( A Peer Reviewed International Refereed Journal)

Transcription

1 Impact Factor Indexed in ULRICH, IIJIF & DOJI Registered & Listed by UGC ( A Peer Reviewed International Refereed Journal) Issue-1 Volume - 26 January-March 2018 Volume-26 Issue - 1 January-March 2018

2 ( A Peer Reviewed International Refereed Journal) Deputy Director (Research) Dr. Avdhesh Kumar Sharma BBD Govt. PG College, Chimanpura Jainarain Vyas University, Jodhpur

3 Shodh Shree ( A Peer Reviewed International Refereed Journal) Contents Volume-26 Issue-1 January - March mùkjk[k.m ds lunhkz esa ekvksokn,d xehkhj pquksrh 1&5 MkW-lqjsUnz flag dqaoj] x<+oky (mùkjk[k.m) 2- vewrz dyk esa jlfu"ifrr 6&9 MkW-Jqfr [kuuk dddm+]c;kuk 3- iapk;rh jktlalfkk,sa&pquksfr;k o lehkkouk,sa 10&15 MkW- 'kkfyuh prqosznh] t;iqj 4- orzeku f'k{kk dk Lo:i,oa vko';drk 16&19 fefkys'k daoj] fprksm+x<+,oa MkW-'kksHkk xqirk] tks/kiqj 5- egkhkkjr esa jktuhfrd n'kzu 20&23 gsejkt ehuk] t;iqj 6- e/;dkyhu Hkkjr esa fp'rh lwqhokn vksj jktuhfr ds ijlij 24&27 çhkkoksa dk fo'ys".kkred v/;;u&1000 bz- ls 1550 bz- rd MkW-vfer dqekj flag] fqjkstiqj (iatkc) 7- uxjh; lsokvksa dh ykxr% t;iqj o tks/kiqj uxj fuxe,d rqyukred v/;;u 28&35 ftrsuæ izdk'k cksgjk] tks/kiqj,oa izks- (MkW-),e-,y-oMsjk] t;iqj 8- tsu jke dfkk dk jk"vªh;,oa lkald`frd egro 36&39 MkW-lkfjdk] t;iqj 9- cks¼ n'kzu esa dez fl¼kur %,d foospu 40&43,drk ckafb;k] chdkusj 10- ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kur 44&51 MkW- jsuqjk/kk] m/keflag uxj (mrrjk[k.m) 11- izkphu lkfgr; esa o`fùk fo"k;d izko/kku 52&56 MkW- gjds'k csjok] cwunh 12- HkfDr lur xq#ukud vksj mudh fyfiekyk dk vk/;kfred Lo:i 57&60 lq[kohj dksj] t;iqj 13- xksiky d`".k xks[kys ds fopkj esa lr;,oa jktuhfr 61&65 MkW- lqjs'k dqekj tkv] chdkusj 14- ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa tyxzg.k fodkl dk;ze&,d fo'ys"k.k 66&73 MkW- vts; foe flag punsy,oa eksgeen ruoh:y blyke] dksvk 15- Hkkjrh; 'kkl=h; laxhr dh egroiw.kz fo/kk Bqejh dk fo'ys"k.kkred v/;;u 74&80 vej nhi 'kekz] mn;iqj 16- fodkl esa,sfrgkfld /kjksgj dk ;ksxnku (if'peh jktlfkku ds lanhkz esa) 81&85 vthr jke pks/kjh] t;iqj 17- lyrur dky esa eqnzk iz.kkyh dk Lo:Ik (byrqrfe'k ds lunhkz esa) 86&88 MkW- ftrsunz ekjksfb;k] vtesj

4 18- if'pe jktlfkku esa ÅtkZ ds xsj ijeijkxr lalk/kuksa dh lahkko;rk 89&91 fojsunz HkkVh] tks/kiqj 19- leku ukxfjd lafgrk,oa rhu rykd 92&98 MkW- fodkl dqekj 'kekz] cwunh 20- Hkkjr esa vkffkzd fodkl ds çfreku%,d fo'ys"k.kkred v/;;u 99&103 dsyk'k pun lkeksrk] t;iqj 21- Hkkjr esa lwqhokn dk mn;,oa rrdkyhu lkekftd lkald`frd ifjflfkfr;k 104&107 fof/k iapksyh] vtesj 22- pqukoksa esa ehfm;k ij vadq'k [krjukd 108&110 jkts'k pks/kjh] tks/kiqj 23- Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k foi.ku%xzkeh.k cktkj dh cnyrh rlohj 111&113 MkW- fo".kq nùk nos] ikyh 24- jktlfkku esa iapk;rh jkt dk,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k 114&118 MkW- lqjs'k pun 'kekz] t;iqj 25. The Backdrop of the Socio-Cultural Movements and the Brewing Discontentment Amongst the Bhils Dr. Vijaya Lakshmi, Jaipur 26. Constraints and Suggestion of Women Beneficiaries Working under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Gurantee Act (MGNREGA) in Jodhpur District of Rajasthan Gitika Kachhawa, Jodhpur & Dr. Lalita Vatta, Jaipur 27. An Analysis of National Pension Scheme 2004 : A Study of Some Selected Enterprises in Rajasthan with special Reference to Kota District Ankur Jain & Dr. Kapil Dev Sharma, Kota 28. Rejuvenation of Drvayavati River : An Analysis Towards Land Development and Water Management Bhagyashri & Amla Kumari, Jaipur 29. Exploring the Beliefs of the Meiteis: An Account from the Cheitharol Kumbaba of Manipur Dr. Khwairakpam Renuka Devi, Gangtok (Sikkim) 30. Impact of Work Life Balance on Employee's Performance Dr. Aditi R Khandelwal &Neha Shakhawat, Jaipur 31 T.I.E. (Theatre In Education) : A Teacher's Experiments In Garhwal Himalaya Manoj Singh Research Sriangar (Uttrakhand) 32. Relevance of the Five Laws of Library Science Today Dr. Kumkum Rajawat, Bikaner 33. Triple Talaq : A Social Problem For Muslim Women Dr. Rakesh Verma, Jaitaran 34. Role of Election Commission In India Reetesh Jain, Jaipur 35. Exploring Eroticism in Indian Temple Sculpture Shilpi Doodwal, Ajmer 36. Accounting Entries Under GST Regime: A Descriptive Study Dr. R. K. Nagarwal, Ajmer

5 mùkjk[k.m ds lunhkz esa ekvksokn,d xehkhj pquksrh MkW- lqjsunz flag dqaoj ikslv MkWDVj QSyks] gs-u-c-x- (dsunzh;) fo- fo- Jhuxj] x<+oky (mùkjk[k.m) 'kks/k Lkkjka'k vkt ekvksokn ns'k dh lcls cm+h vkurfjd lqj{kk lel;k ds #i esa gekjs lkeus igkm+ dh rjg [km+h gsad;ksafd ;g dkuwu O;oLFkk ds LkkFk Lkkekftd] vkffkzd finms+iu Lks tqmh+ LkeL;k gsaa dsunz,oa jkt; ljdkj }kjk ekvksokn ls izhkkfor {ks=ksa ds xjhc fdlkuksa] csjkstxkjks] cslgkjk yksxksa o vke/kkjk ls foyx vf'kf{kr] vksj vyi f'kf{kr yksxksa ds fy, fodkl dk izk:i rs;kj dj izhkkfor jkt;ksa esa Hkstk] ijurq iz'kklkfud laxkbu dh deh,ao jktuhfr 'kfdr ds dkj.k ekvksokfn;ksa ds fy, ;kstuk,sa Lkgh fn'kk esa f;kfuor ugha gks ik;ha blfy, xjhc yksxksa dks etcwju gffk;kj mbkus ij foo'k gksuk im+k] ftls vkt lqj{kk ds fygkts ls cmh+ pquksrh ds :i esa ns[kk tk jgk gsa ladsrk{kj % ekvksokn] mxzokn] udlyokn] vkradokna ekvksrls rqax dh fopkj/kkjk ij vk/kkfjr ekvksoknh dzkfur dk tue gqvka nqfu;k ds fy, vkradokn dh 1 lel;k mruh gh xehkhj gs] ftruh fd Hkkjr ds fy, ekvksokn dha ekdlzokn de;qfulv ikvhz ds usrk pk:etwenkj us bugha fopkjksa ds vk/kkj ij,d,sfrgkfld kfurdkjh nlrkost rs;kj fd;k] ftlds vk/kkj ij if'pe caxky esa 60 ds n'kd ds vur esa ekvksoknh kfur 'kq: gqbz rc ls ysdj vkt rd 2 ekvksoknh fgalk dk;e gsa ekvksokn mriu gksus ds fueu dkj.k gs & HkkSxksfyd ifjflfkfr;k & ekvksoknh xfrfof/k;ka ogh ij vf/kd gksrh gs tgka ij HkkSxksfyd ifjflfkfr;k muds vuqdwy gksrh gsa eq[; :i ls taxykss] oukas ls f?kjs igkm+h,oa unh&ukyksa ds {ks=ksa esa ekvksoknh xfrfof/k;ka vf/kd gksrh gsa D;ksafd xfrfof/k;ksa dks vatke nsdj rqjar fni tkus esa bl izdkj dh HkkSxksfyd flfkfr;ka ykhknk;h gksrh gsa mrihm+u,oa 'kks"k.k& iw thifr;ksa] tehnkjksa] Bsdsnkjksa],oa mpp oxz ds vf/kdka'k yksxksa us vkfnokfl;ksa] finm+s] nfyrksa],oa etnwjksa dk 'kks"k.k gh ugha fd;k] cfyd mudh bpnkuqlkj dke u djus ij mugsa cqjh rjg mrihfm+r fd;k tkrk jgk gs ftlls mugsa fonzksg dk ekxz viukus ds fy, ck/; gkssuk im+ka csjkstxkjh dh lel;k& ekvksokn ds izeq[k dkj.kksa esa ls xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa O;kIr csjkstxkjh dh lel;k Hkh dgh tk ldrh gs] csjkstxkjksa dks jkstxkj ds uke ij jkbqy Fkekdj LkÙkk ij dctk djus dk liuk fn[kk;k tkrk gsa ftlds dkj.k ekvksoknh laxbuksa dh la[;k c<+rh tk jgh gsa vf'k{kk& ekvksoknh lel;k dk folrkj dk,d izeq[k dkj.k vf'k{kk dks Hkh ekuk tkrk gsa D;ksafd vf'kf{kr O;fDr dks cm+h vklkuh ds lkfk xqejkg fd;k tk ldrk gs] ftlls os vklkuh ls ekvksoknh lsfud cuus ds fy, rs;kj gks tkrs gsa ewyhkwr lqfo/kkvksa dk vhkko& ekvksoknh xfrfof/k;ka ogka ij T;knk lf; jgh gsa tgka fodkl dh fdj.k utj ugha igqwp ikrha ewyhkwr lqfo/kk;sa esa tsls lm+d ekxz] ;krk;kr ds lk/ku] fpfdrlky;] tykiwfrz] Ldwy,oa nwj lapkj ek/;ed ds lk/kuksa dk vhkko jgrk gsa ftlds dkj.k LFkkuh; ukxfjdkas dk ljdkj ds ifz r fo'okl gv tkrk gas 1@ Hk;] Hkw[k,oa Hkz"Vkpkj& Hkkjr dh vktknh ds 6 n'kd chr tkus ds ckotwn vkt Hkh gekjs lekt esa Hk;] Hkw[k],oa 2 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

6 Hkz"Vªkpkj c<+rk tk jgk gsa ftlesa fo'ks"k :i ls lekt ds fupys rcds ds yskx 'kkfey gsa bl flfkfr ds fy, {ks=h; usrk fteeksnkj gs vksj mugha ij bls Bhd djus dk nkf;ro Hkh gsa vkt Hk"Vªkpkfj;ksa dks fdlh izdkj dk dksbz Hk; ugha gsa D;ksafd {ks=h; usrkvksa ds lkfk mu yksxksa ds vpns lecu/k gksrs gsa blfy, vke yksxksa dk thuk gjke gks tkrk gsa ftldk fojks/k vkks'k o fonzksg ds :i esa vkrk gs] blh dk,d #i ekvksokn Hkh gsa Hkwfe lq/kkj dkuwu& Hkkjr Hkwfe esa ekvksoknh lel;k isnk gksus dk,d izeq[k dkj.k Hkwfe lq/kkj dkuwu dk ykxw u fd;k tkuk gsa ljdkj us tehankjh izfkk lekir dj nsus ds ckn Hkwfe iquzforj.k lecu/kh dkuwu fu/kkzfjr dj fn;k gs ysfdu bls oklrfod :i ls ykxw djus esa cgqr vfu;ferk;sa cjrh xbza ftlesa Bhd ls u gh xjhc oxksz ds yksxksa dks Hkwfe fey ikbz gs vksj u gh etnwjh bl izdkj ds crkzo o O;ogkj ds dkj.k oxz la?k"kz dks c<+kok feyrk jgk gs vksj bugha ifjflfkfr;ksa esa mxzoknh lxbuksa 3 dks viuk izhkko tekus dk eksdk fey jgk gsa usiky esa ekvksokfn;ksa dh 'kq:vkr o"kz 1996 ds vkl&ikl ekuh tkrh gsa vkt usiky ds 75 ftyksa es ls 40 ftyksa ij ekvksokfn;ksa dk iwjk dctk gsa ;gka yecs le; ls pyh vk jgh ekvksoknh lel;k ds funku ds fy, lozizfke vxlr 2001 esa Hkksj cgknqj nsmok us iz/kkuea=h cuus ds ckn igy dha nsmok us ctv esa Hkwfeghuksa dks tehu nsus lecu/kh dkuwu cuus rd tehu ds glrkurj.k ij jksd yxk nha nfyrksa ds fy;s eafnj esa iwtk vpzuk gsrq dkuwu cukuk izlrkfor gqvka ca/kqvk etnwjksa dks eq r edku o tehu nh tkuh Fkh vksj tutkfr;ksa ds fodkl ds fy, 25 o"khz; ;kstuk ykxw dh tkuh FkhA ekvksoknh fonzksfg;ksa us ljdkj ds lkeus viuh,dlw=h ekax usiky esa jkt'kkgh dk var rfkk ns'k esa l[r Hkwfe lq/kkj dkuwu ykxw djus ds fy, vkokt mbk nha ljdkj us x`g;q¼ dh vk'kadk dks ns[krs 4 gq, bl ekax dks vuqfpr Bgjkrs gq, [kkfjt dj fn;ka Tkcfd Nkikekj ;q¼ esa izf'kf{kr fdlku l'kl= vkunksyu dh jhm+ gsaa ysfdu mldk usr`ro 1960 ds n'kd esa caxky ds gq, udlyokm+h vkunksyu dh gh rjg f'kf{kr 'kgjh oxz ds gkfkksa esa jgka izp.m ftudk vlyh uke iq"i dey ngy gs] d`f"k oskkfud gsaa ikvhz egklfpo Mk0 ckcwjke HkV~VjkbZ izf'kf{kr oklrq'kkl=h gsa vksj fnyyh flfkr ts0,u0;w ls ih0,p0mh0 dj pqds gsaa yksdru= lefkzd vkunksyu dh Nk;k esa bu yksxksa us 5 usiky dh jktuhfr esa izos'k fd;ka usiky esa fczvsu ds fo'ks"k izfrfuf/k lj T;kQzh tsel us crk;k fd fczvsu ekvksoknh lel;k dks ns'k dh cgqnyh; yksdrkaf=d iz.kkyh ds rgr ckrphr ds tfj, 'kkafuriw.kz lek/kku pkgrk gsa tcfd ekvksoknh laxbu ds izeq[k usrk iq"ik dey ngy (izp.m) us 'kkfur okrkz ij cgl djrs gq, fnlkecj 2002 esa dgk Fkk] fd gekjh dqn 'krsz gsa tks ljdkj dks ekuuh im+sxha 1- ljdkj gesa vkradoknh dguk can djsa 2- gekjs lefkzdksa dh gr;k djuk cun djsaa 3- gesa ;g tkudkjh nsa fd gekjs tsy esa cun vksj ykirk 6 lnl; dgk gsaa Tkcfd usiky ljdkj }kjk ekvksokfn;ksa ds lkfk ckrphr djus ds dqn?kavs ckn ekvksokfn;ksa us dkbekamw ls 500 fdeh0 tweyk ftys ds [kkyaxk flfkr ftyk eq[;ky; ij /kkok cksy fn;k dbz?kavks rd pys la?k"kz ds ckn 100 ls T;knk ekvksoknh ekjs x;s vksj 175 LFkkuh; ukxfjd ekjs x;sa fifkksjkx<+ tuin ds /kkjpqyk foyksd ls yxk usiky dk nkpqzyk tuin dks ekvksoknh xfrfof/k;ksa dk dsunz fcunq ekuk tkrk gsa nqxze iozrh; {ks= gksus ds dkj.k ekvksokfn;ksa dks ;gk ij vkradoknh izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gsa dfbu HkkSxksfyd ifjflfkfr;ksa ds dkj.k bl {ks= esa vc rd usiky dh 'kkgh lsuk Hkh ekvksokfn;ksa ij viuh idm+ ugha cuk ikbza fifkksjkx<+ ds /kkjpqyk foyksd ls lvs usiky esa mdw uked xkao esa xkaookfl;ksa }kjk idm+s x;s ekvksoknh deku flag }kjk Hkkjr&usiky ls leidz LFkkfir djus okys >wykiqyksa lesr usiky esa lkoztfud leifr u"v djus rfkk Hkkjr ds Å/keflag uxj eas [kvhek dh lhek ls lvs egkdkyh lfgr djukyh] gsrh o lsrh uked usikyh tuinksa esa Hkh fo/oaldkjh xfrfof/k;kas lapkfyr djus dh ;kstukvksa 7 dk jgl;ksn?kkvu gqvka ekvksokfn;ksa }kjk tc 27 Qjojh 2002 dks usiky dk nkpzqyk ftys ds eq[;ky; dks ceksa ls mm+kus dh /kedh nh x;h rks ogkw ng'kr QSy x;h] ljdkjh dezpkjh vksj O;kikjh nkpqzyk NksM+dj fifkksjkx<+ ds /kkjpqyk foyksd esa 'kj.k ysus igwqp x;s FksA ftlls nksuksa ns'kksa dh lhekvksa ij ekgksy vlr&o;lr gks x;k FkkA blh ekg usiky ds if'peh {ks= vnke esa ekvksokfn;ksa }kjk fd;s x;s Hkh"k.k geys esa 222 yksxksa dh tku x;h Fkh] ftlls iwjk 002 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

7 usiky LrC/k jg x;k FkkA vksj Hkkjr es Hkh bl Hkh"k.k?kVuk dks ns[krs gq, lhekorhz {ks=ksa esa jsm vyvz dj fn;k 8 x;ka ekvksoknh mrrjk[k.m] mrrj&izns'k lfgr Hkkjrh; lhekvksa esa vius isj ilkjus dh fqjkd esa gsa blds rgr {ks= esa gr;k] ywvikr] MdSrh] rksm+&qksm+ tslh yxhkx 50 okjnkrksa esa 'kkfey jgs dq[;kr jktw mqz us usiky ds ekvksokfn;ksa ls vius rkj tksm+ fy, gsa [kqfq;k fohkkx dk ekuuk gs fd jktw ftlds vkbz0,l0vkbz0vksj nkån fxjksg ls lec/k gsa bldk eq[; fu'kkuk jktekxz ij dherh lkeku yksm dj pyus okys okgu gksrs gsaa pkyd ifjpkyd dh gr;k dj eky lfgr Vªd ywvdj ;s mrrjk[k.m ds jklrs usiky esa izos'k dj tkrs gsaa gks ldrk gs fd Hkfo"; esa vkbz0,l0vkbz0 ds b'kkjksa ij bldk fxjksg vu; xfrfrrf/k;ksa dks Hkh 'kq# dj ldrk gs] tks ns'k ds fy, 9 [krjukd lkfcr gks ldrh gsa ekvksokfn;ksa us fgalk gh ugha vfirq usiky dh cm+h&cm+h jktuhfrd gflr;ksa dks Hkh?kj NksM+us ds fy, etcwj fd;k gsa usiky ds iwoz iz/kkuea=h jgs yksdsunz cgknqj pan jk"vªh; iztkrkf=d ikvhz ds eq[; usrk dk csrm+h ftys esa oklqfyax xkao esa viuk isr`d edku gsa Jh pan ekvksokfn;ksa ds Mj ds dkj.k,d le; esa vius xkao ugha tkrs FksA D;ksafd ekvksokfn;ksa us usiky ds cms+ yksaxksa dh leifrk dks tcr dj fu/kzu yksxksa esa ck V fn;ka 10 ftlls /kuh yksxksa dh fpurk, c<+ x;h FkhA usiky ds ekvksokfn;ksa dk lkekftd dk;ksza ls tqm+s igyqvksa ij Hkh viuh idm+ dks etcwr cuk;s j[kk gsa,slk ekeyk lkeus rc vk;k tc ldjiqj vks[kys[k xkao ls 'kkgh lsuk ds,d toku dh 'kknh /kwe/kke ds lkfk fifkksjkx<+ tuin ds /kkjpqyk foyksd ls yxk usiky dk nkpqzyk ftys ds xkm+[kksyk xkao igwqph rks rqjur ekvksokfn;ksa us ckjkr ij geyk cksy fn;ka vksj l[r fgnk;r nsrs gq, okil yksvk fn;k fd;k 'kknh&c;kg esa T;knk /kwe /km+kdk u fd;k tk;a blls ;g tkfgj gksrk gs fd ekvksoknh lekt ds vr;ur finm+s oxksz dh isjoh dj jgs gsa tks vius fdlh Hkh dk;zdze esa T;knk izn'kzu 11 ugha dj ldrsa foxr dqn o"kksza ls usiky ekvksoknh xfrfof/k;ksa dk dsunz fcunq curk tk jgk gsa ftldk izhkko mrrjk[k.m esa Hkh IkM+ jgk gsa ty] taxy] tehu ds lkfk ouhkwfe ij cls yksxksa dks ekfydkuk gd fnykus ds uke ij ekvksokfn;ksa }kjk LFkkuh; yksxksa dks vius xqv esa 'kkfey djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gsa tcfd mugas dkqh ek=k esa lqyrk Hkh fey jgh gsa fnlecj 2007 dks gy}kuh vksj Å/keflag uxj esa idm+s x;s ekvksoknh ls Li"V gqvk fd mrrjk[k.m esa QSy pqds usvodz ls ;g {ks=,d 12 cm+s [krjs dh vksj c<+ jgk gsa vkt ekvksokfn;ksa ds [krjs brus cqyan gksrs tk jgs gsa fd os Hkkjr ds f[kykq xyr c;kuokth djrs jgrs gs mrrjk[k.m ds usiky lhek ls yxs [kvhek] Vudiqj] cuolk] cqyokdksv] >wyk?kkv xmmk pksdh] czgenso] fteqvk vksj /kkjpqyk {ks= esa ekvksokfn;ksa ds }kjk Hkkjr fojks/kh Lyksxu fy[kdj ikslvj plik fn;s x;s ftu ij usiky dh Hkwfe dk vfrdze.k fd;s tkus dk vkjksi yxk;k x;k gsa tuojh 2010 esa usiky ds iwoz iz/kkuea=h o ekvksokfn usrk (izpam) us czgenso o egsunzuxj (usiky) esa vk;ksftr tu lhkkvksa esa Hkkjr ds f[kykq tedj izpkj fd;k vksj dgk fd Hkkjr us 13 usiky ds 54 LFkkuksa ij Hkwfe dk vfrdze.k fd;k gsa orzeku le; esa usiky ds dbz xk oksa esa lm+d] Ldwy] fctyh vksj vlirky ugha gs] csjkstxkjh c<+ jgh gs vksj iw th dk vhkko gsa bu ifjflfkfr;ksa esa ljdkj ds fy, ekvksokn dks jksduk lehko ugha gks ik jgk gsa ifjflfkfr;ksa ls vlurq"v gksdj izfro"kz gtkjksa ;qok ekvksokfn;ksa ls tqm+rs tk jgs gsa] rfkk bugsa tutkfr;ksa dk Hkh lefkzu feyrk tk jgk gasa dqn fo'ys"kdksa ds vuqlkj usiky dh HkkSxksfyd flfkfr,slh gs fd fons'kh rkdrksa ls Hkh enn nssus dh ckrsa mbkbz tk jgh gsa buesa phu] ikfdlrku,oa caxykns'k dk uke fo'ks"k :i ls fy;k tk jgk gsa gkykafd vhkh rd blds dksbz Bksl lcwr ugha feys gsa vksj tgka rd Hkkjr dh ckr jgh rks mlus ekvksokfn;ksa ls fuivus ds fy, usiky ljdkj dks enn 14 eqgs;k djkbz gsa dqn o"kz igys mrrjk[k.m ljdkj us Hkh ekvksokfn;ksa ds lkfk vkbz0,l0vkbz0dk xbtksm+ gksus dh vk'kadk trkbz FkhA ftlesa dgk x;k fd ljdkj dk Hk; flqz ekvks fonzksfg;ksa ls ;k fqj Hkkjr esa gh lapkfyr gks jgs,e0lh0lh0vkbz0 dh lahkkfor xfrfof/k;ksa dks ysdj ugha gs] cfyd blh cgkus ikfdlrku dh [kqfq;k,tsulh vkbz0,l0vkbz0 mrrjk[k.m esa Hkh?kqliSB dj ;gkw dh lqj{kk O;oLFkk dks [krjs esa Mky ldrh gsa jkt; ljdkj us ;g tkudkjh dsunz ljdkj dks nhs vksj vfrfjdr ctv vksj lalk/kuksa 15 dh ekax dha emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

8 mrrjk[k.m gh,slk igyk izns'k gs tgkw vurjkz"vªh; lhek ls tqm+s rhu ftyksa dh lqj{kk dk fteek jktlo iqfyl ds ikl gsa ekvksokfn;ksa ds pyrs bu ftyksa ds lhekorhz bykdksa dks iwjh rjg flfoy iqfyl ds gokys fd;k x;k gsa blds rgr vyeksmk ftys ds yexm+k esa iqfyl Fkkuk 16 o tsarh vksj eksjuksyk esa pksfd;ka [kksyh xbz gsa Uksiky ds lhekorhz xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ekvksokfn;ksa dh c<+rh xfrfof/k;ksa dks ns[krs gq, mrrjk[k.m ljdkj us usiky lhek ij,l0,l0ch0] vkbz0vh0ch0ih0 vksj ih0,0lh0 dks bu {ks=ksa esa rsukr fd;k gsa,l0,l0ch0ds ikl iqjkus gffk;kjksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh tsls&rsls viuh fteesnkjh fuhkkrs vk jgs gsaa ekvksokfn;ksa ds Hkkjr esa izos'k dks jksdus ds fy, /kkjpwyk esa rsukr dqekwå LdkmV] fefkhz esa rsukr vkbz0vh0ch0ih0 dks iqfyl iz'kklu dh vksj ls 17 vfrfjdr lrdzrk cjrus ds fy, i= izsf"kr fd;s x;sa mrrjk[k.m esa?kqluk vksj ;gkw ij BkV ckv dj jguk cgqr vklku gs] ;gkw dh 'kakfrfiz;rk vksj csgrjhu eksle vijkf/k;ksa vksj vkradokfn;ksa dks ;gkw fnius ds fy, izsfjr djrk gsa mrrjk[k.m esa?kqlus ds dbz jklrs gsaa bu jklrksa ij vkerksj ij tkwp im+rky Hkh ugha gksrh gsa iksavk lkfgc ds jklrs fgekapy gksrs gq, nsgjknwu esa izos'k fd;k tk ldrk gsa eksgab rfkk jkeiqj ds jklrs lgkjuiqj ds jklrs cjsyh vksj fctuksj ds jklrs Hkh mrrjk[k.m esa?kqluk fdlh Hkh vkradh ;k vijk/kh ds fy, vklku gsa usiky ls Hkh mrrjk[k.m esa vklkuh ls izos'k fd;k tk ldrk gs ftlds fy, /kkjpwyk] cuclk] Vudiqj] tksythoh] >wyk?kkv] cqyokdksv vkfn jklrksa dks viuk;k tk ldrk gsa bu jklrksa ls ikd dh [kqfq;k,tsulh rfkk ekvksoknh mrrjk[k.m dh /kjrh ij vklkuh 18 ls vius dne j[k ldrs gsaa ftl izdkj phu v#.kkpay izns'k] ikfdlrku d ehj vksj ckaxykns'k if'pe caxky ls tqm+h lhek ij viuk nkok djrs gasa mlh izdkj usiky Hkh mrrkjk[k.m+ ls tqm+h lhek ij viuk nkok dj ldrk gsa tcfd dqn o"kz igys usikyh fqye ^^n dekam+ks** ftldk funzs'ku ts0ch0 jkbz us fd;k gs] ml fqye dh dfkk usiky ds bnz&fxnz?kwerh gsa fqye leh{kk esa lqxksyh laf/k esa usiky us vius [kks, gq, Hkkx dks ikus,oa 1950 dh Hkkjr&usiky es=hiw.kz laf/k ij loky [km+s fd;s] ftlesa dgk x;k gs fd 1950 dh laf/k dh /kkjk&8 ds eqrkfcd Hkkjr fuf'pr le;kof/k esa usiky ds dqn Hkw&Hkkx dks yksvkuk Fkk] tks vhkh rd Hkkjr us ugha yksvk;ka ;g tkfgj djrh gs] fd usiky 1815 esa fczfv'kokfl;ksa ls ;q+¼ esa gkjk gqvk {ks= fqj ls izkir djuk pkgrk gsa usiky ls tqm+h Hkkjrh; lhek esa ekvksoknh laxbu if'pe caxky] vle] flfdde vksj mrrjk[k.m esa 'kj.k ysrs gsa blds lkfk gh ;g Hkh rf; gs bu ekvksokfn;ksa laxbuksa dh lkba &xkba ikfdlrkuh [kfq Q;k,tUs lh vkb0z,l0vkb0z 19 ds lkfk Hkh gsa lq>ko,ao fu"d"kz 1- ekvksoknh fgalk ls fuivus ds fy, ljdkj dks vkfnoklh,ao vu; detksj oxz ds yksxks dks mudk vf/kdkj fnykus gsrq cgqvk;keh j.kuhfr viukuh pkfg,a 2- ekvksoknh mxzokn ls fuivus ds fy, lqj{kk cyksss dks vk/kqfud fdle ds gffk;kjks ls yslk djuk gksxka rkfd os ekvksoknh pquksfr;ksa dk lkeuk dj ldsa 3- ekvksoknh fopkj/kkjk vksj fgalk dk jklrk idm+us okys ;qokvksa dks dsunz,oa jkt; ljdkj ds }kjk mudh izfrhkk vksj ;ksx;rk ds vuq:ik mudks jkstxkj eqgs;k djkuk pkfg,a 4- dsunz,oa jkt; ljdkj dks mu lkekftd igyqvksa ij Hkh /;ku nsuk pkfg, ftl dkj.k ekvksoknh fgalk dks c<+kok feyrk gs lkfk gh vfodflr vksj vyi fodflr {ks=ksa ij Hkh /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,a 5- ekvksoknh fgalk xzflr jkt;ks esa,slh uhfr viuk;h tkuh pkfg;s ftlls xjhc] vukfk] vksj viax cppksa dks f'k{kk xzg.k ds lkfk nks odr dh jksvh fey lds] D;ksafd vf/kdrkj ns[kk x;k gs fd Hkw[kejh ds dkj.k cppsa ekvksoknh nlrs esa kkfey gks jgs gsaa 6- ekvksoknh fgalk dh xfrfof/k;ksa ij yxke yxkus ds fy, lhkh jkt;ksa,oa fo'ks"k #i ls lhek ls yxs jkt;,d nwljs ds lkfk feydj igy djsa] rkfd ekvksokfn;ksa ds vkffkzd Jksrkss dks can fd;k tk ldsa 7- udly izhkkfor {ks=ksa es rsukr iqfyl dfez;ksa dks ewy osru dk 50 izfr'kr HkRRkk fn;k tkuk pkfg,] rkfd tokuks dk eukscy cuk jgsa 004 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

