xzkeh.k usr Ro f'k{kk,ao tkx:drk dk egro c<+ jgk gsa xkao ds yksxkas ds )kjk f'kf{kr O;fDr dks gh usrk Lohdkj djus dh izo fr c<+rh tk jgh gsa xkao esa efgyk mrihm+u ds fo:) laxbu dk gksuk%& efgykvkas ds fofhkuu lel;kvksa esa lcls Toyar lel;k muds fo:) dh tkus okyh fgalk gsa ;g,d,slh flfkfr gs] tks u dsoy vusfrd gs cfyd izr;sd lh; lkekt ds fy, fpark vksj 'kez dk fo"k; lcls vf/kd gsa vk'p;ztud rf; ;g gs fd rfkkdffkr lh;rk ds fodkl ds lkfk&lkfk ;g lel;k rhozrj vksj chhkrl gksrh tk jgh gsa ;fn ge jk"vªh; vijk/k fjdkmz 2003] lwpuk ij fo'okl djsa rks egku Hkkjr esa gj jkst 41 cykrdkj ds ekeys ntz fd;s tkrs gasa 19 efgykvkas dh ngst e R;q gks jgh gs] 31 vigj.k gksrk gsa 113 ;ksu mrihm+u dh f'kdkj gksrh gsaa 84 ls NsM+NkM+ dh tkrh gs vksj efgykvkas ds lkfk gksus okys vijk/kkas 'kks/k /kkjk 186

197 dh la[;k lkykuk 2 yk[k rd igq p tkrh gsa bu vijk/kkas esa,d cm+k fgllk xzkeha.k {ks=kksa dk gksrk gsa,sls esa iapk;rhjkt ds ek/;e ls pquh xbz efgyk, bl fn'kk esa D;k iz;kl dj jgh gsaa bls Kkr djuk gh egroiw.zk FkkA ukjh dh 'kfdr,d izsj.kknk;d%& ukjh detksj ugha cfyd,d,slh Tokyk gksrh gs] tks fudys rks lc dqn rckg dj ldrh gsa vksj vius gks"kys crk;s rks dqn Hkh dj ldrh gsa ;s,d,slh gh izsj.kknk;d dgkuh gsa ftlls lkfcr gks ldsxk fd vkt dy dh ukjh Hkh detksj ugh gsa cl og vius vki dks detksj u le>sa efgykvksa ds leeku o mugs vkxs c<+us ds reke volj miyc/k djkokus ds nkos pkgs fdrus gh fd;s tk;as ysfdu ;g gdhdr cny ldrh fd vc Hkh ukjh 'kfdr ls lekt esa nks;e ntszz dk O;ogkj gks jgk gsa ^csvh gs vueksy* ukjs dh lkfkzdrk rhkh gs] tc ml ij vey Hkh fd;k tk;sa dsoy ukjkas ls efgykvksa dk Hkyk gksus okyk ugha gsa bl fy, t:jh gs fd lekt dh dfkuh vksj djuh esa dksbz varj u jgsa vjlrw us dgka gs%&fdlh ns'k dh uhfr vksj vouhfr ml ns'k dh efgykvks dh flfkfr ls ekih tk ldrh gsa jk"vªh; efgyk uhfr vdsyh vksjr dh igpku%& jk"vªh; efgyk uhfr ds elfons esa,d egroiw.kz eqn~nk,dy efgykvksa dk mbk;k x;k gsa ftlesa vfookfgr fo/kok vksj rykd'kqnk vkfn Js.kh 'kkfey gsa bl cnys nksj esa vdsys vius Hkjksls thou ;kiu djus okyh efgykvkas dh la[;k c<+h gsa ij iq:"k iz/kku ekufldrk okys lkekt esa muds lkfk mrihm+u xsj cjkcjh vksj vis{kk dh lahkkouk Hkh cuh gqbz gsa blfy,,slh efgykvksa ds ckjs esa ;kstuk cukuk t:jh gsa ysfdu uhfr cukus ls igys bl ij fopkj djuk vksj foe'kz dks O;kid cukuk t:jh gsa egkuxjksa esa,sls efgykvksa dh vpnh [kklh la[;k fn[krh gs] tks egt lgkjs ;k iw.kzr% ds fy, iq:"k ikvzuj ;k ifr dks Lohdkj djus ds dks rs;kj ugha gsa ;g vpnk cnyko gs fd mugksus vius esa vkrefo'okl c<+k;k gsa bldk ;g vfkz dnkfi ugha fd os vdsys jgus dks izkfkfedrk nsus yxh gsa efgyk vkj{k.k%& Hkkjr eas efgykvkas dks leeku vksj lekurk dh fopkj/kkjk mruh gh l'kdr jgh gs( ftruh fd blds lkfk vlkeurk dha le; chrus ds lkfk iq:"k iz/kku lekt us u ekywe dsls jos;s esa ifjozru dj fy;k vksj ukjh Hkh bldh vknh gks xbza lrh lkfo=kh] vfgy;knsoh] egkjkuh y{ehckbz] jkuh nqxkzorh] fdj.k csnh] dyiuk pkaoyk Hkkjrh; efgykvkas dh jksy ekwmy gsaa og dksu lk dk;z gs tks izlrkfor 33 Qhlnh oxz us ugha dj fn[kk;k gsa iapk;rhjkt vksj LFkkuh fudk;a lacfèkr 73 osa vksj 74 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku fo/ks;d vf/kfu;fer gksus ds ckn efgykvkas dh vkokt bl eqn~ns ij vksj l'kdr gks pyh gsa fdrus vk'pz; dh ckr gs fdrus pquko ds ckn Hkh efgykvks dh llrk esa Hkkxhnkjh ux.; gsa ukjh dh n'kk o lq/kkj ds mik;%& Hkkjr o"kz esa iqjkur dky esa ukjh 'kfdr dk vf/kd egro FkkA ;gka fd lalñfr esa ukjh dks,d egku 'kfdr ds :i esa vkn'kz leeku fn;k tkrk jgk gsa osfnddky esa bl nso Hkwfe dh ukjh lkekftd] /kkfezd o vk/;kfred {ks=k esa iq:"k dh lghkkfxuh FkhA xksjo iw.kz vf/kdkj o leeku izkir ukjh vkfn dky ls eka&cgu] izs;lh] iruh o iq=kh vkfn fj'rksa ds nkf;rokas dks fuhkkrh pyh vk jgh gsaosfnd dky es ukjh us vius drrzo;ks dk ikyu djrs gq, lekt o thou 'kks/k /kkjk 187

198 ds gj {ks=k esa viuk xksjo,oa leeku c<+k;k FkkA Hkkjr eas fgunw 'kkl=kksa ds 'kklu dky rd ukjh dk leeku mpp dkfsv dk FkkA vkt vko';drk bl ckr dh gs fd ge Hkkjr dks l'kdr jk"vª cukus ds fy, ukjh 'kfdr dks l'kdr vksj laiy cuk,aa lanhkz 1- vkgwtk] jke( Hkkjr dh lkekftd lel;k, ] jkor ifcyds'kul] t;iqj 2- Hkkj}kt] deys'k( Hkkjrh; lalñfr ds ewy vk/kkj 3- 'kekz] 'kadjn;ky( gekjs fparu dh ewy /kkjk] 'kks/k /kkjk 188

199 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk MkW- vfouk'k dqekj yky izhkkjh izkpk;z] 'kkl- egkfo ky;] ik.mkrjbz] dchj/kke] NRrhlx<+ Jherh vfounuk tkwu lgk;d izk/;kid] flfoy] Øqfr baflvv~;wv] jk;iqj] NRrhlx<+ lqjh lk/kuk jktiwr vfrffk O;k[;krk] turq fokku] 'kkl- egkfo ky;] ik.mkrjbz] dchj/kke] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract ;fn efgyk dks J)k dh Hkkouk vfizr dh tk;s rks og fo'o ds d.k&d.k dks LofXkZd Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr dj ldrh gsa efgyk,d lukru 'kfdr gsa og vkfndky ds mu lkekftd nkf;roksa dks vius du/kksa ij mbk, vk jgh gs] ftls vxj iq:"kksa ds da/ks ij Mky fn;k x;k gksrk rks og dc dk ym+[km+k x;k gksrka iqjkru dkyhu Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dks mppk LFkku izkir FkkA iq:"kksa ds leku gh mugsa lkekftd] jktusfrd,oa /kkfezd d R;ksa esa Hkkx ysus dk vkf/kdkj izkir FkkA os ;q) {ks=k esa Hkh vius ifr dk lg;ksx djrh jgh gsaa nsoklqj laxzke esa dsds;h us vius vf}rh; j.kdks'ky ls egkjkt n'kjfk dks pfdr dj fn;k FkkA ;kkoyd; dh lg/kfekz.kh xkxhz us vk/;kfred /ku ds le{k lkalkfjd /ku rq{; gs] fal) djds lekt esa viuk vknj.kh; LFkku izkir fd;k FkkA fo ksrrkek dh Hkwfedk ljkguh; gs] ftlus dkfynkl dks lald r dk izdk.m iafmr cukus esa lqyrk izkir dha rqylhnkl th ds thou dks vk/;kfred psruk nsus esa mudh iruh dh gh cqf) dk pkrq;z FkkA feffkyk ds egkiafmr eamufej dh /keziruh fonq"kh Hkkjrh us 'kadjkpk;z tsls egkkkuh O;fDrRo dks Hkh 'kkl=kkfkz esa ijkftr fd;k FkkA Figure : 00 References : 08 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vªfodkl ds vk;ke,oa ukjh lghkkfxrk] Lok/khurk vkanksyu,oa ukjh ifjp;kred% tc Hkkjrh; _f"k;ksa us vfkozosn esa ekrk Hkwfe iq=kksa vga i ffko;k%** ¼vFkkZr Hkwfe esjh ekrk gs vksj ge bl /kjk ds iq=k gsaa½ dh izfr"bk dh rhkh laiw.kz fo'o esa ukjh efgek dk mn~?kks"k gks x;k FkkA usiksfy;u cksukikvz us ukjh dh egrrkk dks crkrs gq, dgk Fkk fd eq>s,d ;ksx; ekrk ns nks] esa rqedks,d ;ksx; jk"vª nw xka Hkkjrh; tu&thou dh ewy /kwjh ukjh vfkkzr~ ekrk gsa ;fn ;g dgk tk, fd lald fr] ijeijk ;k /kjksgj ukjh ds dkj.k gh ih<+h&nj&ih<+h glrkarfjr gksrh jgh gs] rks ;g vfr'k;ksfdr ugha gksxha tc&tc lekt esa tm+rk vkbz gs] ukjh 'kfdrk us gh mls tekus ds fy,] mlls tw>us ds fy;s viuh larfr dks rs;kj djds vkxs c<+us dk ladyi fn;k gsa mn~ns';%& ;fn efgyk dks J)k dh Hkkouk vfizr dh tk;s rks og fo'o ds d.k d.k dks LofXkZd Hkkouk ls vkrs&izksr dj ldrh gsa efgyk,d lukru 'kfdr gsa og vkfndky ds mu lkekftd nkf;roksa dks vius du/kksa ij mbk, vk jgh gs] ftls vxj iq:"kksa ds da/ks ij Mky fn;k x;k gksrk rks 'kks/k /kkjk 189

200 og dc dk ym+[km+k x;k gksrka iqjkruh dkyhu Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dks mppk LFkku izkir FkkA iq:"kksa ds leku gh mugsa lkekftd] jktusfrd,oa /kkfezd] ;q)ksa vkfn ds vkf/kdkj izkir FksA nsoklqj laxzke esa dsds;h us vius vf}rh; j.kdks'ky ls egkjkt n'kjfk dks pfdr dj fn;k FkkA ;kkoyd; dh lg/kfekz.kh xkxhz us vk/;kfred /ku ds le{k lkalkfjd /ku rq{; gs] fal) djds lekt esa viuk vknj.kh; LFkku izkir fd;k FkkA fo ksrrkek dh Hkwfedk ljkguh; gs] ftlus dkfynkl dks lald r dk izdk.m iafmr cukus esa lqyrk izkir dha rqylhnkl th ds thou dks vk/;kfred psruk nsus esa mudh iruh dk gh cqf) pkrq;z FkkA feffkyk ds egkiafmr eamufej dh /keziruh fonq"kh Hkkjrh us 'kadjkpk;z tsls egkkkuh O;fDrRo dks Hkh 'kkl=kkfkz esa ijkftr fd;k FkkA Lora=krk vkanksyu o ckn esa ukjh%& vc ge Lora=krk vkanksyu ds dky[kam dks ns[ksa rks ge ns[krs gas fd Hkkjr ds Lora=krk laxzke esa efgykvksa us ftruh cm+h la[;k esa Hkkx fy;k] mlls fl) gksrk gs fd le; vkus ij efgyk,a izse dh iqdkj dks fonzksg dh gqadkj esa rcnhy dj jk"vªh; v[kamrk dks v{kq..k cukus esa viuk lozlo lefizr dj ldrh gsa jkuh y{ehckbz] ljkstuh uk;mw] eknke fhk[kkth dkek] v:.kk vklq vyh],uhcslsav] Hkfxuh fuosfnrk] lqpsrk d iykuh] dsivu y{eh lgxy] nqxkz HkkHkh,oa Økafrdkfj;ksa dks lg;ksx nsus okyh vusd efgyk,a Hkkjr esa vorfjr gqbz( ftugksaus jk"vª fuekz.k ds fy;s viuk lc dqn U;kSNkoj dj fn;ka bfrgkl xokg gs tc&tc lekt ;k jk"vª us ukjh dks volj,oa vf/kdkj fn;k gs] rc rc ukjh us fo'o ds le{k Js"B mnkgj.k gh izlrqr fd;k gsa jktusfrd vksj lkekftd lq/kkjksa ds {ks=k esa efgykvksa us viuk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku fn;ka fot; y{eh iafmr us pkj ckj la;qdr jk"vª la?k esa Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/kro fd;ka 1953 & 54 esa og la;qdr jk"vª egklhkk dh lnl; Hkh jghaa dqylqe ts- lk;kuh us 1957 esa ;wusldks ds rrok/kku esa gq, izks<+ f'k{kk leeksyu esa Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/kro fd;ka bafnjk xka/kh us ns'k dh izfke efgyk iz/kkuea=kh ds rksj ij 'kklu O;OkLFkk c[kwch lapkfyr dha 'kkafrnwr enj Vsjslk us fons'kh gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr dks viuk dez{ks=k cuk;ka dydrrkk esa n lkslkw;vh vkwq n fe'kujh vkwq psfjvh uked lalfkk ds ekè;e ls mugksaus xjhcksa nhu&nqf[k;ksa] ykpkjksa dh lsok dk chm+k mbk;ka fofhkuuk {ks=kksa esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk%& vkt ehfm;k] i=kdkfjrk,oa tulapkj ds {ks=k esa Hkh efgykvksa dk opzlo dk;e gsa lsuk] ok;q;ku mm+kuk] iozrkjksg.k vkfn fofhkuuk {ks=kksa esa efgykvksa us viuh Hkkxhnkjh djds ysafxd vlekurk dks nwj dj fn[kk;k gsa f'k{kk] fokku] [ksydwn] O;oLkk;] lwpuk izks ksfxdh] fpfdrlk vkfn lhkh {ks=kksa esa efgyk,a iq:"kksa ls vf/kd ;ksx; fl) gks jgh gsaa vr% ns'k ds fodkl esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku dkqh vge gsa xzkeh.k {ks=k ls ysdj 'kgjh {ks=k rd efgykvksa us lekt jk"vª ds fodkl esa egroiw.kz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa vkt Hkh ns'k dh yxhkx 65 ls 70 Qhlnh vkcknh xkaoksa esa fuokl djrh gs vksj xzkeh.k {ks=k dk eq[; dk;z d f"k gsa xzkeh.k {ks=k esa d f"k ls ysdj okfudh] enyh&ikyu] Ik'kqikyu] pk; ds cxku tsls egroiw.kz dk;ksz esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku iq:"kksa dh vis{kk T;knk gsa d f"k {ks=k esa dqy Je dk 60 ls 80 Qhlnh rd fgllsnkjh efgykvksa dh gksrh gsa QwM,.M,xzhdYpj vkxzukbts'ku ds,d v/;;u ls irk pyk gs fd fgeky; {ks=k esa izfr gsdvs;j izfr o"kz,d iq:"k vkslru 1212?kaVs vksj,d efgyk vkslru 3485?kaVs dk;z djrh gsa ukjh lghkkfxrk vksj fodkl%& us'kuy lsaiy lozs vkwfql ds vkadm+ks ds eqrkfcd 23 jkt;ksa esa d f"k 'kks/k /kkjk 190

201 okfudh vksj enyh ikyu esa dqy Je 'kfdr dk 50 Qhlnh Hkkx efgykvksa dk gsa NRRkhlx<+] fcgkj vksj e/;izns'k esa 70 izfr'kr ls T;knk efgyk;sa d f"k {ks=k ij vk/kkfjr gsa tcfd iatkc] if'pe caxky] rfeyukmq vksj dsjy esa ;g la[;k 50 izfr'kr gsa fetksje] vklke] v:.kkapy izns'k vksj ukxkys.m esa d f"k {ks=k esa 10 izfr'kr efgyk Je 'kfdr gsa lq>ko o fu"d"kz%& nksgjs nkf;roksa ls ynh efgykvksa us viuh nksxquh 'kfdr dk izn'kzu dj fl) dj fn;k gs fd lekt dh muukfr vkt dsoy iq:"kksa ds da/ks ij ugha vfirq muds gkfkksa dk lgkjk ysdj Hkh mapkbz;ksa dh vksj vxzlj gksrh muukr jk"vª dh dyiuk rhkh ;FkkFkZ :Ik /kkj.k dj ldrh gs tc efgyk l'kdr gksdj jk"vª dks l'kdr djssaa efgyk Lo;a fl)k le; dh ekax gsa lanhkz 1- gksjk] vk'kkjkuh] Hkkjrh; lekt vksj efgyk,aa 2- xqirk,oa 'kekz] lekt 'kkl=k,oa v/;;u 3- QfM+;k ch-,y-]( Hkkjrh; 'kklu] jktuhfr 4- 'kekz] Jherh eatw( dk;z'khy efgykvksa dk lekt o cnyrk Lo:iA 5- [kamsyk] ekupan( efgyk l'kfdrdj.k fl}kar if=kdk %& 1- izfr;ksfxrk niz.k] 2016&17 2- dq:{ks=k] ekpz nsfud lekpkj i=k] uohkkjr] if=kdk nsfud Hkk"dj] gfjhkwfe 'kks/k /kkjk 191

202 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk MkW0 ckydjke pksdls 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo ky;] [kjksn] tktxhj] pkaik] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract O;fDr vius thou dks lq[ke; cukus ds fy, ifjorzu pkgrk gsa jk"vª fodkl dks c<+kus ds fy, vkt Hkkjrh; lekt dh fl=k;ka iq:"kksa ds lkfk da/kk&ls&da/kk feykdj gj {ks=k esa viuk LFkku cuk, gq, gsaa /kjrh esa ;k vklek gj txg ij efgykvksa us viuk LFkku cuk;k gsa Lo;a esa ifjorzu ds dkj.k uanuh gjh ukfk us viuk igyk tkc bljks ls pkyw fd;k vksj chl lky ls ihns eqm ds ugha ns[kka vuqjk/kk Vh ds izksxzke Mk;jsDVj bljks dhrhz Qkstnkj dei;wvj ls lsvsykbzv dks duvªksy djrh gsaa vr% Li"V gs fd jk"vªh; fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk egroiw.kz gsa izkphu Hkkjr ls ysdj orzeku le; rd esa fl=k;ksa us jk"vª ds fodkl esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkbz gsa vr% budk LFkku Hkkjrh; lalñfr esa egroiw.kz gsa L=kh iq:"k lkeatl; :i ls lq[kiwozd thou&;kiu djrs Fks( fir nsoks Hko%] ekr nsoks Hko% br;kfn mfdr Hkh osfnd dky esa ukfj;ksa ds LFkku dks Li"V vkhkk"k djkrh gsa egkdfo dkfynkl dh /kez irukh fo ksùkek vius ifr dks fuj{kj tkudj ifr dks?kj ls ckgj dj fn;k Fkk] mlds izhkko ls egkdfo dkfynkl lalñr lkfgr; ds egkdfo ds :i esa izfrf"br gq,a fofnr gs fd jktk tud dh lhkk esa ;kkoyd; _f"k dh iruh dh xkxhz] ;q) {ks=k esa jktk n'kjfk dh iruh dsdsbz j.kdks'ky esa fonq"kh Fkh] Lora=k Hkkjr dh iwoz iz/kku ea=kh bafnjkxka/kh ds uke dks dksu ugha tkurk] Hkkjr dh iwoz jk"vªifr Jherh izfrhkk ikfvy ftudk uke lhkh yksx tkurs gsaa vfkkzr~ ukjh Hkh jkt; dk lapkyu djus es dq'ky gsaa vr% vusd izdkj ls Li"V gksrk gs fd jk"vª ds fodkl esa ukjh dk LFkku iz'kaluh; iwt;uh;,oa oanuh; gsa Figure : 00 References : 10 Table : 00 Key Words : ukjh f'k{kk dk egro] jk"vª fodkl ds vk;ke vksj ukjh dk ;ksxnku gekjs Hkkjr ns'k esa ukfj;ksa dk LFkku jk"vª ds fodkl dh n f"v ls egroiw.kz ekuk tkrk gsa uj vksj ukjh l f"v ds Lo:i ds nks Hkkx gsa l f"v pjkpj ltho futhzo lhkh txg uj vksj ukjh vo'; gksrs gsa] n'kzu'kkl=k esa izñfr vksj iq:"k nksuksa gh J f"v ds cht crk, x, gsaa uj vksj ukjh dk lacaèk 'kk'or gsaa ukjh lekt dh vk/kkj f'kyk gsa izr;sd lkekftd laxbu esa ukfj;ksa dh flfkfr mudh lkekftd n'kk dk ifjp; gksrh gsa dgk Hkh x;k gs& ukuk ukjha fu"qyk yksd;k=kka ¼i p½ ukjh lekt dk iks"k.k djrh gsa egkiq:"kksa dk thou fuekz.k,oa ekr Ro dk egroiw.kz LFkku gsa usiksfy;u] f'kokth] egkreka xk /kh vkfn fo}kuksa us ekrkvksa ds la;ksx ls ;ksx; izfrhkk izkir dha?kj 'kks/k /kkjk 192

203 esa fuokl djrs gq, Hkh ukjh vusd :iksa dks ¼ekrk] ifru] lgpjh] lg;ksfxuh]½ /kkj.k djrh gsa dk;sz"kq eaf=k dj.ks"kq nklh] Hkkstus"kq ekrk 'k;us"kq jehkka ¼ lq-j-hkk- ½ ekuo thou dk dksbz Hkh,slk {ks=k ugha gs( tgka fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa lekt dks fl=k;ksa dk la;ksx izkir u gksa osfnd ;qx esa ukjh /kkfezd] vk/;kfred vksj lkekftd {ks=kksa esa usr Ro djrh FkhA lh;rk ds fodkl esa ges'kk iz;ru'khy FkhA vk/kqfud le; esa Hkh ukjh iq:"kksa dh vis{kk de ugha fn[kkbz nsrh gsa ljksftuh uk;mw] lqhknzk dqekjh pksgku] deyk nsoh pv ksik/;k;] v:.kk vklq vyh] fot;y{eh] bunzk xka/kh] vkfn vusd fl=k;ksa us jktuhfr esa mpp in izkir fd;ka Hkkjrh; LkaLÑfr esa ukfj;ksa dk LFkku iwt;uh; gsa Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh & osfnd dky ls orzeku le; rd fl=k;kas dk LFkku Hkkjrh; lekt esa vfrxksjo :i gs] iq:"kksa ds lkfk ukjh ges'kk fe=kork~ dk;z djrh gsa ukjh x g.kh] x g Lokfeuh] lgèkez.kh br;kfn fo'ks"k.kksa ls lacksf/kr gksrh gsa tue ls fookg rd firk ds?kj esa du;k ds :i esa] fookg mijkur iruh ds :i esa ] x g Lokfeuh ds :i esa 'kkshkk dks izkir gksrh gsa osnksa esa dgk x;k gs fd&lkekzkkh 'olqjs Hko lkezkkh 'oj~oka HkoA uukunfj lkezkkh Hko lkezkkh vf/k nsos"kqaa ¼_x~- 10@85@46½ tk;snlre~ tk;k,o vlra x gfer;fkz%] bfr ¼_x~- 3@53@4½ x glfk vkje esa Hkh ukjh dh iz/kkurk fn[kkbz nsrh gs] gekjs 'kkl=kksa esa Hkh dgk x;k gs& u x ga x gfer;kgqx Zfg.kh x geqp;rsa ¼i p- 3@146½ ifjokj esa ukfj;ksa dk LkEEkku tgka gksrk gs] ifjokj ds lhkh yksx ukfj;ksa dh lq[k,oa izluurk ds fo"k; esa fparu djrs gasa lnso ogka y{eh dk fuokl gksrk gsa ogka lelr nsokrkvksa dk fuokl gksrk gsa blh fo"k; esa euqfle fr esa dgk x;k gs & ;=k uk;zlrq iwt;urs jeurs r=k nsork%a ;=ksrklrq u iwt;urs] lokzlr=kkqyk% fø;kaa ¼euqfLe fr 3@56½ ukjh f'k{kk egro & Hkkjr esa ukjh f'k{kk dk egro iw.kz LFkku gsa _xosn esa fl=k;ksa dh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dks funszf'kr fd;k x;k gsa iq=k ds leku miu;u laldkj] osnksa dk v/;;u Hkh djk;k tkrk FkkA izkphu dky esa ukjh dh f'k{kk ds fo"k; esa lekt vf/kd tkx:d FkkA bl fo"k; esa vuqlqbz;k] nsogqfr] 'kph] ;eh]?kks"kk] moz'kh] xkxhz] es=ks;h] vfnfr] dks'ky;k] lhrk] rkjk] eanksnjh] dqurh] vfgy;k vkfn ukfj;ksa ds uke mnkgj.k :i esa fn[kkbz nsrs gsaa ukjh dk vf/kdkj & ukjh lekt dh vk/kkj f'kyk gs] ukjh iq:"k dh lg;kfsxu ds :i esa gsa og iq:"k ds lkfk ls ;K vkfn dk;ksza dk leiknu djrh gsa Hkh"k.k laxzke esa og lsuk ds :i esa vyañr gksrh gsa ;q) {ks=k esa Hkh ukfj;ksa dk egro iq:"k dh vis{kk de ugha fn[kkbz nsrka Hkjr dh ekrk dsdsbz j.k dks'ky esa fonq"kh FkhA vk/kqfud ;qx esa Hkh y{ehckbz] thtkckbz] vkfn us j.k dks'ky ij vrho izn'kzu fd;ka ukfj;ksa dk drzo;& dko; izdk'kdkj vkpk;z eeev us dko; iz;kstu ds izlax esa ^dkurklfeer mins'k* Hkh dko; dk izeq[k iz;kstu crk;k gsa og Hkkstu ds le; ekrk dk dk;z djrh gs] dk;ksza ds fopkj ds le; esa Js"B ea=k.kk dj ea=kh dk dk;z djrh gsa ifr lsok ds le; nklh :i dk O;ogkj djrh gs( dgk Hkh x;k gs& dk;sz"kq eu=kh dj.ks"kq nklh HkksT;s"kq ekrk 'k;us"kq jehkka 'kks/k /kkjk 193

204 /keszpuqdwyk {ke;k /kfj=kh Hkk;kZ p "kmxq.;orhg nqyzhkkaa ¼lq-j-Hkk- 351@27½ Js"B larku dks mriuu dj jk"vfªgr esa lezfir djuk ukfj;ksa dk drzo; gs & bna jk"vªa fii fg lkshkxk;a ¼vFkoZ 7@35@1½ vfkzo osn esa Hkh fl=k;ksa ds xq.kksa dk o.kzu izkir gksrk gsa og rstofr] ifr fgrdkj.kh ]e nqhkk"k.kh ] ljyk] vøks/kuk] ifrozrk] vkkkdkj.kh Fkh& ir;kpfojk/k;urh ¼vFkZo- 2@36@4½ tk;k ir;s e/kqerha okpa onrq 'kkfur oke~a ¼vFkZo- 3@3@2½ jkek;.k egkhkkjr dky esa ukfj;ksa dh flfkfr % jkek;.k,oa egkhkkjr dky esa ukfj;ksa dh f'k{kk lqo;oflfkr fn[kkbz nsrh gsa jkek;.k esa dks'ky;k] rkjk ea=kksa dh Kkrk FkhA la/;k oanu djus dk o.kzu izkir gksrk gsa blh izdkj egkhkkjr esa Hkh lqyhkk vksj nzksinh dks osnkurks dh fonq"kh,oa iafmr dgk tkrk FkkA ukfj;ksa dh laxhr dyk u R; vkfn dk o.kzu Hkh izkir gksrk gsa vtzqu us mrrjk dks mlds?kj esa laxhr u R; vkfn dk vh;kl djk;ka egkhkkjr esa o.kzu izkir gksrk gs fd ukjh lk{kkr y{eh gksrh gsa mudk xksjo fueu 'yksd ls Li"V gksrk gs & v/kzhkk;kza euq";l; Hkk;kZa Js"Bre% l[kka Hkk;kZa ewya f=koxz'p Hkk;kZ ewya rfj";r%aa Hkk;kZoUr% fø;kour% lhkk;kz x gesf/ku%a Hkk;kZoUr% izeksnurs Hkk;kZoUr% fj;kfuor%aa l[kk;% izfofodrs"kq HkoU;srk% fiz;oank%a iqjk uk;z% iq:"krqy;ef/kdkjku~ ysfhkjsaa ¼egkHkkjr½ osnkas,oa czkeg.k xzufkksa esa ukjh dk Lo:i& osfnd dky esa Hkh ukjh ije fonq"kh FkhA osnksa,oa czkeg.k xzafkksa ds vuqlkj xkxhz es=ks;h yksikeqnzk vkfn ije fonq"kh lhrk lkfo=kh nzksinh 'kdquryk vkfn dks ifrozrk ukfj;ksa ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gsa osnksa,oa 'krifk vkfn czkeg.k xzafkksa esa Hkh L=kh ds Lo:iksa dks ;Fkk LFkku izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gsa izkphu Hkkjr esa fl=k;ksa dk LFkku egroiw.kz Fkk & L=kh lkfo=kha ¼tS-m-czk-4@27@17½ voh;kz os L=khA ¼'kr- 2@5@2@36½ rles ueurka tu;% lqiruh% ¼;tq- 12@35½ bmkeño.ou~ euq"kl; 'kkluhe~ ¼_x- 1@31@11½ lqeaxyh izrj.kh x gk.kka lq'ksok ir;s 'o'kqjk; 'kehkw% ¼vFkoZ 14@2@26½ Le fr xzafkksa esa ukjh dk Lo:i & Le fr;ksa esa Hkh ukjh ds Lo:i dks Js"B crk;k x;k gsa gekjs /kez 'kkl=k esa Hkh ^fl=k;% lelrklro nsfo Hksnk%* bu opuksa ds vuqlkj vkt buds Lo:i dks izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gsa izkphu dky esa fl=k;ksa dks x g.kh] x glokeh] lg/kez.kh br;kfn fo'ks"k.kksa ls lacksf/kr fd;k x;k gs& larq"vks Hkk;Z;k HkrkZ Hk=kkZ Hkk;kZ rfkso pa ;fleuuso dqys fur;a dy;k.ka r=k os /kqzoeaa ^jkepfjr ekul* esa ukjh&rqylh nkl th dk ukfj;ksa ds izfr rks mpp&fopkj,oa fo'kky n f"v dks.k Fkk] mugksus jkek;.k ds izfr ukjh ik=k dks iq:"k ik=k ls vf/kd vkn'kz :i esa izlrqr fd;ka mugksus jke ls vf/kd lhrk dks] n'kjfk ls vf/kd dks'ky;k dks] fgeky; ls vf/kd esukorh dks] y{e.k ls vfèkd ekrk lqfe=kk dks] ckfy ls vf/kd rkjk dks] rfkk jko.k ls vf/kd eanksnjh dks vkn'kz :i esa izlrqr fd;ka ekrk dks'ky;k dh tks izse] n;k] vksj /kez dh izfrewfrz Fkh] iwoz fn'kk dgdj oanuk dh gs& ^canm dks'ky;k fn'kh izkph* D;ksa fd iwoz fn'kk ls fnu esa lw;z fudydj va/kdkj dks nwj dj lalkj dks lq[k igq pkrk gs] rfkk jkf=k esa iw.kz punzek fudydj jks'kuh QSykrk gs rfkk 'khryrk nsrk gs vksj 'kks/k /kkjk 194

205 'kjn dkyhu jkf=k esa ikyk cu dj dey dks uk'k djrk gsa mlh izdkj iwoz fn'kk :ih ekrk dks'ky;k lw;z :ih jke dks mriuu dj va/kdkj :ih v/kez dks nwj dj rfkk punzek ds leku leiw.kz txr dks 'kkafr iznku dh vksj ikyk ds leku dey :ih nq"v jk{klksa dk lagkj fd;ka rqylh nkl th ukfj;ksa dks vkn'kz Hkkjrh; ukjh ds :i esa ns[kus ds i{kèkj FksA blfy, mugksus ekul ds izr;sd ukjh ik=k dks Hkkjrh; lalñfr ds vuq:i gh muds pfj=k ds izr;sd i{k dks vkn'kz :i esa izlrqr fd;ka bruk gh ugha mugksus oke ukjh ik=kksa esa eafkjk vksj dsds;h ds leeku dh Hkh iw.kz j{kk dh gs vksj mudh djuh dks fo/kkrk dh djuh crkrs gq, mugksus nks"k eqdr dj fn;ka mugksus Hkjrh; ukfj;ksa dks iq:"kksa ls vf/kd lgu'khy] /kezijk;.k] /ks;zoku] drzo; ijk;.k rfkk 'kfdr nkf;uh dgk gsa izse dh rks os lk{kkr~ nfso;ka gas os eka] cgu] iruh] iq=kh vius izr;sd :i esa izse dh o"kkz djrs jgrs gsaa O;fDr vius thou dks lq[ke; cukus ds fy, ifjorzu pkgrk gsa jk"vª fodkl dks c<+kus ds fy, vkt Hkkjrh; lekt fd fl=k;ka iq:"kksa ds lkfk da/kk&ls&da/kk feykdj gj {ks=k esa viuk LFkku cuk, gq, gsa /kjrh esa ;k vklek gj txg ij efgykvksa us viuk LFkku cuk;k gsa Lo;a esa ifjorzu ds dkj.k uanuh gjh ukfk us viuk igyk tkc bljks ls pkyw fd;k vksj chl lky ls ihns eqm+ ds ugha ns[kka vuqjk/kk Vh ds izksxzke Mk;jsDVj bljks dhrhz QkStnkj dei;wvj ls lsvsykbzv dks duvªksy djrh gsaa vr% Li"V gs fd jk"vªh; fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk egroiw.kz gsa milagkj & vr% Li"V gs fd izkphu Hkkjr ls ysdj orzeku le; rd esa fl=k;ksa us jk"vª ds fodkl esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkbz gsa budk LFkku Hkkjrh; lalñfr esa egroiw.kz gsa L=kh&iq:"k lkeatl; :i ls lq[kiwozd thou&;kiu djrs Fks&fir nsoks Hko%] ekr nsoks Hko% br;kfn mfdr Hkh osfnd dky esa ukfj;ksa ds LFkku dks Li"V vkhkk"k djkrh gsa egkdfo dkfynkl dh /kez irukh fo ksùkek vius ifr dks fuj{kj tkudj ifr dks?kj ls ckgj dj fn;k FkkA mlds izhkko ls egkdfo dkfynkl lalñr lkfgr; ds egkdfo ds :i esa izfrf"br gq,a fofnr gs fd jktk tud dh lhkk esa ;kkoyd; _f"k dh iruh xkxhz] ;q) {ks=k esa jktk n'kjfk dh iruh dsdsbz] j.kdks'ky esa fonq"kh FkhaA Lora=k Hkkjr dh iwoz iz/kku ea=kh bafnjk xka/kh ds uke dks dksu ugha tkurka Hkkjr dh iwoz jk"vªifr Jherh izfrhkk ikfvy ftudk uke lhkh yksx tkurs gsaa vfkkzr~ ukjh Hkh jkt; dk lapkyu djus esa dq'ky gsaa vr% vusd izdkj ls Li"V gksrk gs fd jk"vª ds fodkl esa ukjh dk LFkku iz'kaluh;] iwt;uh;,oa oanuh; gsa lanhkz 1- i pra=k&fo".kq 'kekz 2- lq-j-hkk- & 3- _xosn 4- euqle fr 5- vfkzoosn 6- egkhkkjr 7- 'krifk czkeg.k 8- ;tqzosn 9- _xosn 10- jkepfjr ekul 'kks/k /kkjk 195

206 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa clrj ftys dh efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku fl;kyky ukx 'kks/kkfkhz] jktuhfr fokku] clrj fo'ofo ky;] txnyiqj] NRrhlx<+ MkW0 ¼Jherh½ y{eh ysdke l0 izk0] jktuhfr fokku] Hkkuq izrki nso 'kkldh; LukrdksRrj egkfo ky;] dkadsj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract clrj Hkkjr ds NRrhlx<+ izns'k ds nf{k.k esa flfkr ftyk gsa clrj ftys,oa clrj lahkkx dk eq[;ky; txnyiqj 'kgj gsa e/;izns'k esa ftyk iquaxzbu vk;ksx xbu 1983 esa U;k;ewfrZ Jh ch-ds-nqcs dh v/;{krk esa fd;k x;k FkkA bl vk;ksx us viuh fjiksvz 11 uoacj 1985 dks ljdkj dks nh FkhA vk;ksx dh flqkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij 03 flracj 1992 dks rrdkyhu ljdkj us 16 u;s ftys xbu dh?kks"k.kk dha ;s ftys 1 uoecj 1992 ls vflrro esa vkus Fks] fdurq U;k;ky; LFkxu vkns'k ikfjr dj fn;s tkus ds dkj.k vflrro esa ugha vk ik;s FksA bu 16 ftyksa esa clrj ftys dks fohkkftr dj lu~ 1998 esa nursokm+k o dkadsj dks ftyk cukus dh?kks"k.kk dh xbza NRrhlx<+ fuekz.k ds 7 o"kz ds ckn vksj clrj dks fohkkftr fd;k x;k o 1 ebz 2007 dks 2 uohu ftyksa dk xbu fd;k x;ka uohu ftys ukjk;.kiqj o chtiqj gs vksj 15 vxlr 2011 dks dks.mkxk o] o lqdek dks ftyk cukus dh?kks"k.kk fd;k x;ka bl rjg clrj lahkkx vhkh orzeku esa ;s Lora=k lkr vyx &vykx ftys gks x;s gsaa clrkj ftyk dks lkr Cykdksa esa fohkkftr fd;k Figure x;k gsa : 00 References : 06 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vªfodkl esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk] {ks=kh; fodkl vksj efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku ukjh fo/kkrk dh lokszrre vksj uk;kc l f"v gsa ukjh dh lwjr vksj lhjr dh ijkdk"bk vksj mldh xgurk dks ekiuk nq"dj gh ugha vfirq ukeqefdu gsa lkekftd] lkalñfrd] /kkfezd] HkkSxksfyd],sfrgkfld vksj lkfgfr;d txr esa ukjh ds fofo/k Lo:iksa dk u dsoy ckâ;] vfirq varezu ds xw<+re Hkko&lkSUn;kZRed Lo:Ik dk Hkh jgl;ksn~?kkvu gqvk gsa ukjh] izñfr,oa bz'oj }kjk iznrr vhnqr ^ifo=k lk/; gs] ftls eglwl djus ds fy, ^ifo=k lk/ku *dk gksuk t:jh gsa bldh u rks dksbz ljgn gs vksj uk gh dksbz Nksj! ;g rks,d fojkv Lo:Ik gs] ftlds vkxs Lo;a fo/kkrk Hkh urelrd gksrk gsa clrj ftys dk ifjp;%& Hkkjr ds NRrhlx<+ izns'k ds nf{k.k esa flfkr ftyk gsa clrj ftys,oa clrj lahkkx dk eq[;ky; txnyiqj 'kgj gsa e/;izns'k esa ftyk iquxzbu vk;ksx xbu 1983 esa U;k;ewfrZ Jh ch-ds-nqcs dh v/;{krk esa fd;k x;k FkkA bl vk;ksx us viuh fjiksvz 11 uoacj 1985 dks ljdkj dks nh FkhA vk;ksx dh flqkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij 03 flracj 1992 dks rrdkyhu ljdkj us 16 u;s ftys xbu dh?kks"k.kk dha ;s ftys 1 uoecj 1992 ls vflrro esa vkus Fks] fdurq U;k;ky; LFkxu vkns'k ikfjr dj fn;s tkus ds dkj.k vflrro esa ugha vk ik;s FksA bu 16 ftyksa esa clrj ftys dks fohkkftr dj lu~ 1998 esa nursokm+k o dkadsj dks ftyk cukus dh?kks"k.kk dh xbza NRrhlx<+ 'kks/k /kkjk 196

207 fuekz.k ds 7 o"kz ds ckn vksj clrj dks fohkkftr fd;k x;k o 1 ebz 2007 dks 2 uohu ftyksa dk xbu fd;k x;k] uohu ftys ukjk;.kiqj o chtiqj gs vksj 15 vxlr 2011 dks dks.mkxk o] o lqdek dks ftyk cukus dh?kks"k.kk dh x;ha bl rjg clrj lahkkx vhkh orzeku esa ;s Lora=k lkr vyx &vykx ftys gks x;s gsa clrkj ftyk dks lkr Cykdksa esa fohkkftr fd;k x;k gsa tks fd bl izdkj gsa &txnyiqj] clrj] cdko.m+] cklrkukj] njhkk] yksgk.m+hxqm+k ]rksdkikya bldh tula[;k lu~ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj 8]33]318 gs] ftlesa xzkeh.k tula[;k 6]91]934 rfkk uxjh; tula[;k 1]35]384 gs] blesa iq:"k 4]12]981] rfkk efgyk 4]20]337 gsaa clrj dh tula[;k esa 70 izfr'kr tutkrh; leqnk;]tks NRrhlx<+ dh dqy tutkrh; tula[;k dk izfr'kr gsa tsls xksam+] ekfj;k] eqfj;k] Hkrjk] gyck] /kq:ok leqnk; gsaa clrj ftyk ljy LoHkko tutkrh; leqnk; vksj izkñfrd leink laiuu izkñfrd lksun;z,oa lq[kn okrkoj.k dk Hkh /kuh gsa clrj ftyk?kus taxyksa] Åph igkfm+;ksa] >juksa] xqqkvksa,oa ou; izkf.k;ksa ls Hkjk gqvk gsa clrj ftys ds yksx nqyzhk dykñfr ]mnkj lalñfr,oa lgt ljy LoHkko ds /kuh gsaa jk"vªh; m ku 01 dkaxsj?kkvh jk"vªh; m ku&izeq[k RkF;&,f'k;k dk izfke ck;ksflq;j fjtzo] jktdh; i{kh igkm+h esuk ]HkSalknjgk exjepn {ks=k ]Ik;ZVu LFkku & jkt; dk lcls pksm+k tyizikr fp=kdksv,oa lcls Åpk ty izikr rhjfkx<+ ]dqvqelj ¼fo'o dh 7,oa Hkkjr dh lcls cm+h xqqk½,oa dsyk'kxqqk,oa dkaxsj?kkvh jk"vªh; m ku ]lm+d ifjogu jk"vªh; jktekxz Øekad 30,oa Øekad 63] izeq[k unh bunzkorh ¼cLrj dh xaxk dgrs gsa½] dsunzh; tsy 01 ¼txnyiqj lsuvªy tsy½ fo'ks"k] lehkkx ds izfke vkdk'kok.kh dsunz dh LFkkiuk ¼22 tuojh 1977 esa txnyiqj esa½] txnyiqj esa jkt; dk izfke ekuo laxzgky; dh LFkkiuk ]lahkkx ds izfke izkfkfed fo ky; dh LFkkiuk ¼1886 esa txnyiqj esa½] lahkkx ds izfke egkfo ky; dh LFkkiuk ¼ 1962 esa txnyiqj esa½] lahkkx ds izfke fo'ofo ky; ^clrj fo'ofo ky;^ dh LFkkiuk ¼2008 esa txnyiqj eaas½] fo'o izfl) yksdioz ^clrj n'kgjk^,oa ^xksapk ioz ^blh ftys dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk gs] NRrhlx<+ dh,dek=k [kqyh tsy elxkwo clrj ftys esa gsa lhek, %& orzeku esa clrj ftyk dh lhek mrrj esa dkadsj] nf{k.k esa nursokmk+ o iwoz esa mm+hlk] if'pe esa ukjk;.kiqj o chtkiqj ds e/; flfkr gsa ;g clrj ^ve r&ojnku* gksus ds lkfk&lkfk ^fno; vks"kf/k* gsa ukjh gh og lksa/kh fev~vh dh egd gs] tks thou&cfx;k dks egdkrh gs vksj u dsoy O;fDrxr cfyd jk"vª&fuekz.k,oa fodkl esa viuh egrrh Hkwfedk fuhkkrh gsa ukjh ds fy, ;g dgk tk, fd ;g ^^fofo/krk esa,drk gs** rks dksbz vfr'k;ksfdr ugha gksxha D;ksa fd efgykvksa dss okg~; Lo:Ik ]lksun;z vksj igukos esa fofo/krk rks gksrh gs] ysfdu muds ekul esa,dkdkj vksj dsunzh; 'kfdr bz'oj dh rjg,d gh gksrh gsa blh 'kfdr ds bnz&fxnz lw;z vksj vu; xzgksa dh Hkk fr vusd izdkj ds lnq.k fujurj xfreku jgrs gsa tsls& fo'okl] iz se] d:.kk] fu"bk] n;k] leiz.k] R;kx] cfynku] eerk] 'khryrk] Lusg] dq'kyrk] drrzo;ijk;.krk] lgu'khyrk] e;kznk] lerk] l tu'khyrk vksj lfg".kqrk br;kfna bugh fofo/k 'kfdr;ksa ds ifj.kkelo:ik efgykvksa dk jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa clrj ftys dh efgykvksa ds }kjk fofhkuu {ks=kksa esa vn~hkqr vksj vrqyuh; ;ksxnku gsa efgykvksa ds bl lrkr~ ;ksxnku dks ge dqn fcunqvksa ds ek/;e ls le> 'kks/k /kkjk 197

208 ldrs gsa& 1 ek ds :Ik esa ;ksxnku %& ekuo dy;k.k dh Hkkouk ]drrzo; ]l tu'khyrk,oa eerk dks lokzsifj ekurs gq, efgykvksa us bl txr esa ekw ds :Ik esa viuh lokszifj ;ksxnku dks fuhkkrs gq, jk"vª &fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k nkf;roksa dk fuozgu fd;k gsa cppksa dks tue nsdj mudk ikyu &iks"k.k djrs gq, muesa laldkj vksj lnxq.kksa dk mppre fodkl djrh gsaa rfkk jk"vª ds izfr mudh fteesnkjh dks lqfuf'pr djrh gsaa rkfd jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl fuckz/k xfr ls gksrk jgsa ohj Hkxrflag] punz'ks[kj] foosdkuun tslh fohkwfr;ksa dk ns'kfgr esa vorkj ^^ekw** ds Lo:Ik dh gh nsu gsa ekrk thtkckbz] t;oarkckbz] iuuk/kk; tslh vusd ekrkvksa dk R;kx] leiz.k vksj cfynku vkt Hkh bfrgkl ds Lof.kZe iuuksa ij vafdr gsa ekw gh gs ]tks cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo dk fuekz.k vksj fodkl djrh gs] tks jk"vª&fuekz.k ds fy, vko';d gsa usiksfy;u cksukikvz us ^ek * dh xfjek dks le>rs gq, dgk Fkk fd&eq>s,d ;ksx; ekrk nks] esa rqegs,d ;ksx; jk"vª nwaxka bl dfku ls ek ds Lo:Ik dk jk"vª &fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa vrqyuh; ;ksxnku fnik gsa 2 iruh ds :Ik esa ;ksxnku %& ek ds Ik'pkr iruh dk vorkj jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa egrh Hkwfedk fuhkkrk gsa iruh pkgs rks ifr dks xq.koku vksj ln~xq.k cuk ldrh gsa lfn;ksa ls ns[kus esa vk;k gs] fd tc Hkh ns'k ij ladv vk;k gs rks ifru;ksa us gh vius 'kksgj ds ekfks ij fryd yxkdj tks'k] twuwu vksj fo'okl ds lkfk j.khkwfe esa Hkstk gsa ;gh ugha iruh gh ^^gkmh** cudj 'kh'k dkvdj ns nsrh gsa lkfgr; lekt dk niz.k gksrk gs----tks fd jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsrk gsa bl ;ksxnku dh vksj ifru;ksa dk vge ;ksxnku ns[kk tk ldrk gsa mnkgj.k ds fy,&rqylhnkl th ds thou dks vk/;kfred psruk iznku djus eas mudh iruh ^^jrukoyh** dk gh cqf)&pkrq;z FkA ^fo ksrrek* us dkyhnkl dks lalñr dk izdkam+ dgkdfo cuk;k FkkA ge NksVh lh ckr dk ftø djsa rks ;g csekuh ugha gksxk fd ifr dks Hkz"Vkpkj] csbzekuh] ywv] xcu br;kfn tks fd jk"vª dks [kks[kyk cukrs gsa] tsls dqñr;ksa ls iruh gh nwj j[krh gs] tks fd ns'k dh vfkzo;olfkk ds fodkl ds fy, lgh Hkh gsa 3 x fg.kh ds :Ik esa ;ksxnku %& Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk, ifjokj dh eq[; ^^/kqjh** gksrh gsa] tks fd,d x fg.kh ds :Ik esa jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuh mrñ"v Hkwfedk fuhkkrh gs] tks fd ^^vuukiw.kkz** ds,s'o;z ls vyañr vksj lq'kksfhkr gsa,d x g.kh ds :Ik esa og leiw.kz ifjokj dk lqpk: :Ik ls lapkyu djrh gs rfkk ifjokj ds lapkyu gsrq cpr dh izo frr dks Hkh fodflr djrh gsa o"kz 1930] 1998] 2008] vksj 2014 esa vkbz osf'od vkffkzd eanh ls lhkh ns'k xzflr gq, ]ijurq Hkkjr ugha! D;ksafd Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh cpr dh izñfr us Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk ds fodkl dks Ck<+kok nsrh gsa buds vfrfjdr glrdykvksa dk fuekz.k djrs gq, Hkh fodkl dk;kasz dks xfr iznku djrh gsa vr% ;g Hkh jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl dk gh,d fgllk gsa 4 lalñfr] laldkj vksj ijeijkvksa dh lajf{kdk ds :Ik esa ;ksxnku%& efgyk, gh lalñfr ]laldkj vksj ijeijkvksa dh oklrfod laajf{kdk gksrh gsaa os ih<+h budk lapkj.k vksj laj{k.k djrh jgrh gsaa leiw.kz fo'o esa Hkkjr dks fo'oxq: dk ntkz fnykus esa efgykvksa dh gh Hkwfedk jgh gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd Hkkjr dks lalñfr vksj ijeijkvksa dk ns'k dgk tkrk gsa 5 lkekftd &'ksf{kd&/kkfezd ;ksxnku%& lh;rk ]lalñfr ]laldkj vksj ijeijk efgykvksa ds dkj.k dh 'kks/k /kkjk 198