9 8- ekvksokn lekir djus ds fy, t:jh gs fd ns'k ds uhfr&fuekzrk vius futh LokFkksZ] xunh jktuhfr dks R;kx dj jk"vªh; lqj{kk esa d`rkrk ls dke djs] rkfd lekt dks,d u;h fn'kk fey ldsa 9- Hkkjr ljdkj o izns'k ljdkj }kjk lhekur {ks=ksa esa dy;k.kdkjh ;kstuk,sa pyk;h tkuh pkfg, rkfd LFkkuh; turk dks ykhk fey ldsa fu"d"kzr ge dg ldrs gas fd ns'k esa ekvksoknh leffkzr {ks= ogh gsa tgkw fodkl dh fdj.k ugha igqwp ik;h gsa ;s,sls nqxze {ks= gsa tgkw vklkuh ls ugha igqwpk tk ldrk gsa ftldk vf/kdka'k {ks= iozr] igkm+?kus taxyksa] vksj [kfut leink ls <+ds gq, gsaa bu {ks=ksa esas fuokl djus okyh turk Hkww[kejh] chekjh] vf'k{kk] csjkstxkjh] dqiks"k.k] Hkz"Vkpkj] 'kks"k.k o fodkl ds vhkko ds dkj.k ;s yksx vkt Hkh cngky tslh ftaunxh thus ds fy, etcwj gsa blfy, vkt ;s gj rjg dh fagald xfrfof/k;ksa dks vatke nsrs utj vk jgs gsa tks fdlh vkradh tsgkn ls de ugha gssa D;ksafd bu ekvksokfn;ksa dks tezuh] VdhZ] vksj fqyhihal lfgr 27 ns'kks ds ekvksokfn;ksa dk lefkzu fey jgk gsa mrrjk[k.m dh lkefjdh flfkfr dks ns[krs gq, usiky esa ekvksoknh xfrfof/k;ksa ds c<+us ds ckn lhek ij T;knk pksdlh ds iz;kl ds rgr u;h QkslZ dk xbu fd;k x;k gsa lkfk gh xlrh ny dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh xbz gsa bl dkj.k vkijkf/kd,oa lafnx/k pfj= okyksa ij utj j[kh tk ldrh gs vkt ns'k ds fy, vko';d gs fd og vkarfjd o ckg~; [krjksa ls fuivus ds fy, fofhkuu mik; djsa vkt usiky vkradokn vksj ekvksokn dh 'kj.k LFkyh curh tk jgh gsa bl ckr ls budkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd vkus okys le; esa Hkh mrrjk[k.m eas ogh ifjflfkfr;ka isnk dh tk ldrh tks fd Hkkjr dh vu; jkt;ksa dh lhek lel;k,a cuh gqbz gsa tks jk"vª dh vkurfjd lqj{kk ds fy, nq[knk;h iz'u gsa lunhkz xzafk lwph 1- udly fonzksg lel;k,oa lek/kku&ij'kqjke xqir] laldj.k&2012] ist&40 2- jk"vªh; j{kk vksj lqj{kk&yyyu th flag] laldj.k&2009] ist& udlyokn&,l-ds-fejk] laldj.k&2010] ist& ;wuhd lkeku; v/;;u] ys[k&'kadj?kks"k] i`-la- & bf.m;k VqMs] 08 vxlr 2001] ys[k&vgen Qjtan] i`-la-&18 6- iatkc dsljh 16 ekpz 2003] 7- vej vtkyk 16 uoecj nsfud tkxj.k 18 Qjojh vej mtkyk 20 tuojh fgunqlrku 12 Qjojh vej mtkyk 15 flrecj vej mtkyk 28 fnlecj nsfud tkxj.k 4 Qjojh nsfud tkxj.k 17 ekpz 2002] ys[k& fot; dqekj >k] 15- nsfud tkx.k 16 vizsy vej mtkyk 19 flrecj vej mtkyk 27 vdvwcj vej mtkyk 22 twu nsfud tkxj.k 28 uoecj 2001 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

10 vewrz dyk esa jlfu"ifrr MkW- Jqfr [kuuk dddm+ O;k[;krk] ij'kqjke egkfo ky;] c;kuk 'kks/k lkajk'k chloha lnh ds mùkjk¼z esa dykdkjksa us izr;sd dyk ds {ks= esa ijeijk rfkk ek/;eksa esa u;s iz;ksx fd, rfkk dyk dks vewrz dyk rd ig qpk fn;ka vewrz fp= dbz izdkj ds gksrs gasa orzeku esa dykvksa dk :Ik cny x;k gs] vr% blds ewy;kadu dh lel;k mriuu gksrh gsa jkstj ÝkbZ us dgk gs fd gesa fp= esa rhu rjg dh vfuofr ns[kuh pkfg,a rfkk bu vfuofr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ge lhkh vewrz dykvksa dk ewy;kadu dj ldrs gsa vkt dyk o dykdkj ds thou esa ifjorzu vk x;k gs ftlls dyk xw<+ gksrh tk jgh gsa bldk :Ik vr;ur lw{e gks tkus ds dkj.k lkeku; n'kzd blls vkuunkuqhkwfr ugha dj ikrk gs dhkh&dhkh lqy vfhko;fdr n'kzd dh v;ksx;rk ds dkj.k Hkh laizsf"kr ugha gksrh gs ijurq fqj Hkh pk{kq"k dykvksa esa jl dh fu"ifrr gksrh gs D;ksafd jl flf¼ dh ewyhkwr 'krz Hkko dh flfkfr gs ftls fufozjks/k :Ik ls lân; n'kzd] Jksrk ;k ikbd esa flfkr ekuk x;k gsa ;g rf; uunyky cksl d``r fp= ^^vuuiw.kkz**] jkts'k ;kno }kjk fpf=r fp= ^^izfke feyu**] lquhrk pksgku dh d``fr ^^Ja``xkj**] fiz;k jkbksm+ dh d`fr ek ] ls Li"V gksrk gs tksfd vewrz dykd`fr;ka gksrs gq, Hkh fofhkuu Hkkoksa dks vfhko;dr dj jl dh fu"ifr djkrh gsaa ladsrk{kj % chloha lnh ds mùkjk¼z] vewrz dyk] pk{kq"k dyk] jlfu"ifr] uunyky cksl] jkts'k ;kno] fiz;k jkbksm+] lquhrk pksgkua ch loha lnh ds mùkjk¼z esa Hkkjrh; dyk esa,d u;h /kkjk dk izkjehk gqvk ftlus ijeijk ls gvdj,d u;h fn'kk dk vuos"k.k fd;ka dykdkjksa us izr;sd dyk ds {ks= esa ijeijk rfkk ek/;eksa esa u;s iz;ksx fd,a dykvksa ds izr;sd vax& :Ik vksj jax esa u;s iz;ksxksa us e'k% dbz vkunksyuksa dks tue fn;ka vur esa :Ik ds ljyhdj.k] fo:ik.k] vkfn ds }kjk buls ijs vewrz dyk rd ig qpk fn;ka blh izdkj] o.kz ds {ks= esa Hkh u;s iz;ksxksa us :Ik rfkk o.kz ds lkgp;z dk vfre.k djrs gq, :Ik rfkk o.kz dh {kerkvksa dh lhek dk vfre.k fd;ka bl iz;ksxoknh ;k=k esa dyk rfkk mlds vfkz dh izklafxdrk lekir gks xbz vksj dyk iw.kzr% ijeijk ls i``fkd gksrh gqbz dkyifud thou dh ek= vfhko;fdr dgh tkus yxha vewrz fp=ksa esa izrhdkredrk :Ik vksj jax nksukas ds vk/kkj ij gks ldrh gs] D;ksafd vewrz fp= dbz izdkj ds gks ldrs gasa,d] ftuesa :Ik dk fo:i.k gksrk gs] nwljs] ftlesa :Ik dk :ikurj.k gksrk gs rfkk rhljs] ftlesa :Ik gh vi:ik] fo:i] v:i gksrk gqvk yk{kf.kd izrhdkredrk dh lhek dk vfre.k djrk gqvk vewrz ;k lw{e gks tkrk gsa buesa jaxksa dh izrhdkredrk ds vk/kkj ij Hkkoksa dk vfhkkku gksrk gsa orzeku esa dykvksa dk :Ik cny x;k gs] vr% blds ewy;kadu dh lel;k mriuu gksrh gsa jkstj ÝkbZ dk er Fkk fd,sls fp=ksa dks ns[krs le; geas vius vkidks oklrfod thou ds Kku ls vyx dj nsuk pkfg, rfkk fp= dks ns[kdj oklrfod thou ds fo"k;ksa ls lkn``'; <wa<us rfkk igpkuus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg, u fd mlesa larqyu] O;oLFkk] laxfr] vfuofr rfkk y; gs ;k ughaa y; larqyu ls mriuu gksrh gsa jkstj ÝkbZ us dgk gs fd gesa fp= esa rhu rjg dh vfuofr ns[kuh pkfg,a izfke fp=kred vfuofr] f}rh; fopkj dh vfuofr rfkk r``rh; fed vfuofra fp=kred vfuofr :ikdkjksa] o.kz] rku] iksr ds vxzhkwfe] e/;hkwfe rfkk i`"bhkwfe esa lkuqikfrd la;kstu ls mriuu gksrh gsa fopkj dh vfuofr dk rkri;z gs fd leiw.kz fp= fdlh,d Hkko] fopkj] flfkfr ij dsfuær gksa fed vfuofr 006 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

11 fp=ksa esa xfr ls vurjky ds folrkj dk vkhkkl gksrk gs] tsls phuh n``'; fp=ksa ds yecs&yecs dq.mfyr fp=a ;g fo'ks"krk phuh fp=ksa ls gh lec¼ gs] D;ksafd bruk yeck fp=,d lkfk ugha ns[k ikrsa bu vfuofr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ge lhkh vewrz dykvksa dk ewy;kadu dj ldrs gsa dyk dk ewy;kadu djus ds fy, lozizfke dyk dh Hkk"kk dks tkuuk vko';d gs tks vur%kku ls izkir Kku gs] tks vuqhko o vuqhkwfr ls Kkr gksrk gsa lwtu ysxj us dyk dh Hkk"kk dk myys[k fd;k gsa tks izrhdksa] y{k.kksa] vkdkjksa vksj jaxksa ls curh gsa bugha ds vk/kkj ij dykdkj viuh dyiuk dks iznf'kzr djrk gsa bu izrhdksa] y{k.kksa] jaxksa rfkk vkdkjksa ds }kjk gh,d n'kzd tku ldrk gs fd,d fp= dk vfhk/kkfkz D;k gs] rri'pkr~~ dykred vfhkizk;ksa ls y{k.kk }kjk vfkz dk Kku gksrk gs vksj vur esa] O;aX;kFkZ Hkkflr gksrk gsa vkt dyk esa ifjorzu vk x;k gs ;g ifjorzu dyk] dykdkj rfkk n'kzd rhuksa gh flfkfr esa vk x;k gs rfkk ;g rhuksa dh dyk dh jpuk izf;k ds vk/kkjhkwr LrEHk gsaa dykdkj ds thou esa lkekftd] jktuhfrd ifjorzu vk x;k gsa mlds thou esa vlarqyu] vlarks"k rfkk vkks'k dh flfkfr rfkk vkffkzd :Ik ls la?k"kz dh flfkfr cuh gqbz gsa ftlls mldk O;fDrxr thou izhkkfor gqvk gs vksj mlds thou ewy; ifjofrzr gks x, gsaa og de le; esa vf/kd egrokdka{kkvksa dh iwfrz djuk pkgrk gsa vk/kqfud dykdkj izd`fr dh ;Fkkor vuqd``fr ij fo'okl ugha djrk cfyd vk/kqfud dky esa dyk rfkk thou ewy;ksa esa vyxko vk x;k gsa ftlls dykdkj dh cksf¼d voufr gks jgh gs D;ksafd dykdkj us viuh dyk dks lhkh y{k.kksa ls eqdr dj fn;k gsa dykdkj ds thou ewy; ifjofrzr gksus dk lh/kk izhkko dyk ij im+k gs] D;ksafd vk/kqfud dyk esa :Ik dk izkfkfed vfkz lw{e cks/k ds }kjk Kkr gksrk gsa vkt dyk esa thou ls rkjre; dk vhkko gks x;k gsa dyk lkekftd ifjos'k ls nwj gksrh gqbz] xw< gksrh tk jgh gs] ftlls lkeku; n'kzd Hkh mlls nwj gks x;k gs D;ksafd vk/kqfud dyk esa ckã txr dk izr;{k vuqdj.k ugha gksdj dykdkj ds vkurfjd txr dk fp=.k gksrk gsa ; fi ;g vkurfjd txr dk fp=.k Hkh dyiuk ij vk/kkfjr gs tks dgha u dgha ckã txr dh izfrpnfo gh gs ijurq bldk :Ik vr;ur lw{e gks tkus ls lkeku; n'kzd blls vkuunkuqhkwfr ugha dj ikrk gsa osls ns[kk tk, rks bl O;Lr thou esa n'kzd ds ikl bruk le; Hkh ugha gs fd og dyk nh?kkzvksa esa tk, rfkk dyk ds ewy;ksa vfkok rduhd dks tkuus dk iz;kl djsa pk{kq"k dykvksa dh fo"k;olrq ;fn Hkko gs rks mldh lqy vfhko;fdr jl gh dgh tk,xha blds lkfk gh ;g Hkh /;kro; gs fd dykd``fr;ksa dk ewy lnso Hkko ugha gksrk vksj dqn flfkfr;ksa esa ;g Hkh lahko gs fd dykd``fr esa Hkko lqyrkiwozd vfhko;dr ugha gks ikrk ;k lqy vfhko;fdr n'kzd dh v;ksx;rk ds dkj.k laizsf"kr ugha gksrha bu lhkh flfkfr;ksa ds vfrfjdr pk{kq"k dykvksa esa jl dh fu"ifrr gksrh gsa jl flf¼ dh ewyhkwr 'krz Hkko dh flfkfr gs ftls fufozjks/k :Ik ls lân; n'kzd] Jksrk ;k ikbd esa flfkr ekuk x;k gsa uunyky cksl d``r fp= ^^vuuiw.kkz** tksfd dkxt ij okw'k o VsEijk ek/;e esa fpf=r gs ohhkrl jl dh vfhko;fdr djrk gsa (n``"vo; fp= la[;k&1) fp= esa vuuiw.kkz nsoh dqn xzg.k djus dh eqæk esa csbh gsa ftugksaus ck ;h Hkqtk esa dksbz ik= idm+k gs vksj mls eq[k rd ys tkrs fpf=r gsaa muds ikl [km+h vkd``fr ftlds cm+s&cm+s nk r eq[k ls ckgj fudy jgs gsa rfkk vk [ksa QSyh gqbz gsa muds xys esa liz ekyk :Ik esa im+k gs] 'kjhj dh lelr ek l&isf'k;k Li"V fn[kkbz im+ jgh gsa] tks?k``.kk mriuu djrs gsaa ;g fohkko gsa jkts'k ;kno }kjk fpf=r fp= ^^izfke feyu** la;ksx Jaxkj dh Li"V vfhko;fdr djrk gs ftlesa ukjh rfkk iq#"k dh vkd``fr dks vr;ur lehi fpf=r fd;k x;k gs tks,d nwljs ls feys gq, izrhr gks jgs gsaa bl fp= esa yky o.kz dh vf/kdrk gs tks dkeqdrk rfkk mrrstuk dh vfhko;fdr djrk gs rfkk lapkjh dk dk;z djrs gq, Hkko dks vksj vf/kd iq"v djrs gsa (n``"vo; fp= la[;k&2)a fiz;k jkbksm+ dh d``fr ^^ek ** esa okrly; jl vfkkzr~~ ek o cpps ds izse dh Li"V vfhko;fdr gsa okrly; jl tks fd Ja``xkj jl dk gh,d :Ik gs D;ksafd izse dh vfhko;fdr Ja``xkj jl ds vurxzr gh vkrh gs pkgs og ek o cpps ds izse ds :Ik esa gh vfhko;dr gqvk gksa bl d``fr esa ekrk ds eq[k ij izseiw.kz eqldku gs ftldh xksn esa cppk ysvk gqvk gs (n``"vo; fp= la[;k&3)a lquhrk pksgku dh,d vu; d``fr ftldk 'kh"kzd gh ^^Ja``xkj** gs Ja``xkj jl dh vfhko;fdr djrh gs blesa ukjh dks vius ds'k laokjrs gq, vafdr fd;k x;k gs (n`"vo; fp= la[;k&4)a ewfrzdyk esa Hkh ;;kfkz :iksa dk ljyhdj.k] fo:i.k emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

12 rfkk :ikurj.k vk/kqfud dyk esa Li"V fn[kkbz im+rk gsa bl foospu }kjk jl fl¼kur dk iz;ksx pk{kq"k dykvksa esa fl¼ gksrk gsa fp= la[;k& 3 ^^ek ** fp= la[;k& 1 ^^vuuiw.kkz** fp= la[;k& 4 ^^Ja``xkj** lanhkz xzufk lwph 1- jkstj ÝkbZ ^^le Dos'psu bu,slfksfvdl**] bu VªkalQkjes'ku] 1926 i``"b la- 18&31 2- lwtu] ds- ysaxj] ^^ ysxost+,.m flecksfyt+e** fjfizvsavm bu izkwcyel bu,slfksfvdl] laik- ewfjl okbrt+] U;w;kZd] 1959 i``"b la- 219&242 fp= la[;k& 2 ^^izfke feyu** 008 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

13 lkhkkj 1 vuuiw.kkz ch-,u- xkslokeh],slsul vkwq bafm;u vkvz]],f'k;u vkvz E;wft;e vkwq lsu ÝkaflLdks] esfiu ifcyf'kax izk- fy-] vgenkckn] 1985&86A 2- izfke feyu] 41 okf"kzd dyk izn'kzuh] 2000] jktlfkku yfyr dyk vdkneh] t;iqja 3- ek iwokszdr] 4- Ja``xkj] vky bafm;k vkvz ckb,fu;y vkwq jktlfkku 1997 jktlfkku yfyr dyk vdkneh] t;iqja emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

14 iapk;rhjkt lalfkk,sa & pquksfr;k o lehkkouk,sa MkW- 'kkfyuh prqosznh Lkg vkpk;z] dkwuksfm;k ih-th- efgyk egkfo ky;] t;iqj 'kks/k lkjka'k izlrqr i= Hkkjrh; iz'kklu esa LFkkuh; ljdkj dh Lok;Ùkrk gsrq izofrzr 73 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku dh ewy vo/kkj.kk] n'kzu o eku;rkvksa ij vk/kkfjr iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk esa lajpukred& izf;kred vksfpr;rk ij folr`r izdk'k Mkyrk gsa f;kred Lo:i esa iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk dk uohu Lo:i o izko/kku fdrus O;kogkfjd o mi;ksxh gs rfkk mhkjrh lel;kvksa o pquksfr;ksa dk lek/kku fdl izdkj fd;k tk, gsrq laehkkouk,sa lqfuf'pr djus dk iz;kl Hkh fd;k x;k gsa ladsrk{kj % yksdrkaf=d fodsunzhdj.k] iapk;rhjkt] iz'kklfud tu psruk] nycanh] xqvckth,oa tul'kfdrdj.ka Hkk jr esa iapk;rhjkt dh vo/kkj.kk uohu ugha gsa 'kkfcnd n`f"v ls iapk;rhjkt 'kcn fgunh Hkk"kk ds nks 'kcnksa ^iapk;r* vksj ^jkt* ls feydj cuk gs ftldk leiw.kz vfkz gksrk gs%& ikap tu izfrfuf/k;ksa dk 'kklua olrqr% iapk;rhjkt dh vo/kkj.kk ds fofo/k :i gsa lkeqnkf;d fodkl ds mn~ns';ksa dks izkir djus dk lk/ku] xzkeksa rd jktuhfr ds chp vuqdwyrk LFkkfir djus ds fy;s yksdra= dk folrkj] iapk;rhjkt esa LFkkuh; Lrj rd iz'kklu dk folrkj] jktusfrd 'kfdr;ksa dk fodsunzhdj.k] vkffkzd 'kfdr;ksa rfkk leifùk ds fodsunzhdj.k dk lkfk gksuka,d vu; vo/kkj.kk ds vurxzr iapk;rhjkt lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;zeksa esa tuhkkxhnkjh izkir djus ls lacaf/kr gsa iapk;rhjkt dh vo/kkj.kk yksdrkaf=d fodsunzhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gs ftldk vfkz gs] LFkkuh; Lrj dh turk }kjk vius Lofgr dh ;kstuk cukuk] igy djuk] Lok;Ùkrk iwozd mldks dk;kzfuor djuk rfkk tuizfrfuf/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls jktuhfr o iz'kklu esa lghkkfxrka xzke fodkl esa yksdrkaf=d fodsunzhdj.k o iapk;rhjkt dk fo'ks"k egro gsa iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk esa xzke] rkyqdk vksj ftyk vkrs gsa Hkkjr esa izkphu dky ls gh iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk vflrro esa jgh gsa vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa igyh ckj rrdkyhu iz/kkuea=h iafmr tokgj yky usg: }kjk jktlfkku ds ukxksj ftys ds cxnjh xkao esa 2 vdvwcj 1959 dks iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk ykxw dh xbza bl le; jktlfkku ds eq[;ea=h ^eksguyky lq[kkfm+;k* o eq[; lfpo ^Hkxr flag esgrk* FksA Hkxrflag esgrk dks jktlfkku esa o cyourjk; esgrk dks Hkkjr esa iapk;rhjkt dk tud ekuk tkrk gsa 24 vizsy 1993 Hkkjr esa iapk;rhjkt ds {ks= esa,d egroiw.kz ekxzfpug Fkk D;ksafd bl fnu 73ok lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e fof/kor :i ls iwjs ns'k esa ykxw fd;k x;ka bl la'kks/ku }kjk lafo/kku esa,d u;k Hkkx&Hkkx&9 tksm+ fn;k x;k ftldk 'kh"kzd iapk;r j[kk x;k gsa blds }kjk lafo/kku dk vuqpnsn 243 Hkh iqufuz:fir dj fn;k x;k ftlesa iapk;rksa ls laacaf/kr fueufyf[kr izko/kku fd;s x;sa jkt; fo/kkue.my }kjk fufezr fof/k ds izko/kkuksa ds vuq:i iapk;rksa dk xbu fd;k tk,xka izr;sd iapk;r ds lnl;ksa dk fuokzpu izr;{k fuokzpu izf;k ls fd;k tk,xka iapk;r ds lnl;ksa dh la[;k dk fu/kkzj.k tula[;k ds vuqikr esa fd;k tk,xka 010 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

15 lhkh jkt;ksa esa 20 yk[k ls de tula[;k okys jkt;ksa dks NksM+dj,d f=&lrjh; iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk gksxh ftlds Åijh Lrj 42 ftyk iapk;r vksj fupys Lrj ij xzke iapk;r gksxh rfkk bu Lrjksa ds chp,d e/;orhz iapk;r Lrj gksxha 20 yk[k ls de tula[;k okys jkt;ksa esa e/;orhz iapk;r ugha gksxh (vuqpnsn 243 ch&1) izr;sd iapk;r esa vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr ds fy;s lhvsa vkjf{kr gksaxha ;g lhv iapk;r esa mudh tula[;k ds vuqikr esa fu/kkzfjr dh tk,asxh ;g lhvsa,d iapk;r esa pkuqe ls fofhkuu fuokzpu {ks=ksa esa vkjf{kr dh tk,saxha (vuqpnsn 243 Mh&1) vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr ds fy;s vkjf{kr LFkkuksa esa ls de ls de ls de,d frgkbz vuqlwfpr tkfr ;k vuqlwfpr tkfr ls lacaf/kr efgykvksa ds fy;s vkjf{kr gksaxsa (vuqpnsn 243 Mh&2) izr;sd iapk;r dh vof/k ikap o"kz gksxha bldh vof/k dh lekfir ds iwoz gh u, pquko djk, tk;saxsaaa ;fn iapk;r dks ikap o"kz ls iwoz Hkax dj fn;k tkrk gs rks 6 ekg dh vof/k lekir gksus ls iwoz pquko djk, tk,saxsa (vuqpnsn 243 bz) jkt; fo/kkue.my fof/k iapk;rksa dks,slh 'kfdr;k iznku djasxs tks fd mugsa Lo'kklu dh lalfkk ds :i esa dk;zjr cuk lds rfkk ftuls iapk;rsa vkffkzd fodkl o lkekftd U;k; ds fy;s ;kstuk,sa rs;kj dj ldsa,oa lafo/kku dh 11 vuqlwph esa lekfgr fo"k;ksa lfgr vkffkzd fodkl,oa lkeftd U;k; dh ;kstukvksa dks f;kfuor dj ldsaa (vuqpnsn 243 th) bl vf/kfu;e }kjk iapk;rksa dk {ks=kf/kdkj crkus okyh 11 oha vuqlwph lafo/kku esa tksm+h xbz gsa ftlesa 29 fo"k; lfeefyr fd;s x;s gsa (vuqpnsn 243 th) iapk;rsa,sls dj] 'kqyd] ifkdj o Qhlsa yxkus o laxzfgr djus dk vf/kdkj j[ksxh ftugsa yxkus dk vf/kdkj jkt; fo/kkue.my mugsa iznku djsaa lacaf/kr jkt; ljdkjsa jkt; dh vkdfled fu/kh ls iapk;rksa dks i;kzir lgk;rk o vuqnku nsus dh O;oLFkk djsaxha (vuqpnsn 243,p) jkt;ksa jkt;iky bl vf/kfu;e ds ykxw gksus ds,d o"kz ds vunj rfkk blds ckn izr;sd ikap o"kz i'pkr~ iapk;rksa dh fofùk; flfkfr dh leh{kk djus vksj leqfpr flqkfj'k djus ds fy;s foùk vk;ksx dk xbu djsaxsa jkt;iky bu flqkfj'kksa dks bl O;k[;k ds lkfk ykxw djus ds fy;s jkt; fo/kkue.my esa j[kok,xka (vuqpnsn 243 vkbz) iapk;rksa dks jkt; fo/kkue.my }kjk fu/kkzfjr <ax ls vius vk;&o;; dk ys[kk&tks[kk j[kuk gksxk ftldh laijh{kk ljdkj }kjk djokbz tk ldsxha (vuqpnsn 243 ts) izr;sd iapk;r esa izr;{k fuokzpu }kjk Hkjs tkus okys dqy LFkkuksa esaa ls U;wure,d frgkbz LFkku efgykvksa ds fy;s vkjf{kr fd;s tk;saxsa ftuesa vuqfpr tkfr o vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh efgykvksa ds fy;s vkjf{kr LFkku Hkh lfeefyr gsa iapk;rksa dks jkt; fo/kkue.my }kjk fu/kkzfjr <ax ls vius vk;&o;; dk ys[kk tks[kk j[kuk gksxk ftldh laijh{kk ljdkj }kjk djokbz tk ldsxha (vuqpnsn 243 ts) iapk;rksa ds ernkrkvksa dh ukekofy;k cukus rfkk iapk;r pquko lapkfyr djus ds fy;s izr;sd jkt; esa,d fuokzpu vk;ksx LFkkfir fd;k tk,xka ftldh v/;{krk,d jkt; fuokzpu vk;qdr djsxka (vuqpnsn 243 ds) vf/klwfpr xzke dh,d xzke lhkk gksxh ftlesa og lhkh yksx 'kkfey gksaxs ftuds uke ml xzke dh ernkrk lwph esa lfeefyr gksa xzke lhkk jkt; fo/kkue.my }kjk fu/kkzfjr 'kfdr;ksa dk iz;ksx rfkk dk;ksza dks leiuu djsxha (vuqpnsn 243ih) bl vf/kfu;e }kjk lafo/kku dh /kkjk 280 dks Hkh bl :i esa la'kksf/kr fd;k x;k fd jkt;ksa ds foùk vk;ksx dh flqkfj'kksa ds vuqlkj iapk;rksa gsrq jkt; dh lafpr fuf/k esa O;oLFkk dh tk ldsa vr% Li"V gs fd iapk;rhjkt dk n'kzu dqn ewy eku;rkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gs%& 'kklu dks turk ds gkfkksa esa lksaidj yksdrkaf=d ewy;ksa dh LFkkiuk o izlkj djuka emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

16 dsunz o jkt; iz'kklu esa lkaetl;] dq'kyrk dk folrkj] dk;zhkkj esa deha jktuhfrd] lkekftd] iz'kklfud tu psruk dk fodkl dk folrkja fofùk; Lok;Ùkrk] lalk/kuksa dk fodkl o folrkja ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr fofo/k ;kstukvksa o dk;zeksa dk LFkkuh; ljdkj ds lg;ksx ls izhkkoh f;kuo;u o leuo;a tuizfrf;k o lq>koksa ij vk/kkfjr iz'kklfud izf;k dk fodkl] folrkj o ljyhdj.ka lhkh oxksza dk leqfpr fodkl o dy;k.ka ljdkjh o xsj&ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa esa lg;ksx o lkaetl;a mi;qzdr eku;rkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ;fn orzeku LFkkfir iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk dk ewy;kadu o vkadyu fd;k tk, rks fueu iz'u mhkj dj vkrs gsaa iapk;rhjkt dk vafre y{; D;k gs\ D;k rukoksa dk lel;kvksa ds xzflr xzkeh.k lekt dks iapk;rhjkt dksbz jkg fn[kk ik;k gs\ iapk;rhjkt ds ckn tks ubz psruk vkbz gs D;k mlls xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa nycanh isnk gks xbz gs\ D;k iapk;rhjkt fodkl dk vafre fcunq gs vfkok ;g,d vu/khnksm+ gs\ D;k ljdkjh o xsj ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa esa leqfpr leuo; o rkyesy LFkkfir gks ik;k gs\ 73 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds ckn vkjf{kr oxz o efgyk oxz esa tks vkj{k.k dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gs D;k mldk leqfpr ykhk feyk gs\ D;k xzkeh.k fodkl esa iapk;rhjkt lalfkkuksa dh Hkwfedk larks"kizn gs\ D;k iapk;rhjkt Lrj ij lwpuk dk vf/kdkj dk iz;ksx izhkkoh jgk gs\ yksdrkaf=d fodsunzhdj.k dk ;g Lo:i izhkkoh tu&lg;ksx LFkkfir djus esa fdruk l{ke jgk gs\ mi;qzdr ewy iz'uksa dks n`f"vxr j[krs gq;s iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk dk xr 24 o"kksza esa gq;s iz;klksa o izko/kkuksa ds lalfkkxr o f;kred Lo:i dk fo'ys"k.kkred foospu fd;k tkuk vfr vko';d gsa leh{kdksa ds,d i{k dk ;g ekuuk gs fd xzke iapk;rksa ds ljiap ipka;r ds nks dk;ksz rd gh lhfer gks x;s gs],d rks vius izfr}afn;ksa ls cnyk ysus dk dk;z djuk] nwljk iapk;r ds /ku dks ftruk gm+ik tk, mruk gm+iuka ifj.kkelo:i iapk;rksa esa vke turk dk eksg Hkax gksus yxk gsa xk oksa esa vkilh lq>ko vksj e/kqj laca/k dvqrk esa cny x;s gs vksj xk oksa dk laxbu fohkkftr gks x;k gsa xqvckth c<+us ls xk oksa esa fdlh Hkh ckr dks ysdj vke lgefr cukuk nq"dj gks x;k gs] iapk;r pquko dh orzeku iz.kkyh ds dkj.k xzkeh.k thou vlr O;Lr gks x;k gs] vkt vkneh dk fo'okl iapk;rksa ij ls mb x;k gs vksj iapk;r ljiap dh ciksfr cu dj jg xbz gsa 73 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ls fuokzpu rks fu;fer gksus yxs gs] fdurq xzkeh.k thou dh vpnkbz;k ugha iui jgh gs] eueqvko rst xfr ls c<+ x, gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd jkt; ljdkjsa iapk;rksa dks vksj vf/kd vf/kdkj nsus ls fgpfdpkrh gsaa iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa dh n'kk o fn'kk ij le;d fopkj gksuk pkfg;sa ;g xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy;s,dek= mik; rfkk xzkeh.k lel;kvksa ds funku dh,dek= vpwd nok ugha gs lafo/kku ds 73 osa la'kks/ku }kjk iapk;rhjkt dks oklrfod laos/kkfud :i fey rks x;k gs fdurq blesa vusd folafx;k Hkh gsaa orzeku iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk esa iwoz esa dk;zjr U;k; iapk;r :ih lalfkk ds fy;s dksbz LFkku ugha gsa lkekftd lajpuk lkeku; fookn dh flfkfr esa yksxksa dks U;k; nsus dk dk;z gksrk gsa vr% lafo/kku esa xzkeh.k U;k;ky;ksa dh lajpuk vksj {ks=kf/kdkj dks Hkh Li"V djuk pfkg;s FkkA jkt; foùk vk;ksx ds xbu rfkk jkt; ds lesfdr dks"k ls iapk;rksa dks /ku miyc/k djkus dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gs fdurq jkt; ds lhfer lalk/kuksa ls bldh cgqr vis{kk ugha dh tk ldrh gsa efgykvksa dks usr`ro dk volj iznku djus rfkk muesa usr`ro ds lkfk gh LokoyEcu dh {kerk fodflr djus ds fy;s iapk;rksa ds gj Lrj ij,d 012 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

17 frgkbz LFkku lqjf{kr fd, x;s gsaa olrqr efgykvksa ds vyi f'k{kk rfkk lkekftd finm+siu ds dkj.k bl izko/kku dk nq:i;ksx lehkkfor gsa iz/kku&ifr;ksa dh Hkwfedk lhfer djus ds lkfk gh lekir djus ds fy;s efgyk iz/kkuksa,oa iapksa dk f'k{k.k o izf'k{k.k vko';d gsa xzke iz/kku] lnl; xzke iapk;r] {ks= lfefr,oa ftyk iapk;r lhkh ds fy;s f'k{kk dh dksbz U;wure vgzrk u gksus ls lacaf/kr fu;eksa dh tkudkjh esa dfbukbz;k mriuu gks jgh gsa] lkfk gh iapk;rksa ds ys[kk [kkrs Hkh O;ofLFkr ugha j[ks tk jgs gsaa xzkeh.k ifjos'k esa jgus okyh vf/kdka'k fuokzfpr efgyk,sa ifjokj ds iq:"k oxz ds ek/;e ls pquko rks thr tkrh gs ysfdu iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk ds uohu laxbu esa myysf[kr X;kjgoha vuqlwph ds dk;ksza ds fo"k; esa ;kstuk rs;kj djus o mugsa dk;kzfuor djus esa izk;% vlqy gksrh gsa blh dkj.k viokn dks NksM+dj vf/kdrj efgykvksa dh oklrfod Hkwfedk muds ifjokj ds vu; lnl;ksa }kjk fuhkkbz tk jgh gsa bl rjg xzkeh.k {ks= esa,d u;k in isnk gks x;k gsa ftlesa efgykvksa ds LFkku ij mlds ifr ;k ifjokj ds lnl; iapk;r dh csbdksa esa tkrs gsaa vf/kdka'k vui<+ efgyk izfrfu/kh rks vaxwbk Hkj yxk nsrh gsa fuj{kjrk o ifjokj ds iq:"k oxz ij va/kfo'okl gksus ls Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekeyksa esa Qal tkrh gsa olrqr% vkt Hkh iapk;rksa esa fuokzfpr efgykvksa ds lf; lghkkfxrk ds fl¼kar dks O;kogkfjd :i ugh fey ik jgk gs] vksj iq:"kksa dk opzlo gh cuk gqvk gsa lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e esa iapk;rksa ds vf/kdkj rfkk 'kfdr;ksa ds fu/kkzj.k dk nkf;ro jkt; fo/kkue.my dh bpnk ij NksM+ fn;k x;k gsa ; fi lhkh jkt;ksa us vius iapk;rh vf/kfu;e esa iapk;rksa dks dkqh 'kfdr;k iznku dh gs ij vhkh Hkh os,d Lok;Ùk'kklh lalfkk ds :i esa fodflr ugha gks ik jgs gsa iapk;rhjkt v/kfu;e dh O;oLFkk ds vuq:i fofhkuu Lrjksa ds iapk;r inkf/kdkfj;ksa dk fuokzpu rks gks x;k gs ijurq mugsa muds vf/kdkjksa] 'kfdr;ksa o nkf;roksa dh leqfpr tkudkjh ugha gsa tu lkeku; esa iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk ds izfr psruk,oa tkxzfr dk vhkko gsa ftlls xzkeh.k fodkl esa tu lkeku; dh lghkkfxrk,oa lg;ksxh Hkwfedk izkir ugha gks ik jgh gsa iapk;rksa dks Lo;a viuh fodkl ;kstuk,sa rs;kj djus rfkk Lo;a dk;kzuo;u djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gs ijurq iapk;rksa ds ikl blds fy;s leqfpr Kku dks'ky rduhdh dh {kerk o vkffkzd lalk/kuksa dk vhkko gsa iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk esa Hkh uksdj'kkgh dk cksyckyk gs iapk;r vf/kdkfj;ksa dks dk;ze ;kstukvksa rfkk /ku br;kfn ds fy;s ljdkjh dezpkfj;ksa rfkk vf/kdkfj;ksa ij vkfjr jguk im+rk gsa ljdkjh vksipkfjdrk,sa iw.kz djus esa vr;f/kd le; yx tkrk gsa blls /ku] le;] Je,oa ekufld {kerk dk O;kid vio;; gksrk gs ftldk udkjkred izhkko fodkl dh izf;k ij im+rk gsa blds vfrfjdr iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa ds izfr 'kkldh; dezpkfj;ksa,oa vf/kdkfj;ksa dk O;ogkj mis{kkiw.kz o vlg;ksxiw.kz jgrk gsa laln o fo/kkulhkkvksa ds leku iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa esa Hkh Hkz"V,oa vijk/kh rroksa dk izos'k gks pqdk gsa ftlds dkj.k ;g lalfkk,sa viuh xfjek [kks jgh gsa Hkz"V izfrfuf/k;ksa rfkk Hkz"V iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa,oa dezpkfj;ksa dh feyh Hkxr ls fodkl dh ;kstuk,sa ek= dkxtksa esa gh dk;kzfuor gks jgh gsa iapk;rhjkt dh dk;ziz.kkyh o f;kuo;u ds lnahkz esa tutkrh; usr`ro dh flfkfr lrks"kizn ugha gsa fuj{kjrk] finm+kiu,oa tkx:drk ds vhkko esa iapk;rhjkt ds fofhkuu i{kksa dh eq[; tkudkjh,oa izeq[k izko/kkuksa ls vufhkkrk ds dkj.k ;g Lora= dk;z fuozgu esa iwjh rjg l{ke ugha gs] pkgsa foùk dk {ks= gks ;k xzke ds lexz fodkl ds fy;s ;kstuk fuekz.k dk dk;z ;k izr;k;ksftr vf/kdkjksa ds fuozgu dk og vhkh Hkh iapk;r lfpo] xsj tutkrh; lnl;ks] 'kkldh; vf/kdkfj;ksa rfkk izhkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ij vr;f/kd fuhkzj gsa iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk dh izeq[k lalfkk xzke lhkk emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

18 ds lapkyu o mi;ksx esa Hkh vusd folaxfr;k utj vkrh gsa xzke lhkk ds lkfk xk o dk vksj Hkkjr dk Hkfo"; tqm+k gsa ;fn xzke lhkk detksj jgrh gs rks xk o vksj ns'k ds f;kdykiksa esa vke tu dh Hkkxhnkjh ugha c<+sxh xjhc o finm+s lewgksa ds mrfkku ds fy;s bl lalfkk dk lf; gksuk furkar vko';d gsa fofhkuu lwpukvksa o rf;ksa ds vk/kkj ij irk pyrk gs xzke lhkk ek= lykgdkjh lalfkk cu dj jg xbz gsa vkj{k.k ds dkj.k ls¼kfurd :i ls 'kfdr efgykvksa vksj detksj oxksza ds gkfkksa esa rks vk xbz gsa ijurq oklrfodrk esa vkt Hkh ikjeifjd /kuh mpp oxz ds iq:"k gh lùkk ij fu;a=.k cuk, gq;s gsa tgk efgyk,sa iz/kku,oa izeq[k fuokzfpr gqbz ogk Hkh iqjkus dqyhu,oa lùkk/kkjh ifjokjksa ls gh lacaf/kr gsa detksj oxksz ds Hkh ogh yksx izk; iz/kku o izeq[k cu ik, gs ftugsa lo.kksza dk lefkzu izkir gsa ifj.kke Lo:i vkj{k.k dk ykhk turk dks ugha fey ikrk gsa iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk ds n'kzu ij vk/kkfjr ewy iz'uksa ds vk/kkj ij lalfkkxr o f;kred Lo:i dh leh{kk ls Li"V gs fd bl fn'kk esa lq/kkj visf{kr gsa bl gsrq fueu iz;kl fd;s tkus pkfg;s% LFkkuh; iz'kklu dks lqxfbr Lo:i nsus gsrq fd;k x;k 73 oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku olrqr% LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks lqn`<rk nsrk gs] ijurq LFkkuh; ljdkj dh LFkkiuk ugha djrk gsa LFkkuh; lajpukvksa dks fofo/k os/kkfud o fofùk; vf/kdkj o Lok;Ùkrk iznku dj LFkkuh; ljdkj dh LFkkiuk fd;k tkuk visf{kr gsa Ekfgykvksa vksj detksj oxksza lfgr leku ds oklrfod l'kfdrdj.k dks lehko cuk;k tk,a flqz dkuwu fuekz.k ls gh ;k vkj{k.k dh lqj{kk iznku djus ls gh 'kfdr turk ds gkfkksa esa ugha igqap tkrh gs vfirw l'kfdrdj.k ds fy;s LFkkuh; izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ij fu;a=.k vko';d gsa LFkkuh; izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ij fu;a=.k turk ds gkfkksa esa gksuk pkfg;sa turk o tu izfrfuf/k;ksa o iapk;r vf/kdkfj;ksa dks muds vf/kdkjksa] 'kfdr;ksa o drzo;ksa dh tkudkjh nsuh gksxha xzke Lrj ij le; ij csbdksa dk vk;kstu dj xzkeokfl;ksa dh lghkkfxrk esa o`f¼ dk iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg;sa fodkl dk;zeksa dh tkudkjh ds fy;s xzke okfl;ksa dk lg;ksx fy;k tkuk pkfg;sa xzke iapk;rksa dh dk;z iz.kkyh o Hkwfedk ij le; ij ehfm;k] i= if=dkvksa }kjk tkudkjh miyc/k djkbz tk,a jsfm;ks] Vh-ohizlkj.kksa esa okrkzvksa o fo'ks"k :i ls xzke iapk;rks dks /;ku esa j[kdj lwpukvksa dk izlkj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg;sa iapk;rksa dks fodkl ;kstukvksa o dk;zeksa ds izhkkoh lapkyu ds fy;s 'kklu }kjk vko';d fo'ks"kkrk iw.kz lgk;rk lqyhk djkbz tkuh pkfg;s] ftlls iapk;r lkfkzd fodkl ;kstuk,sa cukus o dk;kzfuor djus esa l{ke gks ldsaa iapk;rksa ds ikl vkffkzd lalk/kuksa dk vhkko gsa vr% bl lanhkz esa mugsa l{ke cukus ds fy;s iapk;r leifùk dk U;k;ksfpr iz;ksx djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k tkuk pkfg;s rfkk leqfpr iz'kklfud fofùk; lgk;rk iznr dh tkuh pkfg;sa xzkeh.k fodkl dh izf;k dks ljy o lqyhk cuk;k tk, iz'kklfud lq/kkj }kjk xzkeh.k fodkl ls tqm+s vf/kdkfj;ksa o dezpkfj;ksa dh inksuufr rfkk iqjldkj dk ekin.m muds }kjk xzkeh.k fodkl esa fuokzg dh xbz Hkkxhnkjh dks cuk;k tkuk pkfg;sa iapk;r vf/kdkfj;ksa dh ;ksx;rk dk ekin.m iqu% fu/kkzfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,saa l[r dkuwu cukdj Hkz"V o vijk/kh rroksa ds izos'k ij izfrca/k yxk;k tk, rfkk turk dks vius Hkz"V,oa v;ksx; izfrfuf/k;ksa dks okil cqykus (fjdkwy fllve) dk vf/kdkj iznku fd;s tkus ds lanhkz esa xahkhj fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg;sa efgyk iz/kku ;k izeq[k vko';d tkudkfj;ksa ds vhkko esa vkre fu.kz; ugha ys ikrh gs] blds funku ds fy;s ;g vko';d gs fd] efgyk iz/kku ;k izeq[k dks izf'k{k.k fn;k tk;sa efgyk iz/kkuksa dks iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dk lg;ksx izkir ugha gks ikrk gs blds fy;s iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa o efgyk iz/kkuksa ds chp laca/k vpns cukus ds fy;s mfpr mik; t:jh gs] ftlls efgyk iz/kku vius {ks= ds fodkl ds fy;s dk;zeksa dk lapkyu vf/kd izhkko'kkyh :i ls 014 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

19 dj ldsa iapk;r esa efgyk usr`ro dks lqy cukus ds fy;s efgyk iz/kkuksa dks xzkeh.k fodkl ds izfr lefizr gskuk gksxk rfkk Lo;a esa vr;f/kd tkx:drk o vkrefuhkzjrk mriuu djuh gksxha xzkeh.k f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kk dk fodkl vksj izlkj fd;k tk,a bl xzkeh.k f'k{kk ds vurxzr LFkkuh; HkkSxksfyd i;kzoj.kh; fof'k"vrk vksj tso fofo/krk ds laj{k.k dh vo/kkj.kk dk O;kid izlkj gksuk pkfg;sa blds lkfk&lkfk lewph O;oLFkk dks ikjn'khz cukus ds fy;s vksj tulghkkfxrk c<+kus ds fy;s ^lwpuk ds v/kdkj* dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg;sa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls fuj{krk] vkkurk vksj vf'k{kk dks nwj fd;k tk;sa iapk;rjkt lalfkkuksa ds inkf/kdkfj;ksa dks ;g Hkh fofnr djk;k tkuk pkfg;s fd og fof/krkiw.kz xzkeksi;ksxh lwpuk,sa dsls o dgk ls izkir dj ldrs gs] izf'k{k.k ;kstuk cukrs le; efgykvksa,oa vkjf{kr oxksz ds lnl;ksa ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsuk gksxk olrqr% bu oxksza ds xzke iz/kkuksa esa vkrefo'okl] Lofu.kZ; o LokyEcu dks tkxzr djus gsrq fo'ks"k iz;kl vko';d gksxka fu%lunsg 73 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk iapk;rksa dks laos/kkfud ntkz nsdj iquthzfor djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gsa uohu iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk ls u dsoy vk/kkjhkwr Lrj ij izr;{k iztkra= LFkkfir djus dh fn'kkk esa dne mbk;k x;k gs] oju~ lrr~ fodkl lehko cukus gsrq LFkkuh; fu;kstu izf;k dks Hkh izfrf"br fd;k x;k gsa 73 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku us tu&l'kfdrdj.k ds ek/;e ls lkeqnkf;d fodkl dks vfkziw.kz,oa izhkkoh cukus gsrq vko';d vk/kkjhkwr lajpuk LFkkfir djus dk ekxz iz'klr fd;k gs] ijurq bruk lc djus ds ckotwn Hkh bu laos/kkfud izko/kkuksa dk dksbz vfkz ugha gksxk ;fn bugsa iksf"kr djus ds fy;s dfri; Bksl O;kogkfjd dne u mbk;sa tk;saa dsoy fu;e] dkuwu cuk nsuk gh i;kzir ugha gs] O;oLFkk dh lhekvksa] dfe;ksa o lel;kvksa dks igpkudj] fo'ys"k.k dj lq/kkjkred lq>ko [kksts tk;sa o mugsa viukdj iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk dks mlds oklrfod y{; rd igq pk;k tkuk pkfg;sa ;fn,slk lehko gqvk rks fuf'pr gh Hkkjr esa xk /khth ds xzke&lojkt; dh dyiuk lkdkj gks ldrh gsa& lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- fyvu% MsoyiesaV fmoksy;w'ku,.m Mseksslh] 1996] i`- la 'kekz] ch ^lghkkfxrk] fodsunzhdj.k vksj fodkl* ubz fnyyh] jktlfkku esa iapk;rhjkt% u, vk;ke] iapk;rhjkt fohkkx jktlfkku] t;iqj] bf.m;k MsoyiesaV fjiksvz (vkdlqksmz) 1999& dj.kkdj.k] ds-ih- Mseksslh bu bf.m;k 6- fiyys] lq/kk] ^iapk;rhjkt }kjk vf/kdkj leiuurk* ;kstuk vxlr 2001] i`- la 'kekz] ds- ds- ^^Hkkjr esa iapk;rhjkt**] 2009] dkwyst cqd fmiks] t;iqj emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

20 orzeku f'k{kk dk Lo:i,oa vko';drk fefkys'k daoj 'kks/kkfkhz] esokm+ fo'ofo ky;] fprksm+x<+ MkW- 'kkshkk xqirk izkpk;z] O;kl ch-,m- dkwyst] tks/kiqj 'kks/k lkjka'k f'k{kk dk eq[; mn~ns'; O;fDr dk 'kkjhfjd] ekufld o cksf¼d fodkl gksrk gsa f'k{kk gh,dek= lk/ku gs tks eku dks lhkh izdkj ds,oa mfpr fu.kz; ysus esa enn djrh gsa f'k{kk gh ekuo ds thou dks lqy cukus dk,dek= vl= gs blds fcuk thou dh dyiuk lahko ughaa f'k{kk dk orzeku Lo:i O;ogkfjd u gksdj ls¼kfurd gks x;k gs ftlls O;ogkfjd Kku esa deh ns[kh tk ldrh gsa f'k{kk ogh tks ekuo ds fodkl dh vksj fo'ks"k /;ku ds lkfk gh mlds v/;kfred fodkl ij iwjk iwjk tksj ns ftldk ;g ifj.kke gks dh ge viuh ;qok ih<+h dk ns'k,oa lekt ds fgr esa mi;ksx dj ldsaaa Lkadsrk{kj % 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] cksf¼d fodkl] usfrd mrfkku] vk/;kfred fodkl] xq.kkred fodkla f'k {kk dk vfkz gs f'kf{kr djuk] Åij mbkuk] ikyu&iks"k.k djuk] izf'k{k.k nsuk lao¼zu] usfrd mrfkku] thou ewy;ksa dk fodkl] pkfjf=d xbu rfkk ifk izn'kzu djuka f'k{kk ds bl vfkz ds vuqlkj f'k{kk O;fDr dks f'kf{kr djrh gs ;k mldk ifk izn'kzu djrh gs rks mls orzeku ifjflfkfr;ksa ds vuqdqy gksuk pkfg,a orzeku lekt esa tgka Hkz"Vkpkj] vkardokn csjkstxkjh tslh dbz cqjkbz;ka QSyh gsa ogka f'k{kk D;k bu lel;kvksa ds lek/kku esa viuh Hkwfedk fuhkk jgh gs ;k fuhkkus esa l{ke gsa tks f'k{kk le; ds lkfk&lkfk ifjofrzr ugha o cksf>y] csdkj vksj vuqi;qdr gks tkrh gsa lk/kkj.k 'kcnksa esa ge ;g Hkh dg ldrs gsa f'k{kk og tks O;fDr dks gj ifjflfkfr ds fy, rs;kj djsaa f'k{kk og tks vklikl ds okrkoj.k ds voyksdu dks vk/kkj cukdj nh tk,a f'k{kk dks fodkl p ds vuqlkj vius vki esa ifjorzu ykuk pkfg,a f'k{kk dk,d vksj vfkz ge ys ldrs gsa og gs lh[ka f'k{kk ij fofhkuu fopkj tkwu M~;wc us vuqlkj] ^^f'k{kk,d izf;k gs** IysVks ds vuqlkj ^^nsg vksj vkrek esa vf/kd ls vf/kd ftrus lksun;z vksj ftruh leiw.kzrk dk fodkl gks ldrk gs] mls leiuu djuk gh f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; gsa** egkrek xk /kh ds vuqlkj ^^;fn euq"; lh[kuk pkgs rks bldh gj,d Hkwy mls dqn f'k{kk ns ldrh gsa** gczvz LIksalj ^^f'k{kk dk /;s; pfj= fuekz.k gsa**,mhlu ds vuqlkj ^^f'k{kk euq"; dh vkrek ds fy, mlh Hkkafr gs ftl izdkj laxejej ds fy, f'kyi dyka** fujkyk ^^lalkj esa ftruh izdkj dh izkfir;ka gsa] f'k{kk muesa lcls c<+dj gsa** izsepun ^^dhkh&dhkh mu yksxksa ls Hkh f'k{kk feyrh gs] ftugsa ge vfhkekuo'k vkkuh le>rs gsa** jfounzukfk VSXkksj ^^fev~vh ikuh vksj izdk'k ds lkfk iwjk& iwjk laca/k jgs fcuk 'kjhj dh f'k{kk leiw.kz ugha gks ldrha** 016 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

21 vjlrw ^^ftugksus euq"; ij 'kklu djus dh dyk dk v/;;u fd;k gs] mugsa ;g fo'okl gks x;k gs fd ;qodksa dh f'k{kk ij gh jkt; dk HkkX; vk/kkfjr gsa** foosdkukun ds vuqlkj ^^euq"; dh varfuzfgr iw.kzrk dks vfhko;dr djuk gh f'k{kk gsa** f'k{kk ds ckjs esa fofhkuu fopkj fo'ks"k rksj ij,d gh ckr dh vksj bafxr djrs gsa og gs ekuo dk leiw.kz vk/;kfred,oa xq.kkred fodkl tks ekuo dks lekt ds fgr ds fy, lkspus gsrq ck/; dj ns,oa mudh lkekftd vko';drk dks lekt,oa ns'k ds fgr esa mi;ksx dj ldsaa f'k{kk dh vko';drk f'k{kk dh vko';drk dkqh folr`r gs bls ge fdlh,d txg ;k fo"k; ds lkfk cka/k ugha ldrsa ekuo ds fodkl dh izfke lh<+h gs f'k{kka blds fcuk,d leiw.kz O;fDRo dh dyiuk djuk vlahko gsa ;g ekuo ds leeku ds fo"k; ds lkfk&lkfk mlds fodkl dh ckr Hkh djrk gsa ekuo viuh lqj{kk dks fuf'pr djus ds fy, gh f'k{kk dh 'kj.k esa tkrk gsa ekuo vius vk/;kfred fodkl dh ckr Hkh djrk gs ftlds fy, og viuk 'kkjhfjd fodkl Hkh pkgrk gsa ekuo dk eq[; y{; thou dks ml xaro; rd ys tkuk gksrk gs tgka og vius vkidks eks{k ds }kj ij ns[kuk pkgrk gsa f'k{kk gh,dek= lk/ku gs tks ekuo dks lhkh izdkj ds,oa mfpr fu.kz; ysus esa enn djrh gsa f'k{kk gh ekuo ds thou dks lqy cukus dk,dek= vl= gs blds fcuk thou dh dyiuk lahko ughaa f'k{kk dk y{; f'k{kk dk eq[; y{; ;qok ih<h dk 'kkjhfjd] ekufld o cksf¼d fodkl gksrk gsa f'k{kk dk eq[; mn~ns'; O;fDr ds Hkhrj fo eku xq.kksa dks fodkflr djuk gksrk gs vksj mls iw.kzrk iznku djuk gksrk gsa f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls HkkSfrd thou o vk/;kfred thou ds chp ds varj dks Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gsa f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls fdl rjg ;qok ih<h dks vk/;kfred] usfrd ewy;ksa,oa vkfred Kku ls tksm+k tk,] bl izdkj ds iz;kl fd;s tkrs gsa rkfd ;qok ih<+h dk iw.kz fodkl gks ldsa f'k{kk ds y{; dks ikus gsrq fofhkuu vfhkxeksa o vfhkuo iz;ksxksa dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk gsa f'k{kk dk mns'; eq[;r% nks izdkj dh vfhkxeksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj rs;kj fd;k tkrk gsa,d rks ;g fd ;qok ih<+h dks HkkSfrd lalk/ku ds :i esa rs;kj fd;k tk, ftlls mldk ns'k ds fodkl esa dgh u dgha fdlh u fdlh :i esa ;ksxnku gks ldsa nwljh vksj ;qok ih<+h dks bl rjg vk/;kfred fo'o ls tksm+k tk, rkfd ;qok ih<+h ns'k ds Hkhrj o ckgj lald`fr o laldkjksa dks izpkfjr djus o mldh xfjek cuk, j[kus esa viuk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku ns ldsa osls Hkh HkkSfrd fo'o ls t;knk egroiw.kz vk/;kfred fo'o gksrk gsa laldkjksa dks iw.kzr% fodflr djuk o mugsa lald`fr esa ifjofrzr djuk f'k{kk dk eq[; y{; gksrk gsaa f'k{kk dk,d eq[; y{; ;g Hkh gksrk gs fd ;qok ih<+h dks ;FkkFkZ,oa dyiuk ds chp ds varj ls ifjfpr djk;k tk,a ;qok eu dyiuk ds lkxj esa xksrk yxkrk gs ftlls mlds eu ij,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk vkoj.k txg dj ysrk gs ftlds dkj.k oklrfodrk ls mldk ifjp; gks ikuk cm+k eqf'dy gksrk gsa f'k{kk gh,dek= vl= gs ftlls ;qok ih<+h dks ;FkkFkZ o lp ls ifjp; djk;k tkrk gsa f'k{kk,oa /kez dks,d nwljs dk iwjd dg ldrs gs vfkkzr~ f'k{kk dk vk/kkj /kez vksj /kez dk vk/kkj f'k{kka f'k{kk dk ewy mns'; ;g tkuuk gksuk pkfg, fd Nk=ksa dks /kez dk cks/k djk;k tk ldsa bls iw.kz oskkfud rjhds ls le>k;k tk;sa /kez ds fl¼karksa,oa lans'kksa dks f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls Nk=ksa ds eu eflr"d esa mrkjk tk, ftlls /kez lalfkkiuk dk mns'; Hkh iwjk gks ldsa /kez dk ges'kk ls gh ewy mns'; ijfgr,oa lekt dk fgr jgk gs bl y{; dh izkfir gh oklrfodrk esa f'k{kk ds y{; dh izkfir gsa orzeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh orzeku f'k{kk ftl rjg HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa ds y{; dks vk/kkj ekudj ;qok ih<+h dks f'kf{kr dj jgh gs vksj ;gh vkt dh orzeku f'k{kk i¼fr dk lcls Hk;kud :i gs tks vkffkzd :i ls l{ke O;fDr;ksa rd gh ig qp dk;e fd, gq, gsa tks vkffkzd :i ls l{ke ugha gs muls orzeku f'k{kk dkslksa nwj gsa vkt bl ckr ij tksj ugha fd ekuo dks ekuo ds :i esa rs;kj fd;k tk,] cfyd ekuo dks e'khu cukus dk iz;kl tksjksa ij gsa ;g,d izdkj ls ns'k dh lkald`frd /kjks/kj dks neu djus dk,d,slk iz;kl gs ftlds ifj.kkelok:i lald`fr o laldkjksa ds fouk'k dk,slk p pysxk tks ekuo dks dsoy HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa esa gh pje lq[k dh vuqhkwfr emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