209 ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h esa glrkurfjr gksrh gsa vr% efgykvksa ds lkekftd&'ksf{kd&/kkfezd dk;z O;fDr] ifjokj] lekt vksj jk"vª dks l'kdr cukrs gsaa dgk Hkh x;k gs fd&l'kdr efgyk] l'kdr lekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk gsa ftlesa fo'o izfl) clrj n'kgjk dh 'kq:vkr ls igys dakfnu xknh esa lokj gksdj daqokjh du;k nsoh ds :Ik esa vuqefr iznku djrh gsa ekrk cpps dh izfke f'kf{kdk gs] tks cpps ds lokzaxh.k fodkl ds fy, mrrjnk;h gsa tc ;g f'kf{kdk ifjokj ls fudydj lekt esa f'k{kk dk nku djrh gs rks ;g,d lokszrre vksj ikou dk;z gks tkrk gsa ns'k dh izfke f'kf{kdk ^lkfo=kh ckbz Qwys* vuqdj.kh; mnkgj.k gsaa osfnd lh;rk dh EkS=ks;h] xkxhz] fo'ookj] yksikeqnzk]?kks"k vksj fonq"kh uked efgyk,a f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ;ksxnku gsrq vkt Hkh iwtuh; gsa] ftugksus jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku fn;ka 6 Lora=krk vkanksyu esa ;ksxnku%& xqykeh jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa u dsoy ck/kd gs] vfirq ;g jk"vª dks vflfkjrk iznku djrh gsa ;gh dkj.k jgk gs fd Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vkanksyu esa efgykvksa us viuh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr dj Hkkjr dk uo fuekz.k djok;ka gekjs Lora=krk vkanksyu esa efgykvksa us viuk vewy; ;ksxnku nsrs gq, viuk lozlo U;kSNkoj dj fn;ka dsivu Yk{eh lgxy ]v:.kk vklq vyh] nqxkz HkkHkh] esm+e Hkhdkth dkek] ljkstuh uk;mw vksj,uhcslsuv tslh tkus fdruh ekfgykvksa us jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk vrqykuh; ;ksxnku fn;k gsa 7 oskkfud ;ksxnku%& vkrefo'okl] yxu] esgur] dezbrk] l tu'khyrk vksj cqf)&dks'ky ds dkj.k efgykvksa ds fy, oskkfud [kkstksa vksj vuqla/kku dk {ks=k vnwrk ugha gsa vkt vusd efgyk,sa j{kk fo'ks"kk vksj oskkfudksa ds :Ik esa viuk ;ksxnku jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa ns jgh gsaa MkW- Vslh FkkWel us vfxu 5 felkbyksa dh ;kstuk dk izfrfuf/kro djrs gq, ^^Hkkjr dh felkby oqesu vksj vfxuiq=kh** dk leeku gkfly fd;k gsa,slh cgqr lh efgyk,sa oskkfud fodkl esa viuh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djrs gq, jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa ;ksxnku ns jgh gsaa 8 jktusfrd ;ksxnku %& ns'k dh jktuhfr dh fn'kk vksj n'kk bl ckr ij fuhkzj djrh gs fd mudk lapkyu djus okyk O;fDrRo dslk gs\ blh Øe esa efgykvksa us ;g fl) djds fn[kk;k gs fd oks jktusfrd fodkl esa viuh Hkkxnkjh c[kwch fuhkk ldrh gsaa ljkstuh uk;mw] lqpsrk d iykuh] bafnjk xkw/kh] izfrhkknsoh flag ikfvy] lq"kek Lojkt] br;kfn vusd efgykvksa us viuh jktusfrd izfrhkk dk iz;ksx jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa fd;k gs] tks fd,d egroiw.kz vksj lkfkzd dne gsa 9 iz'kklfud {ks=k esa ;ksxnku %& fdlh Hkh jk"vª dk iz'kklu ml jk"vª dh izxfr vksj fodkl dk lwpd gksrk gsa ;fn iz'kklfud n{krk vksj dq'kyrk lqn <+ gs rks jk"vª dh izxfr vksj fodkl lqfuf'pr gsa orzeku esa vusd efgyk, Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok vksj jkt; iz'kklfud lsokvksa esa viuh miflfkfr lqfuf'pr dj jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk vrqyuh; ;ksxnku ns jgh gsaa 10 lkfgfr;d ;ksxnku%& lkfgr;] lekt dk niz.k gksrk gsa lkfgr; ds ek/;e ls jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl mppre Lrj ij fd;k tk ldrk gs] D;kasfd lkfgr; ds }kjk u dsoy cqf)&dks'ky oju~ O;fDrRo dk leiw.kz fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gsa ;g lkfgfr;d dez ;fn efgykvksa ds }kjk gks rks ;g lksus ij lqgkxk gksrk gs] D;ksfd efgykvksa esa fo eku ^eez* lkfgr; dks xq.korrkiw.kz cukrk gsa vusd efgykvksa us lkfgr;&l tu/kfekzrk ds }kjk jk"vªfuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku fn;k gs( tsls&egknsoh oekz] ve rk izhre] ehjk] vk'kkiw.kkz nsoh ]vksj lqhknzk dqekjh pksgku br;kfna 'kks/k /kkjk 199

210 bugksusa,slk dkyt;h lkfgr; fy[kk] tks fd O;fDrRo fodkl ds lkfk&lkfk vk/;kfred vksj usfrd fodkl dks Hkh cy iznku djrk gs] ftlesa psruk vksj jk"v ªfuekZ.k ds Loj eq[kfjr gksrs gsaa 11 LoaLkgk;rk lewg%& clrj,oa izns'k esa efgyk, Loalgk;rk lewg ds ek/;e ls dbz egroiw.kz dk;z djrh gsa tks fd jk"vª fuekz.k,oa fodkl esa mudh lghkkfxrk jgrh gsa 12 clrj lhvkjih,q vf/kdkjh ds :Ik esa %& vhkh rd ns'k ds NRrhlx<+ jkt; ds clrj ftys ls vdlj UkDly vksj fhkm+ar dh [kcjsa gh lquus dks feyrh gsaa ysfdu vkt,d vpnh [kcj clrj ftys ls vk jgh gsa udly izhkkfor clrj ftys esa igyh ckj fdlh efgyk vfllvsav us dk;zhkkj lahkkyk gsa m"kk fdju uke dh efgyk dks bl in ij fu;qdr fd;k x;k gsa fdlh efgyk vf/kdkjh ds inhkkj lahkkyus ls lqj{kkcyksa dk eukscy c<+ x;k gsa tks jk"vª fuekz.k,oa fodkl esa ;ksxnku ns jgh gsaa fu"d"kz%& ge dg ldrs gsa fd efgykvksa us vius drrzo; ]dezbrk vksj l tu'khuyhrk ds ek/;e ls jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa clrj dh efgykvksa us viuk vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa vkt Hkh iq:"kksa ds lekku gh lqf'kf{kr] l{ke vksj lqy gsa] pkgs og {ks=k lkekftd] vkffkzd] jktusfrd] /kkfezd] [ksy] dyk] lkfgr;] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] [kxksy] fpfdrlk] lsok] ehfm+;k ;k i=kdkfjrk dksbz Hkh gksa ukjh dh miflfkfr] ;ksxnku] ;ksx;rk] miyfc/k;k ]ekfezdrk vksj l tu'khy Lo;a,d izr;{k ifjp; nsrh gsa ifjokj vksj lekt dks lahkkyrs gq, jk"vªh; vksj varjkz"vªh; Lrj ij ukjh us ges'kk ls gh fot; irkdk ygjkrs gq, jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k vksj vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd og l tuk] vuuiw.kkz] nsoh] ;qx n "Vk vksj ;qx l "Vk gksus ds lkfk gh Lo;a fl)k Hkh gsa lunhkz 1 iqjh] ykyk txny( ^clrj yksd dyk lalñfr* fo'ohkkjrh izdk'ku] ukxiqj flag] lr;izdk'k( vkepks clrj] *clrj lehkkx f'k{kknwr xzufkkdkj izdk'ku ]jk;iqj 'kqdy] ghjkyky( &vkfnoklh clrj dk c gn bfrgkl ]ch- vkj- ifcyf'kax dkwjiksjs'ku ]fnyyh 2007A 4 'kkg]?ku';ke( &Hkkjr esa lkekftd vkanksyu ]jkor ifcyds'kul ]ubz fnyyh 2009A 5 bastar.gov.in 6- 'kks/k /kkjk 200

211 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk MkW- ¼Jherh½ lquhyk,ddk l0 izk0] jktuhfr'kkl=k] 'kkldh; vxzlsu egkfo ky;] fcygk] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract ns'k dh vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr ds uofuekz.k gsrq ukjh l'kdrhdj.k dh vko';drk im+ha tc ns'k vktkn gqvk Fkk( rc f'k{kk] vf/kdkj] gd] lghkkfxrk] fu.kz;u] lkekftd] vkffkzd o jktuhfrd vkfn Lrjksa ij Hkkjrh; ukjh finm+h gqbz Fkh vksj neu] 'kks"k.k] Hksn&Hkko o vlekurk dh f'kdkj FkhA mls lekt esa nks;e ntkz izkir FkkA bugha lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj tgk Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqpnsn 14 esa efgykvksa,oa iq:"kksa dks jktuhfrd] vkffkzd vksj lkekftd {ks=k esa leku vf/kdkj vksj volj iznku fd;s x;s] ogha vuqpnsn 16 ds tfj;s jkstxkj ds leku volj Hkh iznku fd;s x;sa efgykvksa dks 'kks"k.k] Hksn&Hkko vksj neu ls cpkus ds fy;s fof/kd laj{k.k iznku fd;k x;k rfkk mugsa lk{kj cukus ds fy;s lgf'k{kk ds lkfk&lkfk ym+fd;ksa ds fy;s i Fkd fo ky;ksa dh O;oLFkk Hkh 'kklu }kjk 'kq: dh xbza Figure : 00 References : 02 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk] fofhkuu lkekftd Lo:i,oa L=kh&foe'kZ orzeku~ le; esa?kj,oa ckgj nksuksa gh txg ukjh dh Hkwfedk egroiw.kz gqbz gsa ifjokj tks fd lekt dh izkjafhkd bdkbz gksrh gs] esa ukjh dh dsunzh; Hkwfedk gksrh gsa og ifjokj dks iwjh rjg ls lahkkyrh gh gs] izfke og xq: ds :Ik esa cppksa dks vpns laldkj Hkh nsrh gs] tks fd Hkfo"; esa ns'k ds d.kz/kkj cudj jk"vª fuekz.k esa viuk ;ksxnku nsrs gsaa?kj ds ckgj Hkh ukjh dh Hkwfedk derj ugha gsa mlesa varfj{k dh mm+ku Hkjdj iq:"kksa ds nahk dks rksm+k gsa vyx&vyx Hkwfedkvksa esa ;g lekt o jk"vª ds izfr vius vonku ls viuh mikns;rk dks lqfuf'pr~ dj jgh gsa ns'k dh vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr ds uofuekz.k gsrq ukjh l'kdrhdj.k dh vko';drk im+ha tc ns'k vktkn gqvk Fkk] rc f'k{kk] vf/kdkj] gd] lghkkfxrk] fu.kz;u] lkekftd] vkffkzd o jktuhfrd vkfn Lrjksa ij Hkkjrh; ukjh finm+h gqbz Fkh( vksj neu] 'kks"k.k] Hksn&Hkko o vlekurk dh f'kdkj FkhA mls lekt esa nks;u ntkz izkir FkkA bugha lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj tgk Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqpnsn 14 esa efgykvksa,oa iq:"kksa dks jktuhfrd] vkffkzd vksj lkekftd {ks=kksa esa leku vf/kdkj vksj volj iznku fd;s x;s] ogha vuqpnsn 16 ds tfj;s jkstxkj ds leku volj Hkh iznku fd;s x;sa efgykvksa dks 'kks"k.k] Hksn&Hkko vksj neu ls cpkus ds fy;s fof/kd laj{k.k iznku fd;k x;k rfkk mugsa lk{kj cukus ds fy;s lgf'k{kk ds lkfk&lkfk ym+fd;ksa ds fy;s i Fkd fo ky;ksa dh O;oLFkk Hkh 'kklu }kjk 'kq: dh xbza ^^jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk** osfnd dky esa L=kh vksj iq:"k dks led{k ekuk tkrk Fkk] bl nksjku fl=k;k lkekftd] jktusfrd] vkffkzd o /kkfezd dk;ksza esa iq:"kksa ds lkfk cjkcj dh Hkkxhnkj FkhaA fgunw /kez 'kkl=kksa esa Hkh mugsa 'kks/k /kkjk 201

212 'kfdr izrhd nqxkz] /ku dh izrhd y{eh] fo k dh izrhd ljlorh] vuuiw.kkz ekuk tkrk jgk gsa _Xosn esa vusd fl=k;ksa ds uke feyrs gsa] tks fonq"kh rfkk nk'kzfud Fkha vksj mugksaus dbz ea=kksa,oa _pkvksa dh jpuk dh FkhA fo'ookjk dks ^czegokfguh*,oa ^ea=knz"vh* dgk x;k gs] ftugksaus _Xosn ds L=kksr dh jpuk dh FkhA?kks"kk] yksieqnzk] 'kk'orh] vikyk] fuokjh] vkfn fonq"kh fl=k;ksa ds dbz uke feyrs gsa] tks osfnd ea=kksa,oa L=kksrksa ds jpf;rk gsaa Lora=krk la?k"kz esa o ml le; efgykvksa ds ;ksxnku dks vuns[kk ugha fd;k tk ldrk gsa ljkstuh uk;mw] ehjk csu] lqpsrk Ñikykuh] fot;y{eh iafmr] v:.kkvklq vyh vkfn us vktknh dh izkfir ds fy;s cgqr gh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkbz gsa vkffkzd {ks=k esa Hkh efgyk;sa viuh lqyrk dk ijpe ygjk jgh gsaa ns'k ds 'kh"kz inksa ij dk;zjr~ gsa rfkk ns'k ds fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku iznku dj jgh gsaa orzeku~ esa ns'k ds lkoztfud {ks=k ds cm+s O;kikfjd csadksa] LVsV csad vkwq bafm;k ds ps;jesu v:a/krh HkV~Vkpk;Z gsaa buds vykok punk dkspj] usuhrky fdnobz] lkfo=kh ftany vkfn vyx&vyx lalfkkuksa dks usr Ro iznku dj jgha gsaa fokku,oa izks ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa Vslh Fkkel dk uke myys[kuh; gs] ftudh ns[k&js[k esa vfxu&5 felkbzy dk fuekz.k fd;k x;k] budks ^^felkbzy owesu** ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gsa I;kZoj.k ds {ks=k esa oanuk f'kok] lquhrk ukjk;.k vkfn dk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku gsa iz'kklfud {ks=k esa fdj.k csnh] nhid la/kw] fu:iek jko] xksjh 'kadj vkfn efgykvksa dh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk jgh gsa NRrhlxl<+ ds jktuhfrd i "BHkwfe esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk jgh gsa izkphudky esa egkjkuh dks'ky;k] vkuanh ckbz] clrj dh dkdrh; jkuh izqqyy dqekj nsoh,oa lkekftdrk dh izrhd fcyklk ckbz dsaovhu] jk/kk ckbz] jkteksfguh nsoh] dsdrh ckbz c?ksy vkfn us NRrhlx<+ ds Lok/ khurk la?k"kz esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkbz FkhA vktknh ds ckn la?kh; O;oLFkk dh 'kq:vkr gqbza mi;qzdr O;oLFkk esa NRrhlx<+ dh efgyk jktuhfrkksa us viuh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkbz ftuesa lkaln feuh ekrk dk uke izeq[krk ls fy;k tkrk gs] tks 5 ckj lkaln pquh xbza jkuh inekorh 2 ckj lkaln jgha Nchyk usrke] Jherh d:.kk 'kqdyk] lqjh ljkst ik.ms;] ';ke dqekjh nsoh] deyk eugj vkfn yksdlhkk dh lnl;k jgha gsaa lu~ 2000 esa Hkkjrh; x.kjkt; ds :i esa i Fkd NRrhlx<+ ds efgyk fo/kk;dksa esa Jherh xhrk nsoh ¼dsfcusV ea=kh½ Mksaxjxk o] Qwyksnsoh usrke~ ¼ds'kdky½] izfrhkk lkgw ¼fp=kdksV½] jkuh jruekyk nsoh ¼pUnziqj½] ';ke /kzqo ¼dkadsj½ fo/kk;d jghaa efgyk;sa lekt dh jpukred 'kfdr gksrh gsa vksj ;fn mudh flfkfr lekt esa visf{kr o detksj gks rks lekt ;Fks"B fodkl ;k izxfr ugha dj ldrka blfy;s efgykvksa ds izfr lkekftd lksap esa rsth ls cnyko ykus dh t:jr gsa lanhkz 1- 'kekz] jke foykl( Hkkjrh; bfrgkl vksj,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn 2- MkW- vejukfk( ukjh dk eqfdr la?k"kz 'kks/k /kkjk 202

213 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.2; P jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk MkW0 ghjkyky 'kekz 'kkldh; egkfo ky;] lhir] NRrhlx<+ MkW0 bz'kkcsyk ydm+k 'kkldh; uohu du;k egkfo ky;] fcyklijq] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract fdlh Hkh jk"vª ds fodkl esa L=kh vksj iq:"k dh leku lghkkfxrk gqvk djrh gsa mu fnuksa dh ihm+knk;d Le fr;ksa dks gesa vius fnekx ls fudky nsuk gksxk] tc iq:"k iz/kku lkekftd lajpuk dk uke ysdj fl=k;ksa ds ;ksxnku dks lecksf/kr djus dh ijeijk vr;ar iqjkus le; ls pyh vk jgh gsa ukjh ds J}k vksj iwt;k tsls ukeksa ls lecksf/kr djus dh ijeijk vr;ar iqjkus le; ls pyh vk jgh gsa ukjh ds fy, bl izdkj ds lecks/ku dk iz;ksx djds geus mls iwtk dh olrq cuk fn;k ;k fqj mls vcyk dgdj laifrrk cuk fn;ka mldk,d :Ik vksj Hkh gs] ftldk Lej.k ge lhkh djrs gsa( og :Ik gs HkfDr dka ;gh dkj.k gs fd gekjs lkeus ;g iz'u ckj&ckj vkrk gs fd] vkf[kj ukjh dk lekt ds ;k jk"vª ds fuekz.k esa D;k ;ksxnku gs\ ukjh dk ek dk :Ik lekt fuekz.k vksj jk"vª ds fodkl esa lgk;d ugha gs D;kA cgu ds :Ik esa iq:"k dks lnk viuk Lusg iznku djuk D;k lekt fuekz.k esa lgk;d ugha gs\ iruh ds :Ik esa?kj x glfkh dh ns[khkky djuk vksj iwjs ifjokj dks lahkkyuk D;k de egroiw.kz gs\ orzeku esa rks ukjh iq:"kksa ds leku gh thou ds izr;sd {ks=k esa viuk dks'ky vksj izfrhkk fn[kk jgh gsa Figure : 00 References : 07 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vªh;rk,oa L=kh foe'kz] jk"vª ds fofo/k vk;ke vksj ukjh ds izfr:i jk"vª dh ifjhkk"kk,d,sls tu lewg ds :Ik esa dh tk ldrh gs tks fd,d HkkSxksfyd lhekvksa esa,d fuf'pr ns'k esa jgrk gksa leku ijeijk] leku fgrksa rfkk leku Hkkoukvksa ls ca/kk gks vksj ftlls,drk ds lw=k esa cka/kus dh mrlqdrk rfkk leku jktusfrd egrokdka{kk,a ikbz tkrh gksa jk"vªokn ds fu.kkz;d rroksa ds jk"vªh;rk dh Hkkouk lcls vf/kd egroiw.kz gsa jk"vªh;rk dh Hkkouk fdlh vaxsaztksa ds 'kkludky esa] jk"vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dk fo'ks"k :Ik ls fodkl gqvk] bl fodkl esa fof'k"v cksf)d oxz dk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku gsa Hkkjrh; jk"vªokn,d vk/kqfud rf; gs] ftlds mn; dh izfø;k vr;ar tfvy vksj cgqeq[kh jgh gsa Hkkjr fofo/k Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh vksj vusd /kekzs ds vuq;kf;;ksa okyk fo'kky tula[;k dk ns'k gsa Hkkjr dh lkekftd vkffkzd rfkk jktuhfrd lajpuk vksj fo'kky vkdkj ds dkj.k ;gka jk"vªh;rk vksj jk"vª fuekz.k dh ifjdyiuk tfvy vksj osfo/; ewyd gsa jk"vª vksj jk"vªh;rk,d lkewfgd Hkko gsa,d izdkj dh lkgp;z Hkkouk vfkok ikjlifjd lgkuqhkwfr gs tks,d Lons'k fo'ks"k ls lacaf/kr gsa jk"vª dh vo/kkj.kk dqn lqfuf'pr vo;oksa ls curh gs( ftlesa HkkSxksfyd lhek] /kez] lald fr] Hkk"kk vksj fuokfl;ksa dh x.kuk dh tkuh pkfg,a jk"vªh;rk dh bl Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk esa ns'k esa jgus okys 'kks/k /kkjk 203

214 fuokfl;ksa dh x.kuk dh tkuh pkfg,a jk"vªh;rk dh bl Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk esa ns'k esa jgus okys fuokfl;ksa dh Hkwfedk vr;ar egroiw.kz gksrh gsa ;s ltho dkjd jk"vª fo'ks"k dh Hkkoukvksa vksj fopkjksa ds eq[kj :Ik gksrs gsa tc ge jk"vª fparu ;k jk"vªh; fodkl dh ckr djrs gsa] rks lcls igys ogka ds fuokfl;ksa dh l tukred 'kfdr ij fopkj&foe'kz fd;k tkuk vr;ar vko';d gks tkrk gsa fdlh Hkh jk"vª ds fodkl esa L=kh vksj iq:"k dh leku lghkkfxrk gqvk djrh gsa mu fnuksa dh ihm+knk;d Le fr;ksa dks gesa vius fnekx ls fudky nsuk gksxk] tc iq:"k iz/kku lkekftd lajpuk dk uke ysdj fl=k;ksa ds ;ksxnku dks lecksf/kdr djus dh ijeijk vr;ar iqjkus le; ls pyh vk jgh gsa ukjh ds J)k vksj iwt;k tsls ukeksa ls lecksf/kr djus dh ijeijk vr;ar iqjkus le; ls pyh vk jgh gsa ukjh ds fy, bl izdkj ds lecks/ku dk iz;ksx djds geus mls iwtk dh olrq cuk fn;k ;k fqj mls vcyk dgdj laifrrk cuk fn;ka mldk,d :Ik vksj Hkh gs ftldk Lej.k ge lhkh djrs gsa] og :Ik gs HkfDr dka ;gh dkj.k gs fd gekjs lkeus ;g iz'u ckj&ckj vkrk gs dh vkf[kj ukjh dk lekt ds ;k jk"vª ds fuekz.k esa D;k ;ksxnku gs\ ukjh dk ek dk :Ik lekt fuekz.k vksj jk"vª ds fodkl esa lgk;d ugha gs D;kA cgu ds :Ik esa iq:"k dks lnk viuk Lusg iznku djuk D;k lekt fuekz.k esa lgk;d ugha gs\ iruh ds :Ik esa?kj x glfkh dh ns[khkky djuk vksj iwjs ifjokj dks lahkkyuk D;k de egroiw.kz gs\ orzeku esa rks ukjh iq:"kksa ds leku gh thou dks lahkkyuk D;k de egroiw.kz gs\ orzeku esa rks ukjh iq:"kksa ds leku gh thou ds izr;sd {ks=k esa viuk dks'ky vksj izfrhkk fn[kk jgh gsa vkt efgyk;sa ekmaev,ojslv Qrg dj jgh gsa] dyiuk pkoyk tslh efgykvksa us varfj{k ds {ks=k esa uke jks'ku fd;k D;k ftl ns'k esa bafnjk xka/kh tslh efgyk iz/kkuea=kh gqbz] izfrhkk nsoh flag ikfvy tslh ukjh ftl ns'k esa jk"vªifr cuh] D;k mlh ns'k esa ukjh ds ;ksxnku ij iz'u mbkuk pkfg,\ Hkkjr gh ugha leiw.kz fo'o esa,slk dksbz ns'k u gksxk tgka ukjh ds etcwr dne u im+sa vxj Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ns[ksa rks irk pysxk dh ukjh izkphu dky ls jk"vª fuekz.k esa lgk;d jgh gs vksj vkt Hkh lgk;d gsa osfnd lh;rk ds fuekz.k esa ge xkxhz dfiyk] v#a/kfr vksj es=ks;h tslh fonq"kh ukfj;ksa ds ;ksxnku dks Hkwy ugha ldrsa e/;dky esa ukjh dh n'kk lgh ugha Fkh] iq:"kksa us mugsa dsoy Hkksx&foykl dh olrq cuk j[kk Fkk] ijurq leiw.kz Hkkjr esa,slk ugha FkkA ;g og nksj Fkk tc jft;k lqyrku] pkan chch] thtkckbz] vfgy;k ckbz vksj jkuhy{eh ckbz tslh ohjkaxukvksa dk mn; gqvk] ftugksaus iq:"k iz/kku lekt dks pquksrh nh vksj ukjhro dk ijpe Qgjk;kA Hkkjr ds Lora=krk laxzke esa Hkh,suh cslsav] ljksftuh uk;mw fot; y{eh iafmr] vktkn fgun QkSt dh dsivu y{eh lgxy vksj csxe gtjr egy tsls efgykvksa us iq:"kksa ds lkfk da/ks ls da/kk feykdj Hkkx fy;ka leiw.kz fo'o esa,slk dksbz jk"vª u gksxk] ftlds fuekz.k esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku u gksaa vkt vc Hkkjr vius iqufuzek.k ds nksj ls xqtj jgk gs rks Hkkjrh; ukjh fu'p; gh jk"vª fuekz.k esa viuh lfø; Hkwfedk fuhkk jgh gsa ukjh fo/kkrk dh lokszrrke vksj uk;kc l f"v gsa mlds fojkv Lo:Ik ds leekq[k Lo;a fo/kkrk Hkh urelrd gksrk gsa lkekftd] lkald frd] /kkfezd] HkkSxksfyd],sfrgkfld vksj lkfgfr;d txr esa ukjh ds fofo/k Lo:iksa dk u dsoy oká vfirq varjeu ds xw<+re fuekz.k rfkk jk"vª ds fodkl esa Hkh viuh egrh Hkwfedk fuhkkrh gsa izd fr iznrrk fofo/k HkfDr;ksa ds ifj.kkelo:i efgykvksa dh jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj gq, efgykvksa 'kks/k /kkjk 204

215 us bl txr esa ek ds :Ik esa viuh lokszifj Hkwfedk dks fuhkkrs gq, jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa vius fo'ks"k nkf;roksa dk fuozgu fd;k gsa cppkksa dks tue nsdj mudk ikyu&iks"k.k djrs gq, muesa laldkj vksj ln~xq.kksa dk mppkre fodkl djrh gs rfkk jk"vª ds izfr mudh fteeksnkjh dk lqfuf'pr djrh gs rkfd jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl fuckz/k xfr ls gksrk jgsa ohj Hkxr flag] punz'ks[kj] foosdkuan tslh fohkwfr;ksa dk ns'kfgr esa vorkj eka ds Lo:Ik dh gh nsu gsa ekrk thtk ckbz] t;oark ckbz] iuukk/kk; tslh vusd ekrkvksa dk R;ksx] leiz.k vksj cfynku vkt Hkh bfrgkl ds Lof.kZe iuukksa ij vafdr gsaa ek gh gs] tks cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo dk fuekz.k vksj fodkl djrh gs] tks jk"vª&fuekz.k ds fy, vko';d gsa usiksfy;u cksukikvz esa eka dh xfjek ds le>rs gq, dgk Fkk fd eq>s,d ;ksx; ekrk nks] es rqegsa,d ;ksx; jk"vª nwaxka bl dfku ls eka ds Lo:Ik dk jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa egrh Hkwfedk fuhkkrk gsa iruh pkgs rks ifr dks xq.koku vksj ln~xq.kh cuk ldrh gsa lfn;ksa ls ns[kus esa vk;k gs fd tc Hkh ns'k ij ladv vk;k gs rks ifru;ksa us gh vius 'kksgj ds ekfks ij fryd yxkdj tks'k] twuwu vksj fo'okl ds lkfk j.khkwfe esa Hkstk gsa lkfgr; lekt dk niz.k djrk gs tks fd jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsrk gsa bl ;ksxnku dh vksj ifru;ksa dk vge ;ksxnku ns[kk tk ldrk gsa mnkgj.k ds fy,&rqylhnkl th ds thou dks vk/;kfred psruk iznku djus esa mudh iruh jrukoyh dk gh cqf) pkrq;z FkkA fo ksrrkek us dkfynkl dks lald r dk izdkam egkdfo cuk;k FkkA ge NksVh lh ckr dk ftø djsa rks ;g csekuh ugh gksxk fd ifr dks Hkz"Vkpkj] csbzekuh] ywv] xcu br;kfn tks fd jk"vª dks [kks[kyk cukrs gsa] tsls dqd R;ksa ls iruh gh nwj j[krh gs] tks fd ns'k dh vfkzo;olfkk ds fodkl ds fy, lgh Hkh gsa 3- x fg.kh ds :Ik esa ;ksxnku%& Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk,a ifjokj dh eqqqqqq[; /kqjh gksrh gs tks fd,d x fg.kh ds :Ik esa jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuh mrd "V Hkwfedk fuhkkrh gs] tks fd vuukiw.kkz ds,s'o;z ls vyad r vksj lq'kksfhkr gsa,d x fg.kh ds :Ik esa og leiw.kz ifjokj dk lqpk: :Ik ls lapkyu djrh gs rfkk ifjokj ds lapkyu gsrq cpr dh izo frrk dks Hkh fodflr djrh gsa o"kz 1930] 1998] 2008 vksj 2014 esa vkbz osf'od vkffkzd eanh ls lhkh ns'k xzflr gq,] ijurq Hkkjr ughaa D;ksafd Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh cpr dh izd fr us Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dks cpk;ka,slk gh mnkgj.k gesa o"kz 2016 dh uksvcanh ds nksjku ns[kus dks feyka blh ds lkfk yxhkx 65 izfr'kr efgyk,a d f"k,oa Ik'kqikyu dk dk;z djrs gq, ns'k dh vfkzo;olfkk ds fodkl dks c<+kok nsrh gsa buds vfrfjdr glrdykvksa dk fuekz.k djrs gq, Hkh fodkl dk;ksz dks xfr iznku djrh gsa vr% ;g Hkh jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl dk gh,d fgllk gsa 4- lald fr] laldkj vksj ijeijkvksa dh lajf{kdk ds :Ik esa ;ksxnku%& efgykvksa gh lald fr] laldkj vksj ijeijkvksa dh oklrfod lajf{kdk gksrh gsa os ih<+h&nj&ih<+h budk lapkj.k vksj laj{k.k djrh jgrh gs] laiw.kz fo'o esa Hkkjr dks fo'o xq: dk ntkz fnykus esa efgykvksa dh gh Hkwfedk jgh gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd Hkkjr dks lald fr vksj ijeijkvksa dk ns'k dgk tkrk gsa 5- lkekftd] 'ksf{kd /kkfezd ;ksxnku%& lh;rk] lald fr] laldkj vksj ijeijk efgykvksa ds dkj.k gh,d ih<h ls nwljh ih<h es glrkurfjr gksrh gsa vr% efgykvksa ds lkekftd] 'ksf{kd] /kkfezd dk;z O;fDr] ifjokj] lekt vksj jk"vª dks l'kdr cukrs gsaa dgk Hkh x;k gs fd l'kdr efgyk,a l'kdr lekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk gsaa ekrk cppks dh izfke f'k{kd gs] tks cppks ds lokzaxh.k fodkl ds fy, 'kks/k /kkjk 205

216 mrrkjnk;h gsaa tc ;g f'kf{kdk ifjokj ls fudydj lekt esa f'k{kk dk nku djrh gsa rks ;g,d lokzsrrke vksj ikou dk;z gks tkrk gsa ns'k dh izfke f'kf{kdk lkfo=kh ckbz Qqys,d vuqdj.kh; mnkgj.k gsa osfnd lh;rk dh es=ks;h xkxhz fo'ookjk] yksikeqnzk]?kks"kk vksj fonq"kh uked efgyk,a f'k{kk ds {ks=k es a ;ksxnku gsrq vkt Hkh iwtuh; gs a ftugks aus jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl es a vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku fn;ka 6- oskkfud ;ksxnku%& vkrefo'okl yxu] esgur] dezbrk] l tu 'khyrk vksj cqf} dks'ky esa dkj.k efgykvksa ds fy, oskkfud [kkstksa vksj vuqla/kku dk {ks=k vnwrk ugha gsa vkt vusd efgyk,a j{kk fo'ks"kk vksj oskkfudksa ds :Ik esa viuk ;ksxnku jk"vª fuekz.k fodkl esa ns jgh gsaa MkW- Vslh FkkWel us vfxu&5 felkbyksa dh ;kstuk dk izfrfuf/kro djrs gq, Hkkjr dh felkby oqesu vksj vfxuiq=kh dk leekku gkfly fd;k gsa,slh cgqr lh efgyk,a oskkfud fodkl esa viuh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djrs gq, jk"vªfuekz.k vksj fodkl esa ;ksxnku ns jgh gsaa 7- jktusfrd ;ksxnku%& ns'k dh jktuhfr dh fn'kk vksj n'kk bl ckr ij fuhkzj djrh gs fd mudk lapkyu djus okyk O;fDrRo dslk gs\ blh Øe esa efgykvksa us ;g fl) djds fn[k;k gs fd oks jktusfrd fodkl esa viuh Hkkxhnkjh c[kwwch fuhkk ldrh gsa ljkstuh uk;mw] lqpsrk d iykuh] bafnjk xka/kh br;kfn vusd efgykvksa us viuh jktusfrd izfrhkk dk iz;ksx jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa fd;k gs tks fd,d egroiw.kz vksj lkfkzd dne gsa 9- lkfgfr;d ;ksxnku %& lkfgr;] lekt dk niz.k gksrk gsa lkfgr; ds ek/;e ls jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl mppkre Lrj ij fd;k tk ldrk gs D;ksafd lkfgr; ds }kjk u dsoy cqf) dks'ky oju O;fDrRo dk leiw.kz fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gsa ;g lkfgfr;d dez ;fn efgykvksa ds }kjk gks rks ;g lksus ij lqgkxk gksrk gs D;ksafd efgykvksa esa fo eku eez lkfgr; dks xq.korrkiw.kz cukrk gsa vusd efgykvksa us lkfgr;&l tu/kfezrk ds }kjk jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku fn;k gsa egknsoh oekz] >qaik ykfgm+h] lqhknzk dqekjh pksgku br;kfn us,slk dkyt;h lkfgr; fy[kk tks fd O;fDrRo fodkl ds lkfk&lkfk vk/;kfred vksj usfrd fodkl dks Hkh cy iznku djrk gs ftlesa psruk vksj jk"vª fuekz.k ds Loj eq[kfjr gksrs gsaa vr% ge dg ldrs gsa fd efgykvksa us vius drzo;] dezbrk vksj l tu'khyrk ds ek/;e ls jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa vkt t:jr gs ukjh tkfr esa O;kIr vf'k{kk vksj vkrefo'okl ds vhkko dks nwj fd;k tk, vksj mugsa [kqys vkleku esa mm+us dk eksdk fn;k tk, ftlls os viuh {kerkvksa dk mi;ksx jk"vª fuekz.k esa dj ldsaa Lusg] leekku vksj vkrefo'okl ls Hkjh ukjh gekjs lekt dh gh ugha cfyd jk"vª dh Hkh vko';drk gsa lunhkz 1- ;kno] MkW- m"kk( fgunh dh efgyk miu;kldkjksa dh ekuoh; laosnuk&jk/kkd ".ku izdk'ku ubz fnyykha 2- ';keth] xksdqy oekz( u;s fuca/k&fo kfogkj] ubz fnyykh 3- oekz] egknsoh( lkfgr;dkj dh vklfkk rfkk vu; fuca/k yksd Hkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn 4- flag] MkW- eghi( ledkyhu lkfgr; fparu 5- fej] MkW- jkenkl( Kkuxaxk izdk'ku] ubz fnyykh 6- ik.ms] e.kky( ifjf/k ij L=kh&jk/kkÑ".ku izdk'ku ubz fnyyha 7- ik.ms] e.kky( n lctsdv bt oweu ¼efgyk fo"k;d ys[kksa dk ladyu½ ubz fnyykha 'kks/k /kkjk 206

217 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa orzeku izxfr ds ckjs esa izfrhkkfx;ksa ds Kku ds v ru dk v/;;u djuk jhrk flag fohkkxk/;{k] lkanhikuh,dsmeh] is.mªh] elrwjh] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract cppkksa dks f'kf{kr djus,oa muds lokzaxh.k fodkl esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk egroiw.kz gksrh gsa f'k{kdh; dk;z dh lqyrk f'k{kdksa dh dk;z'ksyh] f'k{k.k dks'ky] f'k{kdksa dh vfhko frrk ds ldkjkred gksus ij fuhkzj djrh gsa f'k{kd dk ntkz lekt esa ges'kk ls gh iwt;uh; jgrk gsa dksbz mls v/;kid ;k Vhpj dgrk gsa ;s lhkh 'kcn,d,sls O;fDr dks fpf=kr djrs gsa] tks lhkh dks Kku nsrk gsa fl[kkrk gs vksj ftudk ;ksxnku fdlh Hkh ns'k ;k jk"vª ds Hkfo"; dk fuekz.k djuk gsa lgh ek;uksa esa dgk tk;s rks,d f'k{kd gh vius fo kfkhz dk thou x<+rk gsa f'k{kd gh lekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk gsa,d f'k{kd dh vius thou ds var rd ekxz n'kzd dh Hkwfedk vnk djrk gs vksj lekt dks jkg fn[kkrk jgrk gsa rhkh f'k{kd dks lekt esa mppk ntkz fn;k tkrk gsa Figure : 00 References : 05 Table : 00 Key Words : f'k{kk dk Lo:i] f'k{kk vksj Kku dh v ru flfkfra izlrkouk jk"vª ds fodkl esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk egroiw.kz gksrh gsa D;ksafd ;g Kku dk izlkj djrh gsa rfkk ckydksa dks lhkh n{krkvksa ls ifjiw.kz djrh gsa f'k{kk ds okgd xq: dh Hkh,slh gh f'k{kk,oa izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gs tks muds fopkjksa dk;kzs] O;ogkj esa xq.korrkk yk;sa f'k{kd 21 oha 'krkcnh dk usr Ro djrk gsa ckydksa dks O;ogkfjd rfkk l'kdr igpku nsus esa mldk izhkkoh ;ksx gsa f'k{kd vius vfèkxe laca/kh dk;kzsa dks RkHkh izhkkoh cuk ldrk gs] tc og Lo;a tkx:d gksa Lo;a dk fodkl izf'k{k.k }kjk gh lahko gksxka f'k{kk dks lekt rd izsf"kr djus esa f'k{kd dk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku gksrk gsa f'k{kk fdlh ls] dgha ls] dhkh Hkh yh tk ldrh gsa cl dsoy f'k{kk ysus okyk tkx:d gksa lkjs ns'k esa f'k{kdksa,oa fo kffkz;ksa dks ekufld ruko ls nwj j[kus ds fy, izf'k{k.k dks vfuok;z cuk;k tk jgk gsa fdlh Hkh 'ks{kf.kd dk;z dh lqyrk mls fø;kfuor djus okys f'k{kdksa ij fuhkzj djrh gsa v/;kiudrkz] vkpk;z {ks=k,oa fo"k; fo'ks"k esa ;ksx;rk j[krs gsa( fqj bl fo"k; esa 'kks/k laiuuk fd;k x;k gsa le; ij izf'k{k.k u;s&u;s rduhdh Kku] fof/k] izfof/k] iz'kklu] izca/ku] Ik;kZoj.k lqj{kk vkfn f'k{kdksa dks voxr djk;k tkrk gsa izf'k{k.k gh og lk/ku gs] ftlds ek/;e ls f'k{kd ds dk;z O;ogkj esa ifjorzu yk;k tk ldrk gsa v/;;u dh vko';drk& f'k{kk dh fdlh Hkh izfø;k esa f'k{kd dh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk gksrh gsa 'ksf{kd ;kstuk ds fø;kuo;u esa f'k{kd vius nkf;ro dk fuozgu djrs gsaa ckyd tc fo ky; tkrk gs( 'kks/k /kkjk 207

218 vè;;u ds nksjku mudk laidz fofhkuuk izdkj ds f'k{kdksa ls gksrk gsa ckyd ds vanj ftkklk gksrh gsa viuh ftkklk dks f'k{kd ds lkeus izdv djrk gsa ;fn ml ckyd dh ftkklk dh larqf"v ugha gksrh gs rc ogha ls ckyd esa udkjkred Hkko dk lapkj gksrk gs vksj mlds eu esa /khjs&/khjs vius dk;z ds izfr v:fp gksus yxrh gsa f'k{kd vius nkf;ro dks Hkyh&Hkk fr dsls fuhkk;s] bl mn~ns'; dh izkfir gsrq le; ij izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gksrh gsa eksgu ds- ¼1980½ ^^f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k dk;zøeksa dh izhkko'khyrk dk v/;;u fd;k vksj fu"d"kz ik;k fd vf/kdrj izf"k{kkfkhz dk;zøe dh izhkkodkfjrk ls larq"v ugha FksaA** v/;;u ds mn~ns'; & 1 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dh orzeku izfø;k ds izfr f'k{kdksa dh vfhko frrk,oa f'k{k.k izhkko'khyrk dk vè;;u djuka 2 f'k{kd f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa orzeku izxfr ds izfr Kku dk v ru dk v/;;u djuka 3 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dh orzeku izfø;k ds izfr 'kgjh,oa xzkeh.k f'k{kdksa dh vfhko frrk,oa f'k{kd izfrhkkfx;ksa ds Kku dk v/;;u djuka f'k{kd f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa Kku dk {ks=k] v ru djus ds mik; & fof/kd,oa lalfkkfud <kapk&lsok iwoz izf'k{k.k ds fy, jk"vªh; f'k{kd f'k{kk ifj"kn ¼,ulhVhbZ½ tks dsanz ljdkj dk lkafofèkd fudk; gs] ns'k esa f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fu;ksftr vksj lefuor fodkl dk fteeksnkj gsa,ulhvhbz fofhkuu f'k{kd f'k{kk ikb~;øe,oa?kvd rfkk vof/k,oa U;wure ;ksx;rk fu/kkzfjr djrh gsa lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k ds fy, ns'k esa ljdkj LokfeRo okyh f'k{kd lalfkkvksa ¼VhVhvkbZ½ dk cm+k usvodz gs( tks Ldwy v/;kidksa dks lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k iznku djrk gsa dk;zøeksa vksj dk;zdykiksa dk forr iks"k.k &lsok iwoz izf'k{k.k ds fy, ljdkj vksj ljdkjh lkfgr; f'k{kd f'k{kk lalfkkvksa dks lacaf/kr jkt; ljdkjksa }kjk forrkh; lgk;rk nh tkrh gsa blds vykok f'k{kd f'k{kk dh dsanz izk;ksftr Ldhe ds varxzr dsanz ljdkj Hkh Mh vkbz bz Vh] lh Vh bz vksj vkbz, lh bz lfgr 650 ls vf/kd lalfkkvksa dks lgk;rk djrh gsa fu%'kqyd vksj vfukok;z cky f'k{kk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2009 esa f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fufgrkfkz dsanz ljdkj v/;kidksa ds izf'k{k.k ds ekudksa dk fodkl vksj mudk izorzu djsxka dsanz ljdkj }kjk izkf/kd r vdknfed izkf/kdj.k }kjk ;Fkk fu/kkzfjr U;wure ;ksx;rk j[kus okys O;fDr f'k{kd ds :Ik esa fu;ksftr fd, tkus ds ik=k gksaxsa,slh fu/kkzfjr ;ksx;rk,a ugha j[kus okys ekstwnk v/;kidksa dks 5 o"kz dh vof/k esa mdr ;ksx;rk vftzrk djuk visf{kr gksxka f'k{kd f'k{kk dk jk"vªh; ikb~;p;kz <kapk & ijkorhz izpyu] f'k{kd f'k{kk dk dsanzh; y{;a Nk=k&v/;kidksa dks Lo&f'k{kk ijkorzu u, fopkjksa ds vkrelkrdj.k vksj vfhko;fdr dk volj gksxka Lo&funZ sf'kr f'k{kk dh {kerk vksj lkspus dh ;ksx;rk dk fodkl vksj lewgks a es a dk;z egroiw.kz gsa fofuek;d <kaps esa lq/kkj& fofhkuuk jkt;ksa ds v/;kidksa rfkk f'k{kd f'k{kdksa dh ekax,oa vkiwfrz ds v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij,u 'kks/k /kkjk 208