22 djus dks ck/; djsxka tcfd ekuo Lo;a Hkh ;g tkurk gs fd mlds thou dk /;s; HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa dh miyfc/k u gksdj v/;kfredrk,oa thou thuk gs tks mlds thou esa 'kkafr o v/;kfred lq[k dks lapkfjr djrk gs vksj mls ml ije rro dk cks/k djkrk gs ftlds fy, gekjs iwoztksa ds gtkjksa o"kkzsa ds vius vfkd iz;kl ls [khapdj lald`fr o laldkjksa ds :i esa iyyfor fd;k gsa vkt ik'pkr; lald`fr ds cgko vksj dke ds izhkko us ekuo dks vekuq"k cukdj j[k fn;k gs ;g bl ;qx ds var dk ifjpk;d gsa ^^losz HkoUrq lqf[ku%** tks gekjs iwoztksa o /kkfezd xazfkksa dk ewy ea= gksrk Fkk vkt ;g ^^loz,oa ee** rd ladqfpr gksd jg x;k gsa gtkjksa o"kksza ds iz;klksa ds ifj.kkelo:i geus tks ea=ksa ds :i esa /kjksgj izkir dh vksj ge vkt Hkh muds oklrfod mn~ns'; ls ifjfpr gsa fqj Hkh u tkusa D;ksa bl vk/kqfudrk uked fo"k us gesa,d,sls va/ks dqvsa esa /kdsy fn;k gs tgka ls ckgj vk ikuk eqf'dy gh ugha ukeqfdu gsa orzeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa tks nks"k vkt fo eku gs mldk izeq[k dkj.k Hkkjr esa iwoz esa gks pqds f'k{kkfonksa] fopkjdksa] lkekftd dk;zdrkzvksa] f'k{kk ds fo}kuksa,oa jk"vªuk;dksa ds fopkjksa dks ls¼kfurd,oa O;ogkfjd rksj ij orzeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk fgllk u cuk ikuk,d izeq[k dkj.k gs tks vkt dh O;kolkf;d f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa iw.kzr% ifjyf{kr gksrk gsa ekuo ds HkkSfrd fodkl dh vksj fo'ks"k /;ku fn, tkus ds dkj.k vkt lh;rk] lekt /kez] ls tqms fopkjksa dks vkt dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa LFkku u fey ikuk o bldh mis{kk gh vkt dh nks"kiw.kz f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk eq[; nks"k gsa Lora=rk i'pkr~ f'k{kk iz.kkyh,oa blds folrkj dks Hkkjr esa fo'ks"k izkfkfedrk u fn, tkus dk vkt ifj.kke gekjs lkeus gsa vksj ;g gekjh vko';drk,oa etcwjh cudj gekjs lkeus mhkjk gsa bl f'k{kk iz.kkyh us Hk;] vlqj{kk] fgalk] vijk/k vksj v'kkafr ds gekjs lekt esa,d cqjkbz ds :i esa izlqqfvr fd;k gsa Hkkjh f'k{kk fuos'k us bls O;kolkf;drk dk ntkz nsdj,d Hk;kog flfkfr isnk dj nh gsa buvjusv dh mi;ksfxrk us tgka lwpuk lalkkj esa folqksv fd;k gs o lwpuk dh izkfir o iqu% izkfir dks dkqh vklka cuk fn;k gs ogha nwljh vksj dqn,slh vkifùktud lkexzh Hkh cppksa ds lkeus is'k dj j[kh gs tks mugsa oklrfod mez ls igys gh cm+s gksus ds vuqhko dk vglkl djkrh gsa lkekftdrk vius iru dh vksj vxzlj gs bldk eq[; dkj.k fnu& izfrfnu usfrd ewy;ksa esa gks jgk gzkl gs ;s lc Hkkjrh; lald`fr ij ik'pkr; lald`fr ds izhkko dk ifj.kke gsa orzeku f'k{kk lajpkuk dh dfe;k dei;wvj ds vf/kdkf/kd mi;ksx us fo kfkhz,oa lwpuk ds varj dks [kre dj fn;k gs ftldk ;g ifj.kke gqvk gs fd fo kfkhz iwjh rjg ls dei;wvj [kkst ij fuhkzj gks x, gsa lkfk gh fo kfkhz,oa f'k{kd ds chp varj ns[kk tk ldrk gsa vkt f'k{kk vius eq[; mn~ns'; ls nwj gksrh tk jgh gs ftls ge euq"; ds pfj= fuekz.k dh lakk ds uke ls lacksf/kr djrs gsa f'k{kk dk orzeku Lo:i O;ogkfjd u gksdj ls¼kfurd gks x;k gs ftlls O;ogkfjd Kku esa deh ns[kh tk ldrh gsa orzeku f'k{kk cppksa esa f'k{kk ns'k izse dh Hkkouk txkus,oa ekuo ewy;ksa dks fodflr djus esa detksj jgh gs vkt ds HkkSfrd tho dk bl ij Hkh izhkko ns[kk tk ldrk gsa vkt dh orzeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh ij if'pehdj.k dk Hkh izhkko ns[kk tk ldrk gsa lknk thou mpp fopkj dh Hkkouk;sa vkt chrh ckrsa gks x;h gsaa d{kk vkboha rd ikl djus dh orzeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh us cppksa ds cksf¼d fodkl dks fojke ns fn;k gs ftlds nwjxkeh ifj.kke ns[ks tk ldrs gsa vkt ds iwathoknh lekt us mpp f'k{kk dks,d fuf'pr oxz rd lhfer dj fn;k gs ftlds dkj.k lkekftd dqabk,oa fodkl dks tue feyk gsa orzeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh us vkt dh izfrli/kkziw.kz ;qx esa futh f'k{kk dsunzksa dks tue fn;k gs ftlds dkj.k vkt f'k{kk,d ; & fo;,oa is'ksoj f'k{kk lalfkkuksa ds :i esa ns[kh tk ldrh gsa vk/kqfud f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds vurxzr dei;wvj dk lcls T;knk blrseky gksus ls xjhc oxz 018 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

23 ds cppksa dks bl izdkj dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls dkbs Z T;knk Qk;nk ugha fn[kkbz ns jgk g]s D;kfas d os bu lk/kukas dks tvq kus eas l{ke ugha gas mijksdr dfe;ksa us f'k{kk ds orzeku Lo:i dh dybz [kksy dj j[k nh gs] ftlds ifj.kke ls Hkh ge lc voxr gsa f'k{kk dk orzeku Lo:i ekuo ds fodkl ls lecfu/kr u gksdj vkt mlds HkkSfrd fodkl,oa usfrd ewy;ksa ds iru rd lhfer gksdj jg x;k gsa vkt dh orzeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa lq/kkj gsrq dqn lq>ko vkt dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa lq/kkj ds fy, iz;kl fd;s tkus vfr vko';d gs] buds ek/;e ls f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds vpns ifj.kke fey ldrs gs %& usfrd f'k{kk,oa ns'k izse dh Hkkouk dks txkus okys fopkjksa dks orzeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk fgllk cuk;k tk,a lhkh /keksz ds izfr yxko dh Hkkouk dks fodflr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,a cppksa ds lexz fodkl ds iz;kl fd;s tk;saa lhkh cppksa ds fy, ek/;fed f'k{kk vfuok;z dh tk,a cppksa esa fo"k;ksa ds pquko dh Lora=rk ds iz;kl fd;s tk;saa ijh{kkvksa esa lseslvj fllve dks blh rjg cuk jgus fn;k tk,a cppksa esa ;ksx;rk ds folrkj ds iz;kl fd;s tk;saa ijaijkxr f'k{k.k i¼fr dks NksM+ O;kolkf;d f'k{kk i fr dks viukus ij cy fn;k tk,a f'k{kk ds {ks= esa lwpuk lapkj lk/kuksa ds vf/kd ls vf/kd iz;ksx ij cy fn;k tk,a jk"vªh; Lrj ij f'k{kk ikb~;e dks,d lk,dhd`r :i esa fodflr fd;ktk,a lhkh f'k{k.k lalfkkvksa esa o"kz Hkj ds fy, le;kuqlkj ikb~;dze p cu;k tk, ftlls,d txg ls nwljh txg tkus ij cppksa dks lel;kvksa dk lkeuk u djuk im+sa ijh{kk dh le; lkj.kh iwjh ns'k esa,d lh ykxw dh tk,a ijh{kk ifj.kke iwjs ns'k esa,d lkfk,d gh le; p ds vuqlkj?kksf"kr fd;s tk;saa ifj;kstuk vk/kkfjr,oa vlkbuesav ij vk/kkfjr f'k{kk iz.kkyh fodflr dh tk,a f'k{kk ds izpkj,oa izlkj ds fy, ljdkj,oa futh lalfkkvksa dks fey dj dke djuk pkfg,a ljdkj }kjk f'k{kk ds {ks= esa 'kks/k dk;z leiuu fd;s tk;sa ftlds nwjxkeh vpns ifj.kke izkir fd;s tk ldsaa bl rjg ge ns[k ldrs gsa fd bu lq>koksa ij ;fn xksj fd;k tk, rks ge f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vxz.kh gks ldrs gsa rduhdh f'k{kk,oa izks ksfxdh ds {ks= esa Hkh iz;kl fd;s tk;saa milagkj %& var esa ge ;gh dg ldrs gs fd orzeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa lq/kkj dh vhkh Hkh xqtkba'k gsa f'k{kk ogh tks ekuo ds fodkl dh vksj fo'ks"k /;ku ds lkfk gh mlds v/;kfred fodkl ij iwjk iwjk tksj ns ftldk ;g ifj.kke gks dh ge viuh ;qok ih<+h dk ns'k,oa lekt ds fgr esa mi;ksx dj ldsaaa f'k{kk ds orzeku Lo:i esa dqn cnyko dj ge f'k{kk dks le; ds vuqlkj mlh :i esa <ky ldrs gsa tgka bldh mi;ksfxrk vksj c<+ tk, lkfk gh f'k{kk ds mn~ns'; dks ge iwjk dj ldsaa f'k{kk ds ml Lo:i dks ge eku;rk ns ldrs gsa tc og gekjs lekt dks,d u;h f'k{kk fn[kk,,oa ;qok ih<h dks ns'k dh /kjksgj ds :i esa rs;kj djsa,oa,d lalk/ku ds :i esa fodflr djsaa lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vksj mldh lel;k;sa & lqjs'k HkVukxj (esjb&1979) 2- Hkkjr esa f'k{kk vksj mldh lel;k;sa & MkW- lj;w izlkn pkscs (vkxjk&1976) 3- Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh lkekftd lel;k;s & pks/kjh] mik/;k; (vkxjk&1969) 4- f'k{kk dk fodkl&hkxoku nkl (1982) 5- vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; f'k{kk] bfrgkl vksj lel;k;sa & ikbd] R;kxh (1976) emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

24 egkhkkjr esa jktuhfrd n'kzu gsejkt ehuk 'kks/kkfkhz] jktlfkku fo'ofo ky;] t;iqj 'kks/k Lkkjka'k egkhkkjr vk;z&lald`fr rfkk lukru èkez dk,d egku~ xzufk rfkk vewy; jruksa dk Hk.Mkj gsa egkhkkjr esa Hkkjrh; thou 'ksyh dh lexz vksj ;FkkFkZ çlrqfr feyrh gsa blesa èkkfezd] lkekftd] lkald`frd jktusfrd vksj vkffkzd ifjflfkfr;ksa] fopkjèkkjkvksa ijeijkvksa rfkk oskkfud n`f"vdks.kksa dh çpqj lkexzh laxzghr gsa egkhkkjr dsoy vius jpukdky ds thou ewy;ksa vksj?kvukvksa dk gh fun'kzu ugha djkrk vfirq ;g vkèkqfud ;qx ds thou ewy;ksa ds fy, Hkh mruk gh çklafxd gs] ftruk igys Fkk vksj Hkfo"; esa Hkh mruk gksxka ladsrk{kj % egkhkkjr] jktusfrd n'kzu] lukru /kez] jktk] eks{k] lfefra d jktuhfrd xzufk ds :i esa egkhkkjr,d izfrfuf/k xzufk gsa blds ß'kkafr&ioZÞ dh fof'k"v egùkk gsa bl,hkkx esa jkt; ds mn~xe lecu/kh fl¼kar] jktk dh mrifùk rfkk jktk ds dùkzo;ksa dh foospuk ds lkfk&lkfk iz'kklfud O;oLFkk dk folr`r o.kzu fd;k x;k gsa egkhkkjr dkyhu ;qx esa NksVs&NksV jkt; VwV jgs Fks] jktk ds Åij mruk fu;a=.k ugha Fkk ftruk ;g osfnd ;qx esa FkkA jkt;ksa ds e/; lkezkt; folrkj ds fy, fujurj ;q¼ gks jgs FksA vr% ;q¼ lecu/kh fu;eksa dk Hkh fuekz.k blh ;qx esa fd;k x;ka jkt; dk iz'kklu dqn fuf'pr] LFkk;h jktlsodksa }kjk leiuu fd;k tkrk FkkA budk izeq[k dk;z le; ij jkt; }kjk yxk, x, dj mxkuk FkkA jktk fujadq'k ugha Fkk mldh 'kfdr;k e;kzfnr FkhA egkhkkjr dky esa lh;rk dk leqfpr fodkl gks pqdk FkkA leiw.kz Hkkjr esa fofhkuu {ks=ksa esa flfkr jkt;ksa ds e/; ikjlifjd laca/k LFkkfir gks pqds FksA egkhkkjr ;q¼ esa fofhkuu izns'kksa ds jktk lfeefyr FksA egkhkkjr ds 'kkafr ioz esa jktuhfr 'kkl= dks jkt/kez dgk x;k gsa Hkh"e ds 'kcnksa esa jkt/kez loziz/kku gs D;ksafd blh ls lc /keksza dk ikyu gksrk gsa egkhkkjr ds 'kkafr ioz esa 'kklu djus okyh lalfkkvksa] 'kkldh; fohkkxksa] 'kkldh; inkf/kdkfj;ksa] fof/k fuekz.k izf;kvksa vkfn 'kklu,oa iz'kklu ds fofo/k ec¼,oa O;ofLFkr n`f"vdks.k izlrqr fd;k gsa 'kklu ds dk;ksza dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, egkhkkjr dky esa ;g lalfkk lapkfyr FkhA lhkk Hkouksa ds fuekz.k rfkk le; ij lhkkvksa dk vk;kstu dj mlesa fofhkuu fo"k;ksa ij [kqyh ppkz }kjk lhkklnksa dh lgefr ls fu.kz; ysus dk i;kzir foospu xzafk ds fofhkuu LFkyksa ij miyc/k gsa nsof"kz ukjn }kjk ;qf/kf"bj dks jkt; uhfr dh f'k{kk lhkk ds vunj 1 nsus dk lqanj foospu xzafk esa fd;k x;k gsa xzafk esa izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gs fd jktk ;qf/kf"bj us jktlw; ;K djus ds fo"k; ij lhkk dk vk;kstu fd;k rfkk mlesa miflfkr lhkk lnksa dh leefr ls jktlw; vuq"bku djus dk ladyi fy;ka egkhkkjr ds fofhkuu LFkyksa ij jkt; ds 'kklu dks lapkfyr djus o jkt; lùkk dks fu;af=r dj] mldk /kekzuqdwy iz;ksx djuk lhkk dk eq[; nkf;ro ekuk x;k gsa xzafk esa jktk dks Li"V funsz'k fn;k x;k gs fd jkt; dh muufr dh ewy tm+ vpnh ea=.kk (lykg) gs blfy;s mls Lo;a dksbz Hkh fu.kz; ugha ysuk pkfg, D;ksafd lhkklnksa eaf=;ksa ls ea=.kk fd;s fcuk muds er ds foijhr jktk }kjk LosPNk ls fy;s x;s fu.kz; jkt; ds fouk'k ds ewy dkj.k fl¼ gksrs gsa,d izlaxkuqlkj wr&hmk dk vk;kstu lq;ksx; eaf=;ksa (fonqj th) dh ea=.kk ds fo:¼ fy;k x;k fu.kz; ckn esa gflrukiqj jkt; ds fouk'k dk ewy; dkj.k cuka blds vfrfjdr ;qf/kf"bj ds wr&hmk esa gkjus ij nzksinh dks nko ij yxkus dk fu.kz; rfkk nq;ksz/ku ds vkns'kkuqlkj (ml le; 020 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

25 og Lo;a jktk ugha Fks) nzksinh dks lhkk Hkou esa fuozl= djus dk fu.kz; Hkh lhkk dh leefr ls ugha fy;k x;k 2 Fkk blfy, og egklej dk ewy dkj.k fl¼ gqvka egkhkkjr ds 'kkafr ioz esa /kez] vfkz] dke o eks{k budks iq:"kkfkz ekurs gq, budk vyx&vyx egùo crk;k x;k gsa eks{k dks thou dk vafre y{; crk;k x;k gs] fdurq /kez] vfkz vksj dke dks Hkh thou dk eq[; y{; ekuk x;k gsa /kez % og mik; tks vfgalk ;qdr gksrs gq, laiw.kz iztk dks /kkj.k dj mldk ikyu&iks"k.k djrk gs] fdlh ij ks/k u djuk] lr; cksyuk] /ku dks ckav dj Hkksxuk] {kek Hkko j[kuk] vur% eu ls Hkhrj ls ifo= jguk] fdlh ls nzksg u djuk] ljy Hkko j[kuk,oa Hkj.k&iks"k.k ;ksx; O;fDr;ksa dk ikyu djuk lhkh oxksza ds fy, mi;ksxh /kez gsa vfkz % bls O;fDrxr lq[k rfkk lkekftd muufr dk ewy vk/kkj ekurs gq, crk;k gs fd /ku ds fcuk euq";ksa ds /kez] dke,oa izk.k ;k=k dk fuokzg Hkh ugha gks ldrk gs rfkk /kuoku O;fDr;ksa ds gh cgqr lkjs fe= HkkbZ&ca/kq gksrs gsa /ku ds egùo ds ckjs esa 'kkafr ioz esa crk;k x;k gs fd /ku vr;ar fiz;,oa nqyzhk olrq gs ftldh izkfir ;k flf¼ gks tkus ij euq"; lalkj esa laiw.kz bpnkvksa dh iwfrz dj ldrk gsa dke % /kez vksj vfkz dh flfkjrk dh ewy tm+ dke gksus ds dkj.k gh bls f=oxz dk lkj ekuk x;k gsa dkeuk ghu euq"; fuf"; gks tkrk gsa dkeuk ls izsfjr gksdj gh euq"; O;fDrxr leink] osnk/;;u] ;K ri nku vkfn dk;z djrk gsa dke dk 'kkfcnd vfkz vkuan izse,oa lkalkfjd lq[kksa ds Hkksx ls fy;k tk ldrk gsa dke] ks/k] ykshk] eksg] en] ekr;lz vksj eerk esa nsg /kkfj;ksa ds 7 'k=q gsa buesa 7oka dke :i 'k=q izcy ekuk x;k gsa bl izcy 'k=q dk R;kx djus ij czãkiqj esa flfkr jktk ds leku lq[k dks izkir dj ldrk gsa eks{k % euq"; nsorkvksa] firjksa vksj ½f"k;ksa dk tue ls ½.kh gksrk gsa ftls pqdk;s fcuk mldk eks{k lahko ugha gsa vksj ;g ½.k dsoy x`glfkkje esa jg dj gh pqdk;k tk ldrk gsa bl izdkj x`glfkkje gh eks{k izkfir dk 3 eq[; ekxz gsa egkhkkjr ds v/;;u ls izrhr gksrk gs fd bl ;qx esa jktra=h; O;oLFkk tufiz;rk,oa oshko esa viuh ijkdk"bk ij Fkh ysfdu ;r&r= dbz x.kjkt;ksa dk vflrro FkkA x.kra=kred jkt; {ks= vksj tula[;k dh n`f"v ls NksVs Fks] blfy, bu jkt;ksa dks vius vflrro ds izfr lnso lansg cuk jgrk FkkA Hkh"e us,sls jkt;ksa dks la?kuhfr dk ikyu djus dh lykg nh gsa la?kuhfr ls Hkh"e dk vk'k; la?kkred O;oLFkk (Federalism) ls gsa mugksaus dgk fd NksVs& NksVs jkt;] lehiorhz jkt;ksa ds lkfk feydj,d la?k dk fuekz.k djs rfkk mu lhkh fo"k;ksa dks ftudk laca/k lkeku; :i ls lhkh jkt;ksa ds lkfk gs dsunzh; ljdkj dks lksai nsa 'kkafr ioz esa Hkh"e us bu jkt;ksa dk dy;k.k la?khkwr gksus esa gh lahko gs bu la?kksa dks,d&nwljs ls vyx gks tkus dk vf/kdkj ds fo"k; esa Hkh"e us dgk gsa fd bugsa,d&nwljs ls vyx gksus dk vf/kdkj ugha gsa Hkh"e us rrdkyhu nks la?kks dk o.kzu fd;k gsa buesa,d la?k tks vu/kd vksj o`f".k jkt;ksa ls feydj cuk Fkk og NksVk Fkk rfkk nwljk ftlesa vu/kd o`f".k] ;kno] dqdqj vksj Hkkstj ik p jkt; Fks] og cm+k FkkA la?kkred O;oLFkk esa bdkb;ksa dks?kvd dgk tkrk FkkA ;s?kvd vkurfjd {ks= esa iw.kzr% Lok;Ùk'kklh FksA vkurfjd 'kklu dk Hkkj ml?kvd ds fuokfl;ksa ij gh FkkA os fo"k; tks lhkh jkt;ksa ds fy, leku Fks mugsa dsunzh; ljdkj dks lksai fn;k tkrk FkkA buesa eq[; fo"k; leiw.kz la?k dh j{kk FkkA ysfdu euq dsoy,d gh fl¼kur esa vklfkk j[krs gs] ftls jktk dh nsoh; mrifùk dk fl¼kar dgk tkrk gsa euq ds vuqlkj ekuo LoHkko esa nsoh vksj vklqjh izo`fùk;k gksrh gs ftuesa lnso la?k"kz jgrk gsa tc euq"; esa vklqjh izo`fùk;k c<+ tkrh gs rks og luekxz ls foeq[k gks tkrk gsa mls iqu% lkfrod cukus] dùkzo;kdùkzo; dk cks/k djkus gsrq n.m dh vko';drk gksrh gsa euq ds vuqlkj jktk gh n.m dk izrhd gsa mlds bz'oj us Lo;a lalkj esa izk.khek= dh j{kkfkz isnk fd;k gs izhkq us jktk dk fuekz.k vkb iz/kku nsoks ds lkjhkwr vak'ks lfd;k gsa ;s iz/kku nso&bunz ok;q] ;e] lw;z] vfxu] o:.k] punz vksj dqcsj gsa bl izdkj jktk bu nsoksa ls Hkh egku gsa D;ksafd brus lkjhkwr rro rks fdlh Hkh,d nso esa ugha gsa og iquhr gsa jktk pkgs ckyd gh D;ksa uk gks] ijurq mldk dhkh vuknj ugha djuk pkfg, D;ksafd og euq"; ds :i esa,d egku~ nso i`foh ry ij fopjrk gsa ßjktk dk;zikfydk iz/kku gsa bl ukrs og n.m /kkj.k djrk gsa ysfdu og n.m dk iz;ksx dsoy /kez ds v/khu vksj /kez LFkkiuk ds fy, gh dj ldrk gsa vr% jktk loznsokse; u gksdj /kez v/khu gsa jkt; esa /kez dk LFkku izfke gs emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

26 rfkk i'pkr~ jktk dka vxj jktk /kez ls fopfyr gks tk;s ;k mlesa r;ksxq.k iz/kku gks tk;sa rks mls inp;qr 4 fd;k tk ldrk gsa egkhkkjr esa Hkh"e us dgk gs fd pkjksa o.kksza ds /kez dh j{kk djuk jktk dk izeq[k dùkzo; gsa ;fn dksbz O;fDr /kez ekxz ls fopfyr gks rks mls n.m nsuk Fkh jktk dk dùkzo; gsa dksfvy; us Hkh dgk gs ^^Lo/keZ ds myya?ku ls lozfkk vo;olfkk mriuu gks tk;sxh] vr% jktk dks pkfg, fd og iztk dks Lo/keZ dk vfre.k u djus nsa** 'kquhfr esa Hkh dgk x;k gs fd og iztk dks Lo/keZ esa fujr j[ksa blh dkj.k jktk dks ß/k`rozrÞ dgk x;k gsa ; fi jktk dks 'kklu dh lokszpp lkk izkir Fkh] fqj Hkh og /kez ds v/khu FkkA jktk dh ;ksx;rk, jktk dks xq.koku gksuk pkfg, egkhkkjr ds 'kakfr ioz esa myysf[kr gs fd jktk dks dke] ks/k] en] ykshk vkfn eksg ds v/khu u gksdj n.muhfr ds vk/kkj ij U;k; djuk pkfg,a ½f"k;ksa us jktk dks mins'k fn;k fd tks /kez fu;r gs] rqe mldk 'kadk jfgr :i ls vuqlj.k djksa rqegsa D;k fiz; gs vksj D;k vfiz; bldks Hkwydj lcds izfr leku O;ogkj djksa dke] ks/k] ykshk vksj eku dks lozfkk R;kx nksa tks dksbz Hkh euq"; /kez ds ekxz ls fopfyr gks rqe mls 'kk'or /kez dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, n.m nksa eu opu vksj dez }kjk bl izfrkk dk ikyu djks Hkh"e ds vuqlkj jktk dgrk gsa fd Hkwfe vksj turk dks czã ekudj esa lnk mudks ikyu d:axka esa dhkh LosPNkpkjh ugha cuwaxka ;g ckr Hkh esa /;ku j[kwaxk fd czã.kksa dks eq>s n.m ugha nsuk gsa rfkk iztk dh lhkh 5 foifùk;ksa (nsfgd] nsfod vksj HkkSfrd) ls j{kk d:axka jktk dks vaxghu ugha gksuk pkfg, jktk ds oj.k dk vf/kdkj turk dks izkir Fkk jktk esa ysfk ek= Hkh nks"k gksus ij mls xq.k jfgr ekudj 'kklu ds v;ksx; ekuk tkrk Fkka egkhkkjr esa dbz,sls n`"vkur gs ftuesa ;g ekuk x;k fd jktk esa dsoy ekufld gh ugh cfyd HkkSfrd fodkj Hkh ugha gksuk pkfg,a egkhkkjr dh dfkk ds vuqlkj] ^^jktk izrhi dk T;s"B iq= nsokfi ; fi lozxq.k leiuu Fkk] og jktk }kjk Hkh jktin ds fy, lefizr Fkk ysfdu Rod~ jksx ls ihfm+r gksus ds dkj.k mls v;ksx; ekuk x;ka blh izdkj /k`r jk"vª gksrs gq, Hkh vu/ks gksus ds dkj.k lezkv ugha cuk, x, muds LFkku ij dfu"v Hkzkrk ik.mq jktk dks cuk;k x;ka jktk dks ifk Hkz"V ugha gksuk pkfg, bl vk'k; dk myys[k egkhkkjr ds 'kkafrioz esa of.kzr,d dfkk esa fd;k x;k gs jktk osu dùkzo; Hkz"V gks x;k FkkA ½f"k;ksa ds usr`ro esa turk us jktk osu ds fo:¼ fonzksg djds mls inp;qr dj fn;k vksj mlds LFkku ij 6 mlds iq= osu; dks jktk cuk;k x;ka tgk rd tu&laln ;k lhkk dk iz'u gs bldh izfr"bkk {kh.k gks pqdh Fkh jktkvksa us bldh mis{kk izkjehk dj nh Fkh ysfdu eaf=ifj"kn dk leeku osfnd dky dh Hkk fr FkkA eaf=&ifj"kn jktk dh lykgdkj lfefr gh ugha Fkh oju~ ;g jktk dks jkt; iz'kklu esa iw.kz lgk;rk nsus okyh lalfkku Hkh FkhA Hkh"e ds erkuqlkj jkt; 'kklu,d O;fDr }kjk lahko ugha gsa vr% jkt; ds cgqeq[kh fodkl ds fy, jktk dks dqyhu lg;ksx djus okys vksj chrs gq, ij i'pkrki u djus okys iq:"kksa dks ea=h cukuk pkfg,a ;kkoy; ds vuq- jktk dks,sls eaf=;ksa dh fu;qfdr djuh pkfg, tks cqf¼eku] oa'kkuqe ls ea=h in ij pys vk jgs gks] /ks;zoku vksj ifo= ân; gksaa egkhkkjr ds vuqlkj 'kwj] egku mrlkgh vksj czkã.k LoHkko dk O;fDr ea=h gksuh pkfg,a ea=h dks ns'k dky ds vuq:i dq'kyrkiwozd dk;z djus dh ;ksx;rk gksuh pkfg, vksj,slk O;fDr dke] ks/k] ykshk vkfn fodkjksa ds izhkko ls dhkh ifkhkz"v u gksa ew[kz] nfjnz LoHkko] vgadkjh] 'k=q izseh] okpky] wj LoHkko] ks/kh vksj ykshkh dks ea=h ij 7 dhkh u gh nsuk pkfg,a lfefr iztkoxz dk izfrfuf/kro djus okyh tks lalfkk Fkh mls ml dky esa ßlfefrÞ ds uke ls lecksf/kr fd;k tkrk gsa lfefr,d jktuhfrd lalfkk Fkh] ftldk :i dsunzh; 'kklu dh O;oLFkkfidk dk lk FkkA lfefr vkt dh dsunzh; yksdlhkk] dh Hkkafr feyrh&tqyrh lalfkk FkhA jktk lfefr eas miflfkfr jgrk Fkk vksj ;g vko';d le>k tkrk Fkk fd og miflfkr jgsa lfefr dh bpnk ls jktk turk ij 'kklu djrk FkkA ;g lla Fkk vr;ra ihz kko'kkyh Fkh] cg/q kk blh ds lefkuz ij jktk dk Hkfo"; fuhkjz djrk FkkA lfefr ds fo:¼ gks tkus ij jktk dh flfkfr vr;ra lda Vi.w kz gks tkrh FkhA jkt; ds dus nhz ;&'kklu rfkk lus k ij lfefr dk cgrq vf/kd ihz kko FkkA lfefr dk lcls egùoi.w kz dk;z jktk dk fuokpz u 8 rfkk fu"dkflr jktk dk iuq fuoz kpz u djuk FkkA 022 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