219 lh Vh bz us 13 jkt;ksa ds laca/k esa fofhkuuk f'k{kd f'k{kk ikb;øeksa ds fy, vksj vkosnu izkir ugha djus dk fu.kz; fy;k gsa blds ifj.kkelo:i jkt;ksa ds chp ekax vkiwfrz dh flfkfr esa I;kZIr ;qfdrdj.k gqvk gsa,u lh,q 2005 dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, f'k{kd f'k{kk dk jk"vªh; ikb~;p;kz <kapk rs;kj fd;k x;k gsa egro &,d f'k{kd ;k xq: }kjk vius fo kfkhz dk Ldwy esa tks fl[kk;k tkrk gs ;k tslk oks fl[krk gs oslk gh O;ogkj djrs gsaa mudh ekufldrk Hkh dqn oslh gh cu tkrh tslk og vius vklikl gksrk ns[krs gsaa blfy,,d f'k{kd ;k xq: gh vius fo kfkhz dks vkxs c<+us ds fy, iszfjr djrk gsa lqy thou ds fy, f'k{kk cgqr mi;ksxh gsa fdlh Hkh jk"vª dk vkffkzd] lkekftd] lkald frd fodkl ml ns'k dh f'k{kk ij fuhkzj djrk gsa vxj jk"vª dh f'k{kk uhfr vpnh gs rks ns'k dks vkxs c<+us ls dksbz ugha jksd ldrka vxj jk"vª dh f'k{kk uhfr vpnh ugha gksxh rks izfrhkk nc dj jg tk;sxha cs'kd fdlh Hkh jk"vª dh f'k{kk uhfr csdkj gks] ysfdu,d f'k{kd csdkj f'k{kk uhfr dks Hkh vpnh uhfr esa rcnhy dj nsrk gsa vkt ds le; esa f'k{kk dk O;olkf;d dkj.k vksj cktkjh dj.k gks x;k gsa f'k{kk dk O;olkf;d dj.k vksj cktkjh dj.k ns'k ds le{k cm+h pquksrh gsa fdlh Hkh jk"vª dk Hkfo"; fuekzrk dgs tkus okys f'k{kd dk egro ;gha lekir ugha gksrka D;ksafd og u flqz gedksa lgh vkn'kz ekxz ij pyus ds fy, izsfjr djrs gsaa cfyd f'k{kkfkhz ds lqy thou dh uho Hkh mudh ds gkfkksa }kjk j[kh tkrh gsa lq>ko & 1 izf'k{k.k,sls fo"k;] fo'ks"kkksa ls fn;s tk;s tks vius fo"k; esa fuiq.k gkasa vkt dy izk;% 'kklu ds }kjk izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk fodkl [kaam ;k ftys Lrj ij nh tkrh gsa ftlds pyrs izf'k{kkfkhz gyds esa izf'k{k.k dks ysrs gsaa 2 izf'k{k.k ds nksjku izf'k{kdksa }kjk crkbz gqbz ckrksa dh leh{kk gksuh pkfg,a blls izf'k{kkfkhz fdruk lh[k ik, bl ckr dk irk pyrk gsa fu"d"kz &f'k{kdh; vfhko frrk,oa f'k{kd izhkko'khyrk ls lg laca/k mppk gks! bl gsrq f'k{kdh; vfhko frrk dks ldkjkred f'k{kk nsuh gksxh rkfd f'k{kd izhkko'kkyh <ax ls f'k{kd&izfø;k dk fuokzg dj ldsa f'k{kd izf'k{kd dks izhkko'kkyh cukuk gksxk rkfd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k izkir djus dks rrij jgsaa lanhkz 1 dfiy-,p- ds- ¼1997½] vuqla/kku fof/k;ka] gjizlkn HkkxZo iqlrd izdk'ku dpgjh?kkv vkxjk] i "B 218&221 2 eksgu- ds- ¼1980½] % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;zøeksa dh izhkko'khyrk] lsd.m] lozs vkq fjlpz,twds'ku] i flag] efgyk- ¼1980½] izhkkoh,oa vizhkkoh f'k{kdksa dh d{kk var%fø;k fo'ys"k.k 4 HkV~ukxj] foosd ¼2006½] euksfokku rfkk f"k{kk esa lkaf[;dh; rkfydk,a] gjizlkn O;ogkj v/;;u lalfkku] vkxjk&2 i "B vlfkkuk] MkW- fofiu ¼2008½] 'ksf{kd vuqla/kku,oa la[;dh; vxzoky izdk'ku] vkxjka 'kks/k /kkjk 209

220 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh dk ;ksxnku MkW0 'kf'k xqirk l0 izk0 ]'kkldh; fcyklk du;k LukrdksRrj egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract jk"vª esa ukjh dh flfkfr lnso,d leku ugha jgh gsa blesa ;qxkuq:i ifjorzu gksrs jgs gsaa osfnd ;qx ls ysdj vk/kqfud ;qx rd vusd mrkj&p<+ko mudh flfkfr esa vkrs jgs gsa rfkk muds vfèkdkjksa esa le; le; ij cnyko gksrs jgs gsaa osfnd o mrrjosfnd dky esa ukjh dks xfjeke; LFkku izkir FkkA mls nsoh] lg/kfez.kh] v)kazfxuh] lgpjh ekuk tkrk FkkA Le frdky esa Hkh Þ;=k uk;zlrq iwt;urs jeurs r=k nsorkþ dgdj mls leekfur fd;k x;ka Lora=krk izkfir ls iwoz rd dh ukjh cgqr vpnh flfkfr esa ugha Fkh] ysfdu Lora=krk izkfir ds ckn ls ljdkj }kjk mudh vkffkzd] lkekftd] 'ks{kf.kd vksj jktuhfrd flfkfr esa lq/ kkj ykus gsrq rfkk mugsa fodkl dh eq[; /kkjk esa lekfgr djus gsrq vusd dy;k.kdkjh ;kstuk, cuk;h x;ha( ftlls fodklkred dk;zøeksa dk lapkyu fd;k tk ldsa efgykvksa dks fodkl dh vf[ky /kkjk ls tksm+us gsrq mugsa f'k{kk dk leqfpr volj miyc/k djk;k x;k] ftlls oks vius vf/kdkjksa,oa nkf;roksa ds izfr ltx jgrs gq, viuh lksp esa ifjorzu yk ldsa vkffkzd xfrfof/k;ksa esa mudh lghkkfxrk ls mugsa vkrefuhkzj cukdj LokoyEcu dh vksj izsfjr fd;k x;ka Figure : 00 References : 03 Table : 00 Key Words : ukjh 'kfdr vksj jk"vª ds vk;ke] fodkl dk ifjn '; vksj L=kh 'kfdr] jk"vª vksj ukjh jk"vª dk vfkz fofhkuu izkurksa esa fuokl djus okys tulewg ls gsa jk"vª 'kcn,d,slk Hkko gs tks tulewg esa jk"vªh; tkxj.k dh Hkkouk dks m}sfyr djrk gsa jk"vª dks muufr vksj fodkl dh vksj ys tkuk gh jk"vªh; tkxj.k gsa jk"vª ds fodkl esa ftruk ;ksxnku lekt] bfrgkl] /kez] fokku] i;kzoj.k] vfkz O;oLFkk lalñfr dk gs] mruk gh ;ksxnku ukjh dk Hkh gs] D;ksafd buds fcuk jk"vª,d ix Hkh vkxs ugha c<+ ldrk gsa jk"vª esa ukjh dh flfkfr lnso,d leku ugha jgh gsa blesa ;qxkuq:i ifjorzu gksrs jgs gsaa osfnd ;qx ls ysdj vk/kqfud ;qx rd vusd mrkj p<+ko mudh flfkfr esa vkrs jgs gsa rfkk muds vfèkdkjksa esa le; ij cnyko gksrs jgs gsaa osfnd o mrrjosfnd dky esa ukjh dks xfjeke; LFkku izkir FkkA mls nsoh] lg/kfez.kh] v)kazfxuh] lgpjh ekuk tkrk FkkA Le frdky esa Hkh Þ;=k uk;zlrq iwt;urs jeurs r=k nsorkþ dgdj mls leekfur fd;k x;ka Lora=krk izkfir ls iwoz rd dh ukjh cgqr vpnh flfkfr esa ugha Fkh] ysfdu Lora=krk izkfir ds ckn ls ljdkj }kjk mudh vkffkzd] lkekftd] 'ks{kf.kd vksj jktuhfrd flfkfr esa lq/kkj ykus gsrq rfkk mugsa fodkl dh eq[; /kkjk esa lekfgr djus gsrq vusd dy;k.kdkjh ;kstuk, cuk;h x;ha( ftlls fodklkred dk;zøeksa dk lapkyu fd;k tk ldsaa efgykvksa dks fodkl dh vf[ky /kkjk ls tksm+us gsrq mugsa f'k{kk dk leqfpr volj miyc/k djk;k x;k] ftlls oks vius vf/kdkjksa,oa nkf;roksa ds izfr ltx jgrs gq, viuh lksp esa ifjorzu 'kks/k /kkjk 210

221 yk ldsaa vkffkzd xfrfof/k;ksa esa mudh lghkkfxrk ls mugsa vkrefuhkzj cukdj LokoyEcu dh vksj izsfjr fd;k x;ka muuhloha lnh ls ysdj bddhloha lnh rd vkrs&vkrs efgykvksa us jk"vª ds fodkl esa viuh egroiw.kz lghkkfxrk nh vksj og ljdkjh ;k izkbosv lalfkkvksa esa viuh ;ksx;rk ds vuqlkj dezpkjh ;k vf/kdkjh cudj vius ifjokj vksj jk"vª dks vkffkzd vksj cksf)d lg;ksx iznku dj jk"vª fodkl esa viuh Hkwfedk vfhkuhr djrh gsa 'ks{kf.kd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkffkzd] /kkfezd] iz'kklfud] [ksydwn vkfn fofo/k {ks=kksa esa Hkh miyfc/k;ksa ds u;s vk;ke r; fd;s gsaa vkt efgyk;sa vkre fuhkzj] LofufeZr vksj vkrefo'oklh gasa bruk gh ugha mugksaus bl iq:"k iz/kku pquksrhiw.kz {ks=kksa esa Hkh viuh ;ksx;rk iznf'kzr dj jk"vª fodkl esa cksf)d {kerk dk ifjp; fn;k gsa og dsoy f'kf{kdk] ifjpkf;dk] L=khjksx fo'ks"kk u cudj bathfu;j] ik;yv] oskkfud] rduhf'k;u] lsuk vksj i=kdkfjrk tsls u;s {ks=kksa esa Hkh viuk n[ky ns jgh gsa jktuhfrd {ks=kksa esa Hkh efgykvksa us dbz dhfrzeku LFkkfir dj jk"vª dks,d u;s f'k[kj dh vksj vxzsf"kr fd;k gsaa ns'k ds lokszpp jk"vªifr in ij Jherh izfrhkk ikfvy] yksdlhkk Lihdj ds in ij ehjk dqekj] dkaxzsl v/;{k Jherh lksfu;k xk /kh] mrrj izns'k dh eq[;ea=kh lqjh ek;korh] olqu/kjk jkts] 'khyk nhf{kr vkfn efgyk, jktuhfr ds {ks=k esa Hkh 'kh"kz ij jgdj dk;z fd;k gsa lkekftd {ks=k esa es k ikvdj] Jherh fdj.k etwenkj] bykhkv~v] lq/kk ewfrz vkfn efgyk, [;kfryc/k gsaa [ksy txr esa ih-vh-m"kk] vatw ckwch tktz] lquhrk tsu] lkfu;k fetkz] vatw pksim+k vkfn us u, dhfrzeku LFkkfir fd;s gsaa iz'kklfud {ks=k esa fdj.k csnh] varfj{k ;k=kh lquhrk fofy;el vkfn us vius cqf) dks'ky dk ifjp; fn;k gs A vkt,slk dksbz Hkh {ks=k 'ks"k ugha gs] tgk efgykvksa us viuh lghkfxrk u nh gksa orzeku lekt esa la;qdr ifjokj dh ijeijk VwVrh fn[kkbz ns jgh gs mudk LFkku,dkdh ifjokj O;oLFkk ysrh tk jgh gsa vk/kqfudhdj.k ds le; esa [kkuk cukus] dim+k /kksus] lqkbz djus vkfn vu;?kjsyw dk;ksza ds fy, e'khuksa ds vk tkus ls rfkk rs;kj elkys] dvh dvkbz lfct;k vkfn miyc/k gksus ds dkj.k efgykvksa ds ikl vfrfjdr le; cprk gsa vkt og ijeijkvksa ds uke ij vr;kpkjksa dks lgrh ugha gsa vfirq?kj ds pks[kv ds ckgj fudydj mudk lkeuk djrh gsa og mugha dks viukrh gs tks ijeijk,a mlds O;fDrRo vksj jk"vª fodkl esa lgk;d gksa f'k{kk,d,slk ek/;e gs] ftlus efgykvksa ds thou dks,d u;h fn'kk iznku dh gs A egkrek xk /kh us dgk Fkk fd&þ,d ym+dh dh f'k{kk,d ym+ds dh f'k{kk dh vis{kk vf/kd egroiw.kz gs] D;ksafd ym+ds dks f'kf{kr djus ij og vdsyk f'kf{kr gksrk gs] fdurq,d ym+dh dh f'k{kk ls iwjk ifjokj f'kf{kr gks tkrk gsa f'k{kk gh og dqath gs tks thou ds lhkh }kj [kksy nsrh gs]tks vko';d gh ugha lkekftd gsa vkt ns[kus esa vk;k gs fd efgykvksa us Lo;a ds vuqhko ds vk/kkj ij viuh esgur vksj vkre fo'okl ds vk/kkj ij vius fy;s ubz eaftysa] u;s jklrksa dk fuekz.k fd;k gsa Hkkjrh; thou dh ewy /kqjh ukjh gsa thtk ckbz dh f'k{kk&nh{kk] iuuk/kk; ds cfynku] y{eh ckbz] jft;k lqyrku] in~feuh ds 'kks;z us lqdhfrz dk >amk Qgjk;k gsa vkt dh ukjh Hkh vius 'kks;z vksj ijkøe ds >ams izr;sd {ks=k esa LFkkfir dj jgh gsa ukjh bz'oj dh,d,slh Ñfr gs] ftldk l tu mlus 'kfdr] mnkjrk] eerk] cksf)drk vkfn xq.kksa ds izlkj ds fy, fd;k gsa Lora=krk izkfir ds ckn vkt jk"vª ds ukxfjdksa dh lksp ukfj;ksa ds izfr cnyus yxh gsa igys 'kks/k /kkjk 211

222 uksdjh okyh L=kh ds ifr dks ^L=kh dh dekbz [kkus okyk* dgdj lacksf/kr fd;k tkrk FkkA ysfdu vkt lksp cny pqdh gsa L=kh LokraC; esa vfkz'kkl=k dk ;ksxnku vn~hkqr gsa fl=k;k /ku dekus yxh gsa rks iq:"k dh ekufldrk esa Hkh ifjorzu vk;k gsa vkffkzd n f"v ls ukjh vfkzpø ds dsunz dh vksj c<+ jgh gs A vkt dh ukjh jktuhfrd] dkjksckj] dyk rfkk uksdfj;ksa esa igq pdj u;s vk;ke x<+ jgh gsa Hkwe.MyhÑr nqfu;k esa jk"vª vksj ogk dh ukfj;ksa us viuh furkar leekutud txg dk;e dj yh gsa vkadm+s n'kkzrs gsa fd izfro"kz dqy ijh{kkffkz;ksa esa 50 izfr'kr efgyk, MkWDVjh dh ijh{kk mrrh.kz djrh gasa vktknh ds ckn yxhkx 12 izfr'kr efgyk, fofhkuu jkt;ksa dh eq[;ea=kh cu pqdh gasa ns'k ds vxz.kh lk Vos;j m ksx esa 21 izfr'kr is'ksoj efgyk, gsaaa QkSt] jktuhfr] [ksy] ik;yv rfkk m eh lhkh {ks=kksa esa tgk o"kksza igys efgykvksa ds gksus dh dyiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrh FkhA ogk vkt ukjh Lo;a dks LFkkfir gh ugha dj ik;h gs cfyd lqy Hkh gks jgh gsa ;fn gedks fodkl djuk gs rks efgykvksa dk fodkl gksus ij gh jk"vª mrfkku djsxka orzeku le; esa ljdkj }kjk efgykvksa ds mrfkku ds fy, vusd dk;zøe,oa ;kstukvksa dk lapkyu gks jgk gs rkfd efgyk, vkre fuhkzj,oa LokoyEch cusa vksj jk"vª dks,d,slh fn'kk esa ys tk;s tgk mldk opzlo dhkh de u gksa bl lanhkz esa ;qxuk;d,oa jk"vªfuekzrk Lokeh foosdkuun dk ;g dfku myys[kuh; gs%& **fdlh Hkh jk"vª dh izxfr dk lokszpp FkekZehVj gs ogka dh ukfj;k ] gesa ukjh dks,slh flfkfr esa ig qpk nsuk pkfg;s] tgk os viuh lel;kvksa dks vius <ax ls Lo;a lqy>k ldsaa gesa ukjh 'kfdr dk mn~)kjd ugh] vfirq mudk lsod vksj lgk;d cuuk pkfg;sa ukjh fo'o ds lhkh {ks=kksa esa viuh lel;kvksa dks lqy>kus dh {kerk j[krh gsa vko';drk gs mugsa mi;qdr volj nsus dha ukjh ds mrfkku vksj mldh lfø;rk esa jk"vª dk mttoy Hkfo"; vksj fodklkred lehkkouk, lfuufgr jgrh gasa lunhkz 1- glusu] unhe( ¼2004½ ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt] Hkjr cqd lsuvj y[kuå 2- MkW- jktdqekj ]ukjh ds cnys vk;ke] vtqzu ifcyflax gkål vkgwtk] jke+ ¼1999½ Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk] jkor izdk'ku] t;iqj] t;iqj ubz fnyyh- 'kks/k /kkjk 212

223 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk MkW0 ¼Jherh½ lqtkrk lseqqvy jktuhfr fokku fohkkx] 'kkldh; egkfo ky;] elrwjh] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ MkW0 liuk dkwj lekt'kkl=k fohkkx] 'kkldh; egkfo ky;] vejhdyk] ckyksn] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract fdlh Hkh jk"vª dh vkcknh dk yxhkx vk/kk fgllk efgykvksa dk gksrk gsa 'kkjhfjd 'kfä dh n f"v ls os iq:"kksa ls U;wu gksrh gsa] fdarq f'k'kqvksa dk tue vksj çkjafhkd o"kksza esa mudk ykyu- ikyu ukfj;ksa dk fo'ks"k nkf;ro gksrk gs] ;s f'k'kq vkxs pydj jk"vª ds fteesnkj ukxfjd curs gsaa Li"V gs fd ukfj;ksa dh flfkfr fdlh Hkh jk"vª ds fodkl vksj mlds Hkfo"; dk vuqeku djus gsrq vk/kkjhkwr fo'oluh; ekinam gsa ;fn efgykvksa dh flfkfr fdlh jk"vª esa larks"ktud gs] os lqf'kf{kr gsa] vksj vius vf/kdkjksa rfkk dùkzo;ksa ds çfr tkx:d gsa] rks ml ns'k dh vk/kh vkcknh fodflr gs vksj ;gh f'k{kk vksj laldkj os vius f'k'kqvksa dks glrkarfjr djsxha Li"Vr% ml jk"vª dk fodkl lkuqikfrd gs vksj mldk Hkfo"; Hkh mttoy gsa,d jk"vª ds :Ik esa Hkkjro"kZ dk fodkl Hkh bl ekinam dh mis{kk ugha dj ldrka tc ge çkphu dky ls jk"vª ds fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk dk ijh{k.k djrs gsa rks ikrs gsa fd vk/kqfud jk"vª jkt; vo/kkj.kk ds mn~hko ds iwoz Hkkjro"kZ ds fodkl esa ukfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk myys[kuh; FkhA çkphu vksj orzekudky esa fo'o ds vu; jk"vªksa ds e/; Hkkjr dk tks leekuiw.kz LFkku gs] mlds fy, og viuh lq;ksx; efgyk ukxfjdksa dks J)kiwoZd Lej.k djrk gsa Figure : 00 References : 04 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh] Hkwe.Myhdj.k vksj ukjh'kfdr vfkzo;olfkk vksj ukjh 'kfdr çfl) ;wukuh fpard IysVks us dgk Fkk&^^jkT; ekuo eflr"d dk gh O;kid :Ik gsa jkt; cywr ds o {k vfkok pv~vkuksa ls ugha fudyrs oju~ mu yksxksa ds eflr"d vksj pfj=k dk çek.k gksrs gsa tks muesa fuokl djrs gsaa* 1 dksbz Hkh jk"vª mruk gh fodflr vksj lefkz gksrk gs] ftruk mlesa fuokl djus okys vke ukxfjd gksrs gsaa fdlh Hkh jk"vª dh vkcknh dk yxhkx vk/kk fgllk efgykvksa dk gksrk gsa 'kkjhfjd 'kfä dh n f"v ls os iq:"kksa ls U;wu gksrh gsa] fdarq f'k'kqvksa dk tue vksj çkjafhkd o"kksz esa mudk ykyu&ikyu ukfj;ksa dk fo'ks"k nkf;ro gksrk gs] ;s f'k'kq vkxs pydj jk"vª ds fteesnkj ukxfjd curs gsaa Li"V gs fd ukfj;ksa dh flfkfr fdlh Hkh jk"vª ds fodkl vksj mlds Hkfo"; dk vuqeku djus gsrq vk/kkjhkwr fo'oluh; ekinam gs] ;fn efgykvksa dh flfkfr fdlh jk"vª esa larks"ktud gs] os lqf'kf{kr gsa] vksj vius vf/kdkjksa rfkk dùkzo;ksa ds çfr tkx:d gsa] rks ml ns'k dh vk/kh vkcknh fodflr gs vksj ;gh f'k{kk vksj laldkj os vius f'k'kqvksa dks glrkarfjr djsxha Li"Vr% ml jk"vª dk fodkl lkuqikfrd gs vksj mldk Hkfo"; Hkh mttoy gsa,d jk"vª ds :Ik esa Hkkjro"kZ dk fodkl Hkh bl ekinam dh mis{kk ugha 'kks/k /kkjk 213

224 dj ldrka tc ge çkphu dky ls jk"vª ds fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk dk ijh{k.k djrs gsa rks ikrs gsa fd vk/kqfud jk"vª jkt; vo/kkj.kk ds mn~hko ds iwoz Hkkjro"kZ ds fodkl esa ukfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk myys[kuh; FkhA çkphu vksj orzekudky esa fo'o ds vu; jk"vªksa ds e/; Hkkjr dk tks leekuiw.kz LFkku gs] mlds fy, og viuh lq;ksx; efgyk ukxfjdksa dks J)kiwoZd Lej.k djrk gsa jk"vª fuekz.k esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk dks fueu fcanqvksa esa ljyrkiwozd le>k tk ldrk gsa (i) çkphu dky esa jk"vª fuekz.k esa ukfj;ksa dk ;ksxnku &çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl bl rf; ds Li"V lk{; nsrk gs fd jk"vª fuekz.k esa ukfj;ksa dk egrowi.kz ;ksxnku gksrk gsa osfnd lh;rk ds fuekz.k esa ge xkxhz] dfiyk] vla?kfr vksj es=ks;h tslh efgykvksa ds ;ksxnku dks misf{kr ugha dj ldrsa oklro esa tc Hkkjrh; _f"k;ksa us vfkozosn esa ^^ekrk Hkwfe% iq=kks vga i ffko;k%** ¼Hkwfe esjh ekrk vksj ge bl /kjk ds iq=k gsa½* 2 dk myys[k fd;k rks çdkjkarj esa os efgykvksa dh ekr Hkwfedk dk gh oanu dj jgs FksA çfl) Ýkalhlh lezkv usiksfy;u cksukikvz us efgykvksa ds egro dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, dgk FkkA ^rqe eq>s dqn ;ksx; ekrk,a nks esa rqegs,d ;ksx; jk"vª nw xka* oklro esa fdlh Hkh f'k'kq ds O;fDrRo esa LokfHkeku] jk"vªçse vksj ijksidkj tslh Hkkoukvksa dk lekos'k djuk ekrkvksa dk gh dk;z gksrk gsa (ii) vfkzo;olfkk ds fu;ked ds :Ik esa &vfkzo;olfkk ds fu;ked :Ik esa ukfj;ksa dk ;ksxnku nks Lrjksa ij gksrk gs ¼v½ ifjokj dh lhekvksa esa & ifjokj dh eq[; /kqjh efgyk,a gh gksrh gasa euq"; tc vkfne volfkk esa Fkk vksj f'kdkj rfkk ouksit ladyuksa ij vkfjr Fkk] iq:"k f'kdkj vkfn dk nkf;ro lahkkyrs Fks] vksj efgykvksa dk nkf;ro gksrk Fkk fd f'k'kqvksa] ckydksa vksj o )tuksa dh ns[kjs[k djsa vksj miyc/k lalk/kuksa dk bl çdkj vkoavu djsa fd u flqz lhkh lnl;ksa dh U;wure vko';drkvksa dh iwfrz gks oju~ çkñfrd ifjflfkfr;ka çfrdwy gksus dh flfkfr esa Hkfo"; gsrq dqn cp Hkh ldsa ¼c½ vfkzo;olfkk esa lg;ksxh Hkwfedk & ukfj;ksa dh drzo;'khyrk ek=k?kj dh pkj nhokjh rd gh lhfer ugha jgh Fkh] vfkksziktzu ds dkeksa esa Hkh mugksus lfø; lg;ksx fd;k Fkk vksj dj jgh gsa] [ksrh ckm+h ds dk;z esa vkt Hkh efgykvksa dh lfø; Hkkxhnkjh gksrh gsa ;g vyx rf; gs fd ikfjokfjd laifùk gksus ds dkj.k mugs uxn Hkqxrku ikus esa dfbukbz gksrh gs vksj vfkzo;olfkk esa ifjokj ds eqf[k;k tks T;knkrj iq:"k gksrs gsa] dh rqyuk esa mudk ;ksxnku derj fn[kkbz nsrk gsa orzeku ;qx esa rks efgyk,a lh/ks rksj ij?kj ls ckgj viuh ;ksx;rkvksa ds vk/kkj ij vkffkzd miktzu esa layxu gsa vksj vf/kdrj voljksa ij viuh dk;zdq'kyrk dh Nki NksM+rh gsa vius vu; vkffkzd nkf;roksa dh iwfrz ds lkfk efgyk,a ifjokj gsrq cpr dh ço fùk dks Hkh c<+kok nsrh gsaa o"kz 1930] 2008 rfkk 2014 dh vkffkzd eanh esa Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk T;knk çekf.kr ugha gqbz D;ksafd Hkkjrh; efgyk,a cpr dh ço fùk j[krh gsa vkt Hkkjr esa yxhkx 65 izfr'kr efgyk,a Ñf"k vksj i'kqikyu tsls vk/kkjhkwr m ksxksa ds ek/;e ls vfkzo;olfkk esa viuk ;ksxnku dj jgh gsa (iii) ijaijkvksa dh okgd & ih<+h&nj&ih<+h fdlh ns'k dh lalñfr vksj ijaijkvksa dks orzeku dh ih<+h ls Hkfo"; ds ukxfjdksa rd igqapkus dk dk;z efgyk,a gh djrh jgh gsaa fo'o dh tks lh;rk,a çkphu vksj thfor gs] mu lhkh lh;rkvksa esa ukfj;ksa dk egroiw.kz LFkku jgk gsa 'kks/k /kkjk 214

225 (iv) lkekftd&/kkfezd&'ks{kf.kd {ks=k esa ;ksxnku &Ldwyh f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa tks,d vk/kkjhkwr vko';drk gs] vkt Hkh gesa vf/kdrj efgyk,a gh çkfkfed f'k{kd ds :Ik esa feyrh gs] D;ksafd muesa /ks;z vksj fouezrk ds xq.k gksrs gs vksj NksVs ckydksa dks çf'kf{kr djus gsrq bu xq.kksa dh egrh vko';drk gksrh gsa vfkkzr~ dksbz Hkh ckyd viuh çkjafhkd vuksikpkfjd rfkk vksipkfjd nksukas rjg dh f'k{kk,a vf/kdrj ukfj;ksa ls gh çkir djrk gsa ;g dfku lozfkk lr; gs fd ^l'kä efgyk l'kä lekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk* gsa 3 (v) oskkfud] jktusfrd rfkk ç'kklfud {ks=k esa ;ksxnku & tc ge jktusfrd] ç'kklfud rfkk oskkfud {ks=k esa jk"vª fuekz.k esa efgykvksa ds ;ksxnku dh ppkz djrs gsa rks ge fczfv'k ç/kkuea=kh Jherh ekjxzsv FkSpj] Jherh bafnjk xka/kh] Jherh Fksjslk] Jherh,atsyk ekdsy] esme D;wjh] tslh efgykvksa dks ikrs gsa ftugksus lewps fo'o dks viuh cksf)d vksj usr Ro {kerk ls çhkkfor fd;k gsa orzeku Hkkjr esa Hkh j{kk ds {ks=k dk nkf;ro Jherh fuezyk lhrkje.k ds gkfkksa esa gh gsa ç'kklfud vksj oskkfud {ks=kksa esa Hkh jk"vª fodkl ds {ks=k esa ukfj;ksa dk ;ksxnku vrqyuh; gsa oklro esa ^vk/kh vkcknh* dks iq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa de volj vksj lalk/ku miyc/k gs fqj Hkh mugksus jk"vª fodkl ds çr;sd {ks=k esa viuh vfev Nki NksM+h gs] mu vufxur efgykvksa dk dgha dksbz myys[k ;k ;'kksxku lqukbz ugha nsrk tks fujarj vius ifjokj lekt vksj varr% jk"vª ds fodkl esa viuk thou lefizr djrh gsa] muds ckjs esa egkdfo t;'kadj çlkn dk ;g dfku mfpr gs fd%& vkalw ls Hkhxs vapy ij eu dk lc dqn j[kuk gksxka rqedks viuh flefr js[kk ls ;g laf/ki=k fy[kuk gksxka* 4 lanhkz 1 tsu] iq[kjkt( IysVks&n- fjifcyd &jktuhfr fokku] ifcyds'ku] i >k] xqats'k xksre( jk"vª fuekz.k esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku&fofo/kk vçsy dqekj] MkW- çnhi( jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk&lkfgR; ihfm+;k ifcyf'kax&2017] i çlkn] t;'kadj( dkek;uh&yttk lxz& 016 'kks/k /kkjk 215

226 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk foosd flag 'kks/kkfkhz] fcykliqj fo'ofo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract gekjs lekt esa efgyk, ifjokj dh eq[; ^/kqjh* gksrh gsa] tks fd,d x fg.kh ds :i esa jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuh mrñ"v Hkwfedk fuhkkrh gsaa,d x fg.kh ds :i esa og leiw.kz ifjokj dk lqpk: :i ls lapkyu djrh gsa rfkk ifjokj ds lapkyu gsrq cpr dh izo frr dks Hkh fodflr djrh gsaa fo'o esa vkffkzd eanh ls lhkh ns'k xzflr gq,] ijurq Hkkjr ugh] D;ksafd Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh cpr dh izñfr us Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dks cpk;k gsaa blh ds lkfk gh yxhkx 65 izfr'kr efgyk, Ñf"k,oa i'kqikyu dk dk;z djrs gq, ns'k dh vfkzo;olfkk ds fodkl dks c<+kok nsrh gsaa efgyk,a ih<+h&nj&ih<+h lalñfr] laldkj vksj ijeijkvksa dk lapkj.k vksj laj{k.k djrh jgrh gsa] leiw.kz fo'o esa Hkkjr dks fo'oxq: dk ntkz fnykus esa efgykvks a dh gh Hkwfedk jgh gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd Hkkjr dks lalñfr vksj ijeijkvks a dk ns'k dgk tkrk gsa Figure : 00 References : 02 Table : 00 Key Words : ukjh dk jk"vª fodkl esa ;ksxnku] jk"vªh; psruk vksj ukjh ^ukjh* fo/kkrk dh lokszrrke vksj uk;kc l f"v gsa ukjh] izñfr,oa bz'oj }kjk iznrr vn~hkqr ^ifo=k lk/;* gs] ftls eglwl djus ds fy, ^ifo=k lk/ku* dk gksuk t:jh gsa bldh u rks dksbz ljgn gs vksj uk gh dksbz NksjA ;g rks,d fojkv Lo:i gs] ftlds vkxs Lo;a fo/kkrk Hkh urelrd gksrk gsa ;g ^ve r&ojnku* gksus ds lkfk&lkfk ^fno; vks"kf/k* gsa ukjh gh og lksa/kh fev~vh dh egd gs] tks thou&cfx;k dks egdkrh gs vksj u dsoy O;fDrxr cfyd jk"vª&fuekz.k,oa fodkl esa viuh egrh Hkwfedk fuhkkrh gsa cppkksa dks tue nsdj mudk ikyu&iks"k.k djrs gq, muesa laldkj vksj ln~xq.k dk mppre fodkl djrh gs rfkk jk"vª ds izfr mudh fteesnkjh dks lqfuf'pr djrh gs rkfd fuekz.k vksj fodkl fuckz/k xfr ls gksrk jgsa ohj Hkxr flag] punz'ks[kj] foosdkuun tsls fohkwfr;ksa dk ns'kfgr esa vorkj ^^ek ** ds Lo:i dh gh nsu gsa ekrk thtkckbz] t;orh ckbz] iuuk/kk; tslh vusd ekrkvksa dk R;kx] leiz.k vksj cfynku vkt Hkh bfrgkl ds Lof.kZe iuuksa ij vafdr gsa ukjh dk iruh vorkj jk"vª fodkl esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkrk gsa iruh pkgs rks ifr dks xq.koku vksj ln~xq.kh cuk ldrh gsa lkfgr; lekt dk niz.k gksrk gs tks fd jk"vª fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsrk gsa blesa ifru;ksa dk vge ;ksxnku ns[kk tk ldrk gsa mnkgj.k ds fy, rqylhnkl th ds thou dks v/;kfred psruk iznku djus esa mudh iruh ^^jrukoyh** dk gh cqqf)&pkrq;z FkkA ^^fo ksrrek** us dkyhnkl dks lalñr dk izdkam egkdfo cuk;k FkkA gekjs lekt esa efgyk, ifjokj dh eq[; ^/kqjh* gksrh gsa] tks fd,d x fg.kh ds :i esa jk"vª 'kks/k /kkjk 216

227 fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuh mrñ"v Hkwfedk fuhkkrh gsa,d x fg.kh ds :i esa og leiw.kz ifjokj dk lqpk: :i ls lapkyu djrh gs rfkk ifjokj ds lapkyu gsrq cpr dh izo frr dks Hkh fodflr djrh gsaa fo'o esa vkffkzd eanh ls lhkh ns'k xzflr gq,] ijurq Hkkjr ugha] D;ksafd Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh cpr dh izñfr us Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dks cpk;k gsa blh ds lkfk gh yxhkx 65 izfr'kr efgyk,sa Ñf"k,oa i'kqikyu dk dk;z djrs gq, ns'k dh vfkzo;olfkk ds fodkl dks c<+kok nsrh gsaa efgyk,a ih<+h&nj&ih<+h lalñfr] laldkj vksj ijeijkvksa dk lapj.k vksj laj{k.k djrh jgrh gsa] leiw.kz fo'o esa Hkkjr dks fo'oxq: dk ntkz fnykus esa efgykvksa dh gh Hkwfedk jgh gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd Hkkjr dks lalñfr vksj ijeijkvksa dk ns'k dgk tkrk gsa efgykvksa ds lkekftd&'ksf{kd&/kkfezd dk;z O;fDr] ifjokj] lekt vksj jk"vª dks l'kdr cukrs gsaaa dgk Hkh x;k gs fd & l'kdr efgyk] l'kdr lekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk gsa ekrk cpps dh izfke f'k{kd gs] tks cpps ds lokzaxh.k fodkl ds fy, mrrjnk;h gsa tc ;g f'kf{kdk ifjokj ls fudydj lekt esa f'k{kk dk nku djrh gs rks ;g,d lokszrre vksj ikou dk;z gks tkrk gsa ns'k dh izfke f'kf{kdk ^lkfo=kh ckbz Qqys*,d vuqdj.kh; mnkgj.k gsa osfnd lh;rk dh es=ks;h] xkxhz] yksikeqnzk]?kks"kk vksj fonq"kh uked efgyk,sa f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ;ksxnku gsrq vkt Hkh iwtuh;k gsaa lkfgr;] lekt dk niz.k gksrk gsa lkfgr; ds ek/;e ls jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodl mppre Lrj ij fd;k tk ldrk gs] D;ksafd lkfgr; ds }kjk u dsoy cqf)&dks'ky oju~ O;fDrRo dk leiw.kz fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gsa ;g lkfgfr;d&dez ;fn efgykvksa ds }kjk gks rks ;g lksus ij lqgkxk gksrk gs] D;ksafd efgykvksa esa fo eku ^^eez** lkfgr; dks xq.korrkiw.kz cukrk gsa vusd efgykvksa us lkfgr;&l tu/kfezrk ds }kjk jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku fn;k gssa tsls&ehjk] egknsoh oekz] egk'osrk nsoh] lqhknzk dqekjh pksgku] ve rk izhre br;kfna bugksaus,slk dkyt;h lkfgr; fy[kk tks fd O;fDrRo fodkl ds lkfk&lkfk vk/;kfred vksj usfrd fodkl dk Hkh cy iznku djrk gs] ftlesa psruk vksj jk"vª&fuekz.k ds Loj eq[kfjr gksrs gsaa vr% ge dg ldrs gsa fd efgykvksa us vius drzo;] dezbrk vksj l tu'khyrk ds ek/;e ls jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa vkt Hkh ukjh iq:"kksa ds leku gh lqf'kf{kr] l{ke vksj lqy gsaa pkgs og {ks=k lkekftd] vkffkzd] jktusfrd] /kkfezd] [ksy] dyk] lkfgr;] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] [kxksy] fpfdrlk] lsok] ehfm;k ;k i=kdkfjrk dksbz Hkh gksa ukjh dh miflfkfr] ;ksxnku] ;ksx;rk] miyfc/k;k ] ekfezdrk vksj l tu'khyrk Lo;a,d izr;{k ifjp; nsrh gsa ifjokj vksj lekt dks lahkkyrs gq, jk"vªh; vksj varjkz"vªh; Lrj ij ukjh us ges'kk ls gh fot;& irkdk ygjkrs gq, jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k vksj vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd og l tuk] vuuiw.kkz ;qx&n "Vk vksj ;qx&l "Vk gksus ds lkfk gh ^^Lo;a&fl)k** Hkh gsa lunhkz 1- prqosznh] txnh'oj( L=khoknh lkfgr; foe'kz 2- dkfy;k] eerk( [kk Vh?kjsyw vksjr 'kks/k /kkjk 217

228 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P ukjh f'k{kk vksj jk"vª dk fodkl vfuy dqekj flag 'kks/kkfkhz] bykgkckn] m0iz0 ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract vkt ds izxfr'khy le; esa Hkh ;g ns[kus esa vk;k gs fd lekt ds dqn oxksza }kjk vhkh Hkh ukjh dks f'k{kk ls oafpr j[kuk,d vijk/k ds leku gsa fo'o izfl) Ýkalhlh 'kkld usiksfy;u cksukikvz tsls ;ks)k dk Hkh dguk Fkk fd ;fn ek vf'kf{kr gs rks jk"vª dh muufr lehko ugha gsa ;fn ifjokj ukxfjdrk dh izfke ikb'kkyk gs rks ek ml ikb'kkyk dh izfke v/;kfidk gsa ;fn og izfke f'kf{kdk gh vf'kf{kr gs rks ifjokj,d vpnh ikb'kkyk dsls fl) gks ldrk gsa ns'k ds Hkkoh ukxfjd ;ksx; o lqf'kf{kr gksa blfy, mudk ikyu&iks"k.k,d lqf'kf{kr ek ds usr Rr esa gksuk pkfg,a ifjokj esa,d L=kh rhu :iksa esa viuh Hkwfedk dk fuokzg djrh gsa vkjehk esa,d iq=kh] rri'pkr,d iruh vksj fqj,d ek ds :Ik esa gksrh gsa,d f'kf{kr ukjh viuh rhuksa Hkwfedkvksa dks vpnh rjg le> ldrh gs rfkk vius drzo;ksa dks Hkyh izdkj fuozgu dj ldrh gsa ukjh us?kj ls ckgj fudydj thou ds izr;sd {ks=k esa iq:"kksa ds leku viuh lghkkfxrk fuhkkbz gsa lkfgr; l tu ds {ks=k esa og ^egk'osrk nsoh* gs rks fokku ds {ks=k esa dyiuk pkoyka lekt dy;k.k ds {ks=k esa og ^enj Vsjslk* gs rks jktuhfr ds {ks=k esa og LoxhZ; bafnjk xk /kh tslh jk"vªh; o vurjjk"bªh; Lrj dh usrk ds :Ik esa LFkkfir gks pqdh gsa izkphu le; esa Hkh fl=k;ksa dks f'k{kk xzg.k djus dh iw.kz Lora=krk izkir FkhA oks _f"k;ksa ds vkje esa jgdj xq:tu ls f'k{kk xzzg.k djrh FkhaA os fofhkuu dykvksa tsls&xk;u] u R;dyk] fp=kdyk] ;q)dyk esa ikjaxr gksus ds lkfk&lkfk xf.krk Hkh FkhaA Figure : 00 References : 04 Table : 00 Key Words : ukjh f'k{kk] jk"vª fodkl vksj ukjh f'k{kk ukjh fo/kkrk dh lokszrre vksj mrñ"v vax gsa ukjh dh lwjr vksj lhjr dh ijkdk"bk mldh xgurk dks ekiuk nq"dj gh ugha vfir ukeqefdu gsa bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gs fd ekuo lh;rk dk fodkl f'k{kk ds }kjk gh lahko gksrk gsa dgk x;k gs fd fcuk f'k{kk ds euq"; fcuk i wwn ds Ik'kq ds leku gsa blfy, lekt ds izr;sd L=kh o iq:"k ds fy, f'kf{kr gksuk vfuok;z gsa L=kh o iq:"k nksuksa gh lekt :ih xkm++h ds nks ifg;s gsa vksj ;fn iq:"k f'kf{kr gs rfkk ukjh vf'kf{kr gs rks ;g xkm+h lqpk: :Ik ls vkxs ugha py ldrha L=kh f'k{kk ds vhkko eas lkekftd thou esa vflfkjrk o vfuf'prk dh flfkfr n f"vxr gksrh gsa blfy, lqjf{kr lekt ds fuekz.k ds fy, lekt ds izr;sd oxz ukjh dk f'kf{kr gksuk vfuok;z gsa vkt ds izxfr'khy le; esa Hkh ;g ns[kus esa vk;k gs fd lekt ds dqn oxksza }kjk vhkh Hkh ukjh f'k{kk ls oafpr j[kuk,d vijk/k ds leku gsa fo'o izfl) Ýkalhlh 'kkld usiksfy;u cksukikvz tsls ;ks)k dk Hkh dguk Fkk fd ;fn ek vf'kf{kr gs rks jk"vª dh muufr lehko ugha gsa ;fn ifjokj ukxfjdrk dh izfke ikb'kkyk gs rks ek ml ikb'kkyk dh izfke v/;kfidk gsa ;fn og izfke f'kf{kdk 'kks/k /kkjk 218

229 gh vf'kf{kr gs rks ifjokj,d vpnh ikb'kkyk dsls fl) gks ldrk gsa ns'k ds Hkkoh ukxfjd ;ksx; o lqf'kf{kr gksa blfy, mudk ikyu&iks"k.k,d lqf'kf{kr ek ds usr Rr esa gksuk pkfg,a ifjokj esa,d L=kh rhu :iksa esa viuh Hkwfedk dk fuokzg djrh gsa vkjehk esa,d iq=kh] rri'pkr,d iruh vksj fqj,d ek ds :Ik esa gksrh gsa,d f'kf{kr ukjh viuh rhuksa Hkwfedkvksa dks vpnh rjg le> ldrh gs rfkk vius drzo;ksa dks Hkyh izdkj fuozgu dj ldrh gsa ukjh us?kj ls ckgj fudydj thou ds izr;sd {ks=k esa iq:"kksa ds leku viuh lghkkfxrk fuhkkbz gsa lkfgr; l tu ds {ks=k esa og ^egk'osrk nsoh* gs rks fokku ds {ks=k esa dyiuk pkoyka lekt dy;k.k ds {ks=k esa og ^enj Vsjslk* gs rks jktuhfr ds {ks=k esa og LoxhZ; bafnjk xk /kh tslh jk"vªh; o vurjjk"vªh; Lrj dh usrk ds :Ik esa LFkkfir gks pqdh gsa izkphu le; esa Hkh fl=k;ksa dks f'k{kk xzg.k djus dh iw.kz Lora=krk izkir FkhA oks _f"k;ksa ds vkje esa jgdj xq:tu ls f'k{kk xzzg.k djrh FkhaA os fofhkuu dykvksa tsls&xk;u] u R;dyk] fp=kdyk] ;q)dyk esa ikjaxr gksus ds lkfk&lkfk xf.krk Hkh FkhaA e/;dkyhu le; esa eqflye 'kkldksa ds Hkkjr vkxeu ls gekjh lh;krk o lalñfr ij dvq izgkj gqvka mugksaus u dsoy Hkkjr ij 'kklu fd;k cfyd gekjs lkekftd ifjos'k dks [k.m fo[k.m dj fn;ka mlh dkj.k efgykvksa dks f'k{kk ds {ks=k ls oafpr fd;k tkus yxk Fkk vksj mugsa?kj dh pkj nhokjh esa dsn dj fn;k x;ka vaxzsth 'kklu dky esa fl=k;ksa dks dqn lhek rd Lora=krk izkir gqbz FkhA fdurq ;g dsoy mpp o /kfud oxz rd gh lhfer jgh FkhA Hkkjr dh Lora=krk izkfir ds ckn fl=k;ksa dh n'kk esa Hkh lq/kkj ds iz;kl gq, gsaa lafo/kku }kjk ns'k ds lhkh L=kh iq:"kksa dks lkeku eksfyd vf/kdkj iznku fd;s x;s gsaa ftlds vurxzr leku f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gsaa blls efgykvksa ds 'ksf{kd Lrj esa lq/kkj dk izek.k ;g gs fd Lora=krk ds le; Hkkjr esa efgyk f'k{kk dk izfr'kr dsoy 7-5 izfr'kr Fkk tks vkt izfr'kr gsa Lora=k Hkkjr esa f'kf{kr efgyk, u dsoy vius ifjokj dh ns[k&js[k dj jgh gsaa vfirq vius ifjokj ds jgu&lgu ds Lrj dks Å pk mbkus ds fy, vkrefuhkzj gksdj ifjokj dks vkffkzd :Ik ls enn Hkh dj jgh gs aa ukjh lkekftd] lkalñfrd] /kkfezd] HkkSxksfyd],sfrgkfld vksj lkfgfr;d txr esa ukjh ds fofo/k Lo:iksa dk u dsoy oká] vfirq varezu ds xw<+re Hkko lksun;kzred Lo:Ik dk Hkh jgl;ksn~?kkvu gqvk gsa ukjh izñfr,oa bz'oj }kjk iznrr vn~hkwr ^ifo=k lk/;* gsa ftls eglwl djus ds fy, ^ifo=k lk/ku* dk gksuk t:jh gsa bldh u rks dksbz ljgn gs vksj u gh dksbz Nksj! ;g rks,d fojkv~ Lo:Ik gs] ftlds vkxs fofo/krk Hkh urelrd gksrk gsa ;g ^ve r ojnku* gksus ds lkfk& lkfk ^fno; vks"kf/k* gsa ukjh gh og lksa/kh fev~vh dh egd gs] tks thou&cfx;k dks egdkrh gs vksj u dsoy O;fDrxr cfyd jk"vª&fuekz.k,oa fodkl esa viuh egrh Hkwfedk fuhkkrh gsa ukjh ds fy, ;g dgk tk;s fd] ßfofo/krk esa,drk gsþ--- rks dksbz vfr'k;ksfdr ugha gksxha D;ksafd efgykvksa dks okº; Lo:i] lksun;z vksj igukos esa fofo/krk rks gksrh gs ysfdu muds ekul esa,dkdkj vksj dsunzh; 'kfdr bz'oj dh rjg ^,d* gh gksrh gsa blh 'kfdr ds bnz&fxnz lw;z vksj vu; xzgksa dh Hkk fr vusd 'kks/k /kkjk 219

230 izdkj ls ln~xq.k fujurj xfreku jgrs gsa( tsls&fo'okl] izse] d:.kk] fu"bk] n;k] leiz.k] R;kx] cfynku] eerk] 'khryrk] Lusg] dq'kyrk] drzo;&ijk;.krk] lgu'khyrk] e;kznk] lerk] l tu'khyrk vksj lfg".kqrk br;kfna bugh fofo/k 'kfdr;ksa dk vrqyuh; ;ksxnku gsa efgykvksa ds bl lrr~ ;ksxnku dks ge ij xoz gsa usiksfy;u cksukikvz us ek dh xfjek dks le>krs gq, dgk Fkk fd&ßeq>s,d ;ksx; ekrk nks] esa rqegsa,d ;ksx; jk"vª nw xkaþ vr% ge dg ldrs gsa fd efgykvksa us vius drzo;] dezbrk vksj l tu'khyrk ds ek/;e jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl ls viuk vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa vkt Hkh ukjh iq:"kksa ds leku gh lqf'kf{kr] l{ke vksj lqy gsa pkgs og ftl {ks=k esa gksa% lkekftd] vkffkzd] jktusfrd] /kkfezd] [ksy] dyk] lkfgr;] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] [kxksy] fpfdrlk] lsok] ehfm;k dksbz Hkh gksa ukjh dh miflfkfr] ;ksxnku] ;ksx;rk] miyfc/k;k ] l tu'khyrk dh ifjp; nsrh gsa ifjokj vksj lkekt dks lahkkyrs gq, jk"vªh; vksj vurjjk"vªh; Lrj ij ukjh us ges'kk fot;&irkdk ygjkrs gq, jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k vksj vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd og l tuk] vuuiw.kkz] nsoh] ;qx nz"vk vksj ;qx lz"vk gksus ds lkfk gh ßLo;a&fl)kÞ Hkh gsa lanhkz 1- 'kekz] lksgu ¼MkW0½] Hkkjrh; lekt esa oxz la?k"kz vksj fgunh miu;kl&jpuk izzdk'ku 2- frokjh] jkepunz ¼MkW0½] fgunh dk x &lkfgr;] fo'ofo ky; izdk'ku] okjk.klh vk/kkj xzufk %& 1- nqxsz'k uafnuh] fgunh miu;klksa esa lkekftd ifjizs{; 2- jktsunz ;kno] vrhr gksrh lnh vksj L=kh dk Hkfo"; 'kks/k /kkjk 220

231 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P jk"vª&fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk Jherh euksjek punzk 'kks/k&nk=kk] lh-ogh- jeu fo'ofo ky;] djxh jksm] dksvk] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract osfnd dky ls gh ukjh dk LFkku Js"B jgk gsa osn] 'kkl=k] iqjk.kksa esa ukjh dks nsoh rqy; ekuk x;k gsa ns'k esa gq, dbz eqxy vkøe.kksa ds dkj.k ukjh dh n'kk esa ifjorzu gksus yxka vaxzstksa ds 'kkludky esa mudh n'kk n;uh; Fkh] mugsa vcyk ukjh dgk tkrk FkkA ngst] lrh&izfkk] inkz&izfkk] tslh dqjhfr;ksa ds dkj.k muds fy, Lora=k gksdj thou thuk eqf'dy gks x;k FkkA vf'k{kk ds izhkko ls muesa vkrefo'okl dh deh Fkh] ijarq fczfv'k dky ds vkrs&vkrs jktk jkeeksgu jk; o bz'ojpan fo klkxj tsls egku fohkwfr;ksa us efgykvksa ds fy, vkokt+ mbkbza mudh f'k{kk ds fy, vusd vkanksyu pyk, x,] fofhkuu dqjhfr;ksa dk fojks/k fd;k x;k] ifj.kkelo:i ns'k dh efgykvksa esa uo&tkxj.k dk mn; gqvk vksj os f'k{kk xzg.k djus yxhaa vktknh ds rhu&pkj n'kd esa gh mudh flfkfr iq#"kksa dh vis{kk vf/kd etcwr gksus yxh vksj jk"vª ds vusd {ks=k esa os viuh miyfc/k;k nsus yxhaa Figure : 00 References : 05 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª fodkl vksj ukjh] izkphu lanhkz vksj ukjh dk fodkl esa ;ksxnku vkt dk ;qx ifjorzu vfkok Økafr dk ;qx gsa Hkkjr ns'k iq#"k iz/kku gksrs gq, Hkh efgyk l'kfdrdj.k ls oafpr ugha jgka jk"vª ds uo&fuekz.k vfkok fodkl esa iq#"kksa dh Hkk fr ukfj;ksa us Hkh viuk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa ns'k esa NksVs&cM+s lhkh 'kkldh; o v'kkldh; dk;kzy;ksa esa iq#"kksa ds leku fl=k;ksa us Hkh viuh iw.kz Hkkxhnkjh fuhkkbz gsa orzeku le; esa ukjh dk eukscy f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa mrñ"v fn[kkbz im+rk gs] mudh miyfc/k;ksa dk vadu djuk lahko ugha gsa ukfj;ksa }kjk fofhkuu {ks=kksa esa viuk dk;z lw>&cw> ls l Hkkyk tk jgk gsa e/;dky esa ukjh tks pgkjfnokjh dh 'kkshkk cudj jg xbz Fkh] og vk/kqfud dky esa,d ohjkaxuk ds :i esa lekt ds le{k viuk :i /kkj.k dj pqdh gsa mudk eukscy o vkrefo'okl pje lhek ij gsa vkt jk"vª&fodkl ds {ks=k esa efgykvksa ds cms+&cm+s dkjukesa v[kckjksa o Vsyhfotu ij i<+us&lquus dks feyrs gsaa efgykvksa ds cgqewy; fø;k& dykiksa ds dkj.k vkt Hkkjr fodkl'khy jk"vª ls fodflr jk"vª cuus dh vksj vxzlj gsa uj ds leku ukjh Hkh dfbu ifjje dj muufr ds f'k[kj dks Nwus yxh gsa ukjh dk Lo:i ukjh dk fhkuu&fhkuu :i lekt esa ns[kk tk ldrk gsa ek ds :i esa og eerk,oa R;kx dh ewjr gksrh gs] tks vius xhkz esa uks ekg rd f'k'kq dks vius [kwu ls flafpr dj lalkj esa tue nsrh gs vksj mldk ikyu&iks"k.k dj lekt esa ;ksx; vfkok izfrf"br LFkku fnykrh gsa lkfk&gh vius laldkjksa o ln~fopkjksa ls iyyfor dj jk"vª ds izfr mudh fteesnkjh lqfuf'pr djrh gsa vkt ns'k 'kks/k /kkjk 221

232 esa egkrek xk /kh] foosdkuan] Hkxr flag tsls vusd egku fohkwfr;ksa dk tue ukjh ds ek Lo:i dh gh nsu gsa bfrgkl dky esa cm+s&cm+s ohj iq#"kksa o ns'khkdrksa us tue fy;k] mugksaus jk"vª&fuekz.k esa vius fo'ks"k nkf;ro fuhkk,a iruh ds :i esa ukjh vius ifr ds izr;sd NksVs&cM+s dk;ksza ij ijke'kz nsrh gsa izkphu dky ls gh iruh ns'k esa ladv ds {k.kksa esa vius ifr ds ekfks ij fot;&fryd yxkdj jk"vª&fgr ds fy, mugsa ;q) ds esnku esa [km+k djrh vkbz gsa xyr O;luksa o nq"deksza ls ifr;ksa dks ifru;k nwj j[krh gsa] ftlls ifjokj] lekt o jk"vª dh vkffkzd flfkfr lq/kjus ds lkfk&gh lkekftd flfkfr esa Hkh cnyko vkrk gsa jk"vª&fodkl esa ifru;ksa dk ;ksxnku ljkguh; gsa vfkz] /kez] dez] eks{k lhkh {ks=kksa esa ifru;k vius ifr dh lghkkxh gksrh gsaa x fg.kh ds :i esa Hkh L=kh vius ifjokj dk egroiw.kz vax gksrh gs] og iwjs ifjokj ds [kku&iku vksj vkpkj&fopkj ij viuh Hkwfedk fuhkkrh gsa de&ls&de [kpz dj og cpr djrh gsa?kj ds dk;ksza ds lkfk gh i'kq&ikyu] [ksrh&ckm+h dk dk;z Hkh vius ifr ds lax da/ks&ls&da/kk feykdj djrh gsa Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk vfkzo;olfkk dks etcwr cukuk Hkh jk"vª&fodkl ds fy, egroiw.kz dk;z gsa iq=kh ds :i esa] rks dhkh cgu ds :i esa efgykvksa us jk"vª esa vyx&vyx [;kfr vftzr dj viuk ;ksxnku fn;k gsa fo}kuksa dk er gs fd?kj&ifjokj esa L=kh dks [kq'k j[kus ls?kj esa y{eh dk okl gksrk gs vksj thou vkuane; dvrk gsa ukjh dk ân; Hkkoqd o dksey gksrk gs] og vius ifjokj dh lq[k&'kkafr ds fy, vfkd iz;ru'khy ÑR; djus esa fo'okl j[krh gsa og ifjokj dh lajf{kdk rfkk ifr dh v)kzafxuh Hkh dgykrh gsa lgt LoHkko ls ifjiw.kz] lsok o n;k Hkko dh izfrewfrz ukjh dk leeku vkt cgqr de yksx gh dj ikrs gsaa vkt dh efgyk, ohjkaxuk dk :i /kkj.k djus yxh gsa vksj jk"vª&fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku nsus yxh gsaa jk"vª&fodkl esa ukjh dk ;ksxnku osfnd dky ls gh ukjh dk LFkku Js"B jgk gsa osn] 'kkl=k] iqjk.kksa esa ukjh dks nsoh rqy; ekuk x;k gsa ns'k esa gq, dbz eqxy vkøe.kksa ds dkj.k ukjh dh n'kk esa ifjorzu gksus yxka vaxzstksa ds 'kkludky esa mudh n'kk n;uh; Fkh] mugsa vcyk ukjh dgk tkrk FkkA ngst] lrh&izfkk] inkz&izfkk] tslh dqjhfr;ksa ds dkj.k muds fy, Lora=k gksdj thou thuk eqf'dy gks x;k FkkA vf'k{kk ds izhkko ls muesa vkrefo'okl dh deh Fkh] ijarq fczfv'k dky ds vkrs&vkrs jktk jkeeksgu jk; o bz'ojpan fo klkxj tsls egku fohkwfr;ksa us efgykvksa ds fy, vkokt+ mbkbza mudh f'k{kk ds fy, vusd vkanksyu pyk, x,] fofhkuu dqjhfr;ksa dk fojks/k fd;k x;k] ifj.kkelo:i ns'k dh efgykvksa esa uo&tkxj.k dk mn; gqvk vksj os f'k{kk xzg.k djus yxhaa vktknh ds rhu&pkj n'kd esa gh mudh flfkfr iq#"kksa dh vis{kk vf/kd etcwr gksus yxh vksj jk"vª ds vusd {ks=k esa os viuh miyfc/k;k nsus yxhaa Lora=krk vkanksyu esa vusd efgykvksa us mrñ"v ;ksxnku fn;k] ljkstuh uk;mw],uh cslsav] y{ehckbz tsls dbz efgykvksa us ijra=krk dk?kksj fojks/k dj jk"vª&fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;ka bafnjk xk /kh] lqpsrk Ñiykuh tslh vusd efgykvksa us ns'k ds jktusfrd fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;ka efgyk, vkt jk"vª&fodkl ds {ks=k esa viuk cgqewy; ;ksxnku ns jgh gsaa bldk izeq[k dkj.k mudh yxu'khyrk o n <+ vkrefo'okl gs] tks,d fonq"kh,oa esgurh ukjh ds :i esa igpkuh tkus yxh gsa orzeku esa vufxur efgyk, dsanzh; iz'kklu ls ysdj jkt; iz'kklu rd lsok ns jgh gsa rfkk 'kks/k /kkjk 222

233 jk"vª&fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku ns jgh gsaa loklf;] iqfyl] csad] jsyos tsls egroiw.kz fohkkxksa ds dk;ksza dk lapkyu efgykvksa }kjk fd;k tk jgk gsa oskkfud {ks=kksa esa Hkh efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku myys[kuh; gsa MkW- Vslh Fkel us vfxu&5 felkbyksa dh ;kstuk dk izfrfuf/kro djrs gq, Hkkjr dh felkby oqesu vksj vfxuiq=kh dk leeku gkfly fd;k gsa dyiuk pkoyk pk n ij igq pus okyh izfke efgyk FkhA,sls gh ns'k esa vusd efgyk, oskkfud vuqla/kku dj jk"vª&fodkl esa viuh Hkwfedk fuhkk jgh gsaa lkfgr; dk {ks=k Hkh efgykvksa dk dez&{ks=k cu pqdk gsa orzeku esa lsdm+ksa efgyk&jpukdkjksa }kjk dbz fo/kkvksa esa lkfgr;&l tu dj jk"vª&fodkl esa egroiw.kz ;ksxnku fn;k tk jgk gsa m"kk fiz;aonk] egknsoh oekz] ve rk izhre] e nqyk xxz rfkk vyiuk frokjh tslh vusd efgyk lkfgr;dkj lkfgr;&l tu dj lekt o ns'k dh rrdkyhu ifjflfkfr;ksa dks lekt ds le{k mtkxj dj jk"vª&fuekz.k o fodkl esa ;ksxnku ns jgh gsaa lkfgr; lekt dk izfrfcac gksrk gs] ftlesa lekt o jk"vª dk laiw.kz n '; fnik gksrk gs] ftls efgyk lkfgr;dkj viuh dye ls vfhko;fdr nsdj jk"vª&fodkl esa viuh Hkwfedk dk fuozgu dj jgh gsa lkfgr;&l tu O;fDrRo fodkl ds lkfk gh vkffkzd] lkekftd] usfrd o jktuhfrd fodkl esa Hkh viuk egrh ;ksxnku nsrk gsa fu"d"kz jk"vª ds fodkl esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk myys[kuh; gsa Lora=krk ls ysdj vkt rd gj {ks=k esa muds egrh dk;z] yxu'khyrk o ifjje dks fujarj ns[kk tk ldrk gsa vkffkzd] lkekftd] jktusfrd] lkfgfr;d lhkh {ks=kksa esa os iq#"kksa dh Hkk fr gh lsok ns jgh gsaa iq#"kksa ds lkfk da/ks&ls&daèkk feykdj jk"vª&fuekz.k o jk"vª&fodkl ds fy, dk;z dj egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkk jgh gsaa lanhkz 1- iq"ik] es=ks;h( [kqyh f[km+fd;k - lkef;d izdk'ku] [ksrku] izhkk( mifuos'k esa L=kh- fnyyh % jktdey izdk'ku] fiz;aonk] m"kk( :dksxh ugha jkf/kdk- fnyyh % jktdey izdk'ku] ;kno] jktsunz( vkneh ds fuxkg esa vksjr- fnyyh % jktdey izdk'ku] nsfud HkkLdj] 27 uoacj] 'kks/k /kkjk 223

234 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk dq0 fiz;adk ;kno 'kks/kkfkhz] lekt'kkl=k] fcykliqj fo'ofo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ vf[kys'k dqekj lkgw 'kks/kkfkhz] lekt'kkl=k] clrj fo'ofo ky;] txnyiqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract Hkkjrh; lekt ;k jk"vª dh ukfj;ksa us ges'kk Hkkjr dks,d lokszpp lrrk ij jgus okys jk"vª ds :i esa ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k gsa vksj Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkh ukfj;ksa ds bl lozk 'kfdr dks ns[krs gq;s muds fy;s fofhkuu ;kstuk;sa lfeefyr fd;s gsa] mlesa ls,d ;kstuk gs efgyk,oa cky fodkl dh ;kstuka ftlesa xzkeh.k efgykvksa ds fodkl dh ckr dgh xbz gsa Hkkjr dh xzkeh.k efgyk,a blds }kjk vkrefuhkzj cu jgh gsaa?kjsyw fgalk dh f'kdkj efgyk,a] rykd'kqnk] ifjr;drk efgyk;sa tks fd va/kdkje; thou th jgh Fkha bl ;kstuk ls vkxs c<+ jgh gsaa vksj lekt ;k jk"vªds fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku ns jgh gsaa efgykvksa dks vcyk]?kj dh 'kkshkk ;k dkseyrk dh olrq le>k tkrk FkkA ijurq vc efgyk,a izr;sd {ks=k esa vkxs c<+ jgh gsaa?kj ds dkedkt,oa mrrjnkf;ro dks fuhkkrs gq, iz'kklfud dk;z] jk"vª ds dk;z esa Hkh viuh Hkwfedk vnk dj jgh gsaa Figure : 00 References : 04 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª&fodkl vksj L=kh 'kfdr] lekt vksj L=kh&psruk fdlh Hkh jk"vª dk fodkl ;k lekt dk fodkl ogk ij ik;s tkus okys uj vksj ukjh ls gksrk gsa ftl izdkj,d xkm+h esa nks ifg, gksrs gsa mlh izdkj lekt ;k jk"vª :ih xkm+h dks pykus ds fy;s L=kh vksj iq:"k nksukas dk lg;ksx vfr vko';d gsa Hkkjr,d,slk jk"vª gs] ftlesa ukfj;ksa dk laiw.kzrk ls,oa lrdzrk ds lkfk jk"vª ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku jgk gsa bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gsa Lora=krk laxzke esa lu~ 1857 esa jkuh y{eh ckbz us igyh ckj ryokj mbk;k Fkk vksj gekjs jk"vª dh ekax dh& ped mbh lu~ larkou esa og ryokj iqjkuh FkhA cqansys gj cksyks ds eqag geus lquh dgkuh FkhAA mlh izdkj ls Jherh,uhfclsUV us Hkh jk"vª ds fodkl ds fy;s dk;z fd;ka enj Vsjslk] ljkstuh uk;mw] dyiuk pkoyk] Jherh bafnjk xka/kh Hkkjr ds fodkl ds fy;s efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku ges'kk gh jgk gs] ftldk ;s lc mnkgj.k gsaa tsls tsls vkfne lekt ls vk/kqfud lekt esa thuk lh[ks gsa] mlesa vr;f/kd izfrli/kkz vk;h gsa lekt dbz jk"vªks esa cav x;k vksj Hkkjr tks fd,d Lora=k jk"vª ds :i esa lkeus vkus yxk] ftlds fodkl ds fy;s ukfj;ksa us vge~ Hkwfedk fuhkk;h gsa usrk th ds rqyknku dks geus ns[kk gsa Hkkjr dh ukfj;ka viuh eaxylw=k dks Hkh ns'k dks cpkus ds fy;s mrkj 'kks/k /kkjk 224

235 Qsadk FkkA Hkkjrh; lekt ;k jk"vª dh ukfj;ksa us ges'kk Hkkjr dks,d lokszpp lrrk ij jgus okys jk"vª ds :i esa ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k gsa vksj Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkh ukfj;ksa ds bl lozk 'kfdr dks ns[krs gq;s muds fy;s fofhkuu ;kstuk;sa lfeefyr fd;s gsa] mlesa ls,d ;kstuk gs&efgyk,oa cky fodkl dh ;kstuka ftlesa xzkeh.k efgykvksa ds fodkl dh ckr dgh xbz gsa Hkkjr dh xzkeh.k efgyk,a blds }kjk vkrefuhkzj cu jgh gsaa?kjsyw fgalk dh f'kdkj efgyk,a rykd'kqnk ifjr;drk efgyk;sa tks fd va/kdkje; thou th jgh Fkha] bl ;kstuk ls vkxs c<+ jgh gsaa vksj lekt ;k jk"vª ds fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku ns jgh gsaa efgykvksa dks vcyk]?kj dh 'kkshkk ;k dkseyrk dh olrq le>k tkrk Fkk] ijurq vc efgyk,a izr;sd {ks=k esa vkxs c<+ jgh gsaa?kj ds dkedkt,oa mrrjnkf;ro dks fuhkkrs gq, iz'kklfud dk;z jk"vª ds dk;z esa Hkh viuh Hkwfedk vnk dj jgh gsaa D;ksafd dsoy iq:"k ds dk;z djus ls gh jk"vª dk fodkl lahko ugha gsa blls jk"vª dk,d i{kh; fodkl gksxk] blfy;s vc ukjh f'k{kk dks vr;fèkd c<+kok fn;k tk jgk gsa bl laca/k esa esus elrwjh fodkl [k.m dk 'kks/k fd;k rks iwnk fd D;k vki iq=k vksj iqf=k;ksa esa lekurk j[krs gsa rks 1-75 izfr'kr mrrjnkrkvksa us lekurk O;Dr dh gsa 2-25 izfr'kr mrrjnkrkvksa us vlekurk O;Dr dh gsa bl izdkj 100 esa vk/ks ls vf/kd tula[;k L=kh iq:"k esa Hksn ugha eku jgs gsaa vksj blls jk"vª ds fodkl gks jgk gsa Hkkjr dh ukfj;ksa us?kj] lkekftd ;ksxnku esa viuh Hkwfedh fuhkk;h gsa Hkkjrh; lekt ;k jk"vª,d fir lrrkred lekt gsa ;gk iq:"koknh fopkj /kkjk cuh gqbz gsa ge vk/kqfudrk esa 21oha lnh esa vk x;s ij Hkkjrh; lekt esa tks ukfj;ksa ds izfr tks lksp gs] og fueu gh gsa dsoy?kj ds pgkj fnokjh esa jguk jgrk FkkA ijurq Hkkjrh; lekt dh ukjh Qwy ugha fpaxkjh gsa dksey gs detksj ugha gsa ;g iq:"kksa ds leku gh jk"vª fuekz.k esa viuk ;ksxnku ns jgh gsa gekjs jk"vª dh ukfj;ksa us viuh n'kk dks vius fn'kk esa vkm+s vkus ugha fn;ka lkjs?kjsyw dke,oa vkffkzd flfkfr ls ym+rs gq;s Hkh vius vki dks vkxs c<+k;k gsa ftlls jk"vª vkxs dh vksj c<+k gsa iapk;rh jkt; gks] izns'k] izkur] dsunzh; O;oLFkk izr;sd {ks=k esa Hkkjr dh ukfj;ksa us viuk ijpe ygjk;k gsa dsoy?kwa?kv esa jgdj NqbZ&eqbZ vnk esa jgus dh lhek dks rksm+dj viuk Lora=k vflrro LFkkfir fd;k] tks fd Hkkjr dks fo'o xq: jk"vª ds :i esa ifj.kr fd;k gsa ;gk ds /kez] lalñfr] izfreku] vkn'kz] izfkk,a] lkekftd ewy; tks fd vr;f/kd egroiw.kz gsa] ftls ;gkw ds ukfj;ksa us gh vius fopkj ls vkxs c<+k;k gs] tks fd vu; ns'k ls Hkkjr dks,d mrñ"v jk"vª ds :i esa igpku fnykrk gsa uqjrksa ds fy;s ugha cfyd ubz cgkj gs ukjh] ek dh eerk cgu dk I;kj gs ukjha ;g fj'rksa dks c[kwch fuhkkrh gsa vkwu is vk;s tk;s rks ryokj gs ukjha ;gh ckr jk"vª ds fodkl esa Hkh vkrh gsa ukjh dh lksp foosd] fpuruh;] fopkjkred LoHkko us Hkh jk"vª dks vkxs c<+k;k gsa ukjh vius fopkj ls dqvhj m ksx dks viuk jgh gsa ;g Hkh jk"vª ds fodkl esa,d lg;ksx gsa jk"vª dk NksVk ls NksVk,oa cm+k ls cm+k dk;z djds Hkkjr dh ukfj;ksa us 'kks/k /kkjk 225

236 gekjs jk"vª dks,d fodflr jk"vª cukus esa viuh fof'k"v Hkwfedk fuhkk;h gsa iqfyl fohkkx] LokLF; fohkkx] f'k{kk iz'kklfud {ks=k] /kkfezd lhkh {ks=k esa ukfj;ksa dk ;ksxnku jgk gsa jk"vª ds fodkl ds ifjizs{; Hkkjr ds ukfj;ksa dk cl ;gh dfku gs & esgur gekjk thou] esgur gekjk ukjk] esgur ls txexk nks jk"vª dk flrkjk] lunhkz 1- e;wj punz'ks[kj Lusg] Hkkjr dh ØkfUr vksj mlds uk;d uknku eqds'k] lkfgr; lnu nfj;kxat fnyyha 2- 'kqdyk] egs'k( 'kqdyk] ounuk( lekt oskkfudh] xksjo izdk'ku] jhok ] e-iz- 3- xqirk,.m 'kekz lekt'kkl=ka 4- fgunh fof'k"v ;qxcks/k izdk'kua 'kks/k /kkjk 226

237 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P yksdrkaf=kd lghkkfxrk] lkekftd ifjorzu,oa efgyk l'kdrhdj.k dknecjh os".ko lgk0 izk0] lekt 'kkl=k fohkkx] Hkk0 xzk0 Hkk0 egkfo ky;] gjnh cktkj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract orzeku le; esa efgyk, yksdra=k esa viuh iw.kz lghkkfxrk iznf'kzr dj jgh gsaa laln vksj foèkkue.myksa esa efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dh la[;k vksj fofhkuu xfrfof/k;ksa esa mudh lghkkfxrk] jkt;iky] ea=kh] eq[;ea=kh] iz/kkuea=kh vksj jk"vªifr rd ds :i esa mudh Hkwfedk ls Li"V gs fd ns'k esa efgykvksa esa jktusfrd psruk fnuksa&fnu c<+rh tk jgh gsa vc rd gq, fofhkuu pqukoksa ls Hkh,slk Kkr gksrk gs fd efgykvksa esa oksv dk Lora=k :i ls mi;ksx djus dh izo frr Hkh c<+h gsa Hkkjrh; efgykvksa us jkt;ikyksa] dsfcusv Lrj ds eaf=k;ksa vksj jktnwrksa ds :i esa Hkh ;'k izkir fd;k gsa vkt efgykvksa dh jktusfrd psruk,oa yksdrkaf=kd lghkkfxrk esa vizr;kf'kr o f) gqbz gsa vkt f'k{kk] vks ksfxdj.k,oa uohu fopkj/kkjk ds izhkko ds dkj.k lkekftd] vkffkzd {ks=k esa Hkh efgykvksa dh izflfkfr esa egroiw.kz cnyko n f"vxkspj gks jgs gsaa efgykvksa esa 'ksf{kd fodkl ds ifj.kkelo:i mudh vkffkzd vkre fuhkzjrk esa o f) gqbz gsa vkffkzd Lokyacu ls efgykvksa ds vkrefo'okl] dk;z{kerk vksj ekufld Lrj esa Hkh izxfr gqbz gs] vkt lekt ds gj {ks=k esa efgyk dezpkfj;ksa dh la[;k fujarj c<+rh tk jgh gsa vkt efgykvksa dh lkekftd tkx:drk esa Hkh o f) gqbz gsa vc os vkmecj;qdr lkekftd izfkkvksa dks csdkj le>us yxh gsa] :f<+;ksa ds izfr efgykvksa dh mnklhurk c<+ jgh gs] vksj os uohu fopkjèkkjkvksa dk lefkzu djus yxh gsaa ifjokj esa Hkh efgykvksa dh ijeijkxr ikfjokfjd izflfkfr esa Hkh cnyko vk;k gsa vkt efgyk iq:"k dh nklh ugha] cfyd mldh lg;ksxh vksj fe=k ds :i esa gs] ifjokj esa mldh flfkfr ;kfpdk dh u gksdj,d izca/kd dh gsa Li"V gs fd orzeku esa efgykvksa ds lkekftd vkffkzd flfkfr esa ifjorzu ds lkfk&lkfk yksdrkaf=kd lghkkfxrk esa Hkh rhoz xfr ls o f) gks jgh gsa egroiw.kz ckr ;g gs fd orzeku le; esa efgykvksa dh izflfkfr ls lacaf/kr iqjkuh eku;rkvksa esa f'kffkyrk vkbz gsa Figure : 00 References : 18 Table : 00 Key Words : yksdrkaf=kd lghkkfxrk,oa jk"vªokn] efgyk l'kdrhdj.k,oa lkekftd ifjorzu Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh dh flfkfr izkjahk ls mrkj&p<+ko ls ifjiw.kz jgh gsa mldh Lora=krk] vkrefuhkzjrk] Lo;a ls iw.kz bzdkbz ds vflrro dks iq:"k lapkfyr lekt us fujarj vogsyuk dh n f"v ls ns[kk gsa Lo;a ukjh Hkh vkkurk dk f'kdkj jgh gsa mls ges'kk gh 'kks"k.k] iq:"k dh v/khurk] nklrk vksj vr;kpkj lguk im+k gsa Lora=k,oa LoPNUn okrkoj.k esa thus dk volj mls de gh feyrk jgk gsa dgus dks rks efgykvksa ds leeku vksj mudh iz'kalk esa ;gk rd dg fn;k x;k fd ^^;=k uk;zlrq iwt;ars] jeurs r=k nsork^^] fdurq O;ogkj esa mugsa vr;kpkjksa vksj mis{kk dk gh lkeuk djuk im+k gs] mugsa lfn;ks ls vcyk dgdj?kj dh pgkjnhokjh esa gh dsn j[kk x;k gs] Hkys gh l f"v] lekt vksj ns'k ds fodkl esa efgykvksa vksj iq:"kksa dk leku ;ksxnku jgk gsa 'kks/k /kkjk 227

238 mn~ns'; & bl 'kks/k vkys[k ds fueufyf[kr mn~ns'; gsa %& 1½ orzeku esa efgykvksa dh lkekftd] vkffkzd] 'ksf{kd,oa ikfjokfjd izflfkfr esa gq, ifjorzuksa ls voxr djkuka 2½ efgykvksa esa rhoz xfr ls c<+rh gqbz jktusfrd psruk,oa yksdrkaf=kd lghkkfxrk dk myys[k djuka 'kks/k i)fr & izlrqr 'kks/k&vkys[k fo'ys"k.kkred i)fr ij vk/kkfjr gsa 'kks/kdrkz }kjk voyksdu,oa f}rh;d lzksrksa ds ek/;e ls ladfyr rf;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fo"k; dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gsa orzeku vksj bfrgkl dk voyksdu djus ij vc ;g Li"V gks jgk gs fd 21oha lnh esa lekt ds gj {ks=k esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+rh tk jgh gsa ik'pkr; izhkko,oa f'k{kk ds izpkj&izlkj ds ifj.kke Lo:i] lekt esa fo'ks"kr% efgykvksa esa xr 'krkcnh ls dqn tkx:drk vkbz gsa vkt ukjh vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:d gks jgh gs] vksj mldh vkrefuhkzjrk c<+rh tk jgh gsa ljdkj }kjk Hkh efgykvksa dh f'k{kk&nh{kk,oa mugsa fofo/k lqfo/kk,a miyc/k djkus ds lkfk&lkfk muds fy, fgrdkjh dkuwu Hkh cuk, x;s gsaa ftlds dkj.k vkt efgykvksa dh flfkfr vksj iwoz lkekftd O;oLFkk ds lhkh {ks=kksa esa Li"Vr;k ifjorzu gks jgs gsaa vkffkzd fodkl&lora=krk izkfir ds i'pkr~ f'k{kk] vks ksxhdj.k] uohu fopkj/kkjk ds izhkko ds dkj.k efgykvksa dh iq:"kksa ij vkffkzd fuhkzjrk yxkrkj de gksrh tk jgh gsa Lora=krk izkfir ls igys fueu oxz vksj mpp oxz dh efgykvksa }kjk fdlh izdkj dh vkffkzd fø;k djuk vusfrd :i ls ns[kk tkrk FkkA Lora=krk izkfr i'pkr~ cm+h la[;k esa e/;oxz dh efgykvksa us f'k{kk izkir djds vkffkzd {ks=kksa dh vksj vfkksziktzu ds fy, dne c<+kuk 'kq: dj fn;ka orzeku esa f'k{kk] LokLF;] fpfdrlk] lekt dy;k.k] euksjatu] fofhkuu m ksxksa vksj dk;kzy;ksa esa efgyk dezpkfj;ksa dh la[;k yxkrkj c<+rh tk jgh gsa O;fDrxr izfr"bkuksa vksj vks ksfxd dsunzksa esa efgyk dezpkfj;ksa dh ek x fujurj c<+ jgh gsa ij Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh eukso frr esa vkewy&pwy ifjorzu u gks ldus ds dkj.k os f'k{kk vksj fpfdrlk ds {ks=k esa dke djus dks fo'ks"k izkfkfedrk nsrh gsa efgykvksa esa vkffkzd vkrefuhkzjrk esa o f) gksus ds dkj.k muds vkrefo'okl] dk;z{kerk vksj ekufld Lrj esa bruh izxfr gqbz gs] fd muds O;fDrxr thou dh rqyuk ml efgyk ls fdlh izdkj ugha dh tk ldrha tks vkt ls dqn gh o"kz igys rd lalkj dh laiw.kz yttk dks vius?kw?kv esa lesvs gq,] iq:"k ds 'kks"k.k ds lk;s esa viuk thou O;rhr djus ds fy, ck/; FkhA lkekftd fodkl &orzeku esa efgykvksa dh lkekftd tkx:drk esa o f) gqbz gsa vc os inkz izfkk dks csdkj le>us yxh gsa vksj?kj dh pgkjnhokjh ls ckgj [kqyh gok esa lkal ys jgh gsaa vktdy fl=k;ksa ds fopkjksa vksj n f"vdks.kksa esa bruk vf/kd ifjorzu vk pqdk gs fd vc os vurtkzrh; fookg] izse fookg vksj foyec fookg dks vpnk le>us yxh gsa vkt foyec fookg efgykvksa esa fujarj yksdfiz; gksrk tk jgk gsa tkrh; fu;eksa vksj :f<+;ksa ds izfr efgykvksa dh mnklhurk cjkcj c<+ jgh gsa vc os :f<+oknh lkekftd cu/kuksa ls eqdr gksus ds fy, iz;ru'khy gsaa vkt vusd fl=k;k efgyk laxbuksa vksj Dycksa dh lnl; gsaa dbz rks lekt dy;k.k dk;ksaz esa yxh gqbz gsaa vkt ifjokj esa efgykvksa dh 'kks/k /kkjk 228

239 flfkfr dh n f"v esa Hkh dkqh ifjorzu vk x;k gsa vkt efgyk iq:"k dh nklh ugha cfyd mldh lg;ksxh vksj fe=k gsaa ifjokj esa mldh flfkfr ;kfpdk dh u gksdj izca/kd dh gsa vkt f'kf{kr efgyk la;qdr ifjokj ds cu/kukas ls eqdr gksdj],dkdh ifjokj dh LFkkiuk dj Lora=k thou O;rhr djuk vksj ikfjokfjd ekeyksa esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkuk pkgrh gsa vc cppksa dh f'k{kk] ifjokj dh vk; dk mi;ksx] ikfjokfjd vuq"bkuksa dh O;oLFkk] ikfjokfjd ;kstukvksa ds :i ds fu/kkzj.k esa efgykvksa dk egro fujurj c<+rk tk jgk gsa egroiw.kz ckr ;g gs fd vkt dh ubz ih<+h Lo;a gh efgykvksa dks muds ikfjokfjd vf/kdkj nsus ds i{k esa gs] vksj ;fn fdlh dkj.k mugsa bu vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr j[kk x;k rks vkus okys le; esa os vius bu vf/kdkjksa dks viuh Lo;a dh 'kfdr ls Hkh izkir dj ysaxha vkt efgykvksa esa lkekftd psruk rhoz xfr ls c< jgh gsa jktusfrd psruk esa o f) & jktusfrd {ks=k esa efgykvksa dh flfkfr ftl rst xfr ls Å ph mbus yxh gs] og oklro esa,d vk'p;z dh ckr gsa dqn le; igys jktusfrd {ks=k efgykvksa ds fy, mfpr ugha le>k tkrk FkkA Hkkjr mu ns'kksa esa 'kkfey gs] tgk Lora=krk ds ckn efgykvksa dks erkf/kdkj izkir FkkA fo'o dk lcls cm+k yksdra=k gksus vksj Lora=krk i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk efgykvksa dks vkj{k.k,oa vusd lqfo/kk, iznku djus ds ckn Hkh ;gk efgykvksa dh lalnh; Hkkxhnkjh ds lkfk& lkfk pqukoksa esa Hkh de fgllsnkjh ns[kh tkrh gsa lu~ 1957 ds pqukoksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, 41 LFkku vkjf{kr gksus ij dsoy 10 efgykvksa us gh pquko ym+k] tcfd 1967 ds pquko rd efgykvksa dh jktusfrd tkx:drk bruh c<+ xbz] fd dsoy jkt;ksa dh fo/kkulhkkvksa ds fy, gh 342 efgyk, pquko ds fy, [km+h gqbz] vksj muesa ls 195 pquko Hkh thr xbza 1977 ds pquko ds ckn jkt;lhkk vksj yksdlhkk esa efgyk lnl;ksa dh la[;k 42 Fkh] tcfd 1980 ds vke pquko ds ckn ;g la[;k c<+dj 54 gks xbza o"kz 1950 ls 2010 rd ds yksdlhkk pqukoksa o ifj.kkeksa ds lanhkz esa efgykvksa us viuh Hkkxhnkjh dks iznf'kzr fd;k gs] 1950 ds yksdlhkk pquko esa tgk 22 efgyk meehnokj fot;h gqb] ogha 2004 ds yksdlhkk pquko esa 45 vksj jkt;lhkk esa 14 efgyk meehnokj pquh xba 2004 ds MkWeueksgu flag ea=kh e.my esa 'kifk ysus okyh efu=k;ksa esa 7 efgykvksa dks LFkku izkir gqvka 15 oha yksdlhkk esa laln esa izos'k djus okyh efgykvksa dh la[;k 50 ls vf/kd gks xbz gsa 15 oha yksdlhkk dh cm+h ckr ;g fd Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa igyh ckj,d efgyk dks yksdlhkk v/;{k cuus dk eksdk feyka ;g vizr;kf'kr rq[kn Fkk] fd 15 oha yksdlhkk esa misf{kr efgykvksa dk izfrfufèkro c<+k gsa yxhkx 58 efgyk, yksdlhkk ig qph Fkh] tks vc rd dk lkozf/kd vk dm+k FkkA orzeku le; esa fo/kkulhkk] yksdlhkk vksj uxjh; fudk;ksa ds pqukoksa esa efgykvksa dk izfrfufèkro 'kqhk ladsr nsrk gs] 2009 dk pqukoh lky ukjh 'kfdr ds uke jgka bl l=k ij xksj djsa rks ns'k dh jk"vªifr in ij efgyk] yksdlhkk v/;{k ds in ij efgyk] lrrk:<+ ny dh v/;{k efgyk] foi{kh ny esa Hkh izeq[k in ij efgyk ¼lq"kek Lojkt½ vklhu jghaa Li"V :i ls dgk tk ldrk gs fd orzeku le; esa efgyk, yksdra=k ds izfr viuh iw.kz 'kks/k /kkjk 229

240 lghkkfxrk iznf'kzr dj jgh gsaa laln vksj fo/kkue.myksa esa efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dh la[;k vksj fofhkuu xfrfof/k;ksa esa mudh lghkkfxrk] jkt;iky] eq[;ea=kh] ea=kh vksj ;gk rd iz/kkuea=kh vksj jk"vªifr rd ds :i esa mudh Hkwfedk ls Li"V gs fd ns'k esa efgykvksa esa jktusfrd psruk fnuksa&fnu c<+rh tk jgh gsa ns'k esa vc rd gq, fofhkuu pqukoksa ls Hkh,slk Kkr gksrk gs fd efgykvksa esa oksv dk Lora=k :i ls mi;ksx djus dh izo frr Hkh c<+rh tk jgh gsa Hkkjrh; efgykvksa us jkt;ikyksa] dsfcusv Lrj ds eaf=k;ksa vksj jktnwrksa ds :i esa Hkh ;'k izkir fd;k gsa Li"V gs fd finys dqn o"kksza esa efgykvksa dh jktusfrd psruk esa vizr;kf'kr o f) gqbz gsa Li"V gs fd orzeku le; esa efgykvksa dh lkekftd] vkffkzd] jktusfrd flfkfr esa Økafrdkjh ifjorzu vk;k gsa orzeku esa efgyk f'k{kk dk izlkj] vks ksxhdj.k] uohu fopkj/kkjkvksa ds izhkko ds dkj.k efgykvksa esa vkffkzd vkrefuhkzjrk esa o f) gqbz gsa vusd lkekftd vf/kfu;eksa,oa efgykvksa ds izfr lekt ds n f"vdks.kksa esa gq, ifjorzu ds dkj.k mugsa vusd fu;kszx;rkvksa,oa lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ls NqVdkjk feyk gsa vkt efgykvksa dks vius fodkl gsrq dkqh lqfo/kk, izkir gsaa ifj.kke Lo:Ik vkt efgyk f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa izxfr] vkffkzd] vkrefuhkzjrk esa o f)] jktusfrd psruk esa o f)] lkekftd tkx:drk esa o f)] ikfjokfjd {ks=k esa vf/kdkjksa dh izkfir gqbz gsa vkt fofhkuu {ks=kksa esa efgykvksa dh izflfkfr esa vizr;kf'kr :i ls gq, ifjorzuksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gsa lanhkz 1- 'kekz] MkW- iwf.kzek( ¼2015½ Hkkjr esa ukjh l'kdrhdj.k dk O;ogkfjd Lo:i] fodkl izdk'ku] dkuiqj i - 39] 40] 41] MkW- foiyo] ¼2013½ efgyk l'kdrhdj.k fofo/k vk;ke] jkgqy ifcyf'kax gkål] 348@6 'kkl=khuxj esjb ¼;w-ih-½] i - 57] MkW- jktdqekj( ¼2009½ efgyk,oa fodkl] vtzqu ifcyf'kax gkål] ubz fnyyh] i -209] 'kekz] MkW- dfork( ¼2012½ L=kh fodkl dh,sfrgkfld :ijs[kk] lerk izdk'ku] ctjax uxj :jk dkuiqj nsgkr] ¼m-iz-½] i - 112] 'kekz] MkW- dfork( ¼2012½ Hkkjrh; L=kh lkekftd izflfkfr vksj fodkl] lerk izdk'ku] ctjax uxj :jk dkuiqj nsgkr] ¼m-iz-½] i - 222] flag] MkW- lhek( ¼2010½ iapk;rh jkt vksj efgyk l'kdrhdj.k] fo k fogkj ubz fnyyha 7- xqirk],e-,y-(,oa 'kekz] Mh-Mh-( ¼2015½ lekt'kkl=k] lkfgr; Hkou ifcyds'ku] vkxjk ¼m-iz-½ i - 121]122A izdkf'kr 'kks/k i=k] 'kks/k vkys[k br;kfn & 1- 'kekz] MkW- lq/khj ¼laiknd½ 'kks/k&izdyi] =ksekfld fjlpz tuzy] vad tqykbz&flrecj 2012 vad vdvwcj& fnlecj 2012A 2- 'kqdyk] MkW- egs'k] ¼laiknd½ lekt oskkfudh] ekpz 2014] vad 24 xksjo izdk'ku] jhok ¼e-iz-½A 3- dq:{ks=k] ekg tuojh 2016 izdk'ku fohkkx lwpuk vksj izlkj.k ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] lh-th-vksdkeiysdl yks/kh jksm ubz fnyyh vad 3] i "B Øekad 10] 11] 22] 'kks/k&i=k eamkoh] MkW- osnorh ¼2012½ % efgykvksa ds jktuhfrd vf/kdkj] 'kks/k if=kdk 'kks/k&izdyi vad ¼61½ 28&31A 6- 'kks/k&i=k f=kosnh MkW- t;jh ¼2013&14½ % Hkkjrh; jktuhfr vksj efgyk, % fpuru ds fofo/k ljksdj] 'kksèk 'kks/k /kkjk 230

241 if=kdk] Ñfrdk vad ¼13&14½ % 144& 'kks/k&i=k d';i MkW- Jherh eatqyrk ¼2014½ % tutkfr; efgyk fodkl] 'kks/k&if=kdk lsf'k;ksykwftdy DosLV] vad ¼4½ % 18] 22 E-REFERANCE s-8-9march(2011) reness/women-empowerment 5. File://J:bhartmemahilasasaktikaran/html 'kks/k /kkjk 231

242 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk vpzuk oh- 'kks/kkfkhz] fgunh fohkkx] esv~l fo'ofo ky;] jk;iqj] NRRkhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract efgykvksa ds mrfkku esa Hkkjr ljdkj Hkh ihns ugha gsa chrsa dqn lkyksa esa ljdkj }kjk vufxur ;kstuk,a pykbz xbz gsa tks efgykvksa dks lkekftd csfm;k rksm+us esa en~n dj jgh gsa rfkk lkfk gh lkfk mugsa vkxs c<+kus esa izsfjr dj jgh gsaa ljdkj us iqjkus odr ds izpyuksa dks can djus ds lkfk&lkfk mu ij dkuwuu jksd yxk nh gs] ftuesa eq[; Fks cky fookg] Hkwz.k gr;k] ngst izfkk] cky etnwjh]?kjsyw fgalk vkfna bu lhkh dks dkuwuh :i ls izfrca/k yxkus ds ckn lekt esa efgykvksa dh flfkfr esa dkqh lq/kkj vk;k gsa Figure : 00 References : 06 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh 'kfdr] jk"vª fodkl vksj izkphu lanhkz gekjs ns'k dh tula[;k dk vk/kk fgllk efgyk,a gsaa vr% ns'k dk lexz fodkl efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds cxsj ugha gks ldrka Hkkjr esa vukfn dky ls gj {ks=k esa efgykvksa us iq:"kksa ds lkfk feydj dke fd;ka Hkkjrh; efgyk,a?kj x glfkh dk iwjk dke&dkt fuivkus ds lkfk lkfk jk"vªh; thou ds gj {ks=k esa [ksrksa&[kfygkuksa] dky&dkj[kkuksa] n rj] vlirkyksa esa mi;ksxh ;ksxnku djrh vkbz gsaa pkgs xkaoksa esa lk{kjrk ds izlkj dk vfhk;ku dk gks ;k xkao ds ;qodksa dks jkstxkj miycèk djkus dk ekeyk gks] xkao esa ihu ds ikuh dh lel;k vfkok Qlykas dks chekfj;ksa ls cpkuk gks ;g lc dk;z xzkeh.k efgyk,a gh vkilh lg;ksx vksj fodkl dk;kzs eas lcdh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr dj ldrh gsa c<+rh vkcknh dh jksdfkke] Ik;kZoj.k dh j{kk] cppkksa dks iksf"vd o larqfyr vkgkj nsus vksj bu lcls c<+dj LFkkuh; lalk/kuksa dh vf/kdkf/kd vkrefuhkzjrk izkir djus dh fn'kk esa efgyk,a gh viuk ;ksxnku vksj usr Ro ns ldrh gsaa efgykvksa dk l'kdrhdj.k u dsoy lkekftd lekukrk ds fy, t:jh gs] cfyd ;g xjhch muewyu] vkffkzd fodkl] vksj vu; lekt dh etcwrh ds fy, Hkh mruk gh t:jh gsa 21 oha lnh ds lekt dh ckr dh tk;s rks vkt Hkh efgykvksa dks os vf/kdkj ugha feys gas ftudh os gdnkj gasa vkt Hkh muls dbz txg?kfv;k O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gs mu ij gkoh gksus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gsa ;g gesa lkspus ij foo'k djrk gs fd brus lkekftd tkx:drk QSykus okys dk;zøe pyus ds ckotwn D;ksa gj txg flqz efgyk dks ijs'kku gksuk im+rk gs\ D;ksa mugsa ekufld ihm+k lguh im+rh gs\ efgykvksa ds mrfkku esa Hkkjr ljdkj Hkh ihns ugha gsa chrsa dqn lkyksa esa ljdkj }kjk vufxur ;kstuk,a pykbz xbz gsa tks efgykvksa dks lkekftd csfm;k rksm+us esa en~n dj jgh gsa rfkk lkfk gh lkfk mugsa vkxs c<+kus esa izsfjr dj jgh gsaa ljdkj us iqjkus odr ds izpyuksa dks can djus 'kks/k /kkjk 232

243 ds lkfk&lkfk mu ij dkuwuu jksd yxk nh gs] ftuesa eq[; Fks cky fookg] Hkwz.k gr;k] ngst izfkk] cky etnwjh]?kjsyw fgalk vkfna bu lhkh dks dkuwuh :i ls izfrca/k yxkus ds ckn lekt esa efgykvksa dh flfkfr esa dkqh lq/kkj vk;k gsa dbz voljksa ij ns[kk x;k gs fd efgykvksa ds lkfk fueu ntzs dk crkzo fd;k tkrk gs ij lcds lkfk,slk ugha gsa lekt esa efgykvksa ds dbz,sls mnkgj.k Hkh gas tks NksVh mez dh ym+fd;ksa ds fy, izsj.kk gsa Jherh fdj.k csnh,d,slh ukjh gsa tks iwjs efgyk oxz ds fy, izsj.kknk;d fl) gqbzaa efgykvksa dks t:jr gs fd os viuh {kerk dks igpkuas vksj iz;kl djsa fd vius ifjokj ds lkfk&lkfk ns'k vksj lekt ds fodkl ds izfr viuh Hkwfedk dks fuhkk ldsaa ljdkj dks Hkh T+;knk ls T+;knk ;kstuk efgykvksa ds fodkl ds fy, pykuh pkfg,a ;s cnyko rhkh lehko gs tc lkjk lekt,d lkfk [km+k gksdj ldkjkred :[k ls dke djsa ge ;g vpnh rjg tkurs gsa fd ekr Ro ds vk xu esa gh gekjs O;fDrRo dk fodkl gksrk gsa ek gh cpps dh izfke f'kf{kdk gksrh gsa gesa ;g drbz ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd& l'kdr ukjh] l'kdr lekt] l'kdr lekt] l'kdr ns'k gksrk gsa 'kk;n blfy, 'kj&'ks;k ij ysvs Hkh"e firkeg us vius vafre le; esa iakmoksa dks jktuhfr ds ikb i<+krs gq, ulhgr nh Fkh fd jktk dh dq'kyrk bl rf; dh eksgrkt gksrh gs fd mlds jkt; esa efgykvksa dk leeku fdruk gksxka ;gh dkj.k gs fd vkt efgyk l'kfdrdj.k ljdkj dh miyfcèk;ksa dk lkfkzd ekin.m cuk gqvk gsa o"kz 2011 ds bafnjk xk /kh 'kkfur iqjldkj iznku djrs le; Hkkjr ds iwoz jk"vªifr iz.ko eq[kthz us dgk Fkk fd jk"vª dh vkffkzd xfrfof/k;ksa esa efgykvksa dh mfpr Hkkxhnkjh ds fcuk lkekftd izxfr dh vis{kk j[kuk rdz laxr ugha gksxka tgka&tgka efgykvksa dh O;kikj o dkwjisjsv txr esa vge Hkkxhnkjh jgh gsa ¼,d la;qdr jk"vª ds lozs{k.k ds eqrkfcd½ ;gka djhc 53 izfr'kr vf/kd ykhkka'k vksj djhc 24 izfr'kr vf/kd fcøh ik;h x;h gsa tc rd efgykvksa dk lkekftd] ospkfjd,oa ikfjokfjd rksj ij mrfkku ugha gksxk rc rd l'kdrhdj.k dk <ksy ihvuk,d [ksy ek=k gh cuk jgsxka lkekftd mrfkku dk vk/kkj LrEHk gs ukjha f'kf{kr O;fDr gh viuh lekurk vksj LorU=krk ds lkfk&lkfk viuh dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa dk csgrj mi;ksx dj ldrk gsa vius vkre leeku dh j{kk dj ldrk gsa vxj ukjh dks i<+us nsaxs rks og viuh 'kfdr dk ifjp; c[kwch fn;k gsa iwoz iz/kkuea=kh Jherh bfunjk xk /kh] iwoz iqfyl dfe'uj Jherh fdj.k csnh] vkbz-lh-vkbz-lh-vkbz- dh funs'kd pank dkspj vkfn blds mnkgj.k gsa fofo/k 'kfdr;ksa ds ifj.kklo:i efgykvksa dk jk"vªfuekz.k vksj fodkl esa v)qr vksj vrqyuh; ;ksxnku gsa efgykvksa ds bl lrr~ ;ksxnku dks ge dqn fcunqvksa ds ek/;e ls le> ldrs gsa& 1- ekrk ds :i esa ;ksxnku& usiksfy;u cksukikvz us ^^ek ^^ dh xfjek dks le>rs gq, dgk Fkk fd eq>s,d ;ksx; ekrk nks] esa rqegsa,d ;ksx; jk"vª nwxk A bl dfku ls ek ds Lo:i dk jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl es vrqyuh; ;ksxnku fnik gsa ekuo dy;k.k dh Hkkouk] drzo;] l tuhyrk,oa eerk dks lokzsifj ekurs gq, efgykvksa us bl txr esa ek ds :i esa viuh lokzsifj Hkwfedk dks fuhkkrs gq, jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k nkf;roksa dk fuozgu fd;k gsa cppksa dks tue nsdj mudk ykyu 'kks/k /kkjk 233