27 lfefr ds leku gh osfnd dky esa,d nwljh tufiz; lalfkk ^lhkk* FkhA lhkk Hkh,d euuksred lalfkk (Deliberative Body) FkhA nhf{krkj ds vuqlkj lhkk ds lnl; dqyhu czkã.k rfkk ek/kou gksrs FksA lhkk o`¼ksa dh ifj"kn~ (Council of elder's) FkhA egkhkkjr esa lhkk ds lnl;ksa dh ;ksx;rk ds lecu/k esa nzksinh dgrh gsa fd og lhkk ugha tgk o`¼ u gksa] os o`¼ ugha tks /kez ds opu u cksys og /kez ugha tks lr; ij vk/kkfjr u gks vksj og lr; ugha ftlds lkfk /kks[ks dk fej.k gksa vurjkzt; lecu/k egkhkkjr esa vurjkzt; lecu/k dk lanhkkzuqlkj vusd LFkkuksa ij myys[k fd;k gsa fe=] 'k=q] ;q¼] ;q¼ ds fu;eksa dk?kvukvksa o izlaxksa ds ek/;e ls o.kzu fd;k x;k gsa egkhkkjr esa pkj izdkj ds fe= bl izdkj ds crk;s x;s gs&lgkfkz] Hkt&eku] lgt vksj Ñf=e o tc fdlh dk jkt; vkil esa ckav ysus ds fy;s nks jktk fe= curs Fks] rc os ßlgkFkZÞ vfkok leku LokFkZ j[kus okys fe= dgykrs gsa tks firk] firkeg ds e esa fo eku jgrs gsa ßHktekuÞ ukrsnkj&fj'rsnkj ßlgtÞ fe= vksj /kukfn ds ykshk ls cus fe= ßf=eÞ dgykrs gsa dkenad dk er gs fd ftl inkfkz dks ysus dh viuh bpnk gks vksj ogh inkfkz nwljk ysuk pkgs rks og iq:"k 'k=q dgykrk gsa ftl 'k=q esa foftxh"k ds xq.k gks] mls nk:.k 'k=q le>uk pkfg,sa vksj euq ds vuqlkj 'k=q jktk rhu izdkj ds gksrs gsa lgt 'k=q] f=e 'k=q vksj ik'ozorhz 'k=qa fo-dq- ljdkj ds erkuqlkj] 'kfdr&lurqyu dh fgunq /kkj.k dk vk/kkj e.my fl¼kur gh FkkA e.my fl¼kur vko';d :i esa foftxh"kq&fot; dh bpnk dk fl¼kur gsa ;g,d izdkj ls folrkj okn dk fl¼kur gsa lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- JhokLro],y-,l-,oa tks'kh]oh-ih- izkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpuru,oa lalfkk, ] d`".kk izdk'ku eafnj] esjb] i`- 4&5 2- 'kj.k] ijekrek] izkphu Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd fopkj,oa lalfkk,a] ehuk{kh izdk'ku] esjb] laldj.k] 2000] i` jkuh] 'kdquryk] egkhkkjr esa /kez Hkkjrh iqlrd efunj] Hkjriqj 1973] i`- 43] 'kquhfr] v/;k;&1 'yksd&85 5- flugk] lqtkrk,oa flag] mfezyk rfkk oekz] gsek] egkhkkjrdkyhu Hkkjrh; lald`fr fo'o Hkkjrh ifcyds'kul] ubz fnyyh] 2007] i`- 23&24 6- 'kj.k] ijekrek] izkphu Hkkjr esa jktusfrd lalfkk,a] jktdey izdk'ku] ubz fnyyh] laldj.k] 2007] i` Hkêkpk;Z] lq[ke;] egkhkkjrdkyhu lekt] yksdhkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn] 1966] i` nhf{kr] izse dqekjh] egkhkkjr esa jkt; O;oLFkk] vpzuk izdk'ku] y[kuå] 1972] i`- 97 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

28 e/;dkyhu Hkkjr esa fp'rh lwqhokn vksj jktuhfr ds ijlij çhkkoksa dk fo'ys".kkred v/;;u &1000 bz- ls 1550 bz- rd MkW- vfer dqekj flag nso lekt dkyst QkWj ohesu] fqjkstiqj (iatkc) 'kks/k lkjka'k Hkkjr esa lwqhokn,d uohu vk/;kfred kafr ds :i esa fodflr gqvka egewn xtuoh ds lkfk Hkkjr esa lwqhoknh larksa dk inkiz.k gksuk 'kq: gksrk gs vksj egkure lwqh lar 'ks[k eksbzuqíhu fp'rh vtesj esa fpf'r;k flyflys dh uho j[krs gsaa lwqh larksa us,d vkn'kzoknh vk/;kre dks çj; fn;k ftues loz/kez lehkko ds rro çpqjrk esa lekfgr FksA olrqr% lwqh rrookn ds ç.ksrk jgs gsa vksj mu lhkh rroksa dks lwqhokn esa lekfgr djrs jgs gsa tks lpph vk/;kfredrk ls lecaf/kr gksaa fdlh vu; leçnk; ds thoar ewy;ksa ds çfr mues xqjst ugha jgk] gkyk fd ud'kcanh o dkfnjh flyflys viuh dêjrk ds fy, tkus tkrs jgs gsa vksj fp'rh flyflys ds mnkjoknh fl¼kar ds f[kykq [km+s jgs ysfdu ;g Hkh lr; gs fd Hkkjr esa tks yksdfç;rk fp'rh flyflys dks çkir gqbz og vhkwriwoz gsa fp'rh lwqh flyflys ds lunhkz esa ;g rf; lozfofnr gs fd mudk /ku ;k jktuhfr ls uke ek= dks Hkh lecu/k ugha Fkk dhkh] ysfdu esa bl 'kks/ki= esa mudh bl ço`fr ds ckotwn Hkh jktuhfr ij im+s muds vfev çhkkoksa dk fo'ys"k.k d: xka bl 'kks/k esa lwqhokn ds rroksa ds laf{kir fo'ys"k.k ds lkfk e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ij blds LFkkbZ çhkkoksa dk fo'ys".kkred v/;;u fd;k x;k gs ftldk dky[kam yxhkx 550 o"kksaz dk gs] Hkkjr esa rqdksaz ds 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ls ysdj muds volku rd lwqh o 'kkld oxz ds ijlij D;k çhkko jgs vksj mudk bfrgkl ij D;k çhkko im+k] ;gh bl 'kks/k&i= dk dsaæh; fo"k; gsa lw Lkadsrk{kj % lwqh] lwqhokn] lyrur] ognr my otwna Qhokn dk tue blyke ls gqvka ;g blyke dh rkfrod jgl;e;h /kkjk Fkh vksj bldk,d vu; uke gs rlooqqa lwqh 'kfj;r esa fo'okl rks djrs Fks ysfdu mugksaus viuh vyx lk/kuk i¼fr fodflr dh ftles fgunw rroksa dk Hkh lekos'k Fkk bldk vk/kkj gs HkfäA lwqh 'kcn vk;k gs lqk ls ftldk vfkz gs ifo=rk A vyc:uh ds vuqlkj lwqh 'kcn ;wuku ds lksfq;k ls mriuu gqvk gs ftldk vfkz gs Kku A vjch Hkk"kk esa lwq dk vfkz gksrk gs Åu] vfkkzr tks lar Åu ds ol= igurs Fks os lwqh dgyk, A ognr my otwn vksj v}srokn lwqh n'kzu vuwbk gs vksj jgl;okn bldh vkrek gs] ;g dsoy,d bz'oj esa fo'okl djrk gs mudk thou lknk gksrk Fkk vksj oks dqjvku dh vk/kkj Hkwr ns'kuk esa fo'okl djrs Fks A bz'oj dh çkfir ds fy, mugsa 10 ckrksa dk ikyu vko';d ekuk x;k gs& rksck] ckjk] tqgqn] Qdj] lcz 'kq] [kksq] jkt] rckyq[k] fjtk A blds vfrfjä ognr my otwn lwfq;ksa dk dsuæh; fl¼kar gsa blh fl¼kar ls lwqhokn dh mrifùk gqbza bldk vfkz gs v}sr ;kuh bz'oj,d gs vksj lhkh dk dkj.k gs A bl fl¼kar dks 'ks[k eqghmíhu bcu my vjch us fn;k A ud'kcanh 'kk[kk ds lar 'ks[k vgen ljfganh us ognr my otwn dk [kamu fd;k vksj blds txg,d uohu fl¼kar fn;k ognr my 'kqgqn ;kuh bz'oj çr;{k gs A ud'kcanh 'kk[kk ds,d lwqh lar 'kkg oyhmyykg us bu nksuksa fl¼karksa dks lefuor dj fn;ka fp'rh lwqh flyflys dk fodkl xtuoh ls byrqrfe'k rd fpf'r;k leçnk; ds lalfkkid [oktk vcw blgkd lkeh [kqjklku esa viuh [kkudkg LFkkfir fd;s ysfdu Hkkjr esa 024 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

29 bldh LFkkiuk dh egewn xtuoh ds dkfqys ds lkfk Hkkjr esa vk, [oktk eksbzuqíhu fp'rh usa bugksus vtesj esa ml le; [kku[kkg cuk;k tc vtesj i`foh jkt pksgku ds v/khu Fkk vksj fnyyh lyrur dh LFkkiuk vhkh gksus dks FkhA [oktk eksbzuqíhu fp'rh dk tue lu 1143 bz- esa lhlrku esa gqvk FkkA fp'rh flyflyk vius 'kh?kz Hkkjrh;dj.k rfkk lfg".kq /kkfezd uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k yksdfç; gksrk x;ka [oktk eksbzuqíhu fp'rh ds f'k";ksa us fp'rh flyflys dh çflf¼ dks lewps lyrur esa O;kIr dj fn;ka vkids çeq[k f'k";ksa esa 'ks[k gfeuqíhu ukxksjh vksj dqrqcqíhu cf[r;kj dkdh vxzx.; gsaa fp'rh lwqh larksa dh,d fo'ks"krk gs fd bugksus ;ksfxd i¼fr;ksa dks [kqys eu ls u flqz Lohdkj fd;k oju bldk [kqysvke çf'k{k.k Hkh fn;ka dqrqcqíhu cf[r;kj dkdh dh isb ;ksx esa vr;ar xgjh FkhA lqyg dqy dh uhfr dk i{k/kj vdcj us buds njxkg dh nks ckj isny ;k=k dha [oktk eksbzuqíhu fp'rh lek ds çcy gkeh Fks vksj laxhr dks vk/;kfred lk/kuk dk lksiku ekurs FksA os dgk djrs Fks laxhr vkrek dk vkgkj gs A [oktk dqrqcqíhu cf[r;kj dkdh us fnyyh lyrur dh LFkkiuk ds i'pkr vius [kkudkg dks fnyyh esa LFkkfir fd;ka çfke lqyrku o xqyke oa'k dk nwljk 'kkld byrqrfe'k budk f'k"; Fkk ftlus bugsa ^'ks[k my blyke* dk fo#n is'kd'k fd;k ysfdu dkdh us fdlh Hkh fo#n dks vk/;kfred lk/kuk ds ekxz esa ck/kk Bgjkrs gq, ysus ls lkq euk dj fn;ka byrqrfe'k ds gb djus ij dkdh us fnyyh R;kxus dk eu Hkh cuk fy;k ysfdu ckn esa byrqrfe'k us Lo;a muls ;kpuk dj fnyyh esa jksd fy;ka dkdh ds çeq[k f'k"; Fks 'ks[k cn#íhu xtuoh vksj 'ks[k QjhnA dqrqcqíhu cf[r;kj dkdh dh gh Le`fr esa dqrqcqíhu,scd us dqrqcehukj dk fuekz.k muds [kkudkg ds cxy esa djok;k FkkAthou Hkj jktdh; ped&ned ls rksck djus okys dkdh dh yksdfç;rk xqyke oa'k ds 'kklu dky esa vius pje ij FkhA mikf/k;ksa ls nwjh cukus ds fy, dkdh vkthou ç;ru'khy jgs ysfdu fqj Hkh mugsa vusd mikf/k;k çnku dh x;ha vksj ;s lkjh mikf/k;k mugsa 'kkld oxz us gh çnku dhaa bues ls dqn gsa dqrqc my vdrkc] efyd my e'kkb'k] jbzl ml lkfydh] fljktqy vksfy;ka vkius byrqrfe'k ds }kjk çlrqr 'ks[k my blyke ds in dks Bqdjk fn;k ysfdu var esa byrqrfe'k us gh 'ks[k uteqíhu lqxzk dks mlh in ij fu;qä fu;qä fd;k tks dkdh ls b"kz~;k djrk FkkA vr% dkdh us fnyyh dh ctk; vtesj tkus dk fu'p; fd;k ysfdu byrqrfe'k us muls fnyyh esa #dus dh çkfkzuk dh vksj os #d x;sa dkdh vk/;kfred vkuan dh ijkdk"bk ij jgrs Fks rfkk mudh e`r;q g"kksazuekn esa 'ks[k vyh fllrkuh dh [kku[kkg esa gqbz FkhA byrqrfe'k us dqrqcehukj dkdh dks lefizr fd;ka fp'rh flyflyk cycu ls f[kyth oa'k rd cf[r;kj dkdh ds,d nqljs f'k"; 'ks[k Qjhnqíhu xat 'kadj us viuh [kkudkg vtks/ku esa LFkkfir dh vksj buds çeq[k f'k"; futkeqíhu vksfy;k gq,a 'ks[k Qjhn cf[r;kj dkdh ds f'k"; FksA bugsa ckck Qjhn ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gs A 'ks[k Qjhn dk eq[; vk/;kfred ;ksxnku lwqhokn esa jgl;okn dk leuo; gsa budh [kkst jgl;okn dh [kkst Fkh vksj bugksus fpyyk, ekdql (vk/;kfred ;ksx) }kjk vk/;kfred Kku ik;ka 'ks[k Qjhn dk çxk<+ jktusfrd lecu/k fnyyh ds lqyrku cycu ls FkkA o`¼ gksus ij bugksus 3 fookg fd, ftles ls,d iruh cycu dh iq=h gqlsjk FkhA olrqr% lqyrku cycu ckck Qjhn dk cgqr leeku djrk Fkk A ckck Qjhn dk çhkko fl[k /kez ij Hkh [kwc jgk gs A xq# vtqzu nso us ckck Qjhn ds opuksa dks vkfn xzufk esa ladfyr fd;ka ckck us vius mins'kksa ds fy, iatkch Hkk"kk dk Hkh ç;ksx fd;ka 'ks[k futkeqíhu vksfy;k ls lwqhokn esa,d uohu kfur dk lw=ikr gksrk gsa 'ks[k futkeqíhu vksfy;k dks ckck Qjhn us viuk vk/;kfred mùkjkf/kdkjh?kksf"kr fd;k FkkA'ks[k futkeqíhu vksfy;k (1236 &1325 bza) dk tue orzeku mùkj çns'k ds cnk;wa esa gqvk FkkA vkius viuh [kkudkg fnyyh esa LFkkfir dha 'ks[k futkeqíhu vksfy;k ds çeq[k f'k";ksa esa egku dfo o fo}ku vehj [kqljks] fljktqíhu mlekuh] 'ks[k cqjgkuqíhu xjhc] ukfl#íhu fpjkx, fnyyh 'kkfey gsaa 'ks[k futkeqíhu vksfy;k dk lwqh txr us cgqr,grjke fd;k vksj mugsa egcwc, bykgh] lqyrku my vksfy;k dh mikf/k çnku dh x;ha vksfy;k us ;ksfx;ksa o fl¼ksa ds vk/;kfred ijeijkvksa dks lwqhokn esa lfeefyr fd;k ftlls mudh,d çfl¼ mikf/k fl¼ ;ksxh Hkh FkhA vksfy;k fpf'r;k flyflys ds lcls çfl¼ lar Fks rfkk ;g,d ek= emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

30 fp'rh lar Fks tks vfookfgr FksA lahkor% vhkh rd ds lelr larksa esa ls lokzf/kd jktusfrd çhkko lyrur ij futkeqíhu vksfy;k dk gh jgk gs oks Hkh rc tc vki fdlh Hkh jktusfrd lecu/k ds i{k/kj ugha jgsa bugksus lkr lqyrkuksa dk 'kklu dky ns[kk Fkk ysfdu dhkh fdlh ds njckj esa ugha x;sa ft;kmíhu cjuh ds myys[k ;gk rd dgrs gsa fd vksfy;k us rrdkyhu lqyrkuksa vykmíhu f[kyth o tykyqíhu f[kyth ls feyus rd dks euk dj fn;k FkkA tc vykmíhu muls feyus ij tc tksj Mkyus yxk rks mugksaus dgyok;k]^esjs?kj esa nks njokts gsa],d ls vxj lqyrku vk,xk rks esa nqljs ls ckgj pyk tkå xk A* f[kyth oa'k ds i'pkr fnyyh ij rqxyd oa'k LFkkukiUu gqvka futkeqíhu vksfy;k ds xsj jktusfrd #>kuksa ds dkj.k x;klqíhu rqxyd buls csj j[krk FkkA vkxs pydj vdcj ftl lqyg dqy dh uhfr ds dkj.k eqxy oa'k dks flfkjrk çnku dh mlds oklrfod lalfkkid gtjr futkeqíhu vksfy;k gh FksA vkius gh lqyg, dqy ;k loz /kez lehkko dk fl¼kar cuk;ka vdcj ds bcknr [kkuk ds ç;ksxksa dk iwokzoyksdu ge vksfy;k ds thou esa dj ldrs gsaa tsu lar o ;ksxh buls fofhkuu fo"k;ksa ij vk/;kfred ppkz,a fd;k djrs Fks A bugksus ;ksfxd f;kvksa dks iwjh rjg ls viuk fy;k Fkk vksj yksx bugsa fl¼ ;ksxh dgk djrs A vksfy;k us viuk mins'k vke turk dh Hkk"kk fganh esa fn;k A Qok;n my Qqokn esa vkfej glu fltth us mudh f'k{kkvksa dk ladyu fd;k gsa vkfej [kqljksa mudk çeq[k f'k"; Fkk tks mugsa vusd dfork,as lquk;k djrk FkkA vehj [kqljks dks fganh Hkk"kk ds çfke mnhkodrkzvksa esa fxuk tkrk gs vksj blesa dksbz vfr'k;ksfä ugha fd fganh dk fodkl esa vksfy;k dk çhkko Hkh 'kkfey FkkA vksfy;k lknxh dh çfrewfrz Fks vksj e`r;q ds iwoz mugksaus dgk Fkk fd esjh dcz ij dksbz Lekjd er cuokuk vksj eq>s [kqys esnku esa vkjke djus nsuk ysfdu mudh bpnk ds fo#¼ eqgeen fcu rqxyd us fnyyh esa mudk edcjk cuok;ka ;g Hkh lahkor% eqgeen fcu rqxyd dh vksfy;k ls fdlh Hkh Hkk fr lecaf/kr gksus dh bpnk gh FkhA x;klqíhu rqxyd ds lecu/k esa og okd;k vkt bruk iqjkuk gs dh mls iqu% ;gk iqujko`r fd, tkus dh vko';drk ugha gs ftles futkeqíhu vksfy;k us x;klqíhu rqxyd ds fnyyh NksM+ nsus ds Qjeku dk tokc fn;k Fkk ^fnyyh guwt nwj vlr* vksj eap VwV tkus ls x;klqíhu dh fot; ;k=k 'ko ;k=k esa ifj.kr gks x;h FkhA vusd rrdkyhu bfrgkldkjksa us bl nq?kzvuk dks vksfy;k ds Jki dk çfrqy ekuk gsa vn~hkqr gs fd vksfy;k ds bardky ds ckn vkfej [kqljksa us Hkh vius xq# ds bardky ds nwljs fnu gh çk.k R;kx fn,a [kqljksa dh Hkh etkj vksfy;k ds cxy esa gs A futkeqíhu us vkfej [kqljksa dks muds Kku vksj vk/;kfred le> ds fy, rdqzyykg dh mikf/k nh FkhA 'ks[k futkeqíhu vksfy;k ds ;'kloh f'k";ksa esa,d vksj uke gs 'ks[k fljktqíhu mlekuh dk ftudk,d miuke vf[kfljkt rfkk mikf/k vkbuk, fgun FkhA ;g mikf/k buds eq'khzn futkeqíhu vksfy;k us nh Fkh A bugksus viuk dk;z{ks= iwohz Hkkjr dks cuk;k vksj caxky esa futkeqíhu vksfy;k ds mins'kksa dk çpkj fd;ka fp'rh lwqhokn& cgeuh vksj nksyrkckn futkeqíhu vksfy;k dk çhkko ek= mùkjh Hkkjr rd gh lhfer ugha FkkA nf{k.kh Hkkjr esa vksfy;k dh vk/;kfred vkhkk dks çlkfjr fd;k buds f'k"; 'ks[k cqjgkuqíhu xjhc usa ;g nf{k.k Hkkjr esa fp'rh leçnk; ds lalfkkid Fks vksj budh [kkudkg nksyrkckn esa Fkh A eqgeen fcu rqxyd budk eqjhn FkkA tc mlus viuh jkt/kkuh dks fnyyh ls nksyrkckn LFkkukarfjr fd;k rks mlus 'ks[k xjhc dks Hkh nksyrkckn tkus dks ck/; fd;k FkkA dkykarj esa eqgeen fcu rqxyd rks viuh jkt/kkuh okil fnyyh ys vk;k ysfdu 'ks[k xjhc ogh nksyrkckn esa gh #d x,a 'ks[k cqjgkuqíhu us nksyrkckn dks vk/;kre o lald`fr ds dsaæ ds :i esa LFkkfir dj fn;ka futkeqíhu vksfy;k ds vu; f'k";ksa ds Fks gkth :eh ftudk [kkudkg Fkk chtkiqja 'ks[k ukfl#íhu fpjkx nsgyoh mùkj Hkkjr ds vafre egku fp'rh lar ekus tkrs gsaa budh [kkudkg fnyyh esa Fkh A rksghn, otqnh budh jpuk gsa futkeqíhu vksfy;k us bugsa viuk mùkjkf/kdkjh?kksf"kr fd;k Fkk A eqgeen fcu rqxyd dh fla/k esa bardky ds od~r fpjkx nsgyoh mlds lkfk Fks A 'ks[k fpjkx ls eqgeen fcu rqxyd vksj vxys lqyrku fqjkst 'kkg rqxyd dks fo'ks"k vuqjkx Fkk vksj os jktdh; dk;ksaz esa çeq[krk ls fpjkx&,&fnyyh dh lykg dk vuqdj.k djrs FksA 'ks[k us fqjkst 'kkg 026 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

31 rqxyd dks xíh ij csbkus esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk vnk dh A fqjkst 'kkg rqxyd budk cgqr vknj djrk FkkA lahkor% 'ks[k fpjkx us fnyyh dh jktuhfr ls ftruk lkehi; LFkkfir fd;k vu; fdlh fp'rh lwqh lar us 'kk;n gh fd;ka ckn esa bugksus jktuhfr ls lau;kl ys fy;k ysfdu bugksus lwqh ijeijk vksj dêjiafkh blyke ds chp lkeatl; LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl fd;ka ;g,d perdkjh lar Fks vksj [ks#y etfyl buds dfkuksa dk laxzg gsa 'ks[k ukfl#íhu fpjkx, fnyyh ds f'k"; [oktk ls;n eqgeen xslw njkt dh mikf/k cankuokt FkhA vkidh dukzvd ds xqycxkz esa [kkudkg FkhA cgeuh lkezkt; esa xslwnjkt us lwqhokn dk [kwc çpkj fd;ka cgeuh lkezkt; ds lalfkkid vkids eqjhn FksA fqjkst 'kkg cgeu us bugsa 4 xk o vuqnku esa fn, FksA cm+s ckyksa ds dkj.k bugsa xslw njkt dgk tkrk FkkA ;g,d ew/kzu; fo}ku vksj ys[kd Hkh Fks vksj lwqhokn ij bugksus 30 ls vf/kd iqlrdksa dh jpuk dh ftues çeq[k gsa] [krk;#y dqn~l] vle my vljkj] 'kjg, fjlkys dq'ksjh ] 'kjg, e'kfjd] 'kjg, vnkcqy eqjhnhu vkfna xslwnjkt ds ckn fpf'r;k flyflyk rhu 'kk[kkvksa esa fohkkftr gks tkrk gsa çfke lkfcjh 'kk[kk ds lalfkkid e[knwe vykmíhu vyh egewn lkcjh FksA f}rh; 'kk[kk gqlsuh ds lalfkkid Fks 'ks[k fglkeqíhu vksj rhljs 'kk[kk getk 'kkgh 'kk[kk ds lalfkkid Fks 'ks[k getka fu"d"kz lwqhokn esa ;fn fdlh Hkh flyflys dks jktuhfr ls lokzf/kd ijgst jgk gs rks og fu%lansg fp'rh flyflyk gsa fp'rh lwqh larksa us tkxfrd lqfo/kkvksa dks R;kT; le>k vksj foykflrk dks gjke dh lakk nha ^Q* ;k fu/kzurk dks fp'rh lwqh lar vk/;kfred miyfc/k dh,d vfuok;z 'krz ekurs FksA /ku] lalk/ku] lkalkfjd le`f¼] ç'kkldh; fudvrk] jktusfrd laj{k.k vkfn dks fp'rh lwqh larksa us dhkh ilan ugha fd;k gs ysfdu,d fomacuk ge ;g Hkh ns[krs gsa fd rqdhz jktuhfr vksj eqxy jktuhfr ij lokzf/kd çhkko ;fn fdlh lwqh flyflys dk jgk gs rks os fp'rh gh jgs gsaa dqrqcqíhu,scd] byrqrfe'k] vkjke 'kkg] cgjke 'kkg] [kqljks] cycu] ukfl#íhu eksgeen] x;klqíhu rqxyd] eqgeen fcu rqxyd] fqjkst 'kkg rqxyd vkfn vfuok;zr% ldkjkred ;k udkjkred rksj ij fp'rh lwqh flyflys ds larksa ls çhkkfor jgsa cgeuh] chnj vkfn nf{k.k f'k;k jktoa'kksa ij Hkh vfev fp'rh çhkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gsa lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- vgen] dekyqíhu (laikfnr)] Hkkjr&vy fc:uh] uw'kuy cqd VªLV] fnyyh 2013] ist fyaxl] ekvhzu] (2005)] OgkV bl lqfqte\] lqgsy çdk'ku] ist vcnqyyk],e-,l-,e- (2013)] n fogiykl vkwq VªqFk Vw fonkg] ftfczl dkjiksjs'ku] ist&61 4- blyke] eks- fljktqy] (2004)] lqfqte,am Hkfä&, deijsfvo LVMh] CRVP çdk'ku] ist&31 5- vcnqy gkfqt] eqgeen (2017)] n ck;ksxzkqh vkwq gtjr ckck Qjhn vy nhu xat ldj] bafmisamsv çdk'ku] ist loksjksok],uk] (2004)] eqflye lsav~l vkwq lkmfk,f'k;k: bysosafk rks fq Vhu lsapqjh] jksyt çdk'ku] ist fngyoh] vehj [kqljks] (1965)] vehj [kqljks& eseksfj;y oky;we] çdk'ku fohkkx] Hkkjr ljdkj] ist&65 8- fjtoh] ls;n vfkj vcckl (2008)] rqxyd dkyhu Hkkjr] [kam 2] jktdey çdk'ku] ist 123 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

32 uxjh; lsokvksa dh ykxr% t;iqj o tks/kiqj uxj fuxe,d rqyukred v/;;u ftrsuæ izdk'k cksgjk 'kks/kkfkhz] t;ukjk;.k O;kl fo'okfo ky;] tks/kiqj izks- (MkW-),e-,y- omsjk funs'kd] Ldwy vkwq fctusl,.m dkwelz] euhiky fo'okfo ky;] t;iqj 'kks/k lkjka'k uxj fuxe LFkkuh; fudk; dh lokszppk lalfkk gsa bl lalfkk }kjk LFkkuh; turk ds dy;k.kkfkz lsokvksa dk l`tu fd;k tkrk gsa uxj fuxe }kjk lsokvksa ds l`tu djus,oa uxj fuxe }kjk lsokvksa ds l`tu djus,oa mudk forj.k djus ds fy, tks O;; fd;s tkrs gsa os lkoztfud O;; dgykrs gsaa bu lsokvkas dk mfpr ykxr ij forj.k djuk uxjh; fudk; dk izeq[k /;s; gksrk gsaa turk dh U;wure vko';drkvksa dks igpkuuk,oa mudh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus esa D;k ykxr vk,xh bl laca/k esa fopkj djuk vko';d gsaa uxjh; lkoztfud O;;ksa ds LFkkuh; vfkzo;olfkk esa fo'ks"k egro dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fuxe ds dk;ksza dk U;wure Lrj fu/kkzfjr fd;k tkrk gsaa vr% uxj fuxeksa }kjk fofhkuuk dk;z fd;s tkrs gsaa ftuesa vfuok;z,oa,sfpnd nksuksa 'kkfey gsaa uxj fuxe }kjk fd;s x;s okd;ksa dks fofhkuuk 'kh"kzdksa }kjk iznf'kzr fd;k tkrk gsa LFkkuh fudk;,d foùkh; o"kz esa vius ukxfjdksa dks lsok,a iznku djus ij dqy fdruk O;; djrs gs vksj mu O;;ksa dh ml uxj fuxe esa fuokl djus okyh turk dks] izfr O;fDRk ykxr D;k vkrh gsaa blh mís'; dh iwfrz gsrq /;ku esa j[krs gq, bl 'kks/k i= esa jktlfkku ds nks izeq[k uxjksa ds t;iqj,oa tks/kiqj uxj fuxeksa ds finys nl o"kksz ds dqy O;;ksa dks vk/kkj ekurs gq, izfro;fdrk yxkr dh rqukred v/;;u fd;k x;k gsaa Lkadsrk{kj % LFkkuh; fudk;] uxj fuxe] O;;] izfr O;fDRk ykxr] vkslr O;;] o`f¼nja xjh; LFkkuh; lalfkkvksa dk laca/k uxjh; lsokvksa dh vkiwfrz ls gksrk gsa ;s lalfkk;sa ukxfjdksa dks vk/kkjhkwr u,oa vko';d lsok,sa iznku djrh gs tks xhkz ls ysdj dcz rd euq"; thou ds fofhkuu igyqvksa ls lacaf/kr gksrh gsa blfy, ukxfjd lsokvksa dk l`tu,oa forj.k LFkkuh; lalfkkvksa dk egroiw.kz dk;z gsa uxjh; LFkkuh; lalfkk;sa eq[; :i ls bu lsokvksa ds l`tu,oa forj.k ds fy, mùkjnk;h gssa bu lsokvksa dk mfpr ykxr ij forj.k LFkkuh; lalfkkvksa dk izeq[k /;s; gksuk pkfg, rkfd ukxfjdksa dks vf/kdre lkekftd mi;ksfxrk izkir gks ldsa bl dkj.k lkoztfud O;;ksa ds vk/kkjhkwr fl¼kur vfkkzr ^^U;qure ykxr ij vf/kdre lurqf"v** ds fl¼kur dk ikyu djus dh vko';drk gksrh gsa lkoztfud eky rfkk lsokvksa ds l`tu rfkk forj.k ls lecfu/kr f;kvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, LFkkuh; lalfkkvksa dks fueu fcunqvksa ij fo'ks"k /;ku j[kuk pfkg,%& d- turk dh U;wure vko'drk,sa D;k gs rfkk [k- nh xbz ifjflfkfr;ksa esa mu vko';drkvksa dh ykxr D;k vk;sxha mijksdr ekud LFkkuh; lalfkkvksa dks,d vk/kkj iznku djrk gs ftlesa os uxjh; lkoztfud lsokvksa dh ykxr rfkk ykhkksa esa ijlij mís';iw.kz laca/k LFkkfir dj ikrh gsa,ulkbdyksihfm;k vkwq fczvsfudk ds vuqlkj LFkkuh; 'kklu dk vfkz gsa ^^iw.kz jkt; dh vis{kk,d van:uh izfrcaf/kr,oa NksVs {ks= esa fu.kz; ysus rfkk mudks f;kfuor djus okyh lùkka** uxj fuxe }kjk uxjh; lsokvksa ij fd;k x;k O;; lkoztfud O;; dk og fgllk gs tks mlds }kjk LFkkuh; turk ds dy;k.k ds fy;s fd;s tkrs gsa ;s O;; izkfkfed :i ls mu dk;ksza ls lacaf/kr gksrs gsa tks lh/ks,d LFkku fo'ks"k ds ukxfjdksa ds lkekftd dy;k.k] vkffkzd dy;k.k o 028 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

33 fuoklh; lqfo/kkvksa ij O;; fd;s tkrs gsa orzeku esa uxj fuxe vusd vk/kkjhkwr ukxfjd lsokvksa tsls& tu LokLF;] lkoztfud j{kk] lqkbz] lkoztfud fuekz.k,oa ejeer] jks'kuh] i'kqx`g lapkyu] euksjatu vkfn ls lacaf/kr dbz egroiw.kz dk;z leiuu djrh gs] tks uxjh; thou esa,d egroiw.kz LFkku j[krs gsaa fofy;e,- jkwclu us LFkkuh; lalfkkvksa ds laca/k esa mfpr gh dgka gs fd ^^vkt LFkkuh; izkf/kdj.kksa dks dke djus dk igys ls dgha vf/kd lqvolj miyc/k gsa ;fn dsunzh; 'kklu dh 'kfdrk;k c<+ jgh gsa rks LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds dkeksa esa Hkh fujurj o`f¼ gks jgh gsa** esa uxjh; lkoztfud O;;ksa ds LFkkuh; vfkzo;olfkk esa fo'ks"k egro dks ns[krs gq, lhkh uxj fuxeksa esa muds dk;ksza dk U;wure Lrj fu/kkzfjr fd;k x;k gsa fofhkuu dk;ksza ds egro ds vuqlkj vfuok;z o,sfpnd dk;ksz esa fohkdr fd;k x;k gsa ftlesa ls vfuok;z dk;ksz dks iwjk djuk bu lalfkkvksa ds fy, vko';d gsa blds vfrfjdr bu lsokvksa ds fo'ks"k egro dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, rhljh iapo"khz; ;kstuk esa fofhkuu uxjh; lsokvksa ds U;qure izek.k fu/kkzfjr djus dh vko'd;rk ij tksj fn;k x;ka LFkkuh; Lo'kklu ifj"kn~ }kjk LFkkfir lfefr ^^vkwxesuvs'ku vkwq QkbZusal fjlkslszt vkwq vjcu yksdy cksfmt 1980** us ns'k dh fofhkuu uxj fuxekssa dh pquh gqbz lsokvksa ds fy, fofo/k izeki ykxrsa fu/kkzfjr dha orzeku esa ;s izeki iqjkus gks pqdsa gs bl dkj.k ls fofhkuu Jsf.k;ksa ds uxjksa ds fy, U;wure vk/kkjhkwr lssokvksa rfkk mudh mfpr izeki izfr O;fDr ykxr dh ubz njksa ds fu/kkzj.k dh vko'd;rk gsa 1992 esa laln esa 73 oka o 74 oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku ikl fd;k x;k tks fd 24 vizsy 1993 ls dk;kzfuor gsa rc ls Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; 'kklu f=lrjh; iz'kklfud O;oLFkk dk vfohkkt; vax cu x;ka 74 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; fudk;ksa esa uxj ifj"kn~] uxj ikfydk o uxj fuxe fdlh Hkh uxj dh tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij LFkkfir fd;s tkrs gsa 17 fnlecj 1992 es jkt; es igyh ckj t;iqj o tks/kiqj es uxj fuxe dh LFkkiuk dh xbza 'kks/k lel;k izlrqr 'kks/ki= ds fo"k; dk p;u uxjh; lalfkkvksa dh lsokvksa ds fo'ks"k egro dks ns[krs gq, fd;k x;k gsaa bl i= esa jktlfkku ds nks izeq[k uxj fuxe fofhkuu enksa ij fdruk O;; djrs gsa rfkk mudh izfr O;fDr ykxr D;k vkrh gssa] bldk rqyukred v/;;u fd;k x;k gsaa 'kks/k iz;kstu izlrqr 'kks/k ds mís'; fueu gs& t;iqj o tks/kiqj uxj fuxeksa }kjk fofhkuu enksa ij fd;s tkus okys O;;ksa dk v/;;u djuka t;iqj o tks/kiqj uxj fuxeksa }kjk fofhkuu enksa ij fd;s tkus okys O;;ksa dh izfr O;fDRk ykxr Kkr djuk A nksuksa uxj fuxeksa dh izfr O;fDRk ykxr dk rqyukred v/;;u djuka lkfgr; dh leh{kk uxj fuxe LFkkuh; fudk; gksrs gsa A LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dk ns'k ds lkekftd vkffkzd thou esa,d egroiw.kz LFkku izkir gsa ;g leiw.kz jk"vª esa vfkz'kkl=] okf.kt;] lkoztfud iz'kklu] lekt'kkl= ds lkfk&lkfk lalfkkxr,oa O;fDrxr 'kks/kdrkzvksa dks vkdf"kzr djrk gsa vr% ;g ges'kk 'kks/k dk fo"k; jgk gsa lkeku;r% yksd iz'kklu vksj pquko lq/kkjksa dh lel;k tsls& lkeku; igyqvksa dks 'kks/k dk;z esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gsaa 'kks/k dk,d vu; izeq[k {ks= uxj fuxe ds O;;,oa ykxrsa rfkk mudk izhkko Hkh gsa fueufyf[kr lkfgr; jktlfkku esa uxj fuxeksa@lfkkuh; fudk;ksa ds dk;ksza,oa lel;kvksa ls lacaf/kr gksus ds dkj.k v/;;u gsrq mi;ksxh vk/kkj iznku djrs gs& MkW- lh-ih- HkkEHkjh] uxj ikfydk, vksj muds foùk (ine cqd deiuh] t;iqj] 1969)A ;g jktlfkku dh uxj ikfydkvksa esa vi;kzir lalk/kuksa dh lel;k ij izdk'k Mkyrh gsa MkW- ih-,y- HkkxZo] jktlfkku esa uxjh; foùk] (vizdkf'kr 'kks/k xzafk] jktlfkku fo'ofo ky; 1973)] uxj ikfydk foùk ds lhkh igyqvksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq, O;kid vuqla/kku djus okys MkW- HkkxoZ jktlfkku ds izfke 'kks/kdrkz FksA MkW-,-vkj- tkokd] jktlfkku esa uxj ikfydk jktlo dk,d rqyukred v/;;u (1965&75)] (vizdkf'kr 'kks/k xzafk] jktlfkku fo'ofo ky;] t;iqj) bugksaus LFkkuh; vksj jkt; ljdkj ds e/; foùk ds lhekadu ds fy, odkykr dh rfkk uxj ikfydkvksa dks muds xsj dj jktlo ds o`f¼ djus dk lq>ko fn;ka emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

34 MkW-,l jkek jko vksj,e- ukxs'oj jko] 'kgjh LFkkuh; lkoztfud {ks=ksa dh vkffkzd flfkfr (1983)] nksuksa us la;qdr dk;z djrs gq, ;g ekuk fd tula[;k o`f¼ ds ncko ds QyLo:i 'kgjh thou dks csgrj cukus ds fy, ljdkj dk fofhkuu Lrjksa ij lek/kku dsunz LFkkfir fd;k tkuk pkfg;sa 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk; yksd lsokvksa dh ekax iw.kz djus esa lefkz ugha gs] bu fudk;ksa,oa turk ds e/; la?k"kz gsaa MkW-,e-,y- flagy] jktlfkku esa uxjh; foùk (vizdkf'kr 'kks/k xzafk] t;ukjk;.k O;kl fo'ofo ky; tks/kiqj] 1978) uxj fuxeksa ds foùk ds lzksrks vksj muds mi;ksx ls lacaf/kr 10 o"kksza dh vof/k ds fy, vkffkzd fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gsa MkW-,u-ds- im~;k] jktlfkku esa uxjh; ds foùk (fgeka'kq izdk'ku] mn;iqj 1993) blesa o"kz 1975&76 ls 1984&85 dh vof/k ds fy, jktlfkku dh chl uxj ikfydkvksa ds O;;ksa ds fofhkuu igyqvksa dks ij[kk x;k gsa MkW-,e-,y- omsjk] LFkkuh; Lok;r ljdkj] ys[kkadu iz.kkfy;k (jktlfkku uxjh; ys[kksa dk vkykspukred v/;;u) (izdkf'kr 'kks/k xzafk t; ukjk;.k O;kl fo'ofo ky;] tks/kiqj ebz 1999) esa jktlfkku dh lhkh 182 uxj ikfydkvksa ds fy, o"kz 1985&86 ls 1994&95 dh 10 o"kksza dh vof/k ds vk; o O;;ksa ds [kkrksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls lacaf/kr dk;z fd;k gsa blesa uxj fuxe ds izlrqr ys[kksa dk egroiw.kz ewy;kadu dj jktlfkku dh uxj ikfydkvksa ds fy, ekwmy ys[kk iz.kkyh dk lq>ko fn;k x;k gsa /kuflag jktiqjksfgr] uxfj; lsokvksa ij O;;,oa mudh ykxrs,d rqyukred v/;;u (v/;;u bdkbz;k % tks/kiqj uxj fuxe,oa fcykm+k] uxj ikfydk) (vizdkf'kr,e-fqy 'kks/k xzafk] ts-,uoh- fo'ofo ky;] tks/kiqj 2002) bl 'kks/k dk;z esa tks/kiqj uxj fuxe o fcykm+k uxj ikfydk }kjk nh tkus okyh lsokvksa ij fd;s tkus okys O;;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k rfkk budh ykxr dk fu/kkzj.k fd;k x;k gs bl gsrq o"kz 1993 ls 2000 rd ds leadks dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gsaa uunfd'kksj iztkir] tks/kiqj uxj fuxe ds vk; ds lzksr,d v/;;u] (vizdkf'kr],e-dkwe-) mùkjk¼z (ys[kkadu fohkkx] ts-,u-oh fo'ofo ky;] tks/kiqj 2000&01) esa uxj fuxe dh fofhkuu L=ksrksa ls gksus okyh vk; dk v/;;u dj mldk izfro;fdr vk; ds n`f"vdks.k ls fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gs bl gsrq o"kz 1993&94 ls 1999&2000 rd ds leadks dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gsaa 'kks/k izfof/k 'kks/k dk {ks= 'kks/k dk;z gssrq jktlfkku ds t;iqj o tks/kiqj uxj fuxeksa ds 2006&07 ls 2015&16 rd ds 10 o"kksza ds O;; leadks dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gsa lead ladyu mi;qzdr mís';ksa ij vk/kkfjr leiw.kz 'kks/k esa f}rh;d ledksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gsa v/;;u esa iz;qdr lead ds lzksr LFkkuh; Lok;r 'kklu t;iqj ds }kjk uxj fuxeksa ls ladfyr lead rfkk uxj fuxeksa ds okf"kzd vk;&o;; izfrosnuksa,oa muds ys[kkadu fohkkx ls ladfyr dh xbz gsaa O;fDrd v/;;u bdkbz v/;;u fo"k; dks vf/kd Li"V,oa O;ogkfjd :i esa izlrqr djus ds fy, jktlfkku ds uxj fuxeksa t;iqj o tks/kiqj dk bl 'kks/ki= esa O;fDrd bdkbz ds :i esa p;u fd;k x;k gsaa 'kks/k izf;k O;;ksa ds fo'ys"k.k gsrq xr 10 o"kkzsa 2006&07 ls 2015&16 rd ds O;;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gsa v/;;u dh lqfo/kk dh n`f"v ls fuxe ds dqy O;;ksa dks izlrqr fd;k x;k gsa izfr O;fDr ykxr dh x.kuk mi;qzdr lzksr ls izkir O;; ledksa esa lecfu/kr o"kz esa tula[;k dk Hkkx nsdj dh xbz gsaa izr;sd o"kz dh tula[;k dh x.kuk finys nksa n'kdksa (2001] 2011) dks vk/kkj ekudj lkaf[;dh fo'ys"k.k dh izeq[k fof/k ^vkurjx.ku* o ^ckg~;x.ku* ls dh xbz gsaa uxj fuxe dk mís'; 'kgjh fu;kstu dks izhkkoh cukus ds fy,,d yksdrkfu=d ikjn'khz vksj mùkjnk;h LFkkuh; <+k ps dks rs;kj djuk rfkk LFkkuh; 030 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

35 fudk;ksa ds iz'kklu esa vf/kd ls vf/kd ukxfjdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kok nsuk gksrk gsa ykxr dk vfkz uxjh; lsokvksa dh ykxr Kkr djus ls igys ykxr dk vfkz tkuuk vko';d gsa lkeku; 'kcnksa esa ykxr ls vk'k; fdlh olrq vfkok lsok ds mriknu djus gsrq mu ij fd;s x;s dqy O;;ksa dh tksm+ ls gksrk gsa vu; 'kcnksa esa ykxr fdlh olrq ;k lsok ds mriknu gsrq fd;s x;s lelr O;;ksa dk izfrfuf/kro djrh gsa vkdlqksmz 'kcnkoyh ds vuqlkj ykxr 'kcn dk vfkz ^^fdlh olrq ds fy, fn;k x;k ewy; gsa** ykxr bdkbz Ykxr dh bdkbz dk vfhkizk;% ^^,d olrq] lsok ;k le; dh ek=k dh,d bdkbz gs ftlls lecfu/kr ykxrksa dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gsa** ykxr fu/kkzj.k esa olrqvksa o lsokvksa dh u dsoy dqy ykxr Kkr dh tkrh gsa vfirq izfr bdkbz ykxr Kkr dh tkrh gsa ykxr dh bdkbz mrikfnr olrq ;k lsok dk og ekud eki gs ftldh ykxr fudkyh tkrh gs A fofhkuu O;olk;ksa esa ykxr dh bdkbz vyx&vyx gksrh gsa tsls izfr fdyks- izfr fdyksehvj] izfr fdovay] izfr olrq] izfr O;fDr vkfn,slh vusd bdkbz;ka gks ldrh gsa pwafd uxj fuxe lsok iznku djus okyh lalfkk,a gs o blds fofhkuu dk;ksz dk lecu/k uxj ds ukxfjdksa dks lsok iznku djuk gksrk gsa vr% izlrqr v/;;u esa ykxr dh bdkbz ukxfjd dks ekuk x;k gs],oa izfro;fdr yxkr dk fu/kkzj.k fd;k x;k gsa izfro;fdr ykxr tula[;k %& uxj fuxe ds dk;ksz dh ykxr dk fu/kkzj.k t;iqj,oa tks/kiqj uxjksa dh tula[;k dks vk/kkj] ekudj fd;k x;k gsa izfro;fdr ykxr fudkyus ds fy, v/;;u gsrq pqus x;s o"kksz esa fuxe }kjk fd;s x;s dk;ksz dh dqy ykxr es fuxe {ks= dh tula[;k dk Hkkx nsdj izkir dh xbz gsa pqfada gekjs ns'k esa tula[;k dh x.kuk nl o"kz esa,d ckj gksrh gsa vr% v/;;u esa iz;qdr o"kksz dh oklrfod tula[;k Kku djuk lahko ugh gsa bl dkj.k ls finys nks tux.kuk o'kksz (2001] 2011) dh oklrfod tula[;k dks vk/kkj eku dj lkaf[;dh fof/k vkurjx.ku,ao ckáx.ku dk iz;ksx dj vuqekfur tula[;k izkir dh xbz gsa mijksdr fof/k;ksa }kjk izkir v/;;u ds fy, iz;qdr tula[;k dks fueu rkfydk esa n'kkz;k x;k gs % uxj fuxeksa dh tula[;k uxj fuxe t;iqj 23]24]319 30]46]163 tks/kiqj 8]46]408 10]56]191 uxj vkurjx.ku,oa ckg~;x.ku ds vk/kkj ij vuqekfur tula[;k o"kz t;iqj tks/kiqj 2006& & & & & & & & & & dqy ykxr % dqyk O;; esa uxj fuxeksa }kjk dbz izdkj ds O;; fd, tkrs gsa bu O;;ksa dh lsokvksa dh izd`fr ds vuqlkj fofhkuuk izd`fr esa ckavk tkrk gsa t;iqj o tks/kiqj uxj fuxe }kjk bu enksa ij fd;k x;k dqy O;;,oa xr nl o"kksz esa bldh flfkfr fueukrkfydk esa n'kkzbz xbz gs & emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

36 rkfydk 1 uxjh; lsokvksa ij dqy O;; O;; yk[kksa esa o"kz dqy O;; t;iqj o`f} nj iwoz o"kz dh rqyuk esa dqy O;; tks/kiqj o`f} nj iwoz o"kz dh rqyuk esa tks/kiqj uxj fuxe] ds O;;ksa dk t;iqj uxj fuxe ds O;;ksa ij izfr'kr 2006& & & 2007& & & & & & & & & & & & & vkslr mijksdrk rkfydk ds vuqlkj tks/kiqj uxj fuxe ds dqyk O;; t;iqj uxj fuxe ds dqy O;;ksa dk yxhkx 30 ls 35 izfr'kr gh gsa 2006&07 esa t;iqj uxj fuxe ds dqy O;; o"kz 2006&07 esa yk[k :i;s o tks/kiqj uxj fuxe esa yk[k :i;s Fks] tks fd t;iqj uxj fuxe dh rqyuk eas ek= izfr'kr gh FksA o"kz 2015&16 esa t;iqj o tks/kiqj uxj fuxe ds dqy O;; c<+dj e'k% o yk[k :i;s gks x;s,oa bl o"kz tks/kiqj uxj fuxe ds O;; t;iqj uxj fuxe ds dqy O;;ksa dk izfr'kr jgs] tks fd lokzf/kd o`f¼ nj gs tcfd U;wure o`f¼ nj o"kz 2007&08 esa dsoy izfr'kr FkhA o"kz 2008&09 ls o"kz 2015&16 rd fujurkj o`f¼ ns[kus dks feyrh gsa ijurq o"kz 2011&12,oa 2014&15 esa e'k% o`f¼ nj 0-20 vksj 1-47 izfr'kr dh deh n`f"vxr gqbz gsa t;iqj,oa tks/kiqj uxj fuxeksa dk vkslr dqy O;; e'k% ,oa yk[k :i;s gs vksj budh iwoz o"kz dh rqyuk esa o`f¼ nj exr :i esa 17-04,oa jgh gsaa dqy izfr O;fDr ykxr dqy izfr O;fDr ykxr uxj ds izfro;fdr dks nh xbz lsokvksa dh ykxr gksrh gsa vu; 'kcnks esa ;g,d fopkj iznku djrk gs fd uxjh; lalfkk,a fofhkuu ukxfjd lsokvksa ij izfr O;fDr fdruk O;; djrh gsa fdlh uxj fuxe dh izfr O;fDr ykxr ftruh vf/kd gksxh ogka ds ukxfjdksa dks mruh vf/kd lqfo/kk,sa,oa lkekftd ykhk izkir gksxk D;ksafd izfr O;fDr ykxr,oa fuxe }kjk nh xbz bu lqfo/kkvkas eas /kukred lglecu/k gksrk gsaa ;g fofhkuu uxjh; lalfkkvksa ds rqyukred v/;;u es lgk;d gksrh gsa tc ;g Kkr djuk gksrk gs fd dksulh lalfkk rqyukred vpnh lsok,a iznku djrh gsa t;iqj o Tkks/kiqj uxj fuxe dh dqy izfr O;fDr ykxr vxz rkfydk es n'kkzbz xbz gs& 032 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

37 rkfydk & 2 t;iqj uxj fuxe ds dqy O;; dh izfr O;fDRk ykxr vkdm+s yk[kksa esa o"kz dqy O;; tula[;k izfr O;fDRk ykxr funsz'kkad vk/kkj o"kz 2006&07 o`f¼nj iwoz o"kz dh rqyuk esa 2006& & 2007& & & & & & & & & & & & vkslr rkfydk & 3 tks/kiqj uxj fuxe ds dqy O;; dh izfr O;fDRk ykxr vkdm+s yk[kksa esa o"kz dqy O;; tula[;k izfr O;fDRk ykxr funsz'kkad vk/kkj o"kz 2006&07 o`f¼nj iwoz o"kz dh rqyuk esa 2006& & & & & & & & & & vkslr emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

38 mi;qzdrk nksuksa rkfydkvksa ds rqyukrekd v/;;u ls ;g Li"V gksrk gs fd o"kz 2006&07 esa t;iqj,oa tks/kiqj uxj fuxe dh dqy izfro;fdrk ykxr e'k% ,oa Fkh tks fd o"kz 2015&16 esa c<+dj izfro;fdrk ykxr t;iqj dh ,oa tks/kiqj dh gks xbza o"kz 2006&07 dks funsz'kkad dh x.kuk gsrq vk/kkj o"kz ekuk x;k gs tks fd o"kz 2015&16 esa c<+dj t;iqj esa ,oa tks/kiqj esa rd igq p x;ka vkadm+ks ds v/;;u ls ;g dgk tk ldrk gs] fd finys nl o"kksza izkjehk ds 6 o"kz t;iqj uxj fuxe dh dqy izfr O;fDRk ykxr vf/kd jgh tcfd vafre 4 o"kksza esa tks/kiqj uxj fuxe dh dqy izfro;fdrk ykxr t;iqj dh rqyuk esa vf/kd jgh gsa t;iqj uxj fuxe dh iwoz o"kz dh rqyuk esa vkslr o`f¼ nj izfr'kr tcfd tks/kiqj uxj fuxe dh izfr'kr jgha o`f¼nj ij rqyukred n`f"v Mkyus ls ;g Li"V gksrk gs fd finys nl o"kksza esa t;iqj uxj fuxe esa rhu ckj deh ntz dh xbz gs tcfd tks/kiqj uxj fuxe esa ek= 1 ckj gh,slh flfkfr vkbz gsa fu"d"kz uxj fuxeksa ds O;;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g Li"V gksrk gsa fd tks/kiqj uxj fuxe ds dqy O;; t;iqj uxj fuxe ds dqy O;;ksa ds yxhkx 30 ls 35 izfr'kr gh gsaa finys 10 o"kksz esa ; fi nksuksa uxj fuxeksa ds O;;ksa esa Li"V :i ls fopyu n`f"vxr gksrk gs] ijurq ;g fopyu t;iqj uxj fuxe esa tks/kiqj uxj fuxe dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ik;k x;k gsaa tks/kiqj uxj fuxe ds O;;ksa dk t;iqj uxj fuxe ds O;;ksa ij izfr'kr o"kz 2006&07 esa tks fd o"kz 2015&16 esa c<+dj gks x;ka vkadm+s ;g Li"V djrs gs] fd o`f¼ nj iwoz o"kz ds vk/kkj ij vkslr :i ls t;iqj,oa tks/kiqj esa e'k% 17-04,oa izfr'kr jgha gs vfkkzr tks/kiqj uxj fuxe ds O;;ksa dh o`f¼nj rqyukred :i ls vf/kd gsa rkfydk 2,oa 3 ds vkadm+s ;g Li"V djrs gs fd t;iqj vksj tks/kiqj uxj fuxe dh vkslr izfro;fdrk ykxr e'k% ,oa Fkh vfkkzr vkslr izfro;fdrk ykxr esa nksuksa uxj fuxeksa esa dksbz fo'ks"k vurj ugha gsa tks/kiqj uxj fuxe dk funsz'kkad o"kz 2015&16 esa tcfd t;iqj uxj fuxe ds gh FkkA t;iqj uxj fuxe esa finys nl o"kksz esa rhu ckj iwoz o"kz dh rqyuk esa deh ntz gqbz gs tcfd tks/kiqj uxj fuxe esa ;g flfkfr,d ckj gh gqbz gsa blls ;g Li"V gksrk gsa fd tks/kiqj uxj fuxe }kjk t;iqj dh rqyuk esa O;;ksa esa vf/kd o`f¼ dh xbz gsa lanhkz xzafk lwph 1-,UlkbDyksihfM;k vkwq fczzvsfudk 2- fofy;i,- jkwclu],ulkbdyksihfm;k vkwq lksfl;y lkablst] Vol. IX- X, P HkkEHkjh lh-ih-] uxj ikfydk, vksj muds foùk (ine cqd deiuh] t;iqj] 1969) 4- HkkxZo ih-,y-] jktlfkku esa uxjh; foùk] (vizdkf'kr 'kks/k xzafk] jktlfkku fo'ofo ky; 1973) 5- tkokd,-vkj-] jktlfkku esa uxj ikfydk jktlo dk,d rqyukred v/;;u (1965&75) 6- jko,l jkek vksj jko,e- ukxs'oj] 'kgjh LFkkuh; lkoztfud {ks=ksa dh vkffkzd flfkfr (1983) 7- flagy,e-,y-] jktlfkku esa uxjh; foùk vizdkf'kr 'kks/k xzafk] t;ukjk;.k O;kl fo'ofo ky; tks/kiqj] im~;k,u-ds-] jktlfkku esa uxjh; ds foùk (fgeka'kq izdk'ku] mn;iqj 1993) 9- omsjk,e-,y-] LFkkuh; Lok;r ljdkj] ys[kkadu iz.kkfy;k (jktlfkku uxjh; ys[kksa dk vkykspukred v/;;u) (izdkf'kr 'kks/k xzafk t; ukjk;.k O;kl fo'ofo ky;] tks/kiqj ebz 1999) 10- jktiqjksfgr /kuflag] uxfj; lsokvksa ij O;;,oa mudh ykxrs,d rqyukred v/;;u (v/;;u bdkbz;k % tks/kiqj uxj fuxe,oa fcykm+k] uxj ikfydk) (vizdkf'kr,e-fqy 'kks/k xzafk] ts-,u- ohfo'ofo ky;] tks/kiqj 2002) 11- iztkir uunfd'kksj] tks/kiqj uxj fuxe ds vk; ds lzksr,d v/;;u] vizdkf'kr],e-dkwe- (mùkjk¼z) 034 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