244 iks"k.k djrs gq, muesa laldkj vksj ln~xq.kksa dk mppre fodkl djrh gs rfkk jk"vª ds izfr mudh fteesnkjh dks lqfuf'pr djrh gsaa rkfd jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl fucak/k xfr ls gksrk jgsa ohj Hkxr flag] punz'ks[kj] foosdkuun tslh fohkwfr;ksa dk ns'kfgr esa vorkj ^^ek ^^ ds Lo:i dh gh nsu gsa ekrk thtkckbz] t;oarkckbz] iuuk/kk; tslh vusd ekrkvksa dks R;kx] leiz.k vksj cfynku vkt Hkh bfrgkl ds Lof.kZe iuuksa ij vafdr gsa 2- iruh ds :i esa ;ksxnku & ek ds i'pkr iruh dk vorkj jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa egrh Hkwfedk fuhkkrk gsa iruh pkgs rks ifr dks xq.koku vksj ln~xq.kh cuk ldrh gsa lfn;ksa ls ns[kus esa vk;k gs] fd tc Hkh ns'k ij ladv vk;k gs rks ifru;ksa us gh vius 'kksgj ds ekfks ij fryd yxkdj tks'k tquwu vksj fo'okl ds lkfk j.khkwfe esa Hkstk gsa rqylhnkl th ds thou dks vk/;kfred psruk iznku djus esa mudh iruh jrukoyh dk gh cqf) pkrq;z FkkA ^fon~;ksrrek^ us dkyhnkl dks lald r dk izdkam egkdfo cuok;k FkkA 3- x fg.kh ds :i esa ;ksxnku%&,d xzfg.kh ds :i esa og leiw.kz ifjokj dk lqpk: :i ls lapkyu djrh gs rfkk ifjokj ds lapkyu gsrq cpr dh izo frr dks Hkh fodflr djrh gsa o"kz 1930] 1998] 2008 vksj 2014 esa vkbz osf'od vkffkzd eanh ls lhkh ns'k xzflr gq,] ijurq Hkkjr ughaa D;ksafd Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh cpr dh izd fr us Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dks cpk;ka,slk gh mnkgj.k gesa o"kz 2016 dh uksvcanh ds nksjku ns[kus dks feyka blh ds nksjku yxhkx 65 izfr'kr efgyk,as d f"k,oa i'kqikyu dk dk;z djrs gq, ns'k dh vfkzo;olfkk ds fodkl dks c<+kok nsrh gsaa buds vfrfjdr glrdykvksa djrs gq, Hkh fodkl dk;kzsa dks xfr iznku djrh gsaa vr% ;g Hkh jk"vª & fuekz.k vksj fodkl dk gh,d fgllk gsa 4- lald fr] laldkj vksj ijeijkvksa dh lajf{kr ds :i esa ;ksxnku&efgyk, gh lald fr] laldkj vksj ijeijkvksa dh oklrfod lajf{kdk gksrh gsa os ih<+h nj ih<+h budk lapkj.k vksj laj{k.k djrh jgrh gsaa 5- lkekftd,oa /kkfezd ;ksxnku%& lh;rk] lald fr] laldkj vksj ijeijk efgykvksa ds dkj.k gh,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h esa glrkurfjr gksrh gsa vr% efgykvksa ds lkekftd&'ksf{kd&/kkfezd dk;z O;fDr] ifjokj] lekt vksj jk"vª dks l'kdr cukrs gsaa dgk Hkh x;k gs fd& l'kdr efgyk] l'kdr lekt vk/kkjf'kyk gsaa 6- f'k{kd ds :i esa ;ksxnku%& ekrk cpps dh izfke f'k{kd gs] tks cpps ds lokzaxh.k fodkl ds fy, mùkjknk;h gsa tc ;g f'kf{kdk ifjokj ls fudydj lekt esa f'k{kk dk nku djrh gs rks ;g,d lokzsrre vksj ikou dk;z gks tkrk gsa ns'k dh izfke f'kf{kdk ^lkfo=kh ckbz Qqys^,d mnkgj.k gsa 7- LorU=krk vkanksyu esa ;ksxnku%& Hkkjrh; LorU=krk vkanksyu esa efgykvksa us viuh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr dj Hkkjr dk uo&fuekz.k djok;ka gekjs LorU=krk vkanksyu esa vusd efgykvksa us viuk vewy; ;ksxnku nsrs gq, viuk lozlo U;kSNkoj dj fn;ka dsivu y{eh lgxy] v:.kk vklq vyh] esme Hkhdkth dkaek] ljksftuh uk;mw vksj,uh cslsuv tslh fdruh efgykvksa us jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk vrqyuh; ;ksxnku fn;k gsa 8- oskkfud ;ksxnku%&vkt vusd efgyk, j{kk fo'ks"kk ds :i esa viuk ;ksxnku jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa ns jgh gsaa MkW0 Vslh FkkWel us vfxu&5 felkbyksa dh ;kstuk dk izfrfuf/kro djrs gq, 'kks/k /kkjk 234

245 ^^Hkkjr dh felkby oqesu vksj vfxuiq=kh^^ dk leeku gkfly fd;k gsa 9- jktuhfr esa ;ksxnku%& ns'k dh jktuhfr dh n'kk bl ckr ij fuhkzj djrh gsa fd mudk lapkyu djus okyk O;fDrRo dslk gs\ efgykvksa us ;g fl) djds fn[kk;k gs fd oks jktusfrd fodkl esa viuh Hkkxhnkjh c[kwch fuhkk ldrh gsaa ljkstuh uk;mw] lqpsrk d iykuh] bafnjk xk /kh br;kfn vusd efgykvksa us viuh jktusfrd izfrhkk dk iz;ksx jk"vª &fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa fd;k gs] tks fd,d egroiw.kz vksj lkfkzd dne gsa 10- iz'kklfud {ks=k esa ;ksxnku%& fdlh Hkh jk"vª dk iz'kklu ml jk"vª dh izxfr vksj fodkl dk lwpd gksrk gsa ;fn iz'kklfud n{krk vksj dq'kyrk lqn <+ gs rks jk"vª dh izxfr vksj fodkl lqfuf'pr gsa orzeku esa vusd efgyk,a Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok vksj jkt; iz'kklfud lsokvksa esa viuh miflfkfr lqfuf'pr dj jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk vrqyuh; ;ksxnku ns jgh gsaa nqxkz 'kfdr ukxiky Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok vf/kdkjh gsa tks viuh bzekunkjh ds fy, tkuh tkrh gsaa mugsa vos/k [kuu ds f[kykq ekspkz [kksyus ds dkj.k fuyfecr dj fn;k x;ka Nfo jktkor Hkkjr dh igyh,e-ch-,- ljiap gsa 11- lkfgfr;d ;ksnku%& lkfgr; lekt dk niz.k gksrk gsa lkfgr; ds ek/;e ls jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl mppre Lrj ij fd;k tk ldrk gs] D;ksafd lkfgr; ds }kjk u dsoy cqf)&dks'ky oju~ O;fDrRo dk leiw.kz fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gsaa vusd efgykvksa us lkfgr; l tu/kfezrk ds }kjk jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku fn;k gs( tsls&egknsoh oekz] ve rk izhre] vk'kkiw.kkz nsoh] egk'osrk nsoh] >qaik ykfg.kh vksj lqhknzk dqekjh pksgku br;kfna bugksaus,slk dkyt;h lkfgr; fy[kk tks fd O;fDrRo fodkl ds lkfk&lkfk vk/;kfred vksj usfrd fodkl dks Hkh cy iznku djrk gs] ftlesa psruk vksj jk"vª&fuekz.k ds Loj eq[kfjr gksrs gsaa vr% ge dg ldrs gsa fd efgykvksa us vius drzo;] dezbrk vksj l tu'khyrk ds ek/;e ls jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa vkt Hkh ukjh iq:"kksa ds leku gh lqf'kf{kr] l{ke vksj lqy gsa] pkgs og {ks=k lkekftd] vkffkzd] jktusfrd] /kkfezd] [ksy] dyk] lkfgr;] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] [kxksy] fpfdrlk] lsok] ehfm;k ;k i=kdkfjrk dksbz Hkh gksa ifjokj vksj lekt dks lehkkyrs gq, jk"vªh; vksj varjk"vªh; Lrj ij ukjh us ges'kk ls gh fot;&irkdk ygjkrs gq, jk"vª vksj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k vksj vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa tsls&egknsoh oekz] ve rk izhre] vk'kkiw.kkz nsoh] egk'osrk nsoh] >qeik ykfg.kh vksj lqhknzk dqekjh pksgku br;kfna bugksaus,slk dkyt; lkfgr; fy[kk tks fd O;fDrRo fodkl ds lkfk&lkfk vk/;kfred vksj usfrd fodkl dks Hkh cy iznku djrk gs] ftlesa psruk vksj jk"vª&fuekz.k ds Loj eq[kfjr gksrs gsaa vr% ge dg ldrs gs fd efgykvksa us vius drzo;] dezbrk vksj l tu'khyrk ds ek/;e ls jk"vª&fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa viuk vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa vkt Hkh ukjh iq:"kkas ds leku gh lqf'kf{kr l{ke vksj lqy gs] pkgs og {ks=k lkekftd] vkffkzd] jktusfrd] /kkfezd] [ksy] dyk] lkfgr;] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] [kxksy] fpfdrlk] lsok] ehfm;k ;k i=kdkfjrk dksbz Hkh gksa ifjokj vksj lekt dks lhkkyrs gq, jk"vªh; vksj vurjkz"vªh; Lrj ij ukjh us ges'kk ls gh fot;&irkdk ygjkrs gq, jk"vª vksj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k vksj vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa orzeku le; esa,d ifjokj lekt vksj ns'k dh izxfr esa ukjh dk ljkguh; ;ksxnku gsa 'kks/k /kkjk 235

246 blfy, iwjh nqfu;k ukjh l'kdrhdj.k dk fcxqy ctk jgh gsa u,&u, {ks=kksa esa L=kh dh izfrhkk dh igpku gks jgh gsa efgyk,a ifjokj cukrh gsaa ifjokj?kj cukrk gs]?kj lekt cukrk gs vksj lekt gh ns'k cukrk gsa efgyk dh {kerk dks utjvankt djds lekt dh dyiuk djuk O;FkZ gsa f'k{kk vksj efgyk l'kdrhdj.k ds fcuk ifjokj lekt vksj ns'k dk fodkl ughsa gks ldrk gsa ukjh ds leekku vksj f'k{kk ds fy, gj O;fDr dks viuk lg;ksx djuk pkfg, rkfd,d fodkl'khy jk"vª dk fuekz.k gks ldsa lanhkz 1- dqekj] MkW0 iznhi( jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk 2- fodhihfm;k&iapk;r,oa efgyk,a 3- fgunh dh nqfu;k&efgykvksa dh ljkg esa Hkwfedk 4- fgunh O;kdj.k&jk"Vª fuekz.k esa ukjh dk ;ksxnku 5- >k] xaqts'k xksre] jk"vª fuekz.k esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku 6-,l] fiz;n'kz] Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk 'kks/k /kkjk 236

247 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkfedk MkW- ¼Jherh½ y{eh c tcklh lgk0 f'k{kd] Hkjkjh] ¼jruiqj½] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract jk"vª,oa fo'o fodkl ds ihns ukfj;ksa ds R;kx] cfynku,oa ;ksxnku dh Hkwfedk egroiw.kz jgh gsa vesfjdk] dukmk tsls fodflr ns'kksa ds leku vkt vyifodkl'khy ns'kksa esa Hkh ;g cnyko fn[kkbz ns jgk gsa tgk iq:"kksa dk,dkf/kdkj Fkk] ogk efgyk,a bl {ks=k esa viuk yksgk euok jgh gsaa pkgs varfj{k mm+ku gks] iozrkjksg.k] lkgliw.kz {ks=k] jktuhfrd lkekftd {ks=k gks gj txg efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+h gsa osfnd dky esa lfn;ksa ls tks csfm+;ksa ls tdm+h Fkha] mls rksm+dj vkt og viuh ubz igpku cukus esa tqvh gsa ukjh 'kfdr mhkj dj lkeus vk jgh gsa vkt ukjh vcyk ugha cfyd og iq:"kksa ls nqczy ugha muls dgha T;knk l{ke vksj lcy gsaa vius lkfk&lkfk ifjokj vksj lekt dks,drk ds lw=k esa ck /kdj gekjs lkalñfrd /kjksgj dks Hkh vkxs c<+k jgh gsaa ukjh ifjokj dh xq: gsa ogh lekt dks,d ;ksx; ukxfjd ns ldrh gsa Lokeh foosdkuan ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh jk"vª dh izxfr dk lokszre FkekZehVj gs ogk dh efgykvks dh flfkrh Figure : 00 References : 05 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh 'kfdr] jk"vª fodkl vksj izkphu lanhkz Hkwfedk& jk"vª ekuoksa dh HkkoukRed rfkk lkalñfrd,drk ls curk gsa lewgksa dh,drk gh jk"vª gsa vksj blh lewgksa dh,drk eas nks yksxkas dh Hkwfedk gksrh gs% uj vksj ukjh dha vxj nksukas da/ks ls daèkk feykdj pysa rks jk"vª ds fodkl esa dksbz ck/kk ugha vk ldrh gsa vkt dh ukjh varfj{k ls ysdj tehu Lrj rd tqm+h gs] ftlesa og ok;q;ku ls ysdj cl] vkvks fjd'kk pyk jgh gsa Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa efgykvksa dks dkuwu ds ek/;e ls Hkh fo'ks"k izko/kku,oa vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gsa yksdlhkk esa efgykvksa ds fy, vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk] vuqpnsn 332 ¼d½ esa izlrkfor 84osa lfo/kku lalks/ku ds tfj, jkt;ksa dh fo/kku lhkkvks esa efgykvkas ds vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk gsa osfnd lh;rk ls orzeku rd ukjh dh Hkwfedk ns[kh tk; rks ukjh ds vflrro vksj lekt ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku dks udkjk ugha tk ldrka tks vkt gekjs fy, izsj.kk ds :i esa lkeus vkrh jgh gsa osfnd lh;rk dks nks Hkkxks esa ckavk x;k gs 1-_XoSfnd dky 2- mùkj osfnd dky _XoSfnd dky& bl dky esa ukjh dh lkekftd n'kk ns[kh tk, rks ukfj;kas dks i;kzir Lora=krk FkhA os ;K esa rfkk lhkk lfefr;kas dh dk;zokgh esa Hkkx ysrh FkhaA fu;ksx izfkk]fo/kok fookg rfkk cgq iruh fookg dk Hkh vflrro FkkA fl=k;kas ds f'k{kk dk izca/k Fkk] lrh izfkk dk pyu ugha FkkA mùkj osfnd dky& bl dky esa ukjh dh lekftd n'kk esa fxjkov vkjahk gks x;k FkkA mugs ;Kksa vksj lhkk lfefr dh dk;zokgh esa Hkkx ysus ls izfrcaf/kr dj fn;k x;ka ukjh dh n'kk vr;r n;uh; FkhA iq:"kksa ds }kjk mudk 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk FkkA mudks Hkksx foykl dh olrq cuk j[kk FkkA 'kks/k /kkjk 237

248 ijarq laiw.kz Hkkjr esa,slk ugha FkkA dbz txg ohjkaxukvksa dk mn; gqvk FkkA ftugksus iq:"k izèkku lekt dks pquksrh nh^ vksj ukjh 'kfdr tkx:d dj jk"vª ds fodkl esa Hkkxhnkj cudj vge Hkwfedk fuhkkbz vksj ;ksxnku fn;ka ml le; jft;k lqyrku] pk nchch] vfgy;k ckbz rfkk jkuh y{eh ckbz tslh ukjh 'kfdr dk mn; gqvka osfnd lh;rk ds fuekz.k eas ge dfiyk] v:a/kfr vksj es=ks;h] xkxhz tslh fonq"kh dsds;h ukfj;kas ds ;ksxnku dks Hkh ugha Hkwy ldrsa rfkk Loa+r=krk laxzke esa dlrwjck ckbz] ljkstuh uk;mw] deyk usg: bu efgykvksa us iq:"kkas ls da/kk feykdj iwjk lg;ksx fn;k FkkA vk/kqfud fparu& vkt ds bl vk/kqfud ;qx esa ukjh iq:"k ls fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa ihns ugha gsa pkgs og jktuhfrd ;ksxnku] iz'kklfud {ks=k] lekftd {ks=k ;k O;kolkf;d {ks=k] oskkfud ;k dyk {ks=k] fpfdrlk {ks=k] lkalñfrd lkfgr; ;k /kkfezd {ks=k gks( ukjh gj {ks=k esa viuk vyx LFkku cuk pqdh gsa ukjh us ijeijkvkas dh lajf{kdk ds :i esa ;ksxnku fn;k gsa ukjh x g.kh ds :i esa] iruh ds :i esa fo'ks"k Hkwfedk fuhkkrs gq, jk"vª dks,drk ds HkkoukRed :i esa cka/ks gq, gsaa vktknh ls ysdj orzeku rd gekjs ns'k esa,slh egku ukfj;ksa us tue fy;k gs] ftugksus vkleku dh cqayfn;ksa dks Nqvk gs rfkk ns'k dk uke iwjs fo'o esa Åapk fd;k gsa ftues ls bafnjk xka/ kh ¼iz/kkuea=kh½] fdj.k csnh ¼vkbZ0ih0,l½] lquhrk fofy;el] dyiuk pkoyk ¼varfj{k ;k=kh½] dyk {ks=k esa yrk eaxs'kdj ¼xkf;dk½ [ksy {ks=k esa ih0vh0 Å"kk] lkfu;k fetkz] lkekftd {ks=k esa enj Vsjlk bu lhkh ukfj;ksa dk uke myys[kuh; gsa vkt ukjh dks 'kfdr ds :i esa ns[kk tk jgk gsa os fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa viuk yksgk euokus esa ihns ugha gsa lfn;kas ls dksbz Hkh iq.; dk;z ukjh ds fcuk iw.kz ugha gksrk gs pkgs ;K gks] vuq"bku ;k fuekz.k dk;z gksa ukjh gh ekuo lekt dh tuuh gsa ckyd dh xq:] rfkk iq:"k dh izsj.kk gsa,d ukjh gh gs] tks?kj dks LoxZ lk cukrh gs vksj lekt o ifjokj dks iw.kz djrh gsa,d ukjh gh cpps dks tue ls ysdj var rd jk"vª fuekz.k esa ;ksxnku nsus yk;d cukrh gsa ukjh gh ml cpps dk Hkfo"; fuekz.k djrh gsa vksj lekt o jk"vª dks,d ;ksx; ukxfjd nsrh gsa bl rjg,d ukjh gh jk"vª fodkl dh uhao j[krh gsa milagkj& ukjh gh jk"vª fodkl dh tuuh gsa mlh ds }kjk jk"vª fuek.kz ds fy, ;ksx; O;fDÙk rs;kj gksrk gsa pkgs og ckyd gks vfkok iq:"k mlh dh izsj.kk ls og lekt dks ldjkred :i ls fodkl dh vksj vxzlj djrk gsa,slss Hkh ukjh dks,d 'kfdr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gs rfkk vkt ukjh,d 'kfdr cudj gj {ks=k esa igpku cuk jgh gsa vkt ds ;qx esa efgykvkas dks iq:"k ds cjkcj dk ntkz gekjs ;qok ns jgs gsaa os efgykvkas ds fy, [kqys fopkj dh lksp j[krs gsa] mugs vkxs c<+us ds fy;s ges'kk izksrlkfgr djrs gsaa iajrq vhkh Hkh dbz iq:"k iqjkru lksp fy, gq, gs ukjh dks viuh laifùk le>rs gsaa mudh {kerk dks de vkadrs gsaa mudks?kj dh pkjnhokjh esa thus dks foo'k djrs gasa efgykvkas dks lafo/kku esa cjkcj dk ntkz izkir gksrs gq, Hkh efgyk,a [kqn dks vlqjf{kr eglwl dj jgh gsa tks mudks vkxs c<+us ls jksdrh gsa vkt lekt dks pkfg, fd ukjh dks Hkh viuh {kerk ds vuqlkj vkxs c<+us ds fy, izksrlkfgr djsa lalk/ku] f'k{kk rfkk mfpr okrko.k cuk,] ysafxd vlekurk dks nwj djsa vkt ukjh dks FkksM+h lgk;rk vksj lkfk dh vko'drk gsa ukjh eas vikj {kerk gksrh gsa mls viuh {kerkvksa dk nksgu djus nsa fqj ns[ks fd oks fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa iq:"kkas ls de ugha gsa oks Hkh jk"vª ds fodkl esa viuk 'kks/k /kkjk 238

249 ldkjkred lg;ksx ns ldrh gsa dgkor gs fd gj lqy iq:"kkas ds ihns,d ukjh dk gkfk gksrk gsa vxj,d ukjh,d iq:"k dks lqy cuk ldrh gs rks mldh {kerk ij fdlh dks lansg ugha gksuk pkfg,] oks [kqn Hkh lqy gks ldrh gs] cl mls Hkh lg;ksx,oa lk/ku pkfg,a vxj ukjh Bku ys rks 'kkafr yk ldrh gs vksj egkhkkjr Hkh djok ldrh gsa ukjh dksey gs ij vcyk ughaa vkt dh ukjh viuh {kerkvksa rfkk vf/kdkjksa dks igpku pqdh gsa vksj gj {ks=k esa viuh igpku cukrs gq, jk"vª ds fodkl esa viuk lozjs"b ;ksxnku ns jgh gs rfkk lekt dks vkxs c<+k jgh gsa uj&ukjh thou :ih xkm+h ds nks ifg, gsaa nksuksa vxj lkfk&lkfk pyrs gsa rhkh ekuo] lekt rfkk jk"vª dk fodkl lahko gsa fgunh esa ukjh ;ksfxd 'kcn ¼uj$bZ½ gs vksjr ds fy, gekjh Hkkf"kd ijaijk esa lokzf/kd izpfyr rhu 'kcn gs L=kh] ukjh vksj efgyka buds vykok vkt Hkh Hkkjr ns'k esa ukjh dks nsoh vcyk] J)k vksj iwt;k tsls ukeksa ls lacksf/kr fd;k tkrk gsa rfkk vkt dh ukjh bu 'kcnkas ls mij mb dj 'kfdr ds :i esa igpku cuk pqdh gsa laiw.kz fo'o esa,slk dksbz jk"vª ugh gksxk ftlds fuekz.k esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku ugh gksa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa Hkh dkuwu ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa dh lqj{kk] vkj{k.k ds fy, fo'ks"k izo/kku j[ks x, gsaa leifrr esa gd] f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa fo'ks"k izok/kku] uksdjh esa vkj{k.k] lk{kkjrk nj 2011 ds vk dm+s vuqlkj 65 izfr'kr c<+h gsa jktuhfr {ks=k esa 50 izfr'kr efgykvkas dk vkj{k.k fn;k x;k gsa mlh ds lkfk ge dg ldrs gsa fd jk"vª fodkl eas ukjh gh ekuo dks HkkoukRed rfkk lkalñfrd :i ls,drk ds lw=k esa ck /k dj jk"vª dks fodkl dh vksj vxzlj djrh gsa lanhkz 1- foosdkuan] Lokeh( Hkkjrh; ukjh A 2- QfM+;k] ch0,y0( lkfgr; Hkou ifcyds'ku vkxjka 3- bzf'krk] izfr;ksfxrk lkajk'k ¼2012½ laldj.k 4- ekfyuh] gsek( esjh lgsyh¼2017½ laldj.k 5- usoj] latho( fgunw /kez es ukjh dh efgek 'kks/k /kkjk 239

250 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P Hkkjr jk"vª fuekz.k esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk dk,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k MkW0?ku';ke nqcs lgk;d izk/;kid] bfrgkl fohkkx] xq:?kklhnkl ¼dsUnzh;½ fo'ofo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ vfhk"ksd vxzoky 'kks/k Nk=k] bfrgkl fohkkx] xq:?kklhnkl ¼dsUnzh;½ fo'ofo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk izkphu dky ls gh vfr egroiw.kz jgh gsa mudk ;ksxnku izkphu dky ls gh jk"vª fuekz.k ds lhkh {ks=kksa esa jgk gsa izkphure lh;rk gm+iik vksj eksgu tksnm+ks esa Hkh efgyk, fo'ks"k LFkku j[krh FkhaA lsa/ko lekt esa ekr lrrkred O;oLFkk FkhA osfnd dky esa dbz fonq"kh ukfj;ksa jkse'kk] vikyk] moz'kh] fo'okjk] fldrk]?kks"kk] yksikeqnzk] fuykacjk dk myys[k feyrk gs( ftugksus _Xosn dh vusd _pkvksa dh jpuk esa ;ksxnku iznku fd;k FkkA e/;dky esa Hkh vusd fonq"kh efgyk, gqbza] ftugksus viuh iz'kklfud rfkk lkfgfr;d dq'kyrk ls tuekul dks izhkkfor fd;ka eqflye 'kkgh ifjokj dh ukfj;ksa esa ckcj dh iq=kh xqycnu csxe us ^gqeka;wukek* fy[kka vk/kqfud dky esa Lora=krk vkanksyu esa Hkh efgykvksa us egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkk;ha 1857 ds Lokèkhurk laxzke ls ysdj 1942 dh tuøkfur vksj fqj vktknh feyus rd efgykvksa dk Lok/khurk laxzke esa vewy; o lfø; ;ksxnku jgk gsa vaxsztksa ds fo:) 1857 ds la?k"kz esa fofhkuu ukfj;ksa us foæksg dk usr Ro fd;ka muesa lcls izeq[k uke jkuh y{ehckbz dk vkrk gsa jkuh y{ehckbz ds ckn vu; izeq[k ohjkaxukvksa esa csxe gtjr egy] csxe thur egy dk uke Hkh vxz.kh gsa vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds fuekz.k esa vusd fonq"kh,oa izcq) lekt lq/kkjd efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku gs( ftuesa Jherh,uh cslsav] ljksftuh uk;mw vkfn izeq[k gsa Hkkjr esa erkf/kdkj dk izfke iz;kl bugh nksuksa us fd;ka Figure : 00 References : 26 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vª fuekz.k,oa efgyk,a] jk"vª dh lalñfr,oa L=kh&fparu fdlh jk"vª ds pfj=k dk ifjpk;d lekt esa efgykvksa dh flfkfr rfkk izfr"bk gksrh gsa ns'k dh ukfj;k gh jk"vª dh fuekzrk gksrh gsaa fdlh Hkh jk"vª ds fodkl Lrj dks le>us ds fy, ml ns'k dh ukjh dh flfkfr dk Kku izkir djuk vko';d gsa ^^fdlh Hkh jk"vª dk mrfkku rfkk iru ml jk"vª dh efgykvksa dh flfkfr ij dkqh va'kksa esa fuhkzj djrk gsa ia usg: us dgk Fkk ^^eq>s iw.kz fo'okl gs fd vkt Hkkjr dh izxfr mldh efgykvksa dh flfkfr ls ekih tk ldrh gsa** 1 ^^fdlh jk"vª dh lh;rk,oa lald fr ds fuekz.k rfkk fodkl esa ukjh dk ;ksxnku cgqr egroiw.kz gksrk gsa Hkkjr esa /kez'kkfl=k;ksa us ukjh dks ije b"v dh Js.kh esa j[kk gsa bl lunhkz esa euq fy[krs gsa] ^^tgk ukjh dh mikluk gksrh gs] ogk nsork fuokl djrs gsaa** 2 Hkkjr jk"vª fuekz.k esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk izkphu dky ls gh vfr egroiw.kz jgh gsa mudk 'kks/k /kkjk 240

251 ;ksxnku jk"vª fuekz.k ds lhkh {ks=kksa esa jgk gsa efgykvksa us izkphu dky ls ysdj vk/kqfud dky rd jk"vª fuekz.k ds fofhkuu {ks=kksa esa egroiw.kz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa mudh Hkwfedk Hkkjr ds Lora=krk laxzke esa Hkh vfr egroiw.kz jgh gsa Hkkjr esa efgykvksa us vusd voljksa ij jktuhfrd rfkk vu; lekt fuekz.k ds dk;z fd, gsaa Ikzkphu dky esa jk"vª fuekz.k esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk% Hkkjr esa izkphu dky ls gh ukjh dh leekutud] lkglh] ohjkaxuk dh Nfo jgh gsa jk"vªh; vkanksyu izfø;k ls iwoz dk dky,sfrgkfld dky dgk tk ldrk gs] ftlesa ukjh ekr &lrrkred lekt O;oLFkk esa dchys dh eqf[k;k FkhA gekjh iksjkf.kd nsfo;k rfkk [kqnkbz ls izkir ukjh ewfrz;ksa esa cy'kkyh jkuh] egkjkuh] 'kkfldk jkuh ds n'kzu gksrs gsaa fo'o dh izkphure lh;rk gm+iik vksj eksgu tksnm+ks ds ewd izek.k ;gh crkrs gsa fd fla/kq lekt esa Hkh efgyk, fo'ks"k LFkku j[krh FkhaA lsa/ko lekt esa ekr lrrkred O;oLFkk FkhA^^flU/kq?kkVh dh lh;rk esa ukjh thou dh dqn >yd feyrh gsa vuqeku gs fd bl dky esa ije ukjh dh iwtk yksdfiz; FkhA [kqnkbz esa fev~vh dh cuh gqbz cgqr lh [km+h,oa v)z&uxu ukjh ewfrz;k izkir gqbza gsaa ;s ewfrz;k lahkor% ekr nsoh ;k izd fr nsoh dh gsaa izkphu lalkj esa ekr nsoh dk O;kid izpkj FkkA fluèkq?kkvh ds yksx Hkh mlls ifjfpr FksA** 3 fla/kq?kkvh lh;rk ds ekr lrrkred :i ds ckjs esa :lh bfrgkldkj th-,e-cksxkbz ysfou us fy[kk gs fd ^^fl=k;ksa dks fpf=kr djrh gqbz y?kq e.; ewfrz;k ikbz xbz gsa vksj ;g rf; ekr nsoh dh mikluk dh vksj bafxr djrk gsa** 4 vr% Hkkjr jk"vª ds izkphure lh;rk esa Hkh ukfj;ksa ds egroiw.kz ;ksxnku ds fp=k fla/kq?kkvh lh;rk esa iznf'kzr gksrs gsaa fla/kq?kkvh esa L=kh dk egro Fkk] blfy, ekr nsoh ds :i esa mugsa iwtk tkrk FkkA fla/kq?kkvh esa ekr lrrkred ifjokj dk izpyu FkkA osfnd dky esa ifjokj] lekt] jktuhfr] 'kkl=k ;gk rd fd 'kl=k fo k esa Hkh efgyk, iq:"kksa ds cjkcj ntkz j[krh Fkha rfkk os fofhkuu {ks=kksa esa iq:"kksa ds cjkcj jkt; fuekz.k ds dk;z esa lfø; FkhaA buesa dbz fonq"kh ukfj;ksa us iq:"kksa ls Hkh c<+dj dk;z fd;k gsa izkphu dky esa efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa ds leku cjkcjh dk ntkz izkir FkkA izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa dbz fonq"kh ukfj;ksa dk myys[k feyrk gs] ftudk LFkku lekt esa leekutud vksj e;kznk;qdr FkkA ^^o gnkj.;d mifu"kn esa,sls /kkfezd d R; dk myys[k gs ftudk mn~ns'; fonq"kh iq=kh izkir djuk FkkA fl=k;ksa dh f'k{kk dk iw.kz /;ku j[kk tkrk Fkk] ;g bl ckr ls Li"V gs fd _Xosn dh vusd _pk;sa yksikeqnzk] fujkojh vksj?kks"kk vkfn fonq"kh fl=k;ksa dh jph gqbz gsa** 5 blh dky esa ^^;kkoyd; dh iruh es=ks;h vius ifr ds lkfk nk'kzfud okn&fookn esa Hkkx ysrh FkhA xkxhz vksj vk=ks;h Hkh osfnd fl)kurksa ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr FkhaA** 6 lw=k xzafkksa] jkek;.k] vksj egkhkkjr ls Kkr gksrk gs fd fl+=k;k ml dky esa osfnd ea=kksa dh jpuk ds lkfk&lkfk /kkfezd d R; djrh FkhaA _Xosn ds dbz ea=kksa dh jpuk fl=k;ksa us dh FkhA vk'oyk;u x glw=k esa _f"k;ksa ds lkfk xkxhz okpøoh] cm+ok] izfrfks;h] lqyhkk,oa es=ks;h uked f'kf{kdkvksa ds fy, Hkh riz.k dh O;oLFkk dh xbz gsa iratfy ls Kkr gksrk gs fd dbz czkã.k fl=k;k O;kdj.k vfkok ehekalk esa fo'ks"k v/;;u djrh FkhaA dkykurj eas n'kzu fl)kurksa ds mn~hko gksus ij n'kzuksa ds v/;;u vksj fparu esa Hkh fl=k;k ihns ugha FkhaA dbz dks bl {ks=k esa fo'ks"k izfr"bk izkir FkhA izfl) nk'kzfud ;kkoyd; dh iruh es=ks;h vius ifr dh vuq:i FkhA o gnkj.;d mifu"kn ls Kkr 'kks/k /kkjk 241

252 gksrk gs fd tud dh jktlhkk esa xkxhz okpøoh us ;kkoyd; ds nkar [kv~vs dj fn, FksA ^^izkphu dky esa vusd lqf'kf{kr ifjokj dh fl=k;k us dof;f=k;ksa ds :i esa Hkh izflf) ik;h FkhaA fottk] lhrk vkfn dof;f=k;ksa dh mrd "V jpuk;sa dko; laxzgksa esa LFkku ikrh gsaa bl dky ds bfrgkl esa dbz jkfu;ksa ds mnkgj.k feyrs gsa] ftugksus 'kklu lw=k lahkkysa** 7 izkphu dky esa lkfgr; ds {ks=k esa dbz fonq"kh ukfj;ksa ds vfrfjdr,slh ukfj;ksa ds mnkgj.k Hkh feyrs gsa] ftugksus viuh jktuhfrd fo}rrk ls tuekul dks izhkkfor fd;ka izkphu dky esa fofhkuu jktoa'kksa dh jkfu;ksa us viuh jktuhfrd ;ksx;rk dk ifjp; nsrs gq, dq'ky jktdkt dk lapkyu fd;k FkkA ^^xqir dky dh ukfj;k jktusfrd] lkekftd o /kkfezzd dk;ksza esa vius ifr ds lkfk Hkkx ysrh FkhaA paunzxqir f}rh; dh du;k vksj okdkvd ujs'k :nzlsu f}rh; dh iruh izhkkorh xqir,d izfrhkk'kkyh ukjh FkhA mlus vius iq=k fnokdjlsu vksj nkeksnj lsu dh cky;kolfkk esa lqyrkiwozd okdkvd 'kklu dk lapkyu fd;k FkkA** 8 izkphu dky esa ukfj;ksa us u dsoy jktuhfr ds {ks=k esa viuh ;ksx;rk dk izn'kzu fd;k] vfirq mugksus lkfgr; ds {ks=k esa Hkh mrd "V dk;z fd;ka ^^ukfj;ksa us lkfgr; ds {ks=k esa vuqie izflf) izkir dh Fkh,oa mudh jpuk;sa rrdkyhu lkfgr; dks cgqewy; nsu gsaa iq:"k ds leku fl=k;k Hkh dfo gksrh FkhaA dfork ys[ku ds vfrfjdr lekykspukvksa esa Hkh fl=k;k fo'ks"k :fp ysrh FkhaA dko; ehekalk ds jpf;rk jkt'ks[kj dh iruh vofur lqanj dfof;=kh,oa Vhdkdkj nksuksa gh FkhA lald r dko; dh og izdk.m iafmr FkhA eksfj[kk,oa fottk ¼vkBoha 'krh½ Hkh egku dof;f=k;k FkhaA fottkk us ekuo] izse,oa izd fr ij eq[; jpuk;sa dh gsa] dkseqnh egksrlo uked izfl) xzufk dh jpuk Hkh bugksus dh gsa nf{k.k Hkkjr dh izfl) fonqf"k;ksa,oa dof;f=k;ksa esa jkuh fot;hkv~vkfjdk mpp dksfv dh dof;=kh FkhaA e.mu fej dh iruh Hkkjrh] ehekalk] osnkur dh Kkrk Fkha rfkk viuh cksf)d foy{k.krk ds dkj.k 'kadjkpk;z rfkk e.mufej ds chp gq, 'kkkl=kkfkz dh fu.kkzf;dk fu;qdr dh xbz FkhA** 9 izkphu Hkkjrh; lald fr dh vksj n f"vikr djus ij jktuhfr] /kez] lkfgr; vkfn {ks=k esa ukjh ds ;ksxnku dk ifjy{k.k gksrk gsa flu/kq?kkvh lh;rk ls ysdj xqirdky rd Hkkjrh; ukfj;ksa us jk"vª fuekz.k ds lhkh {ks=kksa esa izhkkoh Hkwfedk fuhkkbza e/;dkyhu Hkkjr esa ukfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk%& e/;dkyhu bfrgkl esa jk"vª fuekz.k ds fofhkuu {ks=kksa esa ukfj;ksa ds fofhkuu Lo:i ds n'kzu gksrs gsaa e/;dky esa lyrurdky ls ysdj eqxy dky rd fofhkuu ukfj;ksa us jktuhfrd] lkfgfr;d rfkk lkald frd dk;ksza ds }kjk viuh,d vyx igpku cuk;h gsa bl ;qx dh vusd fl=k;ksa dk Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa viuk LFkku gsa xksamokuk dh jkuh nqxkzorh] jkuh dezorh] ehjk ckbz rfkk rkjkckbz blds izeq[k mnkgj.k gsaa bl ;qx esa Hkh dbz mpp dksfv dh fonq"kh ukfj;ksa ds mnkgj.k feyrs gsa] ftuls ;g irk pyrk gs fd bu dky esa Hkh ukfj;k dks mpp dksfv dh f'k{kk izkir djrh FkhA jktdqekjh fo k] bunqefr] n;kckbz] lgtkckbz] ehjkckbz] xaxkckbz] lksudqekjh] panzkorh bl ;qx dh fonq"kh efgyk FkhaA ^^ehjkckbz dk uke dfork ds {ks=k esa myys[kuh; gsa jkehknzkeck us lald r Hkk"kk esa j?kqukfk vh;qn; dh jpuk dha e/kqjok.kh uked L=kh us vku/kz Hkk"kk esa jkek;.k dk vuqokn fd;ka egkjk"vª esa jkenkl 'kks/k /kkjk 242

253 dh nks izeq[k f'k";k,% vdkckbz vksj dsukckbz lkfgfr;d {ks=k esa fo'ks"k izfrhkk j[krh FkhaA** 10 bl ;qx dh vu; fonq"kh efgykvksa us lkfgr; ds {ks=k esa vusd miyfc/k;k gkfly dh gsaa eqflye 'kkgh ifjokj dh ukfj;ksa esa ckcj dh iq=kh xqycnu csxe us ^gqeka;wukek* fy[kk] lqyrkuk jft;k] lkezkkh uwjtgk tslh Qkjlh dh izfl) dof;f=k;ksa ds lkfk&lkfk tscqfuulk o tgkavkjk Hkh blh ;qx dh nsu gsaa ^^jft;k csxe] 'kkgrqdkzu efyydk, tgk ] jkt; iz'kklu dk;z esa n{k FkhaA ogha eqflye 'kkgh ifjokj dh ukfj;ksa esa ckcj dh iq=kh xqycnu csxe Qkjlh vksj rqdhz Hkk"kk vpnh rjg tkurh FkhA ckcj dh nwljh iq=kh xqy:[k csxe Hkh,d dof;=kh FkhA vdcj dh iruh lyhek csxe Qkjlh dh Kkrk FkhA vcnqjzghe [kku&[kkuk dh iq=kh tku&csxe,d i<+h fy[kh ukjh Fkh] mlus dqjku ij,d fvii.kh fy[kha eqerkt egy Qkjlh esa dfork;sa fy[krh FkhaA ukflj lrh mfuulk Qkjlh fonq"kh FkhA** 11 e/;dky esa ukfj;ksa us u dsoy lkfgr;,oa jpukred dk;ksza esa viuk ;ksx;rk dk ifjp; fn;k] vfirq mugksus fofhkuu dky [k.m esa jktuhfrd ;ksx;rk dk Hkh ifjp; fn;ka eqxy dky esa fl=k;ksa us 'kklu&izcfu/kdk ds :i esa fuiq.krk ls dk;z fd;ka ^^eqxydkyhu fl=k;ksa us 'kklu&izcu/k ds {ks=k esa Hkh viuh ;ksx;rk dk ifjp; fn;ka punsy jktdqekjh nqxkzorh us x<+xksfoun dk vr;ur dq'kyrk rfkk nwjnf'kzrk ls 'kklu&lapkyu fd;ka mlds jkt; esa yxhkx 70]000 xzke vksj dlcs lfeefyr Fks] ftudk 'kklu&izcu/k vr;ur dq'kyrk rfkk lqyrk ls fd;k tkrk FkkA dqn bfrgkldkjksa dk rks vuqeku gs fd nqxkzorh dk 'kklu&izcu/k lezkv vdcj ls Hkh vpnk FkkA 'kklu&izcu/k ds lkfk&lkfk nqxkzorh lsu;&lapkyu esa Hkh viwoz dq'ky FkhA** 12 nqxkzorh ds vfrfjdr Hkh pkanchch rfkk uwjtgk us Hkh fo'kky lkezkt; dk lapkyu dq'kyrkiwozd fd;ka ^^nqxkzorh ds leku pkanchch us vgenuxj us 'kklu dk lapkyu Hkh vr;ur fuiq.krk vksj dq'kyrk ls pyk;ka vyhenhz [kka dh iq=kh dks dkcqy dk oklrfod xozuj fu;qdr fd;k x;k FkkA eqxy&'kkld tgkaxhj ds 'kklu dh ckxmksj uwjtgk ds gkfk esa FkhA uwjtgk vius jkt; ds izr;sd fohkkx dk fujh{k.k djrh Fkh rfkk vko';drk im+us ij mfpr funsz'k nsrh FkhA fo/kok rkjkckbz eksgrs vius iq=k f'kokth f}rh; dh lajf{kdk FkhA ogh lkjs 'kklu dh ns[k&hkky djrh FkhA mlds dky esa vksjaxtsc dh lsuk Hkh vkdze.k djus ls fgpdrh FkhA tnqukfk ljdkj us muds 'kklu dh Hkwfj&Hkwfj iz'kalk dh gsa** 13 e/;dky esa fl=k;ksa us dsoy 'kklu lapkfydk ds :i esa viuh ;ksx;rk dk ifjp; fn;k vfirq dbz voljksa ij,d egku ;ks)k] ohjkaxuk dk Hkh ifjp; fn;ka eqxydky esa vusd ohj rfkk ;ks)k efgykvksa ds Hkh mnkgj.k feyrs gsaa ^^nqxkzorh,d ohj L=kh Fkh] mlus cktcgknqj ds fo:) vusd ;q) ym+s vksj mlesa lqyrk Hkh izkir dha QRRkk dh eka dk uke esokm+ ds bfrgkl esa vkt Hkh txexk jgk gsa vius lksyg o"khz; iq=k ds lkfk ;q) LFky esa tkdj mlus viwoz lkgl dk ifjp; fn;ka pkanchch us viwoz ohjrk vksj dq'kyrk ds lkfk vdcj dh lsuk dk lkeuk fd;k vksj vdcj dh lsuk dk vf/kdkj vgenuxj ij rhkh gks ldk] tc rd fd mlds ;q) djrs&djrs u fudy x;sa uwjtgk dh j.k&dq'kyrk dk irk mlds }kjk tgkaxhj dks egkor dh dsn ls NqM+kus yxrk gsa bl le; gkfkh ij lokj gksdj mlus Lo;a lsuk dk lapkyu fd;k FkkA** 14 Hkkjrh; Lora=krk la?k"kz vksj efgyk;sa% vaxsztksa ds fo:) la?k"kz dh 'kq:vkr 1857 ls ekuh tkrh gs] 'kks/k /kkjk 243

254 ftlesa lekt ds gj oxz us c<+ p<+ dj fgllk fy;ka ftlesa la?k"kz dk fofhkuu ukfj;ksa us Hkh foæksg dk usr Ro fd;ka os 1857 esa vaxzsth lrk dks m[kkm+ Qsdus dk ladyi ysdj viuh ekr Hkwfe dh vku vksj leeku ds fy, lc dqn R;kx dj gkfk esa ryokjas ysdj dwn im+ha ^^vaxzstksa ds f[kykq] la?k"kz djus okyh efgykvksa esa,slk gh,d mnkgj.k gs psuuek dka og fdurwj dh ohj jkuh FkhA vaxzstksa }kjk muds jkt; ds gm+ius dk mugksus fojks/k fd;ka 1824 esa vaxzstksa vksj jkuh psuuek dh lsuk ds chp ;q) gqvka bl ;q) esa cgqr ls vaxzst ekjs x, vksj vur esa jkuh dh Hkh e R;q gks x;ha** 15 MkW- m"kkokyk us ;g fy[kk gs&hkkjrh; ukjh vieku] vku vksj leeku ds fy, dkseyrk] d:.kk] vksj n;k dk ycknk mrkjdj Qsad nsrh gs vksj izfr'kks/k] izfr fgalk ds fy, nsoh ls nkuoh dk :i /kkj.k dj ysrh gsa,slk gh lksun;z vksj 'kks;z dk lkeatl; 1857 dh Økafr dk usr Ro djus okyh jkfu;ksa] egkjkfu;ksa] csxeksa vkfn esa feyrk gs ftugksaus vaxzsth 'kklu dh uhfr dks tm+ ls fgyk fn;ka** 16 ^^1857 ds fonzksg dky dh nks efgykvksa ds uke eq[; :i ls myys[kuh; gsaa os gsa >kalh dh jkuh y{eh ckbz vksj vo/k dh csxe gtjr egya >kalh dh jkuh ds usr Ro esa iq:"kksa ds gh ugha fl=k;ksa dh Hkh lsuk laxfbr dh x;h] ftlesa finm+h tkfr dh x glfk efgyk;sa FkhaA egy dh nkfl;ksa] njckj dh urzfd;ksa vksj uxj dh ohjkaxukvksa us Hkh?kaq?k:vksa dk ifjr;kx dj ryokj mbkbza bl ym+kbz esa jkuh dh gkj gqbz vksj e R;q Hkh] ijurq blesa jkuh dh ohjrk vlk/kkj.k jgha** 17 usrkth lqhkk"kpunz cksl us vktkn fgun QkSt esa fl=k;ksa dh,d jsthesuv cukbz Fkh] ftldk uke 1857 dh ohjkaxuk jkuh >kalh ds uke ij j[kk x;ka bl jsthesav dh iz/kku y{eh LokehukFku FkhaA jsthesav esa 1000 L=kh&lSfud FksA mugsa fof/kor izf'k{k.k fn;k x;ka tks ;ksx; Fkha mugsa ;q) {ks=k esa Hkstk x;ka 'ks"k dks uflzax ds dke esa yxk;k x;ka Hkkjr esa izfke Lora=krk laxzke ds bfrgkl esa >kalh dh jkuh y{ehckbz ds ckn tks izeq[k uke mhkjdj vkrk gs] og gs csxe gtjr egya csxe gtjr egy dk uke 1857 ds Lok/khurk laxzke esa vr;ur xksjo ds lkfk fy;k tkrk gsa csxe gtjr egy us vo/k esa Loar=krk laxzke dk usr Ro fd;k] egy ds vkjke nk;d thou ls fudy dj vaxzstksa dk eqdkcyk dj mugksaus viuk,d vyx gh LFkku dk;e fd;k gsa muds }kjk fd;k x;k foæksg Hkys gh lqy uk gqvk gks] ijurq mugksaus,slk dqn dj fn[kk;k ftls rrdkyhu iq:"k lekt ugha dj ldk FkkA 1857 ds fonzksg ds nksjku csxe gtjr egy us vzxzstksa dk MVdj lkeuk fd;ka ^^7 tqykbz 1857 dks os vo/k ds 11 o"kz ds uokc fcjftl dnz dh oks lajf{kdk cuhaa csxe gtjr egy dks ^tukc&,&vkfy;k* dk f[krkc fn;k x;ka muds lkeus vusdksa lel;k;sa Fkha ftudk mugksus MVdj lkeuk fd;ka muds usr Ro esa 1857 ds fonzksg ds nksjku vo/k ds Økafrdkfj;ksa us 02 tqykbz 1857 dks gsujh ykjsal dh rfkk 27 flrecj 1857 dks tujy uhy dh gr;k dj nha csxe gtjr egy ds usr Ro esa vo/k dh vusd efgykvksa us iq:"k os'k esa Øafr esa Hkkx fy;ka VkbEl ds laoknnkrk jlsy us mugsa vius ckn'kkg ifr ls vpnk enz crk;k FkkA** 18 ^^bfrgkl ds iuus iyvus ij irk pyrk gs fd Lora=krk vkanksyu esa Hkh efgykvksa us viuh Hkwfedk fuhkk;h FkhA 1857 dh Lok/khurk laxzke ls ysdj 1942 dh tuøkfur vksj fqj vktknh feyus rd efgykvksa dk Lok/khurk laxzke esa vewy; o lfø; ;ksxnku jgk gsa efgykvksa us u flqz iq:"kksa 'kks/k /kkjk 244

255 ds lkfk vktknh ds egk;k esa viuh vkgqfr nh vfirq dbz ekspksza ij rks mugksus Lo;a vaxzstksa ls yksgk fy;k vksj lhus ij xksfy;k [kk;haa xqykeh ds ml nksj esa Hkh efgyk,sa ym+kbz ds nwljs esnku&jktuhfr esa Hkh lfdz; FkhaA bl {ks=k esa v:.kk vklq vyh] ljksftuh uk;mw],suh cslsuv] deyk J)s; gsaa Hkkjr ds vk/kqfud Lora=krk laxzke dk la?k"kz 'kq: gqvk Fkk vbkjgoha lnh ds vafre n'kdksa ls vksj mlh le; ls efgykvksa us bl egk;k esa f'kjdr 'kq: dj nh FkhA** 19 Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa 1920 ls 1947 rd dk dky xka/kh ;qx gsa xka/kh th }kjk lapkfyr jk"vªh; vkanksyu us Hkkjrh; efgykvksa esa vhkwriwoz tkx fr mriuu dha ued lr;kxzg esa xka/kh ds vkg~oku ij lhkh Hkkjrh; efgyk;sa lfdz; :Ik ls lghkkxh gqbzaa xka/kh tc fxj rkj gq, rks /kjlkuk esa ljksftuh uk;mw] cacbz esa deyk nsoh pv~vksik/;k;] enzkl esa :def.k y{ehifr us lr;kxzg dk usr Ro lahkkyka ^^1920&22 ds chp pys vlg;ksx vkanksyuksa esa ljksftuh uk;mw] deyk nsoh pv~vksik/;k; vksj ljyk nsoh pks/kjh dk uke eq[; jgsa 1942 ds Hkkjr NksM+ksa vkanksyu esa vle dh,d ym+dh dud yrk dk lkgl vf}rh; jgka 13 o"khz; bl ckfydk us Fkkus ij >.Mk Qgjkus okyh HkhM+ dk usr Ro djrs gq, ohjxfr ik;ha** 20 20oha lnh ds izkjafhkd dky esa jk"vªh; tkxj.k vkanksyu] Lora=krk la?k"kz] efgyk vkanksyu] lekt lq/kkj lhkh egroiw.kz dk;ksza esa,suh cslsuv dk uke,d vyx gh igpku j[krk gsa os Hkkjrh; jk"vªh;rk xzg.k dj Hkkjrh; thou esa?kqy&fey dj vksj Hkkjrh; Lok/khurk laxzke esa tqm+dj ;g efgyk Hkkjrh; jk"vªh; dkaxzsl ds v/;{k in rd iagqpha 1917 esa dydrrk dkaxzsl ds v/;{k in dks lq'kksfhkr djus okyh og izfke efgyk FkhaA erkf/kdkj dh ekax 1917 dk o"kz Hkkjrh; ukjh dh Hkwfedk dk igyk egroiw.kz dne FkkA Jhefr,suhcslsUV dh v/;{krk esa dkaxzsl us,d izlrko ikfjr djds ;g ekax dh fd fl=k;ksa dks Hkh iq:"kksa ds leku erkf/kdkj fn;k tkuk pkfg,a ^^,suh cslsuv us 1 flrecj 1916 dks enzkl esa Hkkjrh; gkse:y yhx dh LFkkiuk dha Jhefr,suh cslsuv us gkse:y vkanksyu dks vf/kdkf/kd yksdfiz; cukus ds fy, lekpkj i=k fudkys] U;w bafm;k,oa dkeuohya os Hkkjro"kZ dks mldh ;qx&;qx O;kih fuanzk ls txkuk pkgrh FkhaA** 21 ^^jk"vªh; vkanksyu dh izfdz;k esa lkekftd laxbu rfkk L=kh laxbuksa us jktuhfrd tkx fr ykus esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk vnk dha jktuhfrd {ks=k esa efgykvksa dk oklrfod inkiz.k chloha 'krkcnh ds izkjahk ls ekuk x;k gsa blh dky esa Jhefr,suh cslsuv us Jhefr ekxzjsv daftl rfkk ekxzjsv ukscsy ds lkfk feydj ^osd&vi bafm;k* uke ls vkanksyu dk lw=kikr fd;ka tks ckn esa gkse:y vkanksyu esa ifjofrzr gks x;ka efgyk laxbu o jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh lghkkfxrk mudh 'kfdr dh lwpd gsa** 22 -,uh cslsuv ds vfrfjdr Hkkjrh; jk"vªh; vkanksyu dh ltx izgjh efgykvksa esa dlrwjck xkaèkh dk uke lokszifj :i ls fy;k tk ldrk gsa 1922 esa vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds nksjku xka/kh th dh fxj rkjh vksj dkjkokl ds le; dlrwjck us ns'kokfl;ksa ls jpukred dk;zøe dks iwjk djus dh vihy dha ^^dlrwjck us xkaoksa esa?kwe&?kwe dj jpukred dk;zøe dk izpkj fd;ka os vkfnoklh bykdksa esa Hkh xbza vksj mugksus gtkjksa vkfnokfl;ksa ls 'kjkc NqM+okdj mudks pj[kk dkrus vksj Hktu djus 'kks/k /kkjk 245

256 esa yxk fn;ka mudk dguk Fkk fd mem+rs gq, tks'k ds le; rks gj dksbz lkfk nsrk gs ysfdu tks'k mrjus ds ckn tks fvds jgrs gsa] os idds gsaa nf{k.k vqzhdk esa Hkh,slh gh fujk'kk Nk xbz FkhA ysfdu cgusa vksj [kkuksa esa dke djus okys etnwj fudy im+sa var esa thr lr; dh gh gksxha** 23 ^^Uked lr;kxzg ds le; lwjr 'kgj esa ftys esa fons'kh dim+ksa ds ck;dkv vksj 'kjkccanh ds fy, Nkofu;ka Mkyus dh,d ;kstuk rs;kj dh xbza bl vfhk;ku dk usr Ro dlrwjck us gh fd;ka muds uke esa dqn,slk f[kpko Fkk fd Nkouh esa lsdm+ks cgusa Hkjrh gks xbzaa lwjr 'kgj esa finm+h dgh tkus okyh dkseksa ls Hkh] lsdm+ksa cgusa ftnxh esa igyh ckj lkoztfud dke ds fy, fudy im+ha ck us /kjklm+k vksj cksjln dh Hkh ;k=kk dh vksj lr;kxzfg;ksa dk mrlkg c<+k;ka** 24 Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vkanksyu esa ljkstuh uk;mw dk Hkh vfolej.kh; LFkku gsa mugksaus jk"vªh; vkanksyu ds nksjku tsy ;k=kkvksa esa vkxz.kh Hkwfedk fuhkkbzaa Jhefr uk;mw Hkkjr ds ukjh vkanksyu dh tuenk=kh bl dk;z dks mugksaus vlhe /ks;z mrlkg vksj yxu ls fd;ka Lora=krk vkanksyu ds lej esa ljkstuh uk;mw us vafre lkal rd ns'k dh lsok dh bugksaus vius iz[kj vksj vkstloh O;fäRo ls Hkkjrh; ukjh dh {kerk dk vkn'kz Lo:i izlrqr fd;ka Jherh ljksftuh uk;mw,d tuetkr dof;=kh] ns'khkdr] jktuhfrk vksj dq'ky odrk FkhaA og izfke Hkkjrh; efgyk dkaxzsl v/;{k vksj izfke efgyk jkt;iky FkhaA 1917 esa mugksus nks egroiw.kz dk;z fd, laiw.kz ns'k dk Hkze.k vksj efgyk erkf/kdkj vkanksyu dk usr RoA 18 fnlecj 1917 dks Jherh ekjxsv daftl dh izsj.kk ls efgyk erkf/kdkj dks ysdj 18 efgykvksa dk tks f'k"ve.my ykmz pselqksmz vksj Jh ekavsx;w ls feyk Fkk mldk usr Ro Jherh uk;mw us gh fd;k FkkA izfrfuf/k e.my us ekax dh fd fl=k;ksa dks Hkh iq:"kksa ds leku er nsus dk vf/kdkj iznku fd;k tk,a ;g ekax blds ikap o"kz ckn gh QyhHkwr gks xbza buds vfrfjä,d egroiw.kz uke v:.kkvklq vyh dk Hkh gsa ;s egku Økafrdkjh Fkh bugksaus Hkkjrh; jk"vªh; vkanksyu esa izeq[k :i usr Ro fd;k FkkA 1942 ds vkanksyu esa Hkwfexr jgdj fczfv'k 'kklu ds fo:) dk;z djus okyksa esa budk uke egroiw.kz gs] ftugksaus jk"vªh; vkanksyu esa izsjd ds :i dk;z fd;ka Hkkjrh; vkanksyu esa ftu egroiw.kz fons'kh efgykvksa dk Hkh izeq[k ;ksxnku jgk] ftuesa,suh csalsv] Hkfxuh fuosfnrk] ekwme dkek dk uke izeq[krk ls fy;k tk ldrk gsa ikjlh tkfr dh,slh gh,d Lora=krk lsukuh esme dkek us fons'kksa esa 35 o"kz rd dzkafr dh nhif'k[kk dks izttofyr j[kka Hkkjr dh efgyk dzakfrdkfj;ksa esa esme dkek dk uke lcls Åij gsaa 1906 ls 1914 rd mugksus yanu] isfjl vksj tsusok esa Hkkjrh; Lora=krk ds i{k esa izpkj fd;ka ^^esme dkek ds thou dk lcls egroiw.kz le; og Fkk tc mugksusa 1907 esa LVVxkMZ leeksyu esa Hkkx fy;k FkkA esmek dkek us bl leesyu esa,d vkstloh Hkk"k.k fn;k ftlesa mugksus varjkz"vªh; leqnk; ds leeq[k Hkkjrh; Lora=krk dk i{k izlrqr fd;k vksj igyh ckj fdlh varjkz"vªh; leesyu esa Lora=k Hkkjr dk /ot igjk;ka** 25 ^^frjaxs >ams dh dyiuk lozizfke dkek ds gh eflr"d esa mriuu gqbz Fkh vksj mugha ds }kjk og igyh ckj Qgjk;k Hkh x;k FkkA blh n f"v ls dkek ds thou dks vf/kd egroiw.kz ekuk tk ldrk gsa vkt ftl frjaxs >ams dks xksjo izkir gs] og dkek ds gh eflr"d dh mit gsa dkauqzsal ds Ik'pkr 'kks/k /kkjk 246

257 dkek us viuk ;g fu;e cuk fy;k Fkk fd os tgk Hkh Hkk"k.k djus tkrha] frjaxs >ams dks vo'; Qgjk;k djrh FkhaA muds gh dkj.k varzjk"vªh; txr~ esa frjaxs >ams dks [;kfr izkir gqbza** 26 bl izdkj lekt lq/kkj ls ysdj jk"vªh; vkanksyu rd efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku gj {ks=k esa O;kid jgk gsa jk"vªh; vkanksyu esa efgykvksa us vius ru&eu&/ku ls dk;z fd;k rfkk vius izk.kksa dh ckth yxkdj jk"vªh; vkanksyu esa lfø;k Hkkx fy;k,oa ns'k dh vktknh esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk vnk dha jk"vª fuekz.k dh mudh ifjdyiuk rfkk muds dk;ksza dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk cfyd vko';drk muds egro dks vksj vf/kd egro fn;s tkus dh gsa vkt fl=k;ksa dh jktuhfr esa lfdz; lghkkfxrk ysuk vko';d gs] fd os Lo;a esa vfrfjdr {kerk, isnk djsaa ftl :Ik esa Hkkjrh; efgykvksa us ns'k dh vktknh dh e'kky tykbz Fkh] vc ns'k fuekz.k o jktuhfrd okrkoj.k dks LoPN o ranq:lr cukus dk ladyi ysuk gksxk rhkh jk"vª dk fuekz.k o jk"vª fodkl lahko gsa orzeku le; esa Hkh fofhkuu ukfj;k [ksy i=kdkfjrk jktuhfr ds {ks=k esa mrd "V dk;z dj ns'k fuekz.k dk dk;z dj jgh gsa rfkk mudk ;ksxnku jk"vª fuekz.k ds lkfk&lkfk jk"vª fodkl esa Hkh vr;ur egroiw.kz gsa lanhkz 1- ukxksjh],l-,y( ^^Hkkjrh; lald fr dk o gr~ bfrgkl** t;iqj] iksbzuvj ifcy'klz] 1997] i "B la[;k ¼;=k uk;zlrq iwt;urs jeurs r=k nsork%] euqle fr] 3@56( egkhkkjr vuq- ioz] 81@5&6½ tsu] MkW- dsyk'k punz ^^izkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd] lkald frd vksj HkkSxksfyd v/;;u**] ubz fnyyh] Jh ifcyf'kax gkml] 1986] i -la xqirk] fo'o izdk'k(,oe~ xqirk eksfguh( ^Lora=krk laxzke vksj efgyk;sa* ubz fnyyh ueu izdk'ku] 2002] i -la- 3&4-4- dksyksldh] vkarksyksok( ysfou( ^^Hkkjr dk bfrgkl**] izxfr izdk'ku] 1973] i "B la[;k izdk'k] vkse( ^^izkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd,oa vkffkzd bfrgkl**]ubz fnyyh] U;w,t buvjus'kuy izkfyfevsm] 2001] i -la ogh] i -la- 220& xqirk] MkW- f'ko dqekj( ^^izkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd bfrgkl**] t;iqj] iap'khy izdk'ku] 1999] i -la- 177& 'kqdyk] MkW- lqjs'k punz,oe~ 'kqdyk MkW- Jherh vpzuk( ^^Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ukjh* jk;iqj] f'k{kknwr xzufkkxkj izdk'ku] 2009] i -la fej] MkW- mfezyk izdk'k( ^^izkphu Hkkjr esa ukjh**] Hkksiky e/;izns'k fgunh xzufk vdkneh]] 2012] i -la- 50& Hkkj}kt] fnus'k punz( ^^e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; lh;rk,oa lald fr**] Hkksiky] dsyk'k iqlrd lnu] i -la 'kqdyk] MkW- lqjs'k punz(,oe~ 'kqdyk MkW- Jhefr vpzuk] ^^Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ukjh** iwokszdr] i -la- 82& Hkkj}kt] fnus'k punz( ^^e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; lh;rk,oa lald fr**] iwokszdr] i -la ogh] i -la ogh] i -la- 54& e/kqdj] MkW- th-oh-( ^^Hkkjrh; ukjh vksj mldk R;kx**] fnyyh] dyikt ifcyds'ku] 2006] i -la 'kqdyk] MkW lqjs'k paæ(,oe~ MkW Jherh vpzuk 'kqdyk( ^Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ukjh* iwokszdr] i -la- 209&210- 'kks/k /kkjk 247

258 17- e/kqdj] MkW- th-oh-( ^^Hkkjrh; ukjh vksj mldk R;kx**] iwokszdr i - la-] xqirk] fo'o izdk'k(,oe~ eksfguh xqirk] ^Lora=krk laxzke vksj efgyk;sa* iwokszdr] i - la dey] MkW- lquhrk( ^ukjh l'kfdrdj.k%izkphu dky ls vkt rd*] MkW- Hkxorh Lokeh] MkW- lfork fd'kksj] ¼laik-½ ^^Ekfgyk l'kfdrdj.k D;ksa vksj dsls**] t;iqj vkj-ch-,l, ifcy'klz]] 2008] i -la-] 188& e/kqdj] MkW- th-oh-( ^^Hkkjrh; ukjh vksj mldk R;kx**] iwokszdr] i -la xqirk] fo'o izdk'k(,oe~ eksfguh xqirk] ^Lora=krk laxzke vksj efgyk;sa* iwokszdr] i -la Hkkj}kt] MkW- T;ksRluk( ^jktuhfr vksj 'kklu iz'kklu% ukjh dh Hkwfedk*] MkW- Hkxorh Lokeh] MkW- lfork fd'kksj] ¼laik-½ Ekfgyk l'kfdrdj.k D;ksa vksj dsls] vkj-ch-,l, ifcy'klz] t;iqj] 2008] i -la- 119& ijh[k] ouekyk(,oe~ us;j] lq'khyk( ^gekjh ck*] uothou izdk'ku eafnj] vgenkckn] 1996] i -la xqirk] fo'o izdk'k(,oe~ xqirk] eksfguh( ^Lora=krk laxzke vksj efgyk;sa* iwokszdr] i -la ogh] i - la tsu] ehjk( ^Hkkjr dh ohjkaxuk,* fo k fogkj] ubz fnyyh] 2008] i -la- 49- 'kks/k /kkjk 248

259 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2017; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk MkW- ¼Jherh½ nqxkz oktis;h lgk;d izk/;kid] lekt'kkl=k] 'kkldh; ikrkys'oj egkfo ky;] elrwjh] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ MkW- ¼Jherh½ 'kkjnk nqcs fohkkxk/;{k] lekt'kkl=k] 'kkldh; fcyklk du;k LukrdksRrj egkfo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018 ½ Abstract bfrgkl ds i "B crkrs gsa fd lgl=kkcnh dh izfke lnh esa mrrjh jkt; d'ehj dk dq'ky iz'kklu jkuh fn'k ds gkfk FkkA nf{k.k esa mydk nsoh us 1015 bz0 esa] jkuh esyk nsoh us 1050 bz0 esa] jkuh dqdqe nsoh us 1079 bz0 esa rfkk jkuh y{eh nsoh us 1100 bz0esa pkyqd; iz'kklu esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkk;h FkhA jktiwrkus esa jktdqekfj;ksa,oa jkfu;ksa us 'kklu dq'kyrk ds lkfk&lkfk ;q) ds Hkh tksgj fn[kk;sa egkjkuh dqekz nsoh us 1195 bz0 esa dqrqcqn~nhu ds vkøe.k ds le; mlls MVdj yksgk fy;ka jk.kk lk xk dh foèkok egkjkuh dezorh us ;q) esa cgknqj'kkg ds nk r [kv~vs dj fn;s] vu; jktiwr ohjkaxukvksa esa la;ksfxrk] in~feuh] d.kkzorh vkfn ukfj;ksa ds 'kksj,oa cfynku dh xkfkkvksa ls Hkkjrh; bfrgkl vkiykkfor gsa Figure : 00 References : 04 Table : 00 Key Words : lekt vksj jk"vª] jk"vª vksj ukjh] iapk;rh jkt vksj ukjh lekt o jk"vª ds fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk ij ppkz djus ds iwoz ukjh thou dh fodkl ;k=kk tks mugksaus fofhkuu ;qxksa esa r; dh gs] ij izdk'k Mkyuk lehphu gksxka ukjh ekuo lekt dk vfhkuu vax gs] mlds fcuk ekuo vflrro dh dyiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrh gsa jk"vª dh lh;rk,oa lalñfr ds fuekz.k esa ukjh dk vfolej.kh; ;ksxnku gksrk gsa fl=k;k i Foh ij lelr nsoh; xq.kksa dh izrhd gas] lkse us viuh lelr ifo=krk mugsa iznku dh gsa xak/koz us e nqok.kh rfkk vfxu us mugsa vr;ar vkd"kzd cukus ds fy, viuh lelr ped mu ij U;kSNkoj dj nh gsa ¼;kKoYD;½ ukjh dks lekt us iq:"k dk vk/kk fgllk ekuk gs vksj bz'oj dh dyiuk v)zukjh'oj ds :i esa dh xbz gsa ukjh fo/kkrk dh vuqie,oa lokszrñ"v Ñfr ekuh tkrh gsa mlesa d:.kk] eerk] Lusg] lfg".kqrk vkfn xq.k LokHkkfod :i ls fo eku jgrs gsaa osn o 'kkl=kksa dh jpuk djus ds vfrfjdr os _pkvksa dh jpuk djrh FkhaA _Xosn dh jpuk djus okyh chl fonqf"k;k izfl) gsaa vusd ohjkaxuk, vius ifr;ksa ds lkfk ;q)hkwfe esa xbz FkhA ftuesa foj;yk rfkk e nxykuh dk myys[k feyrk gsa ** mr Le okrks ogfr oklks vl;k%] vfk p *vf/kjfka ;n~tr~ lgl=ke + cqf)kku ds {ks=k esa Hkh mudk Lrj mpp dksfv dk FkkA ;K esa ukfj;k Kkuo/kZd mins'k nsrh FkhaA oklro esa iruhro vksj ekr Ro ukjh dk izñfr iznrr {ks=k gsa blh ds ek/;e ls og lqn <+ vksj 'kks/k /kkjk 249

260 lqlaxfbr jk"vª dk fuekz.k djrh gsa rfkk vko';drk im+us ij ckg~; {ks=k esa Hkh viuh izfrhkk dk izn'kzu dj Lo;a dks jk"vª ds fgr esa lefizr dj nsrh gsaa egkjkuh nqxkzorh] jkuh y{ehckbz vkfn ukfj;ksa ds lkgfld dk;z blds izek.k gsaa lyrur~,oa eqxydky esa Hkh le; ij 'kklu dh ckxmksj] fl=k;ksa ds gkfk esa jgh gsa vdcj dh vk;k] ekg; vaxk us yxhkx 05 o"kksaz rd 'kklu izca/k ij viuk fu;a=k.k cuk;s j[kka pk n chch us vgen uxj ij dq'kyrkiwozd 'kklu fd;ka tgk xhj dh csxe uwjtgk us Hkh dq'kyrkiwozd 'kklu dk lapkyu fd;ka ohj f'kokth dh ekrk thtk ckbz us f'kok th dks lc izdkj dh f'k{kk&nh{kk nsdj ohj lsukuh rfkk dq'ky iz'kkld Hkh cuk fn;ka ukjh tgk dksey g~n;] lgu'khy] d:.kke;h gs] ogha mruh gh dez dbksj] lkglh] izr;qriuuefr o vius mrrjnkf;ro dks fuhkkus esa n{k Hkh gsa bfrgkl ds i "B crkrs gsa fd lgl=kkcnh dh izfke lnh esa mrrjh jkt; d'ehj dk dq'ky iz'kklu jkuh fn'k ds gkfk FkkA nf{k.k esa mydk nsoh us 1015 bz0 esa] jkuh esyk nsoh us 1050 bz0 esa] jkuh dqdqe nsoh us 1079 bz0 esa rfkk jkuh y{eh nsoh us 1100 bz0esa pkyqd; iz'kklu esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkk;h FkhA jktiwrkus esa jktdqekfj;ksa,oa jkfu;ksa us 'kklu dq'kyrk ds lkfk&lkfk ;q) ds Hkh tksgj fn[kk;sa egkjkuh dqekz nsoh us 1195 bz0 esa dqrqcqn~nhu ds vkøe.k ds le; mlls MVdj yksgk fy;ka jk.kk lk xk dh fo/kok egkjkuh dezorh us ;q) esa cgknqj'kkg ds nk r [kv~vs dj fn;s] vu; jktiwr ohjkaxukvksa esa la;ksfxrk] in~feuh] d.kkzorh vkfn ukfj;ksa ds 'kksj,oa cfynku dh xkfkkvksa ls Hkkjrh; bfrgkl vkiykkfor gsa jk"vª dh ckr rks cgqr nwj gs l f"v dk fuekz.k gh fcuk ukjh ds lahko ugha gsa izfl) nk'kzfud cksoh ds vuqlkj **bz'oj ds ckn ge lcls vf/kd _.kh ukjh ds gsaa igys rks Lo;a vius thou ds fy, vksj fqj bl thou dks thus ;ksx; cukus ds fy,a oklro esa ukjh,d T;ksfr gs] tks gekjs eqlhcr :ih va/ksjs dks vius Lusg] R;kx,oa leiz.k ls nwj djrh gsa** Hkkjr ds NksVs ls NksVs jkt; esa Hkh efgykvksa us lekt lq/kkj vunksyuksa esa viuh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkk;h gsa mùkjk[ka.m dk fpidkss vkanksyu tks ism+ksa dks dkvus ds fo:),d l'kdr dk;z FkkA izr;sd efgyk,d ism+ ls fpidh vksj ism+ dkvus ugh fn;ka bldh us=kh Fkh Jherh xksjk nsoha nwljk lqy vkunksyu Fkk vku/kzizns'k dk vjd fojks/kh vkanksyu] D;ksfd u'ks ls ifjokj u"v gks jgs FksA bls Hkh efgykvksa us pyk;k] blh rjg rhljk vkanksyu Fkk ef.kiqj esa 'kjkc ds fojks/k esa] blesa Hkh efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk vxz.kh jgha lekt o jk"vª ds fuekz.k esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk dks ysdj fpuru esa,d fo'oo;kih cnyko vk;k gsa efgyk;sa Hkh bl fpuru dh lkfkzdrk dks fl) djus ds fy, thou ds gj {ks=k esaa iq:"kksa ls da/kk ls da/kk feykdj viuh vurfuzfgr {kerk dk izek.k ns jgh gsaa pkgs og [ksr [kfygkuksa esa gkfk c Vkus dk dk;z gks ;k ym+kdw foekuksa dh ik;yv cu lhek j{kk djus dk nkf;ro gks ;k ek ;k iruh cu x glfkh dks l okjus dk {ks=k gksa Hkkjr esa ukjh us fodkl ds gj {ks=k esa viuh lqyrk ds >ams xkms+ gsaa tsls xk;u esa yrk eaxs'kdj] lekt lsok esa enj Vsjslk] [ksydwn esa ih-vh-m"kk] eyys'ojh] lkbuk usgoky] lkfu;k fetkz 'kks/k /kkjk 250

261 vkfn],ojslv ij Qrg gkfly djus esa cnsunzhiky ¼mRrjk[k.M fuoklh½ izfke vkbz-ih-,l- vf/kdkjh fdj.k csnh] ck /k fojks/kh ueznk cpkvks vkanksyu dh izsj.kk lzksr es/kk ikvdj] oskkfud MkW- m"kk okjk.klh ¼vesfjdk ds izslhmsalh;y jsad vokmz ls leekfur½] Lora=k Hkkjr dh igyh efgyk iz/kkuea=kh Jherh bafnjk xk /kh] varfj{k ;k=kh dyiuk pkoyk],;j ek'kzy in~ekorh ca ksik/;k;] dsivu y{eh lgxy ¼MkWDVj lsukuh½ ij[kuyh f'k'kq fuekzrk MkW- bfunjk fgunwtk] jsy Mªkboj lqjs[kk ;kno] VsDlh Mªkboj rkjk {ks=kh] nedy dehz ehuk{kh fot; dqekj],e-mh-lh-bz-vks-,fdll csad f'k[kk 'kekz],e- Mh- ps;j ilzu ck;ksdkwu fdju,e-'kkw] i;kzoj.kfon] oanuk jk; vkfn us vius O;fDrRo o ÑfrRo ls iwjs jk"vª dks vne; lkgl dk ifjp; fn;ka efgyk usr Ro ds {ks=k esa Hkkjr nqfu;k ds lhkh ns'kksa ls vkxs gsa ;gk yxhkx lhkh 'kh"kz inksa ij efgyk, dkfct gsaa orzeku le; esa lq"kek Lojkt ¼fons'k ea=kh½ lqfe=kk egktu] ¼yksdlHkk v/ ;{k½ fuezyk lkhrkjeu~ ¼j{kkea=kh½ olqu/kjk jkts ¼eq[;ea=kh jktlfkku½ eerk csuthz ¼eq[;ea=kh ia0 caxky½ vkfn us deku lahkkyh gsa thou dk dksbz Hkh fp=k fcuk efgykvksa ds jax ls ugha cu ldrk gsa f=klrjh; iapk;rksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dks 73 osa o 74 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk,d fuf'pr izfrfuf/kro nsdj,sfrgkfld dne mbk;k x;k gsa ifj.kkelo:i iapk;rksa o uxj izfrfufèk lhkkvksaa esa tuizfrfuf/k ds :i esa efgykvksa us viuh ldkjkred o lfø; Hkwfedk fuhkk;h gsa bl rjg lekt o jk"vª dk dksbz Hkh {ks=k efgykvksa ds ;ksxnku ls vnwrk dgk gsa bl rjg osn _pk;sa jpus okyh] 'kkl=kkfkz esa teus okyh] j.k&dks'ky fn[kykus okyh] tksgj&fprk ltkus okyh Hkh Hkkjr dh ukjh gh gsaa lanhkz 1- 'kekz] izkk( efgyk fodkl vksj l'kfdrdj.k vfo"dkj ifcy'klz] fmlvªhc;wvlz t;iqj ¼jkt-½ izfke laldj.k & 'kekz] izkk( Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh ] iksbuvj ifcy'klz t;iqj ¼jkt½izFke laldj.k flag MkW-fu'kkar( Hkkjrh; efgyk,sa,d lkekftd v/;;u] vksesxk ifcyds'kul fnyyh] laldj.k& 2012A 4-,l] MkW-vf[kys'k( 'kqdy] MkW-la/;k] Hkkjrh; ukjh dy vksj vkt] xk;=kh ifcyds'ku ] jhok ¼e-iz-½ izfke laldj.k 2012A 'kks/k /kkjk 251

262 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2017; Vol. 2; P jk"vª fodkl dk vk/kkj LrEHk ^ukjh* T;ksfr dq'kokg 'kks/kkfkhz] gsepanz ;kno fo'ofo ky;] nqxz] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract Hkkjrh; thou dh ewy /kqjh ukjh gsa ukjh dks lekt dh vk/kkj f'kyk ekuk x;k gsa D;ksafd ukjh lekt dk iks"k.k djrh gsa fdlh Hkh lekt ds fodkl Lrj dks le>us ds fy, mlesa ukjh dh flfkfr dh tkudkjh egroiw.kz gsa ukjh dk lekt esa iq=kh] iruh vksj ekrk ds :i esa fo'ks"k LFkku gsa,d rjq ukjh iruh ds :i esa leiw.kz ifjokj dk lapkyu djrh gsa ogha nwljh rjq ekrk ds :i esa leiw.kz ifjokj dk lapkyu djrh gsa ogha ekrk ds :i esa J"Vk Hkh gsa izkphu dky dh Hkkjrh; lalñfr vksj lh;rk dk ftruk Hkh v/;;u vksj fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk;s mlds vk/kkj ij lr; ;gh gs fd vrhr esa Hkkjrh; ukjh dk Lo:i vksj LFkku xksjoe;h jgk gs] mls ifjokj vksj lekt esa vknj dh n f"v ls ns[kk tkrk FkkA Figure : 00 References : 04 Table : 00 Key Words : jk"vªh; ifjos'k esa ukjh] jk"vª fodkl vksj L=kh dh Hkwfedk leiw.kz jk"vª ds fodkl rfkk mlds fuekz.k esa ukfj;ksa dk ys[kk&tks[kk vksj muds ;ksxnku dk nk;jk vlhfer gsa ukjh lekt dk vfhkuuk vax gksrh gsa gekjs ns'k dh tula[;k dk vk/kk fgllk ukfj;ksa dk gsa Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk izkphu dky ls gh vfr egroiw.kz jgh gsa mudk ;ksxnku izkphu dky ls gh jk"vª fuekz.k ds lhkh {ks=kksa esa jgk gsa vukfndky ls gj {ks=k esa efgykvksa us iq:"kksa ds lkfk feydj dke fd;k gsa blfy, jk"vª ds lexz fodkl dh dyiuk ge efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds cxsj dj gh ugh ldrsa Hkkjrh; thou dh ewy /kqjh ukjh gsa ukjh dks lekt dh vk/kkj f'kyk ekuk x;k gsa D;ksafd ukjh lekt dk iks"k.k djrh gsa fdlh Hkh lekt ds fodkl Lrj dks le>us ds fy, mlesa ukjh dh flfkfr dh tkudkjh egroiw.kz gsa ukjh dk lekt esa iq=kh] iruh vksj ekrk ds :i esa fo'ks"k LFkku gsa,d rjq ukjh iruh ds :i esa leiw.kz ifjokj dk lapkyu djrh gs] ogha nwljh rjq ekrk ds :i esa leiw.kz ifjokj dk lapkyu djrh gs] ogha ekrk ds :i esa J"Vk Hkh gsa izkphu dky dh Hkkjrh; lalñfr vksj lh;rk dk ftruk Hkh v/;;u vksj fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk;s mlds vk/kkj ij lr; ;gh gs fd vrhr esa Hkkjrh; ukjh dk Lo:i vksj LFkku xksjoe;h jgk gs( mls ifjokj vksj lekt esa vknj dh n f"v ls ns[kk tkrk FkkA efgykvksa dks lekt esa ^v)kzfxuh^ ^x gy{eh^ ^forrea=kh^ vkfn vknj lwpd 'kcnksa ls lecksf/kr fd;k tkrk FkkA ukjh ds leeku ds fo"k; esa euqle fr esa dgk x;k gs& ;=k uk;zlrq iwt;urs jeurs r=k nsork%a ;=ksrklrq u iwt;urs] lokzlr=kkqyk% fø;kaa vfkkzr~ tgk ukjh dk leekku gksrk gs] mldh iwtk gksrh gs] ogk lq[k&le f),oa nsork fuokl djrs gsaa vksj tgk ukjh dk vknj leeku ugha gksrk ogk lkjs dk;z vksj iz;ru lc fu"qy gks tkrs gsaa Lokeh th dgk djrs Fks&efgyk dk oklrfod :i ek dk gsa ek lc ckrksa esa larku dk lkfk nsrh 'kks/k /kkjk 252

263 gsa iruh vksj larku ifjokj ls foyx gks ldrs gas] fdarq ek dhkh ugha R;kxrhA l f"v pjkpj] ltho&futhzo gs] lhkh txg uj vksj ukjh vo'; gksrs gsa] n'kzu'kkl=k esa izñfr vksj iq:"k nksuksa gh l f"v ds cht ekus x;s gasa uj vksj ukjh dk leca/k 'kklor gsa usiksfy;u cksukikvz us dgk gs&^^eq>s,d ;ksx; ekrk ns nks] esa rqedks,d ;ksx; jk"vª nw xka** dkj.k ;g gs fd egkiq:"kksa ds thou fuekz.k esa ekr rro dk LFkku vfr egroiw.kz gsa cppksa dks tue nsdj mudk ikyu&iks"k.k djrs gq, muesa laldkj,oa ln~xq.kksa dk mppre fodkl djrh gqbz ek gh jk"vª ds izfr viuh fteesnkjh dks lqfuf'pr djrh gs] rkfd jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl fuckz/k xfr ls gksrk jgsa bl fo"k; esa Lokeh foosdkuan th us dgk Fkk&^^ftudh ekrk,a f'kf{krk] uhfr ijk;.k o /kkfezd gksrh gsa] mugha ds?kj esa egkiq:"k tue ysrs gsaa egkrek xkaèkh] Lokeh foosdkuan] ohj Hkxrflag] punz 'ks[kj vktkn] usiksfy;u] ohj f'kokth tsls egkiq:"kksa dks jk"vª fgr esa vorkj ^ekr * Lo:i dh gh nsu gsa Hkxr flag dh ekrk fon~;korh dh jk"vª fu"bk( jktdqekj mn; flag dh izk.k j{kk ds fy, vius iq=k dk cfynku djrh /kk; ek iuuk( blds lkfk gh xhkkzolfkk esa vius ns'kokfl;ksa dh vaxzstksa ls j{kk ds fy, xhkzikr dh vlguh; ihm+k dks Hkh >sydj vkxs c<+us okyh jkuh y{eh ckbz( ekrk thtk ckbz] t;oark ckbz tslh vusd ekrkvksa dk R;kx] leiz.k vksj cfynku vkt Hkh bfrgkl ds Lof.kZe iuuksa ij vafdr gsa ekuo thou dk dksbz Hkh {ks=k,slk ugha gs tgk fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa lekt dks fl=k;ksa dk la;ksx izkir u gksa osfnd ;qx esa ukjh /kkfezd] vkè;kfred vksj lkekftd {ks=kksa esa usr Ro djrh FkhA lh;rk ds fodkl eas ges'kk iz;ru'khy FkhA Lokeh th us fy[kk gs&^^fgunw fl=k;k cgqr vk/;kfred vksj /kkfezd gksrh gsa] dnkfpr~ lalkj dh lhkh efgykvksa ls vf/kda jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa ukjh dk ;ksxnku izr;{k vksj ijks{k nksukas gh :iksa esa ns[kus dks feyrk gsa lalñfr] laldkj] lh;rk vksj ijeijkvksa dh oklrfod lajf{kdk vksj okgd efgyk,a gh gksrh gsaa leiw.kz lalkj esa Hkkjr dks fo'oxq: dk ntkz fnykus esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk egroiw.kz jgh gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd Hkkjr dks lalñfr vksj ijeijkvksa dk ns'k dgk tkrk gs vksj Hkkjrh; /kez vksj lalñfr dks lcls izkphu,oa fo'oxq: dk LFkku izkir gsa bl laca/k esa Lokeh foosdkuan th dgk djrs Fks &^^;fn jk"vª dks le )] leiuu gksuk gs] fo'o xq: cuuk gs] rks mlesa L=kh dh lghkkfxrk vko';d gsa** ek ds i'pkr~ ukjh dk iruh :i jk"vª fuekz.k vksj fodkl esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk dk fuozgu djrk gsa bfrgkl xokg gs tc&tc jk"vª ij ladv vk;k] rc&rc ifru;ksa us gh vius ifr ds elrd ij fot; fryd yxkdj iwjs tks'k mrlkg vksj fo'okl ds lkfk mugsa j.khkwfe dh vksj vxzlj fd;ka bruk gh ugha ifr dh e R;q ds ckn mlds jkt; dks lehkkays j[kus dk dk;z Hkh ohjkaxukvksa us fd;k ftuesa jktk nyir'kkg dh iruh jkuh nqxkzorh] >kalh ds egkjkt xaxk/kj jko dh iruh jkuh y{eh ckbz] xk;=kh nsoh] jkuh psueek] gkm+h jkuh vkfn dk uke myys[kuh; gs( ftugksaus vaxzst lsuk ds nkar [kv~vs dj fn;sa jkuh y{eh ckbz ds fo"k; esa fy[kh ifdr; k Lej.k esa vkrh gs& flagklu fgy mbs jktoa'kkas us Hk dqvh rkuh FkhA ped mbh lu~ lùkkou esa]og ryokj iqjkuh FkhA 'kks/k /kkjk 253

264 cqunsys gj cksyksa ds eqg geus lquh dgkuh FkhA [kwc ym+h enkzuh og rks] >k lh okyh jkuh FkhA vk/kqfud dky esa LorU=k vkunksyu esa Hkh efgykvksa us vge~ Hkwfedk fuhkkbza vxzstksa ds fo:) 1857 ds l?k"kz esa usr RodrkZ ds :i esa loz izeq[k jkuh y{eh ckbz dk uke vkrk gsa y{ehckbz ds ckn csxe gtjr egy] csxe thur egy dk uke Hkh vxz.kh gsa Økafrdkjh efgyk esa esme dkek dk uke lcls Åij gsa vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds fodkl esa vusd lekt lq/kkjd efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku jgk] ftuesa Jherh,uh cslsav ljkstuh uk;mw] enj Vsjslk vkfn izeq[k gsaa orzeku ;qx esa efgyk;sa jktuhfr] [ksy] iz'kklu] fokku] dyk] lksun;z vkfn fofhkuu {ks=kksa esa viuk ;ksxnku ns jgh gasa ftlesa bafnjk xka/kh] izfrhkk nsoh flag ikfvy] Le fr bzjkuh] lk;uk usgoky] ferkyh jkt] eerk [kjc] dksus: geih] >wyu xkslokeh] lkfu;k fetkz] ehrw ekfkqj] fdj.k csnh] vkf'kek pvthz] dyiuk pkoyk] MkW- eatw 'kekz] MkW- ounuk f'kok] lquhrk fofy;el] ;qdrk eq[kh],s'o;kz jk;] jhrw csjh] 'kgukt gqlsu] e/kqckyk] vkfn dk uke Øe'k% myys[kuh; gsa ftugksaus fo'olrj ij vusd {ks=kksa esa Hkkjr dk uke xksjokfuor fd;k gsa jk"vª fuekz.k ds {ks=k esa lkfgr; ds vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku dks fole r ugha fd;k tk ldrka pw fd lkfgr; lekt dk niz.k gksrk gs] blfy, lkfgr; ds ek/;e ls jk"vª fuekz.k vksj jk"vª fodkl dks lgh fn'kk iznku dh tk ldrh gsa vusd efgyk lkfgr;dkjksa tsls egknsoh oekz] ve rk izhre] lqhknzkdqekjh pksgku] v:a/kfr jk;] vk'kkiw.kkz nsoh] >qeik ykfgm+h] egk'osrk nsoh vkfn us viuh dkyt;h jpukvksa ds }kjk jk"vª psruk vksj jk"vª fuekz.k ds Loj lqjf{kr fd;s gsa] tks vkt Hkh vusd efgyk lkfgr;dkjksa ds fy, vuqdj.kh; gsa fu"d"kzr% ge dg ldrs gsa fd ifjokj vksj lekt dks lahkkyrs gq, jk"vªh; vksj varjkz"vªh; Lrj ij ukjh us lnso ls gh fot; irkdk ygjkrs gq, jk"vª fuekz.k vksj jk"vª fodkl esa viuk vhkwriwoz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa ;gh otg gs fd l tuk] vuuiw.kkz] nsoh] ;qx n "Vk vksj ;qx&l "Vk gksus ds lkfk lkfk ukjh ^^Lo;a fl)k** Hkh gsa lanhkz 1- xksre] xqats'k( jk"vª fuekz.k esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku 2- lkjlor] MkW- fiz;adk( ;'kloh Hkkjrh; efgyk, ] ltuk izdk'ku] fiykuh ¼jktLFkku½ 3- euqfle fr &3@56 4- ;kno] MkW- m"kk( fgunh dh efgyk miu;kldkjksa dh ekuoh; laosnuk] jk/kkñ".k izdk'ku] ubz fnyyh 'kks/k /kkjk 254

265 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P jk"vªh; fodkl ds fu/kkzjd rro MkW- lh-ch-[kwavs lgk;d izk/;kid] vfkz'kkl=k] 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo ky;] [kjksn] NRrhlx<+ Jh th-,u- Hkrijs lgk;d izk/;kid] jktuhfr] 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo ky;] [kjksn] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract vkffkzd dkjdksa ds lkfk&lkfk vukffkzd dkjd Hkh jk"vª fodkl dks izhkkfor dj jgk gsa ;gka fofoèk /kez] tkfr] leiznk; ds yksx,d NksVs fo'o ds :Ik esa,d lkfk fey&tqydj jgrs gsaa ;gka leiznkf;d lksgknzz dk okrkoj.k gsa ns'k vkt fodflr ns'kksa dh lalñfr dh vksj mueq[k gsa lekt vkffkzd,oa a'ks{kf.kd :Ik ls vkxs c<+ jgk gsa ;gka jktuhfrd {ks=kksa esa dsunzh;dj.k dks cy fey jgk gs] ftlds pyrs fons'kh i wth,oa cgqjk"vªh; deifu;ka cs[kksq gksdj i wth fofu;ksftr dj jgh gsaa ogha vurjkz"vªh; txr esa vkffkzd,oa jktuhfrd LFkkf;Ro c<+us ds dkj.k Hkkjr dk eku c<+k gsa fo'o dh 10 cm+h vfkzo;olfkk esa Hkkjr dh fxurh gsa Figure : 00 References : 06 Table : 02 Key Words : vkffkzd ifjn ';] Hkwfe dh mit flfkfr vksj jk"vª fodkl ds rro Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dk bfrgkl la?k"kksaz ls Hkjk im+k gsa xqykeh ls tdm+us ds iwoz ;gka lh;,oa lqlalñr fla/kq?kkvh dh lh;rk FkhA ysfdu fdugh dkj.kksa ls ;g lh;rk /olr gks xbz vksj Øe'k% Qsazp] Mp] eqflye,oa vaxzstksa dk 'kklu LFkkfir gks x;ka eqflye 'kkldksa us dbz eafnj /olr dj ;gka ds [ktkus ywv fy,a ogha vafre 'kkld bu vaxzstksa us Hkkjr ij yxhkx 190 o"kksz rd 'kklu fd;ka bugksaus lq'kklu LFkkfir djus ds lkfk nwljh vksj Hkkjr dks vkffkzd :Ik ls [kks[kyk djus esas dksbz dlj ugha NksM+kA yecs la?k"kz ds Ik'pkr~ 15 vxlr 1947 dks ns'k vktkn gks x;ka ttzj gqbz vkffkzd iz.kkyh dks iapo"khz; ;kstuk ds ek/;e ls lgstk x;k vksj vkffkzd fodkl ljdkj,oa tu&tu dh vko';drk gks xbza oklro esa vkffkzd fodkl,d ns'k dh jk"vªh;@izfro;fdr vk; esa o f) ds lkfk vfkzo;olfkk ds lalfkkxr <kaps esa ifjorzu ls gsa izlrqr v/;;u jk"vªh; fodkl ds fu/kkzjd rroksa ij vk/kkfjr gsa v/;;u esa f}rh;d vkadm+ksa dk lgkjk fy;k x;k gsa tgka fu/kkzjd rroksa dk ewy;kadu dj lahko lq>ko fn, x;s gsaa fu/kkzjd rro,oa Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; & vkt fo'o ds lhkh ns'kksa esa vkffkzd o f) gqbz gsa ysfdu fodkl dh njsa fhkuu&fhkuu gksus dkj.k ns'k fodflr,oa fodkl'khy vfkzo;olfkk esa c V x;k gsa budk izeq[k dkj.k vkffkzd,oa vukffkzd?kvd jgk gsa izks- jsxuj udlsz ds vuqlkj&vkffkzd fodkl dk ekuoh; 'kfdr;ksa] lkekftd eku;rkvksa] jktuhfrd ifjflfkfr;ksa rfkk,sfrgkfld?kvukvksa ls cgqr?kfu"v laca/ k gsa osls rks fdlh ns'k dks vkffkzd :Ik ls leiuu gksus gsrq izkñfrd,oa ekuoh; lalk/kuksa ds vf/ 'kks/k /kkjk 255

266 kdrk dh vko';drk ugh gksrh tslk fd vesfjdk,oa baxysma fqj Hkh vkffkzd fodkl dks fu/kkzfjr djus okys eq[; nks rro gsa&vkffkzd&izkñfrd lk/ku] ekuoh; lalk/ku] i wth fuekz.k vkfna vukffkzd?kvd & lkekftd] lalfkkxr] lkalñfrd] /kkfezd] jktuhfrd?kvd,oa vurjkz"vªh; ifjflfkfr;k A vxj ;g rro ns'k ds vuqdwy,oa ldkjkred gs rc ns'k ds fodkl dks dksbz jksd ugha ldrka Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; esa vxj dgk tk; rks ;gka izkñfrd,oa ekuoh; lalk/ku foiqy ek=kk esa miyc/k gs] tks fueukafdr rkfydk ls Li"V gs& rkfydk Øekad & 01 % Hkwfe dk fooj.k Ø- fooj.k {ks=k fefy;u gsdvs;j dqy dk izfr'kr 1- Oku Ñf"k ds fy, vizkir Hkwfe xsj Ñf"k Hkwfe ¼pkjkxkg lfgr½ Ikjrh Hkwfe fucy cks;k x;k {ks=k ;ksx ,d ckj ls vf/kd cks;k x;k {ks=k dqy Qlyh {ks=k dqy flafpr {ks=k Lkdy flafpar {ks=k lzksr vfkz'kkl=k 2017 ist & 41 Hkkjr dk dqy Hkw&{ks=kQy oxz fdyksehvj gs( ftlesa fefy;u gsdvs;j ds vkadms+ miyc/k gsaa ns'k esa vkslr okf"kzd ty dh miyc/krk 1869 fcfy;u D;wfcd ehvj vuqekfur gsa ty dh miyc/krk fofhkuu lzksrksa ls Ik;kZIr gsa ogha Hkkjr Hwkfe ij oxz fdyksehvj ou {ks=k gs] tks dqy ou Hkw&Hkkx dk izfr'kr gsa ;gka fofhkuu izdkj ds [kfut lalk/ku& isvªksfy;e] vhkzd] esfxut ] irfkj] lksuk] yksgk] dks;yk] rkack] ckdlkbm vkfn gsa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa vhkzd mriknu esa izfke] ckdlkbm Hk.Mkj esa NBoka rfkk dks;yk Hk.Mkj esa uksoka LFkku gsa Rkfydk Øekad& 02 % Hkkjr dh tula[;k Ok"kZ Tkula[;k djksm+ks esa Ok"kZ Tkula[;k djksm+ks esa 'kks/k /kkjk 256