39 ys[kkadu fohkkx] ts-,u-oh- fo'ofo ky;] tks/kiqj 2000& fjiksvz vkwq n desvh vkwq fefulvlz vkwu vkxeuvs'ku vkwq Qkbusfl;y fjlkslszt vkwq vjcu desvh] ykwdy ckwmht t;iqj uxj fuxe okf"kzd vk; O;; ds izfrosnu o"kz 2006&07 ls o"kz 2015& tks/kiqj uxj fuxe okf"kzd vk; O;; ds izfrosnu o"kz 2006&07 ls o"kz 2015& okf"kzd izxfr izfrosnu 2016&17 Lok;r 'kklu fohkkx jktlfkku] t;iqj A 16- jktlfkku uxj ikfydk vf/kfu;e 1959 ;wfud VsªMlZ t;iqja 17- ckquk jktsunz jktlfkku uxj ikfydk vf/kfu;e 2009 ckquk ifcykf'kax gkml] pksm+k jklrkk t;iqja 18- ekgs'okjh,l-,u-] feùky,l-,u] ykxr ys[kkadu] ekgs'okjh cqd fmiks] ubz fnyykha 19- ukxj ds-,u- lkaf[;dh ds ewy rro] ehuk{kh iz'kkld esjba Web Site emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

40 tsu jkedfkk dk jk"vªh;,oa lkald`frd egro MkW- lkfjdk O;k[;krk] ts-mh- ih-th- dkwyst] t;iqj 'kks/k Lkkjka'k tsu jkedfkk jk"vªh; Hkkouk ds ifjiks"kd dk Js"B ek/;e gsa vkt ds ;qx esa,dkfurd ladh.kzrk&xzlr ekuo tkfr dks lfg".kq cukus esa egkohj dk L;knokn lefkz gsa vfgalk rro dk ikyu nsuafnu thou esa djuk pkfg, ftlls ekuo tkfr ds lozlagkjd ;q¼ksa dks jksdk tk ldrk gsa jk ladsrk{kj % jkedfkk] lkald`frd egro] vafglk] /kezfujis{krka ek;.k lald`fr dh egùkk lcls vf/kd bl ckr ls gs fd Hkkjrh; lald`fr esa dsoy /kkfezd vax dks mlus izhkkfor ugha fd;k gs cfyd Hkkjrh; lald`fr ds fofo/k vaxksa ij vksj Hkkjrh; tuthou ij Hkh bldk vfev izhkko n`<+ gks x;k gsa tsu lald`fr vksj vfgalk,d :i gs blfy, vfgalk dk izpkj tsu lald`fr dh fo'ks"krk crkbz tkrh gs fdurq tsu lald`fr us vius le; ds gh ugha vfirq lkozdkfyd :i esa thou fodkl esa ck/kd 'kfdr;ksa dk Hkh fojks/k fd;k gsa tsu lald`fr ek= ekuo gh ugha cfyd thoek= dh lekurk }s"k&jfgr i`"bhkwfe ij tkfr] iafk ;k jktdh; eku;rk fojfgr Hkkouk ls fuxfmr,oa lqleiuu gsa tsu /kez vksj fparu esa o.kzhksn tue fo"kerk dk vlohdkj gs] ogk ekuork dh lekurk ds lkfk fparu ds Lrj ij thoek= dh lqj{kk,oa fodkl dk eqdrekxz lkeus vk;k gsa blds lkfk ;g Hkh egroiw.kz gs fd lerk dh ;g Hkkouk HkkSfrd lk/kuksa ds fohkktu ds fy, ugha Fkh fdurq vk/;kfred fodkl ds n~okjk D;k mpp] D;k uhp] D;k L=h] D;k iq:"k] lc tkfr o.kz vksj Lrj ds fy, [ksyus dh yksd rkaf=d dk;zokgh FkhA jkedfkk esa turk ds Js; ds fy, vko';d fopkj] tuhkk"kk esa gh cryk;s x;sa blls yksdhkk"kk dks le`¼ cukus dk egkdk;z Hkh leiuu gqvk vksj fofo/k fo/kkvksa dh fufezr gksdj izkphu Hkk"kk, lefkz] le`¼ vksj vkd"kzd Hkh cuha tsu jkedfkk gh ugha f'kykys[k] rkezi= rfkk vu; lkexzh ij Hkh vuks[kk izdk'k Mkyrh gsa ;g fdlh,d izkar ;k dky esa ifjo;kir ugha gs cfyd rhljh 'krkcnh ls ysdj 20oha 'krkcnh rd ds vusd f'kykys[k] ik.mqfyfi;k Hkkjr ds lkjs izkar esa folr`r gsajk"vª dh Hkkouk dh ifjiq"vrk D;k tsu jkedfkk ds ibu] ikbu] izpyu esa ifjiq"v gks ldsxha bl iz'u dks lqy>kus ds fy, gesa vkt jk"vª dh vko';drk,oa ek x D;k gs] bl ij fopkj djuk gksxka vkt jk"vªh;rk fnuu&fhkuu gksus tk jgh gsa nf{k.k ds fojks/k esa mùkj,d Hkk"kk ds fojks/k esa nwljh Hkk"kk] Å p vksj uhp dh fo"kerk vkfn izeq[k lel;k, gsaa jke vksj jko.k ds oa'k dk ijlij laca/k jke jko.k dk la?k"kz] nks lald`fr;ksa dk ;k nf{k.k dk mùkj ds lkfk dk la?k"kz ugha gsa og dsoy nks lald`fr;ksa dk la?k"kz gs vksj og Hkh,d,sls rkrdkfyd dkj.k ls mn~hkwr gqvk gs fd tks ckjckj gqvk gh djrk gsa lalkj esa ;qx&;qx esa og gksrk gh pyk vk;k gsa bl izdkj dk fopkj geesa ladh.kzrk dk mi'ke djus esa lgk;d cusxk vksj ns'k dh,drk dks fnuu&fhkuu gksus ls cpk;sxka vk;z vksj vuk;z dk Hkze vk;z dqy vksj vuk;z dqy pkgs Hkk"kk] /kez,oa lald`fr ls ijlij fhkuu Hkys gh gks fdurq mlesa Å p&uhp dk dksbz Hksn 036 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

41 ugha gsa vkt dh gekjh lald`fr rfkkdffkr vkxr vk;ksza ds n~okjk vk;h gqbz lald`fr ugha gs og rks vkxr vk;ksza vksj ;gk flfkr vuk;ksza dh lald`fr ds esy ls cuh vksj fodflr lald`fr gsa Hkkjr o"kz ds ipphl ns'kksa dks tsu jkedfkk vk;kzorz dgrh gsa mlesa fuokl djus okys lc vk;z gh gsa dsoy HkkSxksfyd fofhkuurk ds dkj.k vkpkj] fopkj] ijeijk vkfn dh fhkuurk gks ldrh gs ijurq ;g fhkuurk ijlij ekjd ;k fojks/kh ugha vfirq mldh fofo/krk esa Hkh,drk dh fufezfr lahkko; gsa bl izdkj ;g tsu jke dfkk ladh.kz izkarh; ;k lkeiznkf;d Hkkoukvksa ds iks"k.k ls nwj jgh gsa /kezfujis{krk dh Hkkouk /kezfujis{krk dh Hkkouk rhkh iui ldrh gs tc /kez dh lgh ifjhkk"kk dh tk;a /kez lfg".kqrk,oa leuo; dk Hkko ftunk jguk vr;ko';d gs vu;fkk /kez fujis{krk dh nqgkbz nsrs gh nsrs dksbz /kez nwljs ij gkoh gksus dk iz;kl fd, fcuk ugha jgsxka /kez oklro esa,d gs] v[k.m gs] dy;k.ke;,oa eaxye; Hkh gsa ftlesa ekuo esa euq";ro f[kyrk gs blesa lr; rfkk U;k; dh Hkh miyfc/k gsa tsu jkek;.kh; lald`fr /kez dh,d fhkuu yk{kf.kd ifjhkk"kk djrh gs & ^^orfkqlgkoks /keeks** olrq LoHkko dks /kez dgrs gsa ikuh dk /kez 'khryrk gsa ikuh dk xje gksuk mldh fod`fr gs fdurq xje ikuh Hkh vxj vfxu ij im+s rks og cq> tkrh gsa blls ikuh dk vlyh LoHkko izdv gksrk gsa blh izdkj gekjk LoHkko D;k gs bls lkspuk vksj LoHkko esa jr gks tkuk gh rks ekuork gsa jk"vª dh,drk] vkreh;rk ;k egkurk vksj lald`fr ds tm+ dks dkvus okyh fod`fr /kez ds uke ij isnk gksus okys tks'k ds dkj.k gksrh gs] LoHkko ds dkj.k ughaa /kez lekt /kkj.kk ds fy, gksrk gs fqj Hkh izlfkkid,oa iz:id ds vuqlkj nzo;] {ks= dky vksj Hkko ds vuqlkj gksrk gs blfy, dksbz /kez lekt dh,drk ds fy, dksbz HkkSfrd lk/kuk ds fy, rks dksbz vk/;kfred lk/kuk ds fy, gksrk gsa bu lc dk mn~ns'; lekt ds midkj ds fy, gsa bls ekudj ml /kez dh vpnkbz dk :i le>uk vksj ml vpnkbz ds va'k dk lefkzu djuk gh vkt dh eq[; vko';drk gsa bls ge loz/kez ds izfr lfg".kqrk dh Hkkouk dgrs gsaa jk"vªh;rk esa bldk cm+k egro gsa tsu n'kzu ds lg;ksx ls "km~n'kzuksa dks le>uk pkfg,a "km~n'kzu,dkarokn ds lefkzu esa leiw.kzrk ekurs gsaa ijlij ls vyx gvdj Hkh os vius dks iw.kzrk dk vuqhko djrs gsaa ftu n'kzu,dkarrk dks NksM+ vusdkur dks ekurs gs blfy, blesa vu; lkjs n'kzuksa ds lfeefyu dh lahkkouk, gsaa bl izdkj /kez ds Lo:i dks vusdkarrk esa le>us ij vk;j.k ds fu;eksa n~okjk jk"vªh;rk dh,oa lkekftdrk dh Hkkouk Lo;aeso izdv gksxha Hkkouk tsu fparu esa v.kqozr uke ls izpfyr jgh gsa jk"vªh;rk ds fodkl esa "kks"kd ;s v.kqozr bl izdkj gs (d) LFkwy vfgalk dk vkpj.k vfgalk esa lkekftdrk dh Hkkouk gsa lc izk.kh lq[k pkgrs gsa gesa ftl izdkj nq%[k ls Hk; gs oslk gh Hk; vu; izkf.k;ksa dks Hkh gsa blfy, og viuk lq[k vu;ksa ds nq%[k ls ugha izkir djrka 'kks"k.kghu lekt dh jpuk dh ;gh uhao gsa 'kkjhfjd vfgalk ds lkfk okfpd,oa ekufld fgald Hkko ls cpus dk Hkh blesa iz;kl gsa ([k) LFkwy vpks;z dk vkpj.k fcuk nh gqbz fdlh Hkh olrq dks ys ysuk vnùknku :i Lrs; ;k pksjh gsa v.kqozrh x`glfk ds fy, vko';d ek=k esa ty&e`fùkdk tslh mu olrqvksa dks ysus dk fu"ks/k ugha] ftu ij fdlh nwljs dk Li"V vf/kdkj o jksd u gksa pksjh djus dh vknr ijnzo; dh fyilk dk dkj.k cu tkrh gsa le;dro dh Hkwfedk [kafmr gks tkrh gsa pksjh ds ewy esa ykshko`fùk gsa Lo;a pksjh u dj nwljs ds }kjk pksjh djkuk] pksjh ds /ku dks vius ikl j[kuk] jkt; }kjk fu;r lhekvksa ds ckgj olrqvksa dk vk;kr&fu;kzr djuk] eki&rksy ds ckv fu;r ifj.kke ls ghukf/kd j[kuk vksj udyh olrqvksa dks vlyh ds cnys esa pykuk] ;s ik p vpks;z v.kqozr ds vfrpkj gsa] ftudk x`glfk dks ifjr;kx djuk pkfg,a tsu jkedfkk esa vpks;z ls lacaf/kr fopkj fn, gsa tks,d lkekftd lans'k ds :i esa,d ds fy, leku :i ls ykxw djus ;ksx;ozr gsa jko.k n~okjk lhrk vigj.k dk ifj.kke iki&ca/k dk dkj.k gsa jko.k dk var Hkh izfrdkred :i esa vlr; ij lr; dh fot; dk fopkj j[kdj vpks;z dh izfr"bk djrk gsa jktk tud ds iq= dks nf{k.k Hkkjr ds jktk nsoef.k n~okjk vigj.k dj taxy esa NksM+ nsuk] fiaxy o jktdqekjh ds taxy esa pksj emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

42 vkhkw"k.k o /ku leink dk Nhu ysuk vkfn vusd dfkk, vpks;z dh izfr"bk djrh gsa (x) LFkwy czãp;z dk vkpj.k vusfrdrk dks jksdus o pfj= 'kqf¼ dh j{kk dk rjhdk czãp;z gsa czãp;z viuh bpnk] euksfodkj,oa izo`fr dks fu;af=r djrk gsa vk/;kfred n`f"v ls la;e vkrek dk xq.k gsa bl dkj.k vkrekuq'kklu la;e gsa vkrek esa,dkxz gksuk la;e gsa tsu jkedfkk esa czãp;z dks dfo us eqfuoj] ftus'oj] czãpkjh vkfn ds mins'k rfkk dfkk uk;d vkfn ds okrkzyki }kjk O;k[;kfrr fd;k gsa eqfuoj Jkod /kez ds fu;e crkrs gq, pksfks ozr esa 'khy /kez ds ikyu djus ij cy nsrs gsa vksj os';k o ijukjh xeu dks R;kT; crkdj 'kjhj&la;e dks Li"V Hkh djrs gsa (?k) LFkwy vifjxzg dk vkpj.k Hkxoku egkohj us ifjxzg ds nq"ifj.kkeksa dks igpkuka Hkxoku us tkuk fd fo'o ds izkf.k;ksa ds fy, ifjxzg ds leku nwljk dksbz tky ugha gsa vkarfjd ykshk] jkx vfkok vklfdr ds dkj.k euq"; ckg~; olrqvksa dk laxzg djrk gsa 'kjhj vkfn vukrehkwr inkfkksza esa vklfdr ifjxzg gs,oa fhkuurk dk cks/k,oa vuklfdr vifjxzg gsa dkeukvksa dk var djuk nq%[k dk var djuk gsa dkeukvksa dk var djuk gh eksg fef;kro] vklfdr,oa jkx cqf¼ dk vur djuk gsa tsu jkedfkk esa vifjxzg dks vkffkzd vfgalk ekurs gsa rfkk ifjxzg dks euq"; thou ds fy, vuqfpr ekurs gsa tsu jkek;.kh; lald`fr Kku] /;ku] n'kzu] iwtk] ozr xzg.k vkfn dk;z vkre'kqf¼ ds gsrq ls fd;s tkrs gsa tkfr izfkk ftls o.kkzje dgk gs ml ij mxz izgkj dj?kksf"kr fd;k gs fd fdlh fof'k"v dqy esa tue gksus ls dksbz egku ugha cu ldrka egkurk mlds vkpj.k ij fuhkzj gsa vius czkã.kro ls lppk czkã.k cu ldrk gs] {kf=; {kf=;ro ls vksj os'o os';ro ls egku curk gsa 'kwnz dqy dk tue fdlh dks Hkh 'kwnz ughaa Bgjk ldrka vius vkpj.k ls pkjksa o.kksza esa ls dksbz Hkh 'kwnz cu ldrk gsa fcuk fdlh fojks/k dh ijokg fd;s egkohj us 2500 lky igys vksj vu; rhfkzadjksa esa vla[; o"kz igys ;g ckr Li"V :i esa dgh gsa lkekftd lerk xq.koku] pkfj«;laiuurk ds vkn'kz ij voyafcr gsa bls ikus ds fy, gh /kez dk jktekxz gs blfy, tsu lald`fr esa lhkh o.kz] tkfr vksj iafkksa ds fy, vius }kj [kqys j[ks gsa jk"vªh;rk ds fy, tsu /kez us yksxksa esa vuu; fu"bk isnk dh gsa bl lald`fr ds lkjs izpkjdksa us vius vkpj.k,oa thou ls bl vkn'kz dks izdv fd;k gsa tsu lald`fr us in;k=k iz.kkyh ds tfj, jk"vª ds,d dksus ls nwljs dksus rd,drk dh,d v[k.m T;ksfr izttofyr dh gsa Je.k oxz esa lc izkurksa] oxksza,oa leiznk;ksa ds yksx f'k"; ds :i esa lfeefyr gs vksj Hkkjr dh izkphu,oa vokzphu lc Hkk"kkvksa esa bu Je.kksa us vius fopkjiq"i xawfks gsa ;g lald`fr dsoy Kku dks gh egro iznku ugha djrh fdurq le;d~ n'kzu (J¼k)] le;d~ Kku vksj le;d~ pkfj«; ds lfeefyr ekxz dks gh eks{kekxz dgrh gsa bl izdkj yksdhkk"kk esa yksxksa ds fopkjksa dks ifjiq"v djus dk dk;z jk"vªh;rk dk iks"k.k djus esa lefkz gsa blfy, mugksaus ijlijfojks/kh fopkjksa dks Hkh le>us dh vko';drk izlfkkfir dj nha tsu jkedfkk dkyhu lald`fr jk"vªh; Hkkouk ds ifjiks"k.k dk,d Js"B lk/ku gsa ;gh ckr gekjs lkeus lqli"v gks tkrh gsa vkt ds ;qx esa,dkfurd ladh.kzrk&xzlr ekuo tkfr dks lfg".kq cukus esa egkohj dk L;knokn lefkz gsa lfg".kqrk ls lc {ks=ksa esa lekurk dh fno;n`f"v izkir gksxha ekuotkfr dk vflrro gh [krjs esa ys tkus okys lozlagkjd ;q¼ksa dks jksdus ds fy, vfgalkrro ikyu dh egrrk vkt ds tslh igys dhkh u FkhA vfgalk rro dk ikyu vksj mldh lkj xzfgrk tsu jkedfkkvksa esa vfhko;dr lkald`frd fojklr gesa fuf'pr :i esa miyc/k gks x;h gsa vr% mldk ifjikyu nsuafnu thou esa djuk gekjk y{; gksuk pkfg,a vr% tsu jkedfkk ls lizki; ;g lans'k Hkkjrh; jkedfkk lkfgr; dh v{k; vksj vej fuf/k gs ftls v{kq..k :i ls ;fn le>k&cw>k tk; rks Hkkjrh; tu&thou dk dy;k.k gks ldrk gsa lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- ;ksxsunz ukfk 'kekz ^v:.k*] tsu jkedko; % ijeijk vksj egkdfo Lo;aHkwnso iz.khr imepfjm] vihkza'k* lkfgr; vdkneh] t;iqj] 2006] i` dkfey cqyds] jkedfkk] fgunh ifj"kn~ izdk'ku] bykgkckn fo'ofo ky;] bykgkckn] 2004] i` 'kkfuryky [ksepan 'kkg] tsu ijeijk dk jkedfkk 038 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

43 lkfgr;] 1979] i` egkohj lju tsu] Hkxoku egkohj,oa tsu n'kzu] yksdhkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn] 1998] i` t;jke fej] e;kznk iq:"kksùke Hkxoku jke % thou vksj n'kzu] yksdhkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn] 2010] i` ghjkyky tsu] Hkkjrh; lald`fr esa tsu /kez dk ;ksxnku] dyk,oa lald`fr fohkkx] jktlfkku ljdkj] t;iqj] 2003] i` jke/kkjh flag ^fnudj*] lald`fr ds pkj v/;k;] i` ujsunz Hkkukor] Hkxoku egkohj % vk/kqfud lanhkz esa] i` ;ksxsunz izrki flag] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa jkedfkk] i`- 97 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

44 cks¼ n'kzu esa dez fl¼kur %,d foospu,drk ckafb;k 'kks/kkfkhz] egkjktk xaxk flag fo'ofo ky;] chdkusj 'kks/k Lkkjka'k cks¼ n'kzu Hkkjrh; fopkjèkkjk ds lokzfèkd fodflr :iksa esa ls,d gsa tgka vpns dez O;fä ds thou dks çxfr dh fn'kk esa ys tkrs gsa] ogha cqjs dez mls iru dh vksj ys tkrs gsaa èkezxzafkksa ds vuqlkj euq"; dks fd, gq, 'kqhk ;k v'kqhk deksza dk Qy vo'; Hkksxuk im+rk gsa vusd tueksa esa fd, gq, dez gekjs var%dj.k esa laxzghr jgrs gsaa os lafpr dez dgykrs gsa vksj muls gh çkjcèk curk gsa blfy, Hkxoku Jhd`".k us xhrk esa dez dks çèkkurk nsrs gq, ;gka rd Li"V fd;k gs fd O;fä dh ;k=k tgka ls NwVrh gs] vxys tue esa og ogha ls çkjahk gksrh gsa Hkxoku cq¼ ds vuqlkj èkee thou dh ifo=rk cuk, j[kuk vksj iw.kzrk çkir djuk gsa lkfk gh fuokz.k çkir djuk vksj r`".kk dk R;kx djuk gsa blds vykok Hkxoku cq¼ us lhkh laldkj dks vfur; crk;k gsa Hkxoku cq¼ us ekuo ds dez dks usfrd lalfkku dk vkèkkj crk;k gsa ;kuh Hkxoku cq¼ ds vuqlkj èkee ;kuh èkez ogh gsa tks lcds fy, Kku ds }kj [kksy nsa vksj mugksus ;s Hkh crk;k fd dsoy fo}ku gksuk gh i;kzir ugha gsa fo}ku ogh gs tks vius dh Kku dh jks'kuh ls lcdks jks'ku djsa èkez dks yksxksa dh ftanxh ls tksm+rs gq, Hkxoku cq¼ us crk;k fd d:.kk] 'khy vksj es=h vfuok;z gsa blds vykok lkekftd Hksn Hkko fevkus ds fy, Hkh Hkxoku cq¼ us ç;kl djrs gq, crk;k Fkk fd yksxksa dk ewy;kadu tue ds vkèkkj ij ugha dez ds vkèkkj ij gksuk pkfg,a ladsrk{kj % cks¼ n'kzu] dez fl¼kur] cq¼] dez] Jhd`".kA esa ykshk&}s'k rfkk eksg bu rhuksa dks deksza dh mrifùk dk ewy dkj.k vfkok gsrq ekuk x;k gsa rfkk ;s rhuksa vdq'ky dez gsa vksj buls foijhr vykshk] v}s'k] veksg] fuoszn,oa fojkx vkfn dq'ky cks¼n'kzu dez gsaa egkrek cq¼ dk dfku gs fd tks ew[kz bu vdq'ky dez ls izfjr gksdj tslk Hkh dez djrk gs mls mldk Qy ;gha Hkksxuk im+rk gsa vu; dksbz vu; dk Qy ugha Hkksx ldrk] vr% cqf¼eku fhk{kq dks pkfg, fd og ykshk] }s'k vksj eksg dks R;kx dj fo k dk ykhk dj lelr nqxzfr;ksa ls eqdr gksa lqùkfuikr esa Hkxoku cq¼ dgrs gsa&tslk esa gw osls gh ;s nwljs izk.kh Hkh gsa vksj tsls ;s nwljs izk.kh gsa oslk gh esa gw bl izdkj lhkh dks vius leku le>dj] fdlh dh fgalk ;k?kkr ugha djuk pkfg,a /keein esa Hkh cq¼ us ;gh dgk gs fd lhkh izk.kh n.m ls Mjrs gsa] e`r;q ls lhkh Hk; [kkrs gsa] lcdks thou fiz; gsa] vr% lcdks vius leku le>dj u ekjs vksj u ekjus dh izsj.kk djsaa tks lq[k pkgus okys izkf.k;ksa dks] vius lq[k dh pkg ls nq%[k iznku djrk gs og ejdj Hkh lq[k ugha ikrk] ysfdu tks lq[k pkgus okys izkf.k;ksa dks] vius lq[k dh pkg ls nq%[k ugha nsrk] og ej dj Hkh lq[k dks izkir gksrk gsa Hkxoku cq¼ lqùkfuikr esa dgrs gsa&tks iq.; vksj iki dks nwj dj 'kkar (le) gks x;k gs bl yksd vksj ijyksd (ds ;FkkFkZ Lo:i) dks tku dj (dez) jt jfgr gks x;k gs tks vu; ej.k ls ijs gks x;k gs og Je.k flfkj] flfkrkrek (rfkrk) dgykrk gsa lfe; ifjozktd }kjk cq¼ oanuk esa iqu% blh ckr dks nksgjk;k x;k gsa og 'kq¼ ds izfr dgrk gs ftl izdkj lqunj iq.mjhd dey ikuh esa fyir ugha gksrk mlh izdkj vki iq.; vksj iki nksuksa esa fyir ugha gksrsa bl izdkj ge ns[krs gs fd cks¼fopkj.kk dk Hkh vfure y{; 'kqhk vksj v'kqhk ls Åij mbuk gsa cks¼ fopkj.kk esa Hkh dez vksj muds Qy nsus dh ;ksx;rk ds iz'u dks ysdj egkdez fohkax esa] fopkj fd;k x;k gs] ftldk myys[k Jherh lekznkl xqirk us vius 040 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