267 Rkkfydk Øekad 02 ls Li"V gs fd ;gka ekuoh; lalkk/ku dh deh ugha gs vksj fo'o esa phu ds ckn nwljs uecj ij gsa ;gka vk/ks ls vf/kd vkcknh ;qok oxz dh gsa ogha lk{kjrk vuqikr Hkh c<+dj 73 izfr'kr gks x;k gsa rfkk izr;kflr vk;q 67 o"kz gsa vk/kkjhkwr lajpuk& mtkz ifjogu] lapkj] csad] chek,oa foùk esa Lora=krk Ik'pkr cgqr lq/kkj gqvk gsa vkt csadksa dh 'kk[kk,a gsaa foxr~ o"kksza esa cpr,oa fofu;ksx nj esa Hkh o f) gqbz gs tks 1950&51 ds ldy?kjsyw cpr rfkk fofu;ksx Øe'k% 08-6 izfr'kr rfkk 08-7 izfr'kr FkhA ogha ;g 2013&14 esa c<+dj Øe'k% izfr'kr rfkk 32-3 izfr'kr gks xbz gsa vkt ns'k ds ikl lkoztfud miøeksa dh la[;k 290,oa bu ij djksm+ :Ik;s dh i wth fofu;ksftr gsa [kkn~;ku mriknu 2013&14 esa ¼2648 yk[k Vu½ ns'k vkre fuhkzj gs rfkk th-,u-vkbz- 2016&17 esa flfkj ewy;ksa ij yk[k djksm+,oa bugh o"kkasz esa pkyw ewy;ksa ij izfr O;fDRk vk; :Ik;s gks xbz gsa ekuo fodkl lwpdkad 2013 ds vuqlkj 187 ns'kksa esa Hkkjr dk LFkku 136 oka ¼0-538½ gsa vius vkffkzd fodkl ds pyrs oskkfud rfkk vkarfj{k fokku ds {ks=k esa ns'k us dkqh rjddh dh gsa mi;qzdr vkffkzd dkjdksa ds lkfk&lkfk vukffkzd dkjd Hkh jk"vª fodkl dks izhkkfor dj jgk gsa ;gka fofo/k /kez] tkfr] leiznk; ds yksx,d NksVs fo'o ds :Ik esa,d lkfk fey&tqydj jgrs gsaa ;gka leiznkf;d lksgknzz dk okrkoj.k gsa ns'k vkt fodflr ns'kksa dh lalñfr dh vksj mueq[k gsa lekt vkffkzd,oa 'ks{kf.kd :Ik ls vkxs c<+ jgk gsa ;gka jktuhfrd {ks=kksa esa dsunzh;dj.k dks cy fey jgk gs] ftlds pyrs fons'kh i wth,oa cgqjk"vªh; deifu;k cs[kksq gksdj i wth fofu;ksftr dj jgs gsaa ogha vurjkz"vªh; txr esa vkffkzd,oa jktuhfrd LFkkf;Ro c<+us ds dkj.k Hkkjr dk eku c<+k gsa fo'o dh 10 cm+h vfkzo;olfkk esa Hkkjr dh fxurh gsa lel;k,oa lq>ko & mij ds lelr fooj.kksa ls ;g ugha le> ysuk pkfg, fd ;gka vkffkzd fodkl dks fu/kkzfjr djus okys lelr dkjd ns'k ds vuqdwy gsaa ;g ckr Bhd gs fd ns'k us pgq eq[kh fodkl fd;k gsa ysfdu ns'k,oa fo'o ds ifjizs{; esa vhkh Hkh Hkkjr ds le{k dbz pquksfr;k gsaa Hkkjr esa 2011&12 esa djksm+ yksx fu/kzu gsa] ekuo fodkl lwpdkad esa cgqr ihns gsa] fo'o fodkl lwpdkad 2012 ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa fupys 20 izfr'kr yksxksa dh dqy vk; dk 8-6 izfr'kr rfkk mijh 20 izfr'kr yksxksa dkh 42-8 izfr'kr Hkkx izkir gksrk gsa csjkstxkjksa dh la[;k 2001&02 esa 34-8 djksm+ FkhA fodflr ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa iw th fuekz.k izfro;fdr vk; cpr dh njsa cgqr de gsa ;gka vhkh Hkh lkekftd la?k"kz gksrs jgrs gsa vkardh,oa /kkfezd muekn dh?kvuk gksrh jgrh gsa izn'kzu izhkko ge ij?kj dj xbz gsa ekuo rldjh] jsi dh?kvuk,a vksj foùkh; Bxksa dh deh ugha gs] tks lekt dks vunj ls [kks[kyk dj nsrk gsa ns'k iwoz dh Hkkafr fons'kh vkffkzd vkf/kir; esa Qlrk tk jgk gsa vr% bu gkykrksa ls ns'k dks mckjus gsrq vko';d gs fd& 1- miyc/k vkffkzd dkjdksa] Hkwfe] ekuo,oa i wth fuekz.k dk izkfkfedrk Øe esa lnqi;ksx,oa fodkl fd;k tk;a 2- dk;z lalñfr dks c<+kok nsdj f'k{kk,oa izf'k{k.k nsdj ekuoh; lalk/kuksa dk dq'ky mi;ksx fd;k 'kks/k /kkjk 257

268 tk,a 3- cpr dh izo fùk dks c<+kdj i wth fuekz.k dks lg;ksx fd;k tk;a 4- lkekftd lejlrk dk Hkko fodkl dh uhao dks etcwr djsxka 5- cgqjk"vªh; deifu;ksa dk vkea=k.k Nn~e mifuos'kokn gsa vr% ns'kh fuos'kdksa ds fy, gh mi;qdrk okrkoj.k fuekz.k fd;k tk,,oa fons'kh i wth ij vf/kd vkfjr u gksaa 6- fons'kh lalñfr dk vu/kkuqdj.k ns'k ds fy, vfgrdj gsa vr% lhfer izn'kzu izhkko ns'k fgrdkjh gsa bl rjg fodkl ds ck/kd rroksa dks fu;af=kr dj lk/kd rroksa ds visf{kr fodkl ls ns'k vksj vf/kd fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gksxka lanhkz 1- MkW- iur,oa fejk& vfkz'kkl=k] lkfgr; Hkou ifcyds'ku vkxjk 2- fejk] MkW- ts-ih-( & lao f),oa fodkl dk vfkz'kkl=k] lkfgr; Hkou ifcyds'ku vkxjk 3- fejk] MkW- ts-ih-( & vkffkzd fodkl,oa fu;kstu] lkfgr; Hkou ifcyds'ku vkxjk 4- Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk & 2017] n f"v ifcysd'ku 5- Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk & lkeku; v/;;u 2014] midkj izdk'ku vkxjk 6- nsfud lekpkj i=k& uohkkjr] nsfudhkkldj 'kks/k /kkjk 258

269 fgunh ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2017; Vol. 2; P orzeku Hkkjr esa lkekftd lel;kvksa ds lek/kku esa jdr oxz oxhzdj.k dh izklafxdrk lar dqekj lgk;d izk/;kid] izk.kh 'kkl=k] 'kkldh; uohu egkfo ky;] ikwyh] dksjck] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract orzeku Hkkjr esa yxhkx 6743 tkfr;ksa&mitkfr;ksa] vusd /kez lald fr;ksa,oa bz'ojksa Hkxoku esa fohkkftr gsa gekjs lekt esa bugha fofhkuukrkvksa ds pyrs jk"vª,oa lekt esa Lotkfrokn vlekurk Åap&uhp] Hksn&Hkko]?k.kk],oa vusd izdkj ds nq"izhkko tks jk"vª dh,drk&v[k.mrk,oa ekuo fodkl ds lelr {ks=kksa esa dsalj,oa,m~l dh Hkk fr,d Hk;adj jksx ds :Ik esa loz=k QSyk gqvk gsa ftldk lekèkku,d oskkfud n f"vdks.k viuk dj jdr oxz oxhzdj.k dks vk/kkj ekudj mdr lel;kvksa] dfbukbz;ksa dks tkuus le>us rfkk mtkxj dj mls nwj djus dk mik; crkus&lq>kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gsa Figure : 00 References : 06 Table : 02 Key Words : thsal] gksekslsfi;al] Lora=k vio;wgu izlrkouk %& izkphu Hkkjr esa osfnddky ds _Xosn esa dez ds vk/kkj ij lekt dks pkj o.kkzsa esa ck V fn;k x;ka czkeg.k ¼mPPk o.kz vkpk;z½] {kf=k; ¼laj{kd½] os'; ¼O;kikjh½] 'kqnz ¼fuEu lsod½ ftudk tue Øe'k% eq[k] ckag] mnj] isj ls ekuk x;ka ¼iq:"k lwdr e.my 10 lwdr 90 ea=k 11&12 esa of.kzr gsa½ mdr o.kz vius dekzsa ij,dkf/kdkj,oa tue tekarj o.kz tkfr dks vk/kkj ns fn;k x;k gsa dkykarj esa mdr pkj o.kz yxhkx gtkjksa tkfr;ksa&mitkfr;ksa esa fohkkftr gksrs x;sa vkdm+k yxhkx bl izdkj gs%& tsls pkj oxz,oa vusd tkfr;k & ¼1½ vuq- tkfr 1606 ¼2½ vuq- tu- tkfr 886 ¼3½ finm+k vu; oxz 4141 ¼4½ lkeku; 110 blh izdkj vusd /kez tsls&fgunw] eqflye] fld[k] bzlkbz] cks)] tsu] ;gwnh ftuds Øe'k% vyx&vyx Hkxoku] bz'oj] jke d ".k] nqxkzz] guqeku] vyykkg] bz'kk elhg] xq:ukud] xksre cq)] egkohj Lokeh vkfn gsaa mi;qzdr fofo/krk] Lotkfrokn] tkfrokn] oxzokn] /kezokn] tks leiw.kz jk"vª,oa lekt ij nq"izhkko vlekurk] HksnHkko tks jk"vªh;,drk,oa 'kkafr O;OkLFkk,oa lekt ds fodkl esa ck/kd,oa?kkrd gsa mdr O;OkLFkk vlaos/kkfud] voskkfud] vls)kafrd] vrkfdzd] vizekf.kd volrqfu"b] eux<+ur] ghucks/kd] eukshkko mriuuk djus okyh,d dkyifud O;OkLFkk gsa izkphu osfnd xzufkksa ds vuqlkj tkfr dh ifjhkk"kk 01- fjtys ds vuqlkj&tkfr,d can oxz gs] tks tue ls gksrk gs vksj lkekftd izflfkfr fuèkkzfjr 'kks/k /kkjk 259

270 djrk gsa 02- _Xosn ds vuqlkj&o.kz tkfr dez ij vk/kkfjr gs vksj tue ls fuf'pr gs vksj czkeg.kksa dk lksiku Øe esa 'kh"kz ij gsa tks vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa Hkh mdr O;oLFkk ds :Ik esa izpfyr gsa tks jk"vª,oa ekuo fodkl esa,d Toyar pquksrhiw.kz lel;k cuh gqbz gsa tcfd fo'o ds vu; fodflr jk"vªksa esa mdr izdkj dh dksbz tkfr O;oLFkk ugha gsa mdr O;oLFkk esa ifjorzu ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tk jgk gsa izkphu,oa vk/kqfud fopkjdksa }kjk vkykspu % vusd lkekftd fopkjdksa] _f"k&eqfu;ksa] xq:vksa ds }kjk Hkh lekt esa tkfrokn dks?kkrd crk;k x;k gsa 01- dchj nkl&^^tkfr u iwnks lk/kq dh] iwn fyft;s KkuA eksy djks ryokj dh] im+s jgu nks E;kuAA** 02- xq:?kklhnkl&^^ekuo ekuo,d leku** fl}kar fn;ka 03- Lokeh foosdkukun&^^ekuo ekuo,d leku] tkfr ikfr dk fevs fu'kkua** 04- dkdk dkysydj&^^vu/k HkfDr ifjfefr lewg gs tks U;k; ds lkeku; lkekftd ekun.mksa ds vksfpr; usfrdrk rfkk lkozhkksfed] Hkzkr Ro dh mis{kk djrh gsa** 05- ds-,- ikf.kdj&jktuhfr ds Hkk"kk esa tkfr&mitkfr ds izfr vfuk"bk dk Hkko j[kuk gh tkfrokn gsa 06- Mh-vkj- xkm~fxy&{ks=kh; nckoksa] vkraokn] udlyokn] ckgjh jk"vªksa dh vis{kk tkfr O;oLFkk T;knk [krjukd gsa 07- MkW- vecsmdj&ekuo ds rhu nq'eu% tkfr] /kez vksj HkxokuA 08- egkrek xk /kh % tkfr dks dsalj ls Hkh T;knk [krjukd crk;k gsa 9- bl jdr oxz oxhzdj.k ds vk/kkj ij lekt dks O;ofLFkr djus ls egku] le ) lejlrk] lehkko ns'k dh,drk&v[k.mrk lexz fodkl gsrq vko';d gsa 10- O;fDr gh jk"vª dh bzdkbz gksrh gs vksj O;fDr dh muufr&le f) ls gh ifjokj lekt jk"vª dh le f) muufr fuhkzj gksrh gsa 11- jk"vª dk lokzsrrke y{; Hkh O;fDrRo dk leiw.kz fodkl gh gsa izfof/k& euq"; dk oskkfud uke gkseks lsfi;ul ¼es/kkoh ekuo½ gsa ysum LVhuj us 1900 esa leiw.kz euq"; ds jdr dks pkj oxkzs esa fohkkftr fd;k gsa ftlds vuqlkj fueufyf[kr gs%& Ø- jdr oxz,uvhtu,uvhckwmh jdr ns ldrk gsa jdr ys ldrk gs fjekdz 01- A A b A,AB A,O B B a B,AB B,O & 03- AB AB nill AB A,B,AB,O lozxzkgh 04- O NILL ab A,B,AB,O O loznkrk 'kks/k /kkjk 260

271 Hkkjr ds dqy tu la[;k esa yxhkx jdr oxz dk izfr'kr bl izdkj gs& Ø- jdr oxz izfr'kr 01- A B AB O 34-5 ikthfvo jdr oxz dk izfr'kr 85 fuxsfvo jdr oxz dk izfr'kr 15 ifj.kke,oa fo'ys"k.k oskkfud n f"vdks.k ds vuqlkj tkfr dh ifjhkk"kk%& 01- Ýkalhlh 200 o"kz iwoz :lks ds dfku&euq"; izd fr esa Lora=kr isnk gs vksj Lora=k e R;q gksrk gs euq"; dh dksbz tkfr ugha gksrha 02- tkwu js 1700 bz- us&lozizfke os lc turq ftudh mrifrr,d gh fdle ds isjsuv,d gh tkfr ds gksrs gsa 03- yhfu;l 1758 & vkdkfjdh lekurk okys izkf.k;ksa ds lewg dks tkfr dgrs gsaa 04- Mkst gsuldh,oa es;j 1942& ds vuqlkj tkfr ds y{k.k& ¼1½ vkdkfjdh leku y{k.k okysa ¼2½ 'kkjhfjd fø;kred vkuqokaf'kdh ikfjflfkfrdh; tkfr o frrk; y{k.ka ¼3½ ladj.k izkf.k;ksa dh lef"va ¼4½ vfkkzr~ tkfr oklrfod ;k lkeku; :Ik ls ladj.k djus okyh os izkd frd lef"v;kw gs tks tuuh; :Ik ls,d nwljs ls i Fkd gks x;h gsa ¼5½ oklro esa tkfr;ksa esa fhkuukrk mudh thuh lajpuk ds vk/kkj ij gksrh gssa ¼6½ ;g thu iwy ds dkj.k gksrh gsa ¼7½ ijlij buvjczhfmax turq dh vkcknh gksrh gsa ¼8½ bl vkcknh dk,d thuiwy gksrk gs ftlesa thul dk Lora=k vic;wgu ¼Qh,lkVZesUV½ gksrs jgrk gsa ¼9½ bldh vkcknh esa okrkoj.kh; n'kkvksa ds vuqlkj vuqdwyu dh izfø;k lnso pyrh jgrh gsa ¼10½ blesa mn~fodkl }kjk u;h tkfr;ksa dh mrifrr dh ewy {kerk gksrh gsa ¼11½ izr;sd tkfr dk viuk,d bdksykwth fudh gksrk gs vksj vu; tkfr OkLrqr% mldk mi;ksx ugha djrka mnkgj.k %& ¼1½ ekuo ladj.k% ekuo ls mriuuk larku ekuo gh gksxka ¼2½ 'ksj ladj.k% 'ksj ls mriuuk larku 'ksj gh gksxka dksbz vu; turq ;k tkfr ughaa 'kks/k /kkjk 261

272 fokku,oa izks ksfxdh % ¼1½ fokku fl) dj pqdk gs fd dksbz Hkh tkfr mppk cqf) ;k dksbz fo'ks"k d fr ugha gksrs gsaa ¼2½ og dsoy muds mi;ksfxrk] okrkoj.k] jgu&lgu] ekgksy] bpnk ij fuhkzj djrh gsa ¼3½ ;fn fdlh dks Hkh,d leku volj iznku fd;k tk;s rks leku dk;z djus ds fy;s l{ke fuiq.krk gkfly dh tk ldrh gsa ¼4½ fdlh Hkh tkfr dk jdr 'kq} v'kq} ugha gksrk gsa ¼5½ MkW-,-ih-ts- vcnqy dyke& fokku,d ojnku,oa migkj gs tks ekuo esa Hksn&Hkko ugha djrk fokku 'kadkvksa dk tckc gsa ekuo,oa jk"vª dks vf/kd lqo;oflfkrk] lq[ke;~] le ) cukus ds fy;s fokku vko';d gsa ¼6½ jdr oxz LFkk;h gksrk gsa ¼7½ Ñf=ke :Ik ls jdr dk fuekz.k ugha fd;k tk ldrk gsa ¼8½ O;fDr;ksa dks vk/kkj uecj dh txg jdr oxz,d fof'k"v ek/;e gksxka fu"d"kz %& mdr oskkfud ls)kafrd rkfdzd n f"vdks.k dks /;ku esa j[kdj jdr oxz ds vk/kkj ij o.kzokn] tkfrokn] oxzokn] dks lekir fd;k tk ldrk gsa ftlls Hkkjr dk oklrfod fodkl lahko gks ldsxka 1995 fnyykh lsehukj esa lq>ko % jk"vªh;,dhdj.k ifj"kn%& ¼1½ fdlh Hkh vfhkys[kksa esa tkfr,oa /kez 'kcn dk myyks[k u fd;k tk;sa ¼2½ uke ds vkxs tkfr lwpd ;k bl laca/kh fdlh Hkh izdkj dk izpkj izlkj ij jksd yxkbz tk;a ¼3½ vkj{k.k tkfrxr u gksdj vkffkzd vk/kkj tsls vu; jk"vªksa fczvsu vesfjdk dh Hkk fr gksuk pkfg;sa ¼4½ O;kogkfjd dkuwu cukdj tkfrxr~ nyks] lewgksa] ikfvz;ksa] laxbuksa ij izfrca/k yxk, tk,aa ¼5½ vurj tkrh; izse] fo/kok iqufozokg dks izksrlkfgr,oa lkekftd laj{k.k,oa iqjld r fd;k tkosa ¼6½ lkekftd ca/k ij jksd yxkbz tk;a ykhk %& 1- lekurk dk vf/kdkja 2- /kezfujis{k dh LFkkiukA 3- tkfrfoghu lekt dh LFkkiukA 4- leku eksfyd vf/kdkj,oa drzo;ksa dk HksnHkko jfgr fuozgua 5- lejlrk lehkko mriuuk djsxka 6- jk"vªh;,dhdj.k] v[k.mrk] udlyokn] vkradokn] x g;q)] v'kkafr] tkfrghu Hkkouk,oa Lotkrh; Hkkouk ls futkr ik;h tk ldrh gsa 7- ;g fl)kar OkSKkfud] rkfdzd] izklafxd] lqo;oflfkr] jk"vª ds ladvdkyhu vkikrdkyhu flfkfr tsls& fo'o;q)] x g ;q)] lsfud ;q) ds le; jdr vk/kku dh vkiwfrz lahko gks ldsxha 8- vkink nq?kzvuk ds le; Hkh mi;ksxh gksxha 9- osokfgd thou jdr oxz iwoz fu/kkzj.k esa Hkh lgk;d gksxha 10- larku ds jdr dh igpku,oa ykokfjl larku dh igpku esa Hkh en~nxkj lkfcr gksxha 'kks/k /kkjk 262

273 11- vkuqokaf'kd jksxksa ds iwoz igpku fu/kkzj.k gks tkus ls LoLFk O;fDr ifjokj] lekt jk"vª ds fodkl esa lgk;d fl) gks ldrh gsa 12- xka/kh th ds ^LokLF; gh /ku gs* bl n f"vdks.k dks /;ku esa j[kdj 'kklu }kjk gsyfk lsdvj ij ctkv dk 1-5 Hkkx [kpz djuk im+rk gs] mldks Hkh de fd;k tk ldrk gsa 13- ftlls xka/kh,oa orzeku iz/kkuea=kh ekuuh; Jh ujsunz eksnh th ds liuksa dk Hkkjr LoLF; Hkkjr LoPN Hkkjr ds fuekz.k esa vge Hkwfedk gksxha lanhkz 1- lqunje~] ts- ';ke( 'kekz] MkW- lh-ih-( Hkkjrh; 'kklu o jktuhfr] izdk'kd&vkj-ih- ;qfuqkm ist ua 'kekz] ds-,y-( lekt'kkl+=k 3- ldlsuk frokjh] vxzoky csty( izk.kh 'kkl+=k 4- fiz;n'kzuh;],l-( Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa tkfrokn] osnhkz izsl 10 flrecj lat; dqekj( fcgkj dh tkrh; jktuhfr dk ;FkkFkZ] n if=kdk iszl 10 ebz tkfr /kez vksj ;w-ih- dk egk;q}&if=kdk] iszl 22 ebz 2016 'kks/k /kkjk 263

274 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P ukjh l'kfdrdj.k MkW0 larks"k flag Bkdqj lgk;d izk/;kid] jlk;u 'kkl=k fohkkx] xq:?kklhnkl fo'ofo ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx< MkW0 fdj.k Bkdqj lgk;d izk/;kid] jlk;u 'kkl=k fohkkx] 'kkldh; ikrkys'oj egkfo ky;] elrwjh] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+ ¼izkIr % 10 ebz 2018½ Abstract vk/kqfud ;qx esa Hkkjrh;,oa fo'o ifjn '; esa dsoy ogh lekt ;k jk"vª fodflr a;k izxfr'khy gks ldrk gs tgk ukjh ;k efgyk dh lghkkfxrk thou,oa fodkl ds lhkh {ks=kksa esa lqfuf'pr gksa ukjh l'kfdrdj.k og vo/kkj.kk] fl)kar ;k vko';drk gs] ftlls ukjh dks f'kf{kr,oa tkx:d cukdj mugsa vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr os/kkfud tkudkjh iznku dj T;knk tckcnsg cuk;k tk ldrk gsa blls muesa lerk] Lora=krk vksj vkffkzd vkrefuhkzjrk rks vk,xh gh blds vykok ;g vius fo:) gksus okys vu;k; vksj vr;kpkj tsls?kjsyw fgalk] ;ksu 'kks"k.k vkfn dh ym+kbz [kqn&c&[kqn ym+ ldsxh,oa blds ifj.kkelo:i ukjh 'kkjhfjd] ekufld vksj v/;kfred :i ls bruh lqn <+ gksxh fd thou dh gj ckèkkvksa dks ikj dj fodkl dh fn'kk esa vxzlj gksxha Figure : 00 References : 02 Table : 00 Key Words : ukjh l'kfdrdj.k] vf'k{kk,oa efgyk l'kfdrdj.k i "BHkwfe % vk/kqfud ;qx esa Hkkjrh;,oa fo'o ifjn '; esa dsoy ogh lekt ;k jk"vª fodflr a;k izxfr'khy gks ldrk gs tgk ukjh ;k efgyk dh lghkkfxrk thou,oa fodkl ds lhkh {ks=kksa esa lqfuf'pr gksa ukjh l'kfdrdj.k og vo/kkj.kk] fl)kar ;k vko';drk gs] ftlls ukjh dks f'kf{kr,oa tkx:d cukdj mugsa vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr os/kkfud tkudkjh iznku dj T;knk tckcnsg cuk;k tk ldrk gsa blls muesa lerk] Lora=krk vksj vkffkzd vkrefuhkzjrk rks vk,xh gh blds vykok ;g vius fo:) gksus okys vu;k; vksj vr;kpkj tsls?kjsyw fgalk] ;ksu 'kks"k.k vkfn dh ym+kbz [kqn&c& [kqn ym+ ldsxh,oa blds ifj.kkelo:i ukjh 'kkjhfjd] ekufld vksj v/;kfred :i ls bruh lqn <+ gksxh fd thou dh gj ck/kkvksa dks ikj dj fodkl dh fn'kk esa vxzlj gksxha ukjh l'kfdrdj.k dh fn'kk esa fueu ck/kkvksa,oa mik;ksa ij /;ku nsuk vko';d gksxk& xjhch,oa vf'k{kk% Hkkjr tsls fo'kky jk"vª esa xjhch,oa vf'k{kk u dsoy ukjh l'kfdrdj.k ds fy, cfyd lhkh ifj;kstukvksa ds fy,,d *dkeu,ueh* gsa vf'kf{kr gs blfy, xjhc gs vksj xjhc gs blfy, vf'kf{kr gs tsls nksuksa vu;ksukkfjr gksaa tc rd ukjh dks f'kf{kr u fd;k tk; ukjh l'kfdrdj.k flok; e x&ejhfpdk ds dqn ughaa vkffkzd vkrefuhkzjrk% f'kf{kr ukjh ;fn vkrefuhkzj u gks rks ukjh l'kfdrdj.k dsoy vkèkh vèkwjh gh jg tk;sxha vr% ;g t:jh gs fd mls jkstxkj] m ferk ;k O;olk; ds fy, izksrlkfgr fd;k 'kks/k /kkjk 264

275 tk;s] ftlls mldh vkffkzd vkenuh gksa tks iwath mlus dek;k gs] mlesa mldk Lo;a dk fu;a=k.k gks u fd fdlh vu; dka {kerk,oa O;fDrRo fodkl% ukjhl'kfdrdj.k ls ukjh esa,slh {kerk,oa O;fDrRo dk leiw.kz fodkl gks ftlls og vius dsfj;j] dk;z{ks=k] thou laca/kh fu.kz; Lo;a ys lds] u fd ijkfjr gksdj fdlh vu; dk lgkjk ysa tsls efgyk ljiap ifr] ea=kh ifr vkfna m ferk,oa is'ksoj dyk dk fodkl% Ukkjh esa f'k{kk dk Lrj pkgs tks Hkh gks muesa m ferk O;olk;,oa dk;z dq'kyrk ds lkfk&lkfk izksqs'kuy fodkl Hkh t:jh gs] rkfd og viuk dk;z c[kwch n{krk ls fuozgu dj ldsa ftu efgykvksa dks jkstxkj izkir ugha gs] muds fy, csad LkLrs C;kt njksa esa _.k miyc/k djk;s rkfd og viuk O;olk; [kqn dj ldsa lrrk,oa fu.kz; esa lghkkfxrk% Lkjdkj dk pkgs dksbz Hkh vax gks ukjh dk lrrk,oa fu.kz; esa lghkkfxrk lqfuf'pr gksuk pkfg, rhkh ifjokj lekt ;k jk"vª dk fodkl nzqr xfr ls gksxka Lora=krk,oa lekurk%,d ckj egkrek xka/kh us dgk Fkk fd *tc L=kh e/;jkf=k esa Hkh?kj ls fudyus esa Hk;Hkhr u gks rhkh Hkkjr lgh ek;us esa Lora=k gksxk*a ukjh l'kfdrdj.k ;g vr;ar vko';d gs fd L=kh tkfr ij vuko';d lekt vksj lalñfr dh vkm+ esa ca/ku u yknh tk;sa mls jkstxkj,oa vu; {ks=kksa esa leku volj feysa mugsa *Lisl* ns rkfd viuk HkkX;fo/kkrk [kqn cu ldsaa ifcyd lsdvj gks ;k izkbosv lsdvj jkstxkj ds leku volj izkir gksuk pkfg,a fir lrrkred lksp esa cnyko% ifjokj,oa lekt esa ukjh dh fteesnkjh T;knk gksus ds ckn Hkh firk] ifr ;k iq:"k dks ifjokj dk eqf[k;k ekuk tkrk gsa vkt Hkh T;knkrj ekeyksa esa dsoy ym+dksa dks firk dh leifrr esa fgllsnkjh nh tkrh gsa ym+fd;kw fyax Hksn vksj dqiks"k.k dk f'kdkj gksrh gsa ukjh *lasd.mjh lsdl* ekuh tkrh gs vksj ym+dh isnk gksus ij izrkfm+r Hkh gksrh gsa bl lksap esa cnyko ykdj gh ukjh l'kfdrdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gsa lkekftd lqj{kk% fookg ds mijkar lekt esa L=kh dh flfkfr leku gks u fd mls *buqhfj;j* ekuk tk;sa vkffkzd :i ls fuhkzj iruh dks ifr dh vkdfled fu/ku dh flfkfr esa ljdkj dk ;g nkf;ro gks fd mls lkekftd lqj{kk inku djs,oa uksdjh@ias'ku vkfn dh O;oLFkk djsa mi;qzdr lq>koksa ds vykok le; ij ljdkjh,oa xsj ljdkjh lalfkkuksa] la;qdr jk"vª fodkl dk;zdze ¼;w-,u-Mh-ih-½ ukjh l'kfdrdj.k dh fn'kk esa vge dk;z fd;k gsa blds lkfk fofhkuu ukjh vkunksyuksa] ys[kdksa],oa lekt lq/kkjdksaa us Hkh dbz lkfkzd iz;kl fd;k gsa nwljk igyw % dbz yksx ukjh l'kfdrdj.k dks iq:"k opzlo dh pquksrh le>] izr;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls fojksèk djrs gsa tks fd lgh ugha gsa L=kh iq#"k dh vuqiwjd gs u fd fojks/kha vhkh gky gh esa,d jktusfrd ikvhz }kjk blh izdk'k esa efgyk vk;ksx ds rtz esa iq#"k vk;ksx cukus dh izlrkouk blh lksp dk ifjpk;d gsa ukjh l'kfdrdj.k lerk,oa Lora=krk ds fy, la?k"kz ;k fe'ku gs u fd ukjh lrrk LFkkfir djus dh j.kuhfra fu"d"kz % lkjka'k esa ukjh l'kfdrdj.k vk/kqfud ;qx dh vko';drk] ekax,oa lafo/kku leer gs vksj ;g rhkh gks ldrk gs tc ge lc feydj ukjh dh f'k{kk] LokLF;] lqj{kk] izksqs'kuy,oa rduhdh 'kks/k /kkjk 265

276 fodkl] m ferk] lkekftd] jktusfrd,oa vkffkzd fodkl ds ckjs esa dsoy ;kstuk gh u cuk;sa cfyd mls dk;kzfuor djsaa tkfgj gs ;g dsoy ljdkj dh gh tckcnkjh ugha oju~ lh; lekt esa ge lcdh gsa lanhkz 1- flag] eghi( ledkyhu lekt fpark] jk/kkd ".k izdk'ku] ubz fnyyha 2- ik.ms;] e.kky( ifjf/k ij L=kh] jk/kkd ".k izdk'ku] ubz fnyyha 'kks/k /kkjk 266

277 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P Current Status, Lacunas and Scope of Scientific Temperament in India Dr. Ashish Tiwari Deptt. of Chemistry, Naveen Govt. College, Pamgarh, Jangir-Champa, Chattisgarh ¼Received : 10 May 2018½ Abstract Indian contributions in the fields of philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, medicine and agriculture were well known since ancient times. Despite great strides in some areas of research and development, the nation still has a long y to go. The basic infrastructural facility, una reness amongst students, policy matters potentially hinders India to become a leading country in fields of R & D. Indian research is hampered by stifling bureaucracy, poor-quality education at most universities and insufficient funding. Successive governments have pledged to increase support for research and development to 2% of India's gross domestic product (GDP), but it has remained static at less than 0.9% of GDP since Despite its huge size, India has a relatively tiny number of researchers, and many of its budding scientists leave for other countries, never to return. Only by tackling its systemic problems can India compete with other emerging powerhouses such as Brazil and China. There is a rise in the number of students going for higher education in India, which reflects the rising aspirations of its society. But this rise should be matched by better infrastructure and financial support Figure : 03 References : 10 Table : 00 Key words : Scientific Temper; Ethics, Research and Development; Indian Contribution 1. Introduction The Scientific temper is a y of life that includes an individual and social process of thinking and acting involving scientific method by questioning, observing physical reality, testing, hypothesizing, analysing, and communicating [1]. It describes an attitude which involves the application of logic and essentially involves discussion, argument and analysis. As a matter of fact India in its ancient past, has made notable contributions in the fields of philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, medicine and agriculture. Later on due to several factors it has witnesses a long period of stagnation running over several centuries. With growing globalization, traditions of scholarship, original thinking and participation in the march of science is the only means through which it can achieve back its glorious past and conserve the rich cultural heritage. India, in spite of being rich in human resource has not used it appropriately and efficiently. There may be several reasons for this but the main culprit behind 'kks/k /kkjk 267

278 this scenario is una reness and underestimating the importance of education, scientific, rational and logical thinking [2]. In words of Pauli 'The aim of science teaching is not the acquisition of information and a few skills but to attain the understanding of die relationship which connects the answer to the problem Beyond doubt, it has been established that scientific temperament can logically transform a common man to a philosopher. Education shapes and inculcates overall development of the individuality of the child, so that he can make an original contribution to the human life. Education combines both needs and aspirations of the people and there by made powerful instrument of social, economic and cultural transformation [3]. This article describes current status of the country about scientific temperament, thoughts and developing scientific attitude amongst scholars and learners with special emphasis on Science. It also covers the goals of scientific culture or public understanding of science, present scenario in context to Indian contribution in global research. The suggestions and future perspective has also been enumerated 2. Conserving the need of ethics in scientific research The genesis and development of the idea of the scientific temper is connected to ideas expressed earlier by Charles Darwin when he said, "Freedom of thought is best promoted by the gradual illumination of men's minds, which follows from the advance of science". In context to this the area of scientific research is woven around four basic goals viz. transmitting the values and skills on which our modernity has been built; Preserving the nation s competitive edge, grasping the developments in contemporary science as a part of culture; and enabling everyone to play a full part in current debates [4]. The development of scientific attitude, aptitude, temperament and thought of any country lies on the individual involved in it, their ability to innovate, upgradation of the level of skills and constantly evolvement knowledge and its subsequent applications to the techno-economic sphere. There are certain issues that are presently the concern of all the academicians who promotes these scientific activities. Qualitative research is sometimes defined as interpretive research, and as interpretations can be incorrect or biased, the findings may be controversial [5]. However, qualitative research is not only useful as the first stage of quantitative research, but can also play a key role in validating it or in providing a different viewpoint on the same social phenomena and therefore formulation of specific ethical guidelines in this respect seems to be essential. Research is of great importance to individuals, to society and to global development. Research also exercises considerable power at all these levels. For both these reasons, it is essential that research is undertaken in ys that are ethically sound. The concept of "research ethics" refers to a diverse set of values, standards, and institutional arrangements that contribute to constituting and 'kks/k /kkjk 268

279 regulating scientific activities. The field of research ethics contains many elements. The fundamental ethos of research is the search for truth. At the same time, research ethics underscores that research has a wider social responsibility. Research ethics also concerns relations among researchers and relations between researchers and other people. In addition, research can have consequences for animals and the environment. There are certain basic requirements of scientific temperament that a researcher must bear in mind while presenting/analyzing the scientific work carried out [6, 7]. 2.1 Individual responsibility The guidelines employ the concept "research". This is a reference to the responsibility of individual researchers and research institutions alike to create conditions for, and to engage in, good research practice. The guidelines also apply to student work that involves research. They apply not only to persons and institutions that conduct research, but also to other actors that influence research. 2.2 Scientific integrity Researchers are responsible for respecting the research results of others and for exercising good scientific practice. Researchers must not conceal, misrepresent or falsify anything, whether in the planning, execution or reporting of the research. 2.3 Plagiarism It involves presenting the ideas or research of others as one's own. The individual researcher has an independent responsibility not to accept departures from good scientific practice, on his or her own account or that of others. Researchers, who discover or are made a re of errors in their research, must admit the error, correct it, and ensure that the consequences of the error are minimal. 2.4 Good citation practice It is in the nature of research to build on research by others. Researchers who take advantage of the ideas and research by others, both published and unpublished, must acknowledge this accurately, so that it is clear what the researcher's own contribution is. Researchers must give a balanced and correct presentation of the research of others. Citations make research traceable and verifiable. 2.5 Verification Researchers and research institutions must make data available to others for verification after a certain period. If the data are not used within this period, they should be made available to other researchers. Within the framework of existing rules and regulations, institutions should have guidelines and procedures for preserving research data, in such a y that they can be retrieved - also after researchers have finished working at the institution. 3. Scientific and research environment in India: Current scenario The project of spreading scientific temper, which is a constitutional duty of the citizens in India, is a quite complex one. Spreading scientific a reness is only a precondition for the creation of a scientific temper. It follows that science 'kks/k /kkjk 269

280 popularization cannot be an end in itself. The multidimensionality and nonlinearity of processes involved in science communication forbid a direct causal linkage. India has been able to usher significant growth in its capacity and capability in basic, applied, and developmental research in science and technology. Its S&T infrastructure has grown large, comprising of more than 300 universities, 400 research laboratories, 13 institutes of national importance, and 1300 in-house industrial R&D units, besides several other government departments, private, international and non-profitable institutions [9, 10]. 4. The SCImago Journal & Country Rank It is a publicly available portal that includes the journals and country scientific indicators developed from the information contained in the Scopus database (Elsevier B.V.). These indicators can be used to assess and analyze scientific domains [9]. Journals can be compared or analysed separately. Country rankings may also be compared or analysed separately. Journals can be grouped by subject area (27 major thematic areas), subject category (313 specific subject categories) or by country. Citation data is drawn from over 21,500 titles from more than 5,000 international publishers and country performance metrics from 239 countries worldwide. Figure 1. SCI journal ranking in the world 5. Current Stastistics Indian institutions register itself among the top 100 highest performers across the globe, including Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc) 'kks/k /kkjk 270

281 and Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) While India made its mark, Chinese institutions are leading the world in rapidly increasing high-quality research outputs, according to the Nature Index 2016 Rising Stars report. As many as 40 of the top 100 performers are from China with 24 of those showing growth above 50 per cent since The US remains the largest contributor to high-quality scientific papers overall having 11 entrants into the top 100 despite many starting from a high base. Nine institutions feature from the UK, eight from Germany and five from India. The Rising Stars report used the Nature Index which tracks the author affiliations of published research articles by more than 8,000 global institutions in a group of 68 journals. Chemistry made up for more than half (51 per cent) of India's scientific contributions to the index in About 36 per cent s from physical sciences, nine per cent from life sciences and four per cent from earth and environmental sciences. India s R&D investments increased to US$ billion in 2016 from US$ billion in India s share of global R&D spending rose to 3.67 per cent in 2016 from to be at 3.53 per cent in It is further expected to rise to 3.75% in As of March 2017, World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) stated that India is emerging as a leader in frugal and demand driven innovation among various countries across the globe. In May 2017, the central government has introduced various startup intellectual property protection schemes with an aim to ease patent filing for startups and promote a reness and adoption of IP rights. To facilitate protection and commercialising of IPRs, these schemes will be providing access to high-quality Intellectual Property services and resources. Moreover, under these schemes, the central government bears the fees of the facilitators for patents, trademarks or designs that a startup may file. Startups only have to bear the cost of the statutory fees payable. Fig. 2 Expected expenditure of world s leading R&D investors in 'kks/k /kkjk 271

282 Fig. 3 R&D spending in India (US $ Billion) 6. Conclusion and Future Perspective India needs to grow an attractive environment for research, so that students and academics that leave the country for higher studies and research opportunities have an incentive to return if basic infrastructure is available to work. Contrast to India, China spends enormous amounts on basic research. India currently spends around one per cent of its GDP on research and development. On contrast, China spent about $209 billion on research and development in 2015, or 2.1 per cent of its GDP, according to the report. However, rather than comparing progress with other countries, it is important to be moving in the right direction. Students drifting to other job-oriented courses after graduation in science are prevalent in India owing to the widespread impression among them that unlike professional courses, a career in basic science is not lucrative. The academic ambience in many universities does not encourage the research pursuits of faculties. Research management is another very serious problem faced by many Indian universities. An earlier report, published by National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), shows that less than three per cent of school-going children wint to pursue career in science in India. Although India is still a relatively small player on the global scientific stage, its wide-ranging collaboration network and increasing share of the world s main?research performance indicators reflect its overall growth in output, impact and knowledge transfer, said the report. In terms of knowledge transfer, India shows a higher emphasis in areas of computer science, 'kks/k /kkjk 272

283 material science, chemistry and pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceuticals. Knowledge transfer includes analyses of patent citation patterns and collaborations between academic and corporate research institutions. REFERENCES Nagpaul PS. Contribution of Indian universities to the mainstream scientific literature: A bibliometric assessment. Scientometrics Jan 1;32(1): Mohan S, Gupta BM, Dha n SM. Materials science research and development in India: A scientometric analysis of international collaborative output. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology Mar 1;23(2). 4. Schiele B, Marec JL. Rethinking Science Culture and Governance Today. Journal of Scientific Temper (JST) Mar 6;3(1 & 2). 5. Stake RE. Qualitative Research: Studying How Things Work. First ed. New York: Guilford Press; lford*, G., Research ethical guidelines and anonymity. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 28(1), pp Price DJ. Ethics of scientific publication. Science May 8: Gupta BM, Dha n SM. Status of India in science and technology as reflected in its publication output in the Scopus international database, Scientometrics Aug 1;80(2): (SCImago. (2007). SJR Ñ SCImago Journal & Country Rank. Retrieved July 21, 2015, from 10.Garg KC, Dutt B, Kumar S. Scientometric profile of Indian science as seen through Science Citation Index. 'kks/k /kkjk 273

284 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P Government Efforts for Women Empowerment and Development of India with Digitalisation Prof. Dr. Chandana Mitra Prof. and Head Deptt. of Sociology, Govt. Lahiri College, Chirimiri, Koria, Chattisgarh ¼Received : 10 May 2018½ Abstract All over the world, for the progress of women and safeguard their rights,uno passed a resolution on 18th Dec 1979 to remove all inequalities against women which became effective since 3rd September However, the reality existing even today presents a grim picture of women subjugation and feudalism. About 70% of adult illiterate and poor in the world are women. For overall development of a civilised world, upliftment of women and children can never be undermined. Our Indian constitution as well as our Indian government has worked to rds women empowerment relentlessly through several policy making and programmes. Women and child Development Department of Government of India has basically focussed on three things (a) Health (b) Education (c) Welfare. Figure : 00 References : 02 Table : 00 Key words : Women Empowerment, Digitalisation "Each time a woman stands up for herself,without knowing it possibly,without claiming it, she stands up for all women"- Maya Angelo To prove this statement,i would like to quote one incident from Kerala in 19th century, which depicts the story of Nangeli and her husband Chirukandan. They belonged to Ezhavas tribe. They lived in Cherthala. Their social status s quite low if not lowest. They were unprivileged. They had to toil for fulfilment of their needs. Kerala s not so much developed as we see it today. Cherthal s a scape on the map of Travancore. It has a ruler of its own.he used to levy taxes on weirded things like- moustache of a man, fishnet of a fisherman and over and above a breast tax on a woman. Once when the revenue collectors came to collect breast tax from Nangeli, she cut her two breasts and kept them on a plantain leaf and offered it to the man. In this y she sacrificed her life to stop this evil practice. In this y she stood up to the one abhorrent tax that touched upon her honour. She fought for her rights to be a respectable subject of the state. This true life story emphasises the importance of women being her own muse, her own strength, lighting an enlightened path for many and setting an 'kks/k /kkjk 274

285 example.women empowerment is not only to make the women economically independent but it is to give them equal opportunities and rights in every sphere of life. All over the world, for the progress of women and safeguard their rights,uno passed a resolution on 18th Dec 1979 to remove all inequalities against women which became effective since 3rd September However, the reality existing even today presents a grim picture of women subjugation and feudalism. About 70% of adult illiterate and poor in the world are women. For overall development of a civilised world, upliftment of women and children can never be undermined. Our Indian constitution as well as our Indian government has worked to rds women empowerment relentlessly through several policy making and programmes. Women and child Development Department of Government of India has basically focussed on three things (a) Health (b) Education (c) Welfare. Sound health and education of women and children can bring in welfare and contribute to the social as well as economic development.this in turn will develop a solid platform for empowerment of women.the various government schemes for woman empowerment are as follows: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao One Stop Centre Women Helpline Ujja la : For prevention of trafficking and rescue,rehabilitation and Reintegration. Working Women Hostel Rajiv Gandhi National Crèche scheme New projects under Ujja la Scheme S dhargrih for women to support them in difficult situation. Revision of food Security Act2013 STEP- Support to training and Employment of women. Nari Shakti puraskar and many other a rds for motivation of women Mahila banifit Programme Mahila police volunteer Mahila E- Haat. Among all the above schemes I would like to brief on Mahila E-Haat which is an unique scheme of the government (women and child development department)to help women to sell products online.participation in E-Haat is open to all women above 18 years of age and who are Indian citizen. Mahila E-Haat is an excellent platform for online marketing has been launched on 7th March2016. Here women above 18 years and Women SHGs can register themselves and can display their products online.the entire business of E-haat can be handled through 'kks/k /kkjk 275

286 mobile phones. All the details of the product including photographs,cost, mobile number and address of the participants are displayed on the website. So business becomes easy throughout India without any cost of accessing market.it deals in about 2000 products under 18 categories of materials like bags, clothing, fashion accessories, jewellery, decorative and gift items and many more necessary items. Till now about 17 lakh visitors have visited E - Mahila haat. This has put impact on 3.50 lakh beneficiaries directly and over SHGs.Mahila E-Haat got a rd SKOCH GOLD on 9 th Sept Some major PSUs like- IRCTC, SBI have given a link to their websites. This gives a broad access to this online marketing. Schemes such as these are an empowering tool for women and strengthening them economically as well as socially. Changing the feudalistic outlook of society to rds women, giving them their due recognition and in efficient implementation of policies lies the key to establish an equalitarian Indian society. REFERENCES: 1. The Hindu- news paper, Website: Wikipedia 'kks/k /kkjk 276

287 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P Contribution of Industrial Sector in Developing India Economically Harsha Sahu Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Management Studies, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chattisgarh ¼Received : 10 May 2018½ Abstract Industries are the core sector of Indian economy. Their contribution particularly to a developing nation like India is worth full. They not only contribute in generating employment for the youths but also persuade skilled, energetic and meticulous talents to start as entrepreneur. They employ close to 40% of India's workforce. GDP from manufacturing in India averaged INR Billion from 2011 until 2017, reaching an all time high of INR Billion in the third quarter of Industries in India are highly heterogeneous in terms of the size of the enterprises, variety of products and services, and levels of technology. Besides providing employment opportunities, they assist in industrialization of rural and back rd areas, reducing regional imbalances and assuring more equitable distribution of national income and wealth. In this y, they are contributing a lot to the socio-economic development of the motherland. Hence, the focus of my paper is to analyze the role of industries in making India economically powerful. This paper attempted at highlighting the significance of industries in economic development of India. Figure : 01 References : 13 Table : 01 Key words : Economy, Economic Development, GDP, Industries 1. INTRODUCTION: India has emerged as the fastest growing major economy in the world as per the Central Statistics Organization (CSO) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) and it is expected to be one of the top three economic powers of the world in coming years. India s GDP increased 7.1 per cent in and is expected to reach a growth rate of 7 per cent by September Indian economy is classified into 3 sectors. These are 1. Agriculture - This sector includes includes Agriculture (Agriculture proper & Livestock), Forestry & Logging, Fishing and related activities. 2. Industry - It includes mining & quarrying, manufacturing, electricity, gas, water supply and construction. 3. Services - It includes trade, hotels, transport, communication and services related to broadcasting, real estate, public administration, defense and other services. 'kks/k /kkjk 277

288 But, the contribution of industries to rds making India an economic power is immense. Industries not only provide employment to millions of individuals in the country but are also, the platforms for entrepreneurship and innovation. They are widely dispersed across the country and produce diverse varieties of products and services to meet the needs of the local markets, the global market and the national and international markets. Entrepreneurship has played a vital role in accelerating the industrial growth. Industrial provide an effective means for the development of entrepreneurship. This sector is providing a best solution to deal with the problems of poverty, insecurity, unemployment, over population of the country. Competitiveness of industries can be enhanced through skilled, knowledgeable and hardworking human resource (HR). Indian industries need to reduce overall cost of products to remain competitive with Chinese manufacturers and exporters. Apart from other functional areas such as production, finance, marketing, inventory and logistics, industrial sector also need to focus on implementing best HR practices. 2. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY : The objectives of the present study are To study the industrial overview in India. To learn about the contributions of Industries in making India economically strong. 3. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY : The scope of the present study has been confined to the contributions made by the Industrial sector to the Indian economy. A secondary study has been done to recognize the contribution of Industries in India. Information from Secondary sources especially from the economic survey, articles and websites s taken to accomplish this task so as to get a clear understanding of the topic. All the data included is the secondary base & proper references have been given wherever necessary. 4. OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL SECTOR IN INDIA : Industry accounts for 26 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and provides employment to 22 percent of the total workforce. As per World Bank, India's industrial manufacturing GDP output in 2015 s 6th largest in the world on current US dollar basis ($559 billion), and 9th largest on inflation-adjusted constant 2005 US dollar basis ($197.1 billion). The industrial sector underwent noteworthy changes due to the 1991 economic reforms. These reforms minimized import restrictions, introduced foreign competition, called for the privatization of certain government-owned public-sector industries, liberalized the foreign direct investment (FDI) regime, enhanced infrastructure and expanded the production of FMCG goods i.e. fastmoving consumer goods. But, liberalization policy brought certain challenges for the Indian private sector in the form of increasing domestic and foreign competition as well as threat of cheaper Chinese imports. However, this sector handled the competition by minimizing its production costs, redesigning management, and 'kks/k /kkjk 278

289 employing cheap labor and by application of new technology. 4.1 Classification of Industries in India. Industries can be classified into several groups. The following table gives a brief understanding about them. India s manufacturing sector is vital for its economic progress. The government has realized the importance of this sector to the country s industrial development, and has taken a number of steps to further enhance the industry. As per a study by Assocham, prediction India's manufacturing sector s all set to create 3.2 million manufacturing jobs during the period of ROLE OF INDUSTRIES IN BOOSTING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA : Industrial sector has come out as a highly vibrant and dynamic sector of the Indian economy over the last few decades. According to Jagat Shah, Head (Economic Development Agency), Cluster Pulse, the manufacturing sector s growth, which stood at 9 per cent of India s GDP in and stagnated at 15 per cent level for over two decades, has improved during the last two years. It has moved to 17.1 per cent due to the Make in India drive. Industries contribution to rds India s GDP is nearly 8%. It contributes 45% of the manufacturing output and 40% of the exports. They are one of the largest employer providing sectors after agriculture. They not only play crucial role in providing large employment opportunities but also facilitate industrialization of rural & back rd area. Thus, indirectly aid in reducing regional imbalances and assures more equitable distribution of national income and wealth. This sector contributes enormously to the socio-economic development of the country. The Indian economy is one of the fastest growing economies of the world. This growth is due to the excellent performance of different Indian industries which have grown tremendously after independence and with the coming of new industrial policy of the government. All these have increased national income, 'kks/k /kkjk 279

290 created employment and generated foreign earnings. India had an agrarian economy based on agriculture but, after liberalization policy of 1991, the industrial sector showed tremendous growth, contributing the most to the GDP. The most important industries supporting Indian economy are as follows: Clothing & Textiles Petroleum, Chemicals and Plastics Electronics, Computers and Transportation Food Processing Industry Engineering Industry Metal Manufacturing Wood, Leather and Paper 5.1 India GDP from Manufacturing at present : GDP from Manufacturing in India increased to INR Billion in the third quarter of 2017 from INR Billion in the second quarter of GDP from manufacturing in India averaged INR Billion from 2011 until 2017, reaching an all time high of INR Billion in the third quarter of 2017 and a record low of INR Billion in the fourth quarter of Source: Central Statistical Organization (CSO), India The above graph depicts the growth of manufacturing sector in terms of GDP for the year 2015, 2016 and The figure shows the regular increase in the size of GDP, since from January Though, a fall s noticed during January 2017 but, it again recovered an increase in July Road Ahead : India's gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to reach US$ 6 trillion by FY27 and achieve upper-middle income status on the back of digitization, globalization, favorable demographics, and reforms. Many foreign 'kks/k /kkjk 280

291 corporations are setting up their plants in India because of different government initiatives like Make in India and Digital India. Modi, government at the centre has launched the Make in India initiative with an aim to improve and enhance the manufacturing sector of Indian economy, to increase the purchasing power of Indian consumer, in order to boost demand, and consequently, accelerate the overall growth and development of the economy as well as the country. The Indian government, under its Make in India, drive is trying to advance the input made by the manufacturing sector and aims to take it up to 25 per cent of the GDP from the current 17 per cent. Besides, they have launched Digital India initiative, whose main center of attention is on three core components i.e., establishment of digital infrastructure, distribution of services digitally and amplification the digital literacy. According to a study, conducted by McKinsey and Company, a global management consulting firm, the Indian manufacturing industry is expected to touch US$ 1 trillion by Industry experts recognize two facts for this possible development. Firstly, the increasing demand of manufacturing units and secondly, the penchant for setting up low-cost plants in India by multinational firms. Around 90 million domestic jobs are iting to be created by that timeframe with the manufacturing segment contributing about 25-30% of India s GDP. India s rapidly escalating economy is giving diverse opportunities to both international and national entrepreneurs to develop and grow. 6. CONCLUSION Industries in India are contributing a commendable portion to rds the balanced growth of Indian economy. Although, India s GDP in the manufacturing sector has improved over the last two years due to the Make in India drive, of the present government but, yet, it is still low if we compare it with our neighboring countries for instance, Thailand (where 35 per cent of GDP is from manufacturing), China (32 per cent), Phillippines (30 per cent) Indonesia (29 per cent). We have a long y to go. The cause for the same is Make in India is not getting enough foreign companies or big corporations to set up business in India. There are only a few companies and they too are unable to create employment in manufacturing sector. Moreover, it is also not so simple or easy to do business in India. However, the government is taking all the fruitful measures to address this challenge by making the system transparent and quick. Digitization, Invest India, Start Up India and e-biz Mission Mode Project are some of the steps taken in this direction and many more new initiatives are about to come under the national e-governance plan. All these actions are facilitating investment as well as ease of doing business in the country. On the other side, every industry in India on their part should carry out an operational performance improvement program periodically to improve and enhance its current performance. To sum up, India s industrial sector is escalating. It is an indication of an economy to rds growing path. Industries have emerged as the most dynamic sector of the Indian 'kks/k /kkjk 281

292 economy. The analysis of the paper concludes with the fact that this sector is one of the best solutions to the problems of poverty, insecurity, unemployment, over population in the modern world. REFERENCES 1. Contribution made by MSMEs at heart of Indian economy. (2013, August 24). New Indian Express. 2. India's MSME sector growing faster than overall GDP: Michel Botzung. (2013, December 30). Business Standard. 3. Katyal,A and Xaviour, B. ( 2015). A Study on MSMEs -Role in Propelling Economic Development of India A Discussion on current HR issues in MSMEs in India. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(2). 4. Madhan, P. M. (2012, February 11). SME's as Growth Driver of Indian Economy: Strategic HR Issues and Perspectives. Business Strategies and India s Economic Growth Conference (RBCON ) ece 'kks/k /kkjk 282

293 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P Casteism and Exploitation in India: Represented in 'Untouchable' by Mulk Raj Anand and 'The White Tiger' By Arvinda Adiga Dr. Avinash Lal Asstt. Prof. Political Science, Govt. College Pandatarai, Kabridham, Chattisgarh Priyanka Kumari Patle Guest Lecturer, English, Govt. College Pandatarai, Kabirdham, Chattisgarh ¼Received : 10 May 2018½ Abstract The caste system and we also say an exploitation for the lower class strata is a biggest problem in India. In modern era also there are the concept of casteism. In this the powerful man doesn t suffer but middle and lower class people suffered utmost. Csteism and exploitation have also been run over in other regions and religions in our Indian Subcontinent like Nepalese, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Sikhism. My paper revolves aroud the casteism, exploitation and Marxism in the novel of Mulk Raj Anand s UNTOUCHABLE, ArvindAdiga s THE WHITE TIGER. The novel Untouchable established Anand as one of the India s leading author. The plot of this novel shows that the argument for eradicating the caste system. The character Bakha shows the condition of Untouchable in the novel. We also seen an exploitation in the novel The White Tiger, how balramhal i belongs to a low caste and he depicted that he live a life of slavery. My paper will focus on and reveal the life of middle, upper and lower class people and also the caste system prevailing in a In a State level but also in a national level. Figure : 00 References : 04 Table : 00 Key words : Casteism, Marxism, Exploitation, Literary Thoughts. 'I HAVE A MESSAGE FOR THE WORLD, WHICH I WILL DELIVER WITHOUT FEAR AND CARE FOR THE FUTURE. TO THE REFORMERS I WILL POINT THAT I AM A GREATER REFORMER THAN ANY ONE OF THEM. THEY NT TO REFORM ONLY LITTLE BITS. I NT ROOT AND BRANCH REFORM. SWAMI VIVEKANAND My paper deals with a main issue of Nationality. It is a biggest problem in India, Untouchability lies in thefloor and this raises into and this castes are apparently linked with our religion, but this are not so right concept. I think that in religion there is no caste. A man who belongs from the highest caste and another side a man from the lowest caste may become a monk in India and the two castes become equal. The caste system is opposed to the religion of Vedanta. We also know that caste is a social custom or value that is why all the great preachers have 'kks/k /kkjk 283

294 tried to break it down. Caste is like a simply outgrowth of the political Institutions of India. According to the RIG VEDA which is an ancient Hindu text, the world s formed from PURUSA (the originator of all life) as follows: 'THE BRAHMINS IS HIS MOUTH, HIS TWO ARMS BECAME THE RAJANYA (KSHATRIYAS), HIS THIGHS ARE WHAT THE VAISYA AND FROM HIS FEET THE SHUDRA IS MADE. When we are child, we cannot developed our mind so in the casteism but when we are younger than we all came to know that what is a differenced in this, who is so worthful and who is wortless. Then we can done a friendship, because we can now seem as an understandable person. When we came forth with a caste system which s followed by some major factors i.e., Heredity, Caste Rules, Marriage etc. First is heredity, children, inherit their caste from their parents and it passes from generation to generation. In this case, hereditary system, individuals are not allowed to change their caste. We also seen that there are performed their duties respectfully like, Brahmins were expected to touch with Holy Texts and others are also have their duties and also all had different rules and regulations. The exploitation of the lower castes by the upper castes is the root of the many social injustices and inter caste violence anguishing India today. UNTOUCHABLE is a famous novel by Mulk Raj Anand which deals with the casteism and exploitation. He is also one of the India s leading English authors. The main plot of this novel also revolves around the argument for abolishing the caste system. Mulk Raj Anand reveals a blend of Idealism, Socialism and a keen perception of the contemporary social issues through the novel 'UNTOUCHABLE that culminates in a tragic clash of immerse and fortune. There are many worst conditions which is suffered by the people who belongs to the poor class or untouchable and are really very shocking though one can only share their aches and agonies. The novel is a true record and a transcription of the miserable situation of the tyrannized who were subjected to immitigable social indignities only because of their lowly birth. Problem of UNTOUCHABILITY is still prevalent in the society and Mulk Raj Anand through his novel UNTOUCHABLE brings to light the sorrows and sufferings that high caste Hindus inflicted on the untouchables. In the novel UNTOUCHABLE, BAKHA is a main protagonist who belongs to a lower class strata and also a young Indian sweeper, he is also very intelligent, humble and prideful. In his life, the minor tragedies occurred which turned him into a mature. There are many situations which held in this novel like in one place BAKHA S sister SOHINI, had gone to the community well to fetch ter for her tired and thirsty brother. She stand near the well and ited for a long time and there one of the lustful man, PANDIT KALINATH who belongs to a hindu caste, drew ter for her and called her to his house for cleaning the courtyard and tried to molest her. 'kks/k /kkjk 284

295 In this case we can say that girls of untouchable family s not safety and also suppressed and exploited by the high caste hindus, so we can we all say that India is a development country, how can it is possible. Because Women of our countryis a dignity or pride for all of us. So first all have to respect. Not only novels UNTOUCHABLE but also there are many movies which show the difference between the UPPER and LOWER caste like P.K. In this movie Amir Khan shows the sensitive issue regarding religion and caste system. It depicts how people can be ignorant to rds major problems in the name of caste. The first and strongest type of exploitation is economic. The rich and powerful had full liberty to exploit the many poor and to grind them mercilessly under the wheel of economic monopolies. The narrator AravindAdiga s debut novel THE WHITE TIGER, comes from a poor rural village. He s despondent to break out of the 'Darkness, as India s outback is called, and move to the big city. In this BALRAM HAL I is the main protagonist and it means the sweet maker caste, and his destiny is to work in the tea shop. Then he learnt how to drive and got hired as the driver and he got a driving license. He escapes his village and makes his y to Delhi, where he lands a job working for a rich landlord. Here also his landlord shows him as a inferior. It meant here also the caste depiction came because HAL I and RICH LANDLORD is a gap of caste difference. That is why he soon kills his boss and, driven by an entrepreneurial spirit, departs for Bangalore s flourishing economy. After playing the vital role in novel the Hal i tries to educate the foremost about life in the rest of India. His letters, written once a day, expose the humour and the breakdown and exquisite in India s caste system, and its economic divide. There were a major cause of exploitation and abuse of women,with a great deal of sexual violence being committed by men in positions of power. These range from higher caste men violating lower caste women, specially Dalits and also policemen mistreating women from poor households and military men abusing Dalit and Adivasi women in uprising states such as Kashmir, Chhattisgarh, Jharkand, Orissa and Manipur. But we also know that state shall promoted with many special care like in educational field and economic interests of the weaker section of the people. Government made many policy for the schedule castes and the schedule tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. Then also there are many discrimination in society in a daily life. Society kept them out from any occasional things and it is not only in a state level but also in a national level. My paper fully dealt with a casteism in a national level how they suffers not only in a state or a village level. This is a biggest problem and it seems to a degradation in other things. Because rich man thinks about their own livelihood 'kks/k /kkjk 285

296 not for the poor people how they were surviving their life. Poor or Poverty line people suffers most in India. That is why India is not rich in the condition, it is rich in heritage. So we all cannot put hands in hands but we have to move and also we have to bring an equality in a caste and gender discrimination. REFRENCES 1. Wikipedia.org/wiki/caste system 2. www. Speaking trees.in /blog/caste 3. www. Gradesaver.com /untouchable/study-guide 4. https: // en.wikipedia.org/wiki/untouchability 'kks/k /kkjk 286

297 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P Industrial Pollution : Impact on Pond Water Dr. Prasanna Kumar Sharma Associate Professor, Amity University, Chattisgarh ¼Received : 10 May 2018½ Abstract Industrialization is one of main backbone for the economical development of any nation but also deteriorate the natural environmental quality. ter is the principal need of life on earth, and is an essential component for all forms of lives, from microorganism to man. Ponds are an integral component of the hydrological system; and perform diverse roles in the biosphere. Indian village people are still depending on Pond ter for their routine activity. The present study is aimed to analyse Pond ter near Industries located near to village of Chhattisgarh. The ter samples from 10 different sampling points of a Pond were taken and analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics. Temperature, ph, Electrical conductivity, TDS, Alkalinity, Free CO2, Chloride, DO, BOD, COD, Total hardness, Ca hardness were analyzed for a periods of six month..the ter quality of small community pond are above the permissible limit., it is found that the ter samples are non-potable for human being due to high concentration of one or the other parameter. Figure : 07 References : 10 Table : 03 Key words : Pond Water, Water Quality, Industrial Effluents, Industrial Air Pollution. Introduction:- Water is the principal need of life on earth, and is an essential component for all forms of lives, from microorganism to man [1,2]. Ponds are an integral component of the hydrological system; and perform diverse roles in the biosphere. Studies on pond ecosystems are, however, often neglected, probably, due to their little size. There is no doubt that little things perform many important activities in our lives. It is misleading to label small ter bodies as unimportant and insignificant, because it is our common experience that little things carry more importance in our lives.[3,4] However, it is not undeniable that small aquatic systems are taken as irrelevant to global problems and are ignored in nearly all globally important views and processes such as carbon processing and transport. Small ter bodies are inherent part of the biosphere and the interconnected network of global metabolically active sites. Ponds have been used since time immemorial as a traditional source of ter supply in India. However, the ter of the ponds, lakes and river are polluted mainly due to discharged ste ter from residential areas, se ge outlets, solid stes, detergents, automobile oil stes, fishing facilities and agricultural pesticides from farmlands [5,6].Pollution of surface and ground water is largely a problem due to rapid urbanization and industrialization. 'kks/k /kkjk 287

298 Study area and collection of water samples:- Chhattisgarh is a state in Central India. It is the 10th largest state in India with an geographical area of 137, 90 thousand ha. Chhattisgarh stretches across the latitudinal expanse of 17 46' to 23 15' North on one hand to the longitudinal meridian of 80 30' to 84 23' East on the other. Chhattisgarh is the 16th mostpopulated state of the nation.[7]. 76% of total population of Chhattisgarh is rural structured living style with total working population belongs to cultivators (49.45%) followed by others (26.30%), agriculture labour (22.00%). Chhattisgarh known for rice production. There are found 1312 rice mills. The maximum rice mills are found in Raipur (336) followed by Durg (167), Bilashpur (140), Mahasamund (124), Dhamtari (122), Raigarh (98), Rajnandgaon (66), Sarguja (61), Bastar (56), Kanker (45), Korba (37), Janjgir champa (21), Kabardha (19) Koriya (12) and Dante ra (08). [8]. 'kks/k /kkjk 288

299 Village Paragaon, 18 KM a y from Abhanpur to rds Champaran, s chosen as study area because of surrounded by huge number of Rice Mills (Agro Industries) with a big Paper production unit very near to Pond AMBHA. The Pond AMBHA is an old one pond using by village people regularly for routine activity and irrigation also. Location of pond is well definided to expose by surrounding rice mill and Paper production unit. Also the pollutants are continue affecting the quality of Pond ter easily through air and effluents. The samples were collected in precleaned and sterilized polyethylene bottles and collected with a column ter samples from at least five spots in each experimental pond between 8.00 to 9.00 am at a depth of 30 cm below the ter surface. ter samples were collected from pre to post monsoon seasons, three each during June 2016 to May 2017 by using standard methods. [7]. 'kks/k /kkjk 289

300 Analytical Methods:- Samples from the Pond were collected in two different seasons for analysis in accordance with standard method of American Public Health Association APHA and National Environment Engineering and Research Institute. (NEERI) Nagpur. Analytical regents, chemicals were employed for the preparation of all solution. Freshly prepared double distilled ter s used in all experiments. The ph of samples s measured with the help of digital ph meter. Turbidity s measured by Digital Turbidity meter model 33I EI, Electrical conductivity s measured b conductivity meter, TDS s measured with the help of Digital TDS meter. Nitrate, Sulphate, Fluoride is measured by spectrophotometer. [Double Beam Spectrophotometer]. The total hardness, Ca ion, Mg ion has measured titrimetricly by using EDTA solution and Eriocrome black T as indicator. Chlorine by Mohr's Argentrometric titration and K 2 CrO 4 as indicator. Dissolved oxygen by Winkler s method. Total alkalinity s determined by titrimetric method using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicator. [9,10] Table 1.Methods followed for analysis of ter samples. SN Water Quality Parameters Method of Analysis 1 ph Digital ph meter 2 Electrical conductivity Conductivity meter 3 Total dissolved solid Digital TDS meter. 4 Turbidity Digital Turbidity meter 5 Temperature Thermometer 6 Nitrate UV spectrophotometer 7 Sulphate UV spectrophotometer 8 Fluoride UV spectrophotometer 9 Chloride Argentometric Method 10 DO Winkler s Method 11 BOD Standard BOD Method 12 Total Hardness Complexometric Method 13 Alkalinity Neutralization Method Result and Discussion:- The results obtained from all physical and chemical analysis parameters of Pond AMBHA (Village Paragaon) in two different sessions are listed in 'kks/k /kkjk 290

301 S N Analysis Parameters Table-2. Result Season-1 Result Season-2 Irrigation standards BIS-FAO Drinking standards IS: ph Temperature( C) Colour Hazen Unit Colourless Light Brown --- Clear (5-15 Haz) 4 Electrical conductivity (mic moh/cm) 5 Total dissolved solid (mg/l) Turbidity (NTU) Nitrate (mg/l) Sulphate (mg/l) Fluoride (mg/l) Chloride (mg/l) DO (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) Total Hardness (mg/l) Alkalinity (mg/l) Discussion:- As per the results obtained in Table-2, TDS, Total Hardness BOD and Turbidity were found acceptable high. This indicates the clear effect of industrial pollutants contamination in surface water through air and effluents. Objectionable ph range is also a matter of thinking. Nitrate which is ofcourse an important nutrient for growth of vegetation and crafts is slightly non acceptable for human health. Total dissolve solid may cause notable helth effect for daily user.bod and DO both are clear indication of pollution parameter in any sample, which were found notably high in pond water. Table-3. Health effect of different ter parameters:- Parameters BIS Guideline Health Effect Value Temperature ph Affects mucous membrane; bitter taste; corrosion Total Alkalinity 600 mg/l Boiled rice turns yellowish Total Hardness Poor lathering with soap; deterioration mg/l of the quality of clothes; scale forming COD 2-4 mg/l High COD level is toxic for aquatic living organisms TDS 200 mg/l Undesirable taste; gastro-intestinal irritation; corrosion or incrustation Chloride mg/l Taste affected; corrosion 'kks/k /kkjk 291

302 Conclusion: - The goal of environmental sustainability is to conserve natural resources and to develop alternate sources of power while reducing pollution. The disappearance and deterioration in quality of natural ponds thus impacts the regional agriculture environment in our state and County. Understanding the quality of water is as important as that of its quantity, since, it is the main factor determining the suitability of water for drinking, domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes[8]. All present investigation results shows that the AMBHA Pond water is not fit for drinking purpose. Notable high values of ph, TDS, Total Hardness also indicate that this ter cannot refer to use for bathing, Fishing and irrigation without proper treatments. So, there is a need of awareness among the local people to maintain the ter quality of pond AMBHA. Intermittant cleaning of this pond by local authorities may helpful to retain ter purity. REFERENCES 1. Trivedi P, Bajpai A,Thareja S. Comparative Study of Seasonal Variation in Physico Chemical Characteristics in Drinking water Quality of Kanpur, India With Reference To 200 MLD Filteration Plant and Ground water. Nature and science 2010; 8(4): Downing, J.A., Emerging Global Role of Small Lakes and Ponds: Little Things Mean a Lot. Limnetica,29(1): 9-23 (2010) 3. Bhuiyan JR, Gupta S. A comparative hydrobiological study of a few ponds of Barak Valley, Assam and their role as sustainable ter resources. J Environ Biol. 2007;28 (4): Akpofure rim-rukeh 'Physicochemical and biological characteristics of stagnant water bodies (pond and lakes) used for drinking and domestic purpose in Niger Delte, Nigeria,Journal of environmental protection., 2013; 4: Priyanka Chugh, Amarjit kaur,harpreet kaur,satish Kumar and H.S.Sahota effect of each parameter on the quality of ter individually, International Journal of environmental Sciences., 2014; 5(3): Sachin Mishra, Asha Lata Singh,Dhanesh Ti ry 'Studies of Physicochemical status of the ponds at Varanasi Holy City under Anthrapogenic influences, International Journal of environmental research and Development, ISSN , 2014; 4(3): Chhattisgarh Population Census Data 2011, state/chhattisgarh.html, 8. Chhattisgarh State Industrial Development Corporation Limited (A Govt. of Chhattisgarh Undertaking) 9. APHA, AWWA, WPCF (2005). Standard methods for examination of water and ste water, 21st edition. American Public Health Association, washington 10.S. Venkates ran, M. Elangomannan, M. Suresh, Prabhu MV. Evaluation of Physico- Chemical Characteristics in Ground ter Using GIS A case Study of Chinnar Subbasin, Cauvery River, Tamil Nadu, India. CLEAR IJRAGS. 2011;1(1). 'kks/k /kkjk 292

303 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P Information Technology as a Tool for Developing and Empowering Rural India Kiran Sahu Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of CSIT, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chattisgarh ¼Received : 10 May 2018½ Abstract Today the whole world is witnessing revolutionary changes brought about by information technology. Be it business, defense, agriculture, education, or any other sector of economy. Information and communication technology services have completely transformed human activities. Information technology has been very pivotal in socio economic development and advancement of nations. India is not an exception. The technological revolution brought about by ICT services has also contributed a lot in rejuvenating the Indian economy. Major portions of India s population resides in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture and farming. So for the development and progress of our country, there is need to focus on rural development. Information technology has huge potential to change the face of our rural India. The government of India has adopted various schemes to promote IT adoption in rural areas for their benefits and progress which in turn will be instrumental in accelerating the growth of our economy. This paper attempts to highlight various aspects of IT/ICT services for the development and enhancement of rural India and various schemes that have been launched to provide IT services in rural areas. Figure : 00 References : 09 Table : 00 Key words : Information Technology, Economy, Rural Development I.INTRODUCTION India s economy is the fourth largest in the world. More than 70 per cent of Indian population lives in villages and 80 per cent of our poor also live in rural areas [1]. India will become a developed nation only after the development of rural India. Information technology which consists of digital processing, storage and communication of information of all kinds is [2] a powerful and productive tool which can accelerate economic and social development in rural areas. The rural population is primarily based on agriculture and farming. ICT services can be utilized for providing accurate, timely, relevant information and services to the farmers, thereby creating an environment for more remunerative agriculture. Through internet, farmers can get information about improving and increasing their production by adopting latest techniques, crop production technologies, weather update, agro finance and market a reness. They can connect to local, national as well as international markets and get better price for their product 'kks/k /kkjk 293

304 .Access to basic amenities like education, health services, availing benefits of various government schemes will become easier through the usage of ICT tools. Through the usage of ICT services we can connect rural population to whole nation as well as the world. They can have easy access to financial and banking services as and when required, various government schemes launched for their benefits which s otherwise very difficult due to hierarchy of channels involved can be accessed with transparency. Their standard of living and quality of life will also improve. We can bring the rural population to the mainstream of India s economy and make them actively participate in the development of our nation. But in India there is huge digital divide i.e. gap between implementation of IT services in urban and rural areas due to a number of factors like lack of digital literacy and a reness, connectivity problems in remote areas,unavailability of proper bandwidth,high cost incurred in setting up proper infrastructure, language barrier etc. Due to which major section of rural population is devoid of basic services and opportunities and get isolated from the mainstream of Indian economy. There is a need to abridge this digital gap among rural and urban population. The government of India also recognizes huge potential of IT adoption for the development of rural India and has launched a number of schemes. In next section we discuss some of the remarkable and concrete measures undertaken by the GOI for promotion of ICT services in rural India. II. Schemes for providing IT/ICT services in rural areas Government as well as private organizations has taken a number of initiatives for providing IT/ICT services in rural areas. Some of the important measures are listed below: 2.1. Financial Inclusion- [3] The majority of people in rural areas do not have access to the banking and financial services and as a result they remain isolated from the economic development of the country. In rural India only 33% of population is included in the formal financial system and situation becomes tougher in case of lower income group where only 26% of people form a part of financial development in the country. Technology is significantly leveraged by the Business correspondents (BCs), which are engaged by the banks for providing banking services to the excluded section of the society especially to the rural areas. BCs are widely using rural internet kiosks and mobile banking network for acquiring customer and back end support. ICT can play an important role in controlling bad debt by combining it with citizen unique ID and credit rating information. The Rangarajan committees on financial inclusion recommends the nationwide electronic financial inclusion system (NEFIS) that links bank accounts and allow govt. funds to be transferred into them electronically. The funds of Govt. subsidy, scholarships and schemes such as MGNREGS which is focused to rds rural areas, can be directly transferred into bank accounts which is linked with 'kks/k /kkjk 294

305 national unique ID of the people under govt. direct benefit transfer scheme (DBT). NEFIS, will be very instrumental in extending the access of formal financial system to the under privileged and financially excluded sections of the society CSC (Common Services Centers): [4] The CSC is a strategic cornerstone of the National e-governance Plan (NeGP), approved by the Government in May 2006, as part of its commitment in the National Common Minimum Programme to introduce e-governance on a massive scale. CSCs offer web-enabled e-governance services in rural areas, including application forms, certificates, and utility payments such as electricity, telephone and water bills ITC's e-choupal : e-choupal, an initiative of ITC's Agri Business Division, one of India's largest exporters of agricultural commodities, [5] a conglomerate in India, that directly links with rural farmers through the Internet for procurement of agricultural and aquaculture products like soybeans, wheat, coffee, and prawns. e-choupal tackles the challenges posed by Indian agriculture, characterized by fragmented farms, weak infrastructure and the involvement of intermediaries. The program installs computers with Internet access in rural areas of India to offer farmers up-to-date marketing and agricultural information. Online access enables farmers to obtain information on mandi prices, and good farming practices, and to place orders for agricultural inputs like seeds and fertilizers. This helps farmers improve the quality of their products, and helps in obtaining a better price. Since the introduction of e-choupal services, farmers have seen a rise in their income levels because of a rise in yields, improvement in quality of output, and a fall in transaction costs. Even small farmers have gained from the initiative. Farmers can get real-time information despite their physical distance from the mandis. The system saves procurement costs for ITC Limited. The farmers do not pay for the information and knowledge they get from e-choupals; the principle is to inform, empower and compete. E-market place for spot transactions and support services to futures exchange. At present the e-choupal concept reaches 4 million farmers Info Kiosks: [7] Set up by the government as a rural version of cyber café Infokiosks provide basic communication facilities like Internet connection and telecommunication services in Rural India. The projects of Info- Kiosks are very popular in Andra Pradesh, Delhi, Gujrat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,Rajasthan Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh and have contributed remarkablyin the development of the rural area Kissan Kerala- [8] Karshaka Information Systems Services And Networking (KISSAN) is an integrated, multi-modal delivery of agricultural information system, which provides several dynamic and useful information and advisory services for the farming community across Kerala. The Project is officially launched on 1st November 2003 (Kerala day). It is one of the leading citizen centric e- 'kks/k /kkjk 295

306 governance projects of the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Kerala. The project s conceived, developed and managed by the Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management- Kerala for the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Kerala. The basic objective of this project is to provide "Right Information to the Right Person(s) at the Right Time in the Right Place(s) and in the Right Context" dynamically using a combination of advanced technology like Web Technology, Television based mass media programs, Telephone based advisory, Mobile SMS based advisory and broadcast service, dedicated online Agri video channel provides video on demand service etc, which, involves effective collaboration of experts from key organizations for effective information delivery and knowledge empowerment on demand seamlessly to all farmers across Kerala. The key feature of KISSAN is the integrated service delivery model that makes available to the experts from any agriculture related organization any mix or all of the above modes of communications to reach timely and effective assistance to farmers anywhere in the state Community Information Centers: [9] Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DEIT) had taken up an initiative in February 2002 for setting up of Community Information Centers (CICs) in the hilly, far-flung rural areas of the country to bring the benefits of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) to the people for socio-economic development of these regions and to alleviate the digital divide between urban and non-urban areas. The initiative which s as a follow up to the special package announced by PM (Prime Minister) to the North Eastern States has been extended to Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) in February 2004, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, and Lakshadweep Islands in February These CICs are a citizen interface for IT enabled e-government services and training. Conclusion Today India has become the leading IT giant in the world. Information technology has brought historic revolutions in our country by accelerating the growth and development of Indian economy. It has made remarkable contributions to GDP, revenues, exports, foreign direct investment and employment. IT/ ICT tools have also proved to be an important tool for the development of rural areas which were otherwise considered as backward plagued by poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, poor sanitation etc. But the deployment of modern age IT /ICT tools in rural areas has completely changed the scenario. Now people in rural areas feel more empowered and independent.[6]ict measure taken by the centre, state and private organizations for agriculture like ITC s e-choupal, kissan kerala, Aaqua, Rice knowledge management portal, e-krishi, Mahindra Kisan Mitra, IFFCO Agri-portal, Village knowledge centers (VKCs), have proved to be blessings for our farmers who are completely dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. 'kks/k /kkjk 296

307 ICT is facilitating the socio-economic development in rural India by providing facilities by y of health, education, financial services and employment opportunities etc. Slowly the digital gap between rural and urban areas will vanish with e and m services in rural sectors. IT tools are playing a very crucial role in the sustainable development of our rural India and has brought them to the mainstream of our economy. REFERENCES [1] [2] Gulati, A. G. (2011). Role of ICTs in Rural Development. kurukshetra a journal on rural development,60(3), 2-7. [3] Bansal, S. (2014). Perspective of Technology in Achieving Financial Inclusion in Rural India (Vol. 11, pp ). Elsevier B.V. [4] [5] [6] [7] Sharma, P. (2011). Impact of information technology on the development of rural economy of India. International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management,4(1), [8] [9] 'kks/k /kkjk 297

308 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P Role of Women In Nation's Development Mrs. Alka Shukla Asst. Prof., English, Navin Govt. College, Pamgarh, Champa, Chattisgarh ¼Received : 10 May 2018½ Abstract Development of a nation is generally viewed as economic development of a country. This is partly true. In real sense, a nation is called developed when development takes place in the entire field of Economic, Politics, Social, Culture, Education, Sports, Science and Technology. The spiritual development is unique for our country. Now-a-days without the development of women, national development is partial. Men and women are equal in all walks of life. Now Gender Discrimination is to be fully eliminated in the development process. Seven to eight decades ago, queen Elizabeth, a women, ruler of Great Britain, About 100 yearsago, Rani Ahilya Bai s ruling central india. During her time, multidirectional developmental projects were taken place for the benefit of common people. Figure : 00 References : 03 Table : 00 Key words : Role of Women, Nation Development and Role of Women Development of a nation is generally viewed as economic development of a country. This is partly true. In real sense, a nation is called developed when development takes place in the entire field of Economic, Politics, Social, Culture, Education, Sports, Science and Technology. The spiritual development is unique for our country. Now-a-days without the development of women, national development is partial. Men and women are equal in all walks of life. Now Gender Discrimination is to be fully eliminated in the development process. Seven to eight decades ago, queen Elizabeth, a women, ruler of Great Britain, About 100 yearsago, Rani Ahilya Bai s ruling central india. During her time, multidirectional developmental projects were taken place for the benefit of common people. A family is a primary unit of a country. Country is built by family members. Male & female both united & make a family. For its smooth running contribution of male & female are equally important just like two wheels of a cart. Slowly and slowly women are getting much importance in national wealth building activities. Women are now no more a mere house wife. Besides managing the daily family chores we may find women working as entrepreneurs, professors, engineers scientists, politician, economists, lawyers and other professionals. They are earning big name in respective fields. In ancient age, ladies like sati Anusuiya, Pingla, Ahilya, Kaikeyee, Tara etc have immensely contributed in social development of their country. In Past Rani Laxmi Bai, Rani Durgawati, Queen Ahilya etc. had played vital role in political 'kks/k /kkjk 298

309 advancement. Now-a-days Ministry of Defence and ministry of external Affairs of India are being headed successfully by women. Some of our state chief ministers are women namely Mamta Banerjee, Vasundhara Raje & Mehbooba Mufti. Some of our Business Houses are also headed by women. Swami Vivekanand addressed Dharm Sansad at Chicago of America on 11 Sept by beginning with the words "sisters and brothers of America ". It attracted the attention of all the world leaders present in that conference. These two words introduced India to the world map Woman is not less important in India. They are respected in all spheres of human life that too is national Development. ECONOMIC Strong financial management of a country is our important indicator of country's development. Growth of foreign exchange reserve, sensitivity index, country's currency convertibility to dollar, manufacturing sector, productivity in farm sector etc. are viewed is measure of economic growth. Our country is scaling new heights of growth year-on-year continuously. In economic development our women folk are contributing continually. Our rural women have made women self Help Group (WHSP) to boost their family economy. Some of our banks and business houses are headed by women like Indira Nui, Shikha Sharma, Arundhati Bhattacharya, a few more to name. Lot many women are working in manufacture of Tile and clock in Kutch Gujarat, Some of banks are managed by educated women. Women are the backbone of labor work force in farm sector and building construction industries. Present Government is active in involving female candidates in the business. Women entrepreneurship is being developed in district and state level. As a result women will also contribute in managing small business houses and economic development of the country. POLITICS During the Pre-independence period, Politics s dominated by male aspirants. Very few women like sucheta kripalani, Smt. Indira Gandhi, Vijaya Raje Sindhia, Vijay Laxmi Pandit were active in Indian politics, Reservation for women in electoral process has given a boost to political field. In present political scenario, women cabinet ministers like Sushma S raj, Nirmala Sitaraman, Menka Gandhi and Smriti Irani, are successfully managing their respective Ministry. Rather they are viewed as forerunner in national leadership. Similarly Smt. Vasundhara raje, Didi Mamta BanerJee and Mehbooba Mufti are heading three state Governments as Chief Ministers. CULTURE-One of the British scholar told, if you nt to let down the country then you first deprive the countrymen by their culture and language British people and Mughals did the same. If you nt to hold your head high you tell "We are Indian first". One should have belongingness to their country. Amongst the educated people in our urban areas our culture is diminishing but in the rural area our primitive cultures are alive. The folk dances, songs based nature sung 'kks/k /kkjk 299

310 by women, Nritya-Natika, rural drama all are mostly dominated by women actors. "Tijan Bai Singing and dancing on Mahabharat play tune have widely praised world wide. Routnacha, Haldikum-kum, celebration, lighting earthem pot (Diya) during Deepa li are all celebrated by active participation of woman members. SOCIAL- ^^olq/kso dqvqecde** is slogan of our Indian society. Mother, father, wife, husband, son and daughter only all considered in our family at present. But it is not entirely true. Entire world is considered our family. According to our Indian society, Mother Teresa, Maa Anandmayee, Medha Patkar etc. considered entire world as their own family. Maa, Sita and Maa Parvati considered themselves as a mother of human being. In the earlier time, the Muslim women were getting raw deal. They were kept oppressed & suppressed by the process of Triple Talaq & dowry system, On August 22, 2017 the supreme Court judgment held triple talaq to be violative of the fundamental right fcontained under Article 14 of the constitution and agreed with the ruling given by the supreme court in Shamim Ara case in 2002 which had laid down the correct law of divorce as ordained in Quran as (I) that Talaq must be for a reason able cause and that it must be preceded by an attempt of reconciliation between the husband and wife by two arbitrators. If their attempts fail, talaq may be effected, Abolition of such prevailing evil tradition like talaq, dowry system will be a step further to rds the development of women as life. EDUCATION & SPORTS Even after Independence, education system of our country s prevailing as prescribed by lord Macaulay. The same system is continued at present, with some modification taken place time to time. Focus is being given to rds science and technology based education Pattern. It is getting changed to rds skill development and self employment based education. Information Technology based education along with the higher education, people are being imparted job oriented training coupled with necessary skills useful in practical life. In Merit list of final examination results women students are topping the list. It shows the development of educated women aspiring for jobs in various field. Working women many find places in Information technology, defence, aviation, manufacturing and general office work. In sports, our country women are participating in Cricket, football, badminton, wresting, kabaddi etc which were considered to be male dominated games. Some of our women are signing in international sports. Women like Saina Mirza, Saina Neh l, P.V. Sindhu are rising stars in international games. Bachendri Paul had scaled mount Everest in mountaineering. Late Kalpana chowla of Indian origin s space craft woman. In the field of entertainment women actresses are signing in almost all the films. Some of the leading actresses are Hemamalini, Rekha, Vaijayanti Mal, Asha Pareek, Dipika Padukone etc. SPIRITUALITY Spirituality is our national heritage in global scenario. It is a 'kks/k /kkjk 300

311 soul of our country, India. India is perhaps the only country in the world where spiritual life is prevalent in childhood, youth, youngsters, and old age people. Our morning begins with words like Matri Devo Bhav, Pitri devo bhav, Sury devo Bhav etc. Religious discourses were delivered by men earlier. Now-a-days, many female saints have started delivering spiritual discourses on the religious books like shri mad Bhag t Gita, Shrimad Bhaga t, Shivpuran, Mahabharat, Upanishads etc. Some of our woman saint have acquired advance knowledge in spirituality. Hundreds and thousands of people sit to listen patiently. They are successfully imparting eternal knowledge like yoga, chintan on Atma and parmatma to attain moksh which is ultimate aim of human life. Some of the learned women imparting religious discourses are Prachi Devi, Jaya Kishori, Sadhvi chitralekha Deviji, Sadhvi Aditi Bharati etc. These religious female saints occupying important place in the life of Indian folk. Government of India have launched some women friendly schemes for the development of female population. Some of these are:- (i) Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao Scheme. (ii) "Sukanya Samridhi" Scheme. (iii) "Women entrepreneur Development Scheme." (iv) "Women empowerment" scheme. Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao is social campaign of the Government of India that aims to generate a reness and improve the efficiency of welfare services intended for girls. The scheme s launched with an initial fund of Rs. 100/- crores. The scheme also encompasses save girl child in mother's womb without aborting. Help girl child in getting higher education without gender discrimination. Women entrepreneurship development is the process of improving the skills and knowledge of entrepreneurs through various training and classroom programs. They learn entrepreneurs enterprise and society. It is a practice meant to improve entrepreneurial skills among people. In other word, it is the inculcation, advancement and grooming of entrepreneurial skills into a person needed to establish and successfully run an enterprise. Thus, we find that our country's women face is signing in the field of education, science & technology, sports and entertainment. REFERENCES 1. Chhattopadhyay, S.K., industrial sickness in india, New Delhi: Sage Publications, Agrawal, A.N., Indian Economy, Problems of Development and Planning, Wiley Eastern Ltd.Delhi, Agra l, A.K., North Eastern Economy-Problems and Prospectus: Mittal Publication New Delhi, 'kks/k /kkjk 301

312 ISSN : , RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P Role of Economic and Industrial Sector in National Development Mira Tandon Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Commerce, Naveen Government College, Pamgarh, Champa, Chasttisgarh, ¼Received :10 May 2018½ Abstract This paper reviews the role of economic and industrial sector in the nation growth. The paper shows the importance of industrial sector. National development compromises integrated development of all other sector related to agriculture, power, transport and other services. Industrialization refers to the process of change in the technology used to produce goods and services. Industrialization has a major role to play in the economic development of the developing countries. It helps in generating more employment opportunities and increases standard of living. It is therefore conclude on the basis of the reviewed that industrial sector play a significant role in the national development of a country. Figure : 01 References : 06 Table : 00 Key words : National Sector, Development, Economic, Industries. Introduction: National development is the ability of a country to improve the social welfare of the people e.g. by providing social amenities like quality education, portable water facility, transportation, infrastructure, medical care etc. Industrial Sector is of great importance for economic development of country. It is historical fact that countries with strong industrial sector have showed more economic growth and development industrial sector have shows improvement in national income and promoted living standard of population. Industrial development plays a pivotal role in economic uplift. It raises the productive capacity of the people and creates ever-increasing employment opportunities. The people thus can have more goods and service: leisure and better health denied the previous generations. Industrial development reduces dependence on agricultural exports to earn badlyneeded foreign exchange. An industrialized nation is al ys economically stronger and thus capable of defending itself against any aggression. Industry refers to the economic activities which are connected with conversion of resources into useful goods. The term industry is used for activities in which mechanical and technical skills are involved. Industry is divided into three categories primary industries, secondary industries and tertiary industries. Primary industry includes industry that deals in obtaining natural materials like agriculture, forestry, mining etc. Secondary industry means that converts the raw materials provided by primary industry into commodities and products for the consumer, manufacturing industry. Tertiary industry is the segment of economy 'kks/k /kkjk 302

313 that provides services to its consumer, this includes a wide range of businesses such as financial institutions, restaurants etc. Main industries of our country are: textiles industry, chemical industry, food processing industry, steel industry, textile industry. Cement industry, petroleum industry, machinery, soft re, pharmaceuticals, transportation equipments. The information technology industry continues to be the largest private sector employer in India. India is the third largest startup hub in the world with over 3100 technology startups in The industry sector has held a steady share of its economic contribution 26% of GDP in Growth rate of industrial sector is estimated to moderate to 5.2% in from 7.4% last fiscal year. During april- november 2016, a modest growth in electricity generation offset by moderation in mining and manufacturing. Importance of Economic and Industrial Sector in National Development Higher standard of Living: Industrialization helps in increasing the value of output per worker. The income of the labour, due to higher productivity increases. The rise in income raises the living standard of the people. Economic Stability : Industrial sector also helps government to stabilize price in country when goods are available in sufficient quantity, there is no change of increasing prices of these items. Industrialization is the best y of providing economic stability to the country. A nation which depends upon the production and export of raw material alone cannot achieve a rapid rate. Improvement in Balance of Payments : Industrial sector earns a good amount of foreign exchange for the country which is used for repairing national debt and for important of machinery etc. Industrialization brings structural changes in the pattern of foreign trade of the country. It helps in increasing the export of manufactured goods and thus earns foreign exchange. On the other hand the processing of raw material at home curtails the import of goods and thereby helps in conserving foreign exchange. Agricultural Development : Industrial Sector is also important and helpful in agricultural development. Because it provides fertilizers pesticides, seeds, machinery etc, agricultural sector these things promotes agricultural development. Industrialization provides machinery like tractors, thrashers, harvesters, bulldozers, aerial spray etc. to be used in the farm sector. The increased use of modem inputs has increased the yield of crops per hectare. The increase in the income of the farmers has given boost to economic development in the country. Increase in Employment : Industrial Sector provides employment to majority of population. This sector provides employment to both skilled and unskilled labour. According to one estimate more that 50% of total labor force is employed in industry. Developed industrial sector can absorb millions of unemployed which will increase not only the income level but also the standard of living. 'kks/k /kkjk 303

314 Modern Defense : Modern defense cannot be put on a sound footing unless its basic needs are met from within the country itself and these basic needs are mainly supplied by modem industry, in the present times it have become more important as we surrounded by enemies. Stimulates Progress of Other Industries : Development of one industry leads to the development and expansion of other industries. For instance: the construction of a transistor radio plant develops the small battery industry (back rd linkage). The construction of milk processing plants adds to its line of production ice cream. Cone cream plants, etc. Promotes Specialization : Industrialization promotes specialization of labor. The division of work increases the marginal value product of labor. The income of worker in the industrial sector is therefore, higher than that of a worker in agricultural sector. Increased Saving and Investment : Industrialization increases the income of the workers. It enhances their capacity to save. The voluntary savings stimulate industrial growth and by cumulative effect lead to further expansion of industry. Large Scope for Technological Progress : Industrialization provides larger scope for on the job-training and technological progress. The use of advance technology increases the scale of production, reduces cost of production. Improves quality of the product and helps in widening of the market. Increase in the Government Revenue : Industrial sector increases revenue of Government because industrial sector pays different type of taxes to government like Excise Duty, Custom Duty, Corporate Tax, Sales Tax. Industrialization increases the supply of goods both for internal and external markets. The export of goods provides foreign exchange. The customs excise duties and other taxes levied on the production of goods increase the revenue of the state. Easy to Control Industrial Activity : The industrial activity compared to agricultural is easy to control. The industrial production can be expanded or cut down according to the price, cost and demand of the product. Reduction in the Rate of Population Growth : Industrialization leads to migration of surplus labor from farm sector to the industries mostly situated in urban centers. In cities, improved facilities of sanitation and health care are available. People through the adoption of family planning measures, reduce the rate of population growth. Diversification of Economy : Industrialization eliminates dependence on agriculture only. By exporting finished and industrial goods we can earn a lot of money as compared to exporting raw materials. Import Substitutes : With developed industrial sector we cannot only produce substitute of imported goods but we can export them to other countries. Therefore dependence on other countries and deficit in balance of trade and balance of 'kks/k /kkjk 304

315 payments can be decreased and we may be able to save foreign exchange. Extension of Market : Extension of market depends on the quantity of demand. There is a demand of finished products within and outside the country. With increase in industrial production we can supply goods to far-off places and to other countries and extend market which may help in economic development. Increase in Rate of Economic Development : Agriculture, minerals, transport and communication trade and other sector of the economy mainly depend on industrial sector. Developed industrial sector means development and economic welfare of the individuals. Political Stability : In international market, those countries are enjoying higher living standards which we industrially developed. They not only receive higher prices for their exports and earn foreign exchange but their financial and political condition also become more stable. Increase in Social Welfare : Industrial sector is also plays great role in social welfare this sector meets different needs of society like food and fiber requirement of population. Industrial development increases the revenue of the government which is spent on the welfare of people. New roads, dams, buildings and parks are constructed. Reduces Imports : Imports of country can be reduced by establishing industries of those goods that are being imported from other countries in this y national foreign exchange service can be saved. Scale of Production : Increased Production will expand the scale of production with the result cost of production will be decreased and the profit will be increased for the business people. Efficiency of Labour : Industries will make the people hardworking and will go a long y to increase their efficiency. Industrial units helps in improving efficiency of labour. National Defense Requirement : Industrial Sector also meets national defense requirement. Defense is very important requirement of every country industrial sector provide modern arms and other equipment s for defense. About Chhattisgarh: Information On Industries, Geography, Economy & GSDP Latest update: November, 2017 The major obstacles to accelerated industrial growth are: a) high incidence of domestic taxes; b) outdated labour laws; c) difficulties involved in dealing with industrial sickness; d) continued existence of inefficient public 'kks/k /kkjk 305