45 izcu/k ^Hkkjr esa usfrd n'kzu dk fodkl* esa fd;k gsa cks¼ n'kzu dk izeq[k iz'u ;g gs fd dksu ls dez mifpr gksrs gsa dez ds mifpr ls rkri;z lafpr gksdj Qy nsus dh {kerk ds ;ksx; gksus ls gsa cks¼ fopkj.kk ;g ekurh gs fd vfo k (eksg) ds dkj.k r`".kk (jkx) gksrh gs vksj r`".kk ds dkj.k eksg gksrk gsa vkpk;z ujsunznso fy[krs gsa& ykshk,oa }s"k dk gsrq eksg gs] fdurq i;kz; ls ykshkh o eksg Hkh }s"k ds gsrq gsaa cks¼ n'kzu esa Hkh tsu n'kzu ds leku gh vfo k vksj r`".kk dks vu;ksu;kfjr ekuk x;k gs vksj dgk x;k gs fd buesa ls fdlh dh Hkh iwoz dksfv fu/kkzfjr djuk lehko ugha gsa lka[;,oa ;ksx n'kzu esa Dys'k ;k cu/ku ds 5 dkj.k gsa &vfo k] vflerk (vgadkj)] jkx] }s"k] vfhkfuos'ka buesa Hkh vfo k izeq[k gsa 'ks"k pkjksa mlh ij vk/kfjr gsaa U;k; n'kzu Hkh tsu vksj cks¼ksa ds leku gh jkx&}s"k,oa eksg dks cu/ku dk dkj.k ekurk gsa bl izdkj yxhkx lhkh n'kzu izdkjkurj ls jkx&}s"k,oa eksg (fef;kro) dks cu/ku dk dkj.k ekurs gsaa cks¼n'kzu esa ykshk&}s'k rfkk eksg bu rhuksa dks deksza dh mrifùk dk ewy dkj.k vfkok gsrq ekuk x;k gsa rfkk ;s rhuksa vdq'ky dez gsa vksj buls foijhr vykshk] v}s'k] veksg] fuoszn,oa fojkx vkfn dq'ky dez gsaa egkrek cq¼ dk dfku gs fd tks ew[kz bu vdq'ky dez ls izfjr gksdj tslk Hkh dez djrk gs mls mldk Qy ;gha Hkksxuk im+rk gsa vu; dkbs Z vu; dk Qy ugha Hkkxs ldrk] vr% cfq ¼eku fhk{kq dks pkfg, fd og ykhs k] }'s k vkjs ekgs dks 1 R;kx dj fo k dk ykhk dj lelr nxq fz r;kas ls edq r gkas bl izdkj cks¼n'kzu esa dq'ky dez dks iq.; dez rfkk vdq'ky dez dks iki dez dgk x;k gsa tsu vksj cks¼ n'kzu esa iq.; ds fo"k; esa fo'ks"k vurj ;g gs fd tsun'kzu esa laoj&futzjk vksj iq.; esa vurj fd;k x;k gs] fdurq cks¼n'kzu esa,slk Li"V vurj ugha fd;k x;k gsa tsun'kzu esa le;d~ n'kzu] Kku,oa pkfj= laoj vksj futzjk ds gsrq gsa rfkk cks¼n'kzu esa /kez] la?k vksj cq¼ ds izfr n`<+ J¼k'khy vksj izkk dks dq'ky dez vfkkzr~ iq.; dk gsrq ekuk x;k gsa nq%[kfujks/kxkfeuh izfrin ds vkbksa vaxksa dks gh cks¼ n'kzu esa ^vk;z v"vkafxd ekxz* Hkh dgk tkrk gsa prqfkz vax ^le;d~ dekzur* esa le;d~ dekzur dk vfkz Bhd dez vfkok ;FkkFkZ dk;z gsa lùoksa dk dez izcy gksrk gs] deksza ij gh lùo fuhkzj gsa mlds tsls dez gksaxs oslh gh mldh xfr gksxha ujdxkeh dke fef;kpkj ls fojr jguk gh le;d~ dekzur gsa le;d~ dekzur ds dkj.k lùo iki ls Åij mbrk gs vksj lnkpkjh curk gsa bl izdkj tks tslk dez djrk gs og 2 oslk gh Qy Hkksxrk gsa dez gh izkf.k;ksa dks bl ghurk vksj mùkerk esa fohkdr djrk gsa Hkxoku~ cq¼ thou dh fo"kerk dk ewy dkj.k dez dks ekurs gsaa dez gh izkf.k;ksa dks ghu vksj mùke esa ck Vrk gsa ftldk tslk dez gs] oslk mldk Qy gsa dksbz L=h ;k iq#"k] ;fn og izk.kkfrikrh gs] ks/kh gs] bz";kzyq gs] ykshkh gs] vfhkekuh gs] iki deksza esa fpùk dks yxkus okyk gs rks og ml dk;k dks NksM+ ejus ds ckn nqxzfr esa mriuu gksrk gs vksj ;fn euq"; ;ksfu esa vkrk gs rks ghu euq"; vfkok nfjnz vksj fucqzf¼ gksrk gsa blh izdkj ftlds dez 'kqhk gsa] og lqxfr esa tue ysrk gs vksj ;fn euq"; ;ksfu esa vkrk gs 3 rks mùke] LoLFk] le`f¼ vksj izkkoku gksrk gsa lqxfr nqxzfr dk ikuk bl izdkj dez ds 'kqhk ;k v'kqhk gksus ij fuhkzj gsa lnkpkj ls lqxfr vksj nqjkpkj ls nqxzfr izkir gksrh gsa dez vksj foikd ls ikjlifjd laca/k vksj vu;ksu;kfjr Hkko ls ;g lalkj p pyrk gs] ;g dez ds fl¼kur dh /kqjh gsa vfkkzr~ dez ls foikd izofrzr gksrs gsa] vksj Lo;a foikd dez&lahko gsaa dez ls iqutzue gksrk gs] bl izdkj ;g lalkj izofrzr gksrk gsa vr% dgk tk ldrk gs fd cq¼ 'kklu dh leiw.kz izfr"bk dez ds fl¼kur ij vk/kkfjr gsa ;g dez fl¼kur lhkh cks¼ nk'kzfudksa dks eku; gsa Hkxoku cq¼ dh n`f"v esa dez,d fpùk ladyi ek= gsa os mls u rks osfnd fl¼kur ds vuqlkj vn`"v 'kfdr ekurs gsa vksj u gh tsuksa ds leku 4 iksn~xfyd 'kfdra cks¼ n'kzu ds vuqlkj euq"; tslk dez djrk gs] rnuqlkj Qy dk Hkksx djrk gsa dezqy ds vuqlkj gh og tue dks /kkj.k djrk gsa Hkwrdky ds :iksa ds vuqlkj gh og Hkfo"; ds deksza dk fuekz.k djrk gsa dez ds vuqlkj gh euq"; vius HkkX; dk fuekz.k djrk gsa dez ds dkj.k gh izkf.k;ksa esa fofhkuu izdkj ds Hksn ifjyf{kr gksrs gsaa eft>e fudk; esa Hkxoku us Lo;a dgk Fkk fd ^^izk.kh dez&lod (dez gh /ku gs ftudk) gsa dez nk;n] dez;ksfu] dez cu/kq] dez izfr'kj.k (dez dh j{kd gs ftudk) gsa dez izkf.k;ksa dks bl (ghu iz.kh;rk 5 esa) fohkdr djrk gsa eft>e fudk;,oa lqùkfudk; ds okls}lqr esa dgk x;k gs fd ^^yksd dez ls py jgk gs] iztk dez ls py jgh gs pys gq, jfk ds (pdds dh) vk.kh 6 dh Hkk fr izk.kh dez esa ca/ks gsaa xhrk esa Hkh blh izdkj emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

46 7 dgk x;k gs fd ^^yksdksm;a dekzcu/ku% vfkkzr~ euq"; leqnk; deksza ls c /krk gsa oklsnq lqùk esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k gs fd ^^tue ls u czkã.k gksrk gs vksj u tue ls vczkã.k] dez ls vczkãe.k gksrk gs] dez ls d`"kd gksrk gs vksj dez ls f'kyih] dez ls cfu;k gksrk gs vksj dez ls izr;sd (lsod) pksj] ;ks¼k vksj jktk Hkh deksza ls gksrs gsa] if.mr tu gh bl dez dks ;FkkFkZ :i esa tkurs gsaa cq¼ dh n`f"v esa psruk ;k ladyi rfkk mlds QyLo:i gksus okyh f;k, dez gsa fdlh Hkh dez ds izorzu esa eu gh vxz.kh gksrk gsa eu gh dez djrk gs 'kjhj ughaa /keein esa Hkh ;gh dgk x;k gs fd ^^eu gh lhkh izo`fùk;ksa dk vxqvk gs] eu gh mudk iz/kku gsa os eu ls gh mriuu gksrs gsaa ;fn dksbz nwf"kr eu ls opu cksyrk gs ;k dke djrk gs rks nq%[k mldk vuqlj.k mlh izdkj djrk gs ftl izdkj pddk xkm+h [khapus okys csyksa dk 8 vuqlj.k djrk gsa bl izdkj cks¼er esa cká f;kvksa ds LFkku ij eu dks gh usfrd fu.kz; dk vk/kkj cukdj dez fl¼kur dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gsa dez dk izhkko cká f;kvksa ij ugha cfyd izsfjr djus okyh izo`fùk;ksa ij gksrk gsa olqcu/kq r vfhk/kez dks'k ds vuqlkj dez 9 rhu izdkj ds gksrs gsa& ^^dq'ky] vdq'ky] vo;kd`r** dq'ky dez& dq'ky dez os dez gsa tks {kse gs] D;ksafd budk b"v foikd gs blfy, ;g,d dky ds fy, nq%[k ls ifj=k.k djrk gsa dq'ky dez iq.; gksrs gsa] D;ksafd ;g lq[k foikd dks mrikn djrk gs rfkk fo'kq¼ djrk gsa dq'ky dez vykshk] v}s"k] veksg ls mriuu gksrs gsaa dq'ky deksza dk Qy lq[kn osnuk gsa vdq'ky dez& vdq'ky dez ^^v'kqhk dez v{kse gs] bldk vfu"v foikd gsa** vdq'ky dez viq.; dgykrs gsa] D;ksafd ;g nwljs dk v{kse djrk gs vksj nq%[k foikd dks mriuu djrk gs] bu lc deksza dk Qy dsoy osnuk gsa ykshk] }s"k] eksg buls izsfjr fd, x, dez vdq'ky gsaa vo;kd`r dez& vo;kd`r os dez dgykrs gsa ^^ftudks Hkxor~ dq'ky vdq'ky ugha dgrs gsa u {kse] u v{kse 10 gsa** bl fooj.k ls Li"V gs fd dez Qy dh n`f"v ls cks¼er esa vdq'ky,oa dq'ky dez gh ewy :i ls ekus x, gsaa vdq'ky,oa dq'ky deksza dks eft>e fudk; esa vyx&vyx :i esa crk;k x;k gs& 1 vdq'ky ewyd dez& vdq'ky ewyd dez nl izdkj ds gsa& 1- izk.kkfrikr (fgalk) vdq'ky gsa 2- vnùkknku (pksjh) vdq'ky gsa 3- dke (L=h lalxz esa fef;kpkj) nqjkpkj 4- e`"kkokn (>wb cksyuk) 5-fi'kqu opu (pqxyh) 6- i#"k opu (dbksj opu) 7- laizyki (cdokl) 8- vfhk/;k (ykyp) 9-O;kikn (izfrfgalk) fef;kn`f"v (>wbh&/kkj.kk) ;s vdq'ky dez gsaa ^^izk.kkfrikr ls vyik;q gksrk gsa vnùkknku ls Hkksx O;; gksrk gs] dke fef;kpkj ls mldh iruh ifrozrk ugha gksxh] e`"kkokn ls mldk vh;k[kku gksrk gs] is'kqu; ls mlds fe= 'k+=q gks tkrs gsaa ik#"; ls og dsoy vueksy ckrsa lqurk gs] lfhkuu izyki ls mlds opu dks dksbz fo'okl ugha djrk gsa vfhk/;k ls og egspn gksrk gsa O;kikn ls og vr;ur nks"k okyk gksrk gs] fef;kn`f"v ls 12 mldks vr;ur eksg gksrk gsa ;s lhkh vdq'ky deksza ds fueuqy gsaa bu vdq'ky deksza dh mrifùk ds lecu/k esa vfhk/kez dks'k esa dgk x;k gs fd ^^ykshk] }s"k] eksg ;s rhu vdq'ky ewy gsa** bl izdkj lelr vdq'ky dez ykshk] eksg] }s"k ls gksrs gsaa bugha vdq'ky deksza ls O;fDr fueu xfr dks izkir djrk gsa tks O;fDr ykshk] eksg] }s"k ls jfgr gksdj dq'ky dez djrk gs] os dez euq"; dks egku cukrs gh gsa lkfk&lkfk lekt dk Hkh dy;k.k djrs gsa] D;ksafd vdq'ky dez gh dq'ky dez ifk ds foijhr gsaa euq"; ds vpns vkpj.k ds fy,] Lofgr ds fy,] lekt fgr ds fy, dq'ky deksza ds ifk dk vuqlj.k djuk gksxk] rhkh O;fDr rfkk lekt dk dy;k.k lehko gks ldsxka cq¼ dh f'k{kk dk euro; Hkh ;gh gs ^^lhkh ikiksa dks u djuk] iq.;ksa dk lap; djuk] 13 vius fpùk dks ifj'kq¼ djuk& ;g cq¼ksa dh f'k{kk gsa ** bl izdkj mdr foospu ls ;g Li"V gs fd izr;sd O;fDr mlh rjg deksza ls c /kk gqvk gs] tsls vjksa ls p c /kk jgrk gsa blfy, euq"; ds dez ftrus 'kkshku] izhkkiw.kz,oa 'khy lald`r gksaxs] og mruk gh izhkkldj vksj thou esa Js;Ldj gksxka olrqr% vdq'ky,oa dq'ky nks izdkj ds dez gh izhkko'kkyh gsa tks euq"; ds thou dks iki,oa iq.; ds :i esa izhkkfor djrs gsaa bu nl izdkj ds deksza dks 'kjhj] ok.kh,oa eu ls fd;k tkrk gsa 'kjhj] ok.kh,oa eu ls fd;s tkus okys deksza dks vyx&vyx bl :i esa Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gsa 042 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

47 lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- ykshkta nkslta pso eksgta pkfi foílq] ;rsu idra deea viia ok cgqaa bz/kso ra osnuh ;a orfkq v u fottfra rlek ykshka p nksla p eksga pkfi foílq] forra miikn;a fhkd[kq look nqxfr;ks tgsa vaxqùkjfudk;] i`- 130A 2- ukjnh; egkiqjk.k] mùkj[k.m] v/;k; 28] yksd 65A 3- jkek;.k] mùkjdk.m] lxz 15] yksd 23A 4- psruk psrf;rok p dekszdra ijef'kz.kka rl;kusdfo/kks Hksn% dez.kk ifjdhfrzr%aa r= ;ppsrusr;qdra dez ruekula Le`raA psrf;rok p ;ÙkwDra rùkq dkf;d okfpde~aa e/;edkfjdk] 17@2&3A 5- eft>e fudk;] vuq- jkgqy lka R;k;u] & 3@4@5] i` eft>e fudk;] vuq- jkgqy lkad`r;k;u] & 2@5@8] i`- 416,oa lqùk fuikr i` xhrk& 3@9] i`- 60] xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj] laldj.k /keein] 1@1] vuq- MkW- fhk{kq /kez jf{kr] i` vfhk/kez dks"k] Hkkx&nks] vuq-] vkpk;z ujsunz nso] i` vfhk/kez dks"k] Hkkx&nks] vuq-] vkpk;z ujsunz nso] i` eft>e fudk;] vuq- jkgqy lkad`r;k;u] & 1@2@9] i` vfhk/kez dks"k] Hkkx&1 186@2] vuq-] vkpk;z ujsunz nso] i` /keein xkfkk 183] vuq-] MkW- fhk{kq /kezjf{kr] i`- 60 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

48 ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kar MkW- jsuqjk/kk izodrkk] Jh xq:ukud du;k ih-th- dkyst] ukuderrk] m/keflaguxj (mrrjk[k.m) 'kks/k Lkkjka'k ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kar,d xfr'khy o fodkl'khy vo/kkj.kk gs tks le; ds vuqlkj cnyrh jgrh gs bl dkj.k izkphu IysVksa ls ysdj ledkyhu jkyl ds fopkjksa rd ;g QSyh gs ; fi dgha dgha ij bles gesa izkphurk ds fopkjksa dk Hkh vkj; ysuk im+rk gs ijurq jktuhfr dh 'kq:vkr bfrgkl ds vrhr iuuksa ls gh 'kq: gksrh gs tks le; cnyus ds lkfk&lkfk ledkyhu gksrh pyh tkrh gs blfy, blesa izkphu fo}kuksa ds fopkjksa dks Hkh udkjk ugha tk ldrka ;g fo"k; dgus dks rks jktuhfrd {ks= dk gs ijurq blds fodkl'khy volfkk es vkffkzd] lkekftd] dkj.kksa us Hkh deh ugha j[kh gsa vkffkzd mnkjhdj.k o os'ohdj.k tsls eqn~ns bl fo"k; dks vksj Hkh vf/kd folr`r o xahkhj djrss gsa bu eqn~nksa dk jktuhfrd Lrj rd Nk tkuk LoHkkfod blfy, gs D;ksafd bugsa dkuwuh o jktuhfrd vk/kkj iznku djuk t+:jh gksrk gsa bl dkj.k jktuhfrd fokku fo"k; lokzf/kdkjh Hkh gks x;k gsa ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kar dk izkjehk ml ifjflfkfr;ksa ds dkj.k ekuk x;k tc jktuhfr ds dqn 'kq"d fo"k;ksa ds dkj.k ;g eun gksus yxh ;k ;wa dgsa fd bldk iru gksus yxk mu ifjflfkfr;ksa es jktuhfrd fokku ds dqn euhf"k;ksa iqu% bldh lokszrd`"v vfhkyk"kk dh ckr dh o bldks th.kksz/kkj dk dk;z fd;k ftl dkj.k ledkyhu jktuhfrd dk fopkj mfnr gqvka th.kksz/kkj ls ;g ckr rks lr; gks x;h fd jktuhfr dksbz lekir ;k de gksus okyk fo"k; ugha gs cfyd ;g le; chrus o lekt es ifjorzu gksus ds lkfk&lkfk vkxs gh c<+rk jgrk gsa lkekftd Lrj ds izr;sd vk;ke bldh o`f¼ gh djrs gs rfkk vkffkzd rro bldh o`f¼ es lg;ksx dh Hkwfedk fuhkkrs gsa ladsrk{kj % ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kur] U;k;fl¼kUr] Hkwe.Myhdj.k] i;kzoj.kh; vlarqyu] xzke fodkl] jk vuqpnsn71a tuhfrd fl¼kar dk vfkz ftruk folr`r gs mruk gh tfvy Hkh gsa izkphu IysVks ls ysdj vk/kqfud tku jkwyl rd us jktuhfrd ifjppkz ij fopkj fn, gs dbz laxksf"b;k Hkh bl dkj.k fl¼kar es tfvyrk o vkykspuk dk Hkh LoHkkfod gks x;k gsa blds vykok bl fopkj dks izd`fr dk xfr'khy gksuk Hkh,d otg gs fd ;g fl¼kar tfvy gsa dkyz ikwij ds vuqlkj&^^fl¼kar,d izdkj dk tky gs ftlls lalkj dks idm+k tk ldrk gs 1 rkfd mls le>k tk lds] ;g,d vuqhkoiiwjd O;k[;k ds izk:i ls vius eu ij cukbz xbz jpuk gsa** Hkkjr es ledkyhu jktuhfr dh O;k[;k orzeku jktuhfrkksa ds fy, izf'k{k.k LFkyh ekuk tkrk gs D;ksafd cnyrs lkekftd o vkffkzd ifjis{; us jktuhfr dks u;s fljs ls fopkj foe'kz ds fy, foo'k dj fn;k gs ftlls dh ledkyhu ifjflfkfr;ksa ds lkfk mfpr lkeutl; csbkdj lkekftd o vkffkzd {ks= dk fodkl gks ldsa pwafd Hkkjrh; jkt; dh jktuhfr eq[;r% leiznk;okn] tkfrokn] {ks=okn] Hkk"k.kokn ls T+;knk izhkkfor jgrh gs vr% fopkj dk {ks= vc jk"vªh; jkt;ksa ls vkxs fudydj lapkj rduhdh] Hkwe.Myhdj.k] dwvuhfr] uohu gffk;kj] vkffkzd lkekftd o O;kikfjd la?kksa dh lnl;rk rd QSy x;k gsa ; fi blds dqn udkjkred ifj.kke Hkh gsa ysfdu bugha rroksa ij vk/kkfjr ledkyhu jktuhfrd laecu/kksa ds dkj.k ledkyhu fl¼karks dks cy feyrk gs rfkk jktuhfr T+;knk ifjido gksrh gsa ledkyhu jktuhfr dk izkjehk dqn va'kksa es e/;dky ds var o vk/kqfud le; ds chp dh ckxmksj es Hkh fn[krs gs tgka vk/kkqfud ;qx jk"vª jkt; ls 'kq: gksrk gs vksj ftldh ifjf.krh ijek.kq ;qx es vkdj [kre gksrh gs vksj fqj nksj 'kq: gksrk gs u;s 044 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

49 ledkyhu fopkjksa dk ftlesa dbz ledkyhu fopkjksa dk] ijek.kq 'kfdr leiuu laf/k;ksa dk] fo'o lksgknz cukus dk rfkk fo'o ivy ij U.N.O dh flfkfr vksj Hkh vf/kd et+cwr djus dk,ao tuloklf;] tu lqj{kk] tu Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kus dk rfkk blds vykok vksj Hkh cgqr dqn ftlessa dbz ledkyhu fo}kuksa us ;ksxnku fn;k gs& MsfoM bzlvu dk er gs&^^;g 'krkfcn;ksa iqjkus fopkjksa ds vk/kkj ij pyk vk jgk gsa vksj bles dksbz u;k la'ys"k.k fodflr ugha fd;k gsa bzlvu us ;g fopkj 1951 es Journal of Politics es Nis vius ys[k The Decline of 2 Modern Political Theory es O;Dr fd;k gsa** 26 tuojh 1950 es Hkkjrh; lafo/kku es iw.kz :i ls ykxw gksus ds ckn izr;sd O;fDr ds fopkjksa dh Lora=rk vksj Hkh T+;knk eq[kfjr gqbz gsa cnyrs lkekftd vkffkzd thou o ifjos'k ds dkj.k yksxksa ds fopkjksa es ifjorzu gqvk gsa vkffkzd mnkjhdj.k us cktkj vfkzo;olfkkvksa dks xez j[kk rks jktuhfrd xfy;kjsa Hkh de ppkz ds fo"k; ugha jgsa ledkyhu vkffkzd flfkfr;ksa dks ns[krs gq, jktuhfrd eap ij Hkh vkffkzd n`f"vdks.kksa ls ppkz gksus yxha j{kk uhfr dh ckr djsa rks ljdkjksa rfkk oskkfudksa }kjk ns'k ds ijek.kq 'kfdr ds :i es LFkkfir djus ds n`<+ fu'p; vkfn ckrksa us eq[; Hkwfedk fuhkkbz gsa ;g lozfofnr rf; gs fd Hkkjr fofhkuurk okyk jk"vª gs tgk fhkuu&fhkuu /kez] Hkk"kk]tkfr]laLd`fr ds yksx,d lkfk lnhkkoukiwozd fuokl djrs gsa ijlij fojks/kh fgrksa ds chp leuo; LFkkfir djuk Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds fy,,d xehkhj pquksrh gsa ekuoh; thou ds dbz i{k gksus ds dkj.k vkt dk jktuhfrd thou lhkh {ks=ksa ij lokzf/kdkjh gks x;k gs ftlls lecfu/kr fo}ku vius&vius fopkj izlrqr djrs jgs gsa bu lc es,d ckr rks Li"V gs fd dsoy jktuhfrd fl¼kar gh vdsyk,slk ek/;e gs ftlds vk/kkj ij fdlh Hkh i{k dk o.kzu djuk vf/kd vksfpr;iw.kz gsa ledkyhu ifjflfkfr;ksa es jktuhfrd fl¼kar fdl izdkj yksxksa dh vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj rkyesy csbk,] bl lecu/k es dbz laaxksf"b;ka gksrh jgh gsa MsfoM blvu us tgk ekuoh; O;ogkj dks izeq[k LFkku fn;k jkczv Mgy us LosPNkra= LFkkfir dj izr;sd i{k ij [kqyh Lora=rk dh ckr dh gsa ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kar dh LFkkiuk mu ifjflfkfr;ksa es LFkkfir dh x;h,yqzsm dksccsu vksj MsfoM bzlvu us blds iru dh ckr dguk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA lh0ch0 esdqlzu] tkwu jkwyl] ekbdy okytj vkfn dbz,sls fo}ku gq, ftugksus jktuhfrd fl¼kar dk ledkyhu jktuhfrd okrkoj.k ls rknkre; LFkkfir dj bls fo'o ivy ij u;s :i es izlrqr fd;k ftlesa jktuhfrd lghkkfxrk]laald`fr tsls fo"k; jktuhfrd fl¼kar dh fparu lkexzh cusa ledkyhu fo'o ds jktuhfr 'kkl=h lkg;ksa dh izkfir ds fy, 'kq¼ o os/kkfud lk/kuksa ds lkfk&lkfk,sls lk/kuksa ds iz;ksx ij Hkh cy nsrs gs ftuls ledkyhu turk Hkh tkudkj gks turk vr;ur tkx#d gs vr% izr;sd lkg; dks izkir djus es,sls lk/ku viuk,sa tkus pkfg, ftuls turk dk izr;{k :i ls lecu/k gks o mls ykhk gksa xka/khth ges'kk cyiwozd dgrs Fks fd ;fn vpnk lkg; izkir djuk gs rks mldh izkfir ds lk/ku LoPN o ifo= gksus pkfg, ysfdu orzeku le; dh jktuhfrd ijeijk es fdz;koyh ds fopkjksa es izksrlkfgr gs ftudh ut+j es lkg; izkir djus es fdlh Hkh izdkj ds lk/ku mi;qdr gsa 20oha lnh ds 7&8 osa n'kd ds ckn ls jk"vªh; fl¼kar ds fo}kuksa us jk"vª ds cnyrs Lo:i ij T+;knk cy fn;k gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd jk"vªh; fl¼kar ij fo}kuksa dh #fp fqj ls c<+rh tk jgh gsa ledkyhu fl¼kar ikjeifjd mn~ns';ksa vksj vuqhkooknh fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx dj dbz jktuhfrd lel;kvksa dks lqy>k ldrk gsa lu~1970 es tku~ jkyl dh iqlrd "The Theory of Justice" vflrro es vkbz ftles jktuhfrd fl¼kar dks n'kzu dh,d usfrd 'kk[kk le>k x;k vksj mlds Lo:i dks ekuoh; crk;k x;ka jkyl&^^jktuhfr fl¼kar lkeku; :i ls ekuo vflrro dks le>us o ij[kus ls lecfu/kr gsa bl dkj.k bldk fo"k; {ks= Hkh uxjh; gs rfkk Lo:i ek= O;k[;kRed gsa jktuhfr fl¼kar dks O;k[;kRed] O;aX;kRed vksj laosnu'khy cuk, tkus dh vko';drk gsa blds vykok ihvj] yklysv] tkwu ihukwd tsls fo}kuksa dks jktuhfrd fparu ds u;s bfrgkldkj dgk x;ka MsfoM gsym us jk; nh gs fd ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kar ds pkj dk;z gs %& 1 nk'kzfud& ekudh; rfkk vkuqhkkfod flfkfr;ksa ij 'kks/k 2 vkuqhkkfod& vo/kkj.kkvksa dks le>uk o O;k[;k djuk emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

50 3,sfrgkfld& vo/kkj.kkvksa ij,sfrgkfld lanhkz es fopkj djuk 4 fu.kz;kred& orzeku flfkfr;ksa ls vkxs pyus dh 3 flfkfr dk irk yxkuka fofhkuu n`f"vdks.k% 1- tehzuksa& tehzuksa us ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kar dk vfkz mfpr o vuqfpr ds iz'uksa ls crk;k gs ftlesa euq"; dks lel;kvksa dk lek/kku ml flfkfr es djuk im+rk gs tc O;fDr Lo;a ml volfkk es im+k gksa 2- tkwu jkyl& jkyl vius U;k; fl¼kar dks ledkyhu n`f"v ls ns[krs gs fd O;fDr es usfrd xq.kksa dh iz/kkurk gkssrh gs ftlds vk/kkj ij O;fDr mu lhkh izkfkfed olrqvksa dk U;k;iw.kZ forj.k djrk gs tks fdlh O;fDr ds usfrd o pkfjf=d fo'ks"krkvksa ds fy, t+:jh gsa jkwyl O;fDr dks mldh ewy flfkfr dk Kku djkrs gs ftlls ledkyhu lekt es U;k; dh LFkkiuk lqxerkiwozd gks ldsa jkwyl ds bl n`f"vdks.k ds vk/kkj ij gh orzeku le; es lekt ds finm+s oxksza dks mudh ewy flfkfr crkus ds fy, gh ljdkj }kjk le; ij dqn fo'ks"k lqfo/kkvksa dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh jgha gsa bldk izek.k ;g gs fd ledkyhu ljdkjsa dbz cm+h&cm+h ;kstuk,sa pykdj fueu oxz dk mrfkku djus es iz;kljr gsa ;fn Hkkjr ns'k dh ckr djs rks orzeku le; dh ljdkjsa yksdrkaf=d fodsunzhdj.k ij vk/kkfjr gs ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i Hkkjr o"kz dk izr;sd O;fDr viuh ;ksx;rk ds cy ij dbz Å ps inksa ij LFkkfir gksdj ns'k ds fodkl es ldkjkred ;ksxnku ns jgk gsa orzeku le; dh ljdkjsa dsoy vius ukxfjdksa] vf/kdkjksa] drzo;ksa rd gh lhfer ugha gs oj~u os vkt jktuhfr es tulghkkfxrk] lekt] ns'k] lald`fr o jktuhfrd thou ds izfr yksxksa dks tkx:d dj jgha gsa 3- lgk;d&,q0,0 gk;d viuh fdrkc law legistation and liberty: The miraz of social justice 1976 es lkekftd dks euq"; dh izo`fùk ekurs gs fd U;k; O;fDr ds mùkjnkf;ro ls tqm+k gs];gk ij gk;d dqqn ek=k es IysVks ds leku izrhr gksrs gsa ledkyhu yksdrkaf=d ljdkjsa lekt dh lkekftd o jktuhfrd fodkl ds fy, mùkjnk;h gs ysfdu flfkfr;ksa ds en~nsutj ljdkjksa dks Lo;a dfbukbz gksus yxrh gs D;ksafd mùkjnkf;ro dk laca/k blds lhek {ks= ls tqm+k gs ljdkj dh turk ls vis{kk jgrh gs fd ukxfjd le; ij VSDl dk Hkqxrku djsa] ernku es fgllk ysa] lsfud lsok ds fy, rs;kj jgs br;kfn ijurq bu ifjflfkfr;ksa ds fy, ljdkj dk ;g nkf;ro gs fd og ukxfjdksa ds fy, mfpr okrkoj.k rs;kj djs] blfy, jktuhfrd lùkk dh igpku] jktuhfrd lùkk dk ewy lzksr o jktuhfrd nkf;ro dk lhek {ks= vkfn fo"k; ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kar ds {ks= igys Hkh Fks vksj vkt Hkh gs ;k ;ksa dgs fd orzeku le; es lekt izxfr es ck/kd lektoknh fopkj] mnkjoknh fopkj] yksxksa ds dk;zlfky dk c<+rk nk;jk] ns'k dh vkffkzd flfkfr;ka] jktuhfrd Lrj ij ny canh] csgn laosnu'khy txgksa ds fodkl dh xfr] vkarfjd bykdksa es izr;sd ifjflfkfr ds izfr tkudkjh dh deh] c<+rh rduhds] lqj{kk ds uke ij dbz?kkrd izdkj ds ijh{k.k vkfn vkfn fo"k; ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kar ds fo"k; cu x;s gsa izkphu vknz'koknh] mnkjoknh fopkjd Vh0,p0xzhu ^^jktuhfrd nkf;ro dks lekt ls tksm+rs gs D;ksafd lekt ds fgr ds fy, jkt; dsoy,d lk/ku ek= 4 gs]lk/; ughaa** lkekftd thou es jktuhfrd glr{ksi ds dkj.k ledkyhu ljdkjksa ds dqn usfrd drzo; Hkh LFkkfir gks tkrs gs tks dsoy jkt; rd lhfer ugha gs cfyd euq"; ds O;fDrxr thou ls ysdj O;fDr dh varjkrek ekuookn ds izfr Hkh xahkhj gsa orzeku le; es ledkyhu lektksa es usfrd nkf;roksa dh egku Hkwfedk Hkh gs tks fd vkxs pydj jktuhfrd fodkl dk ekxz fn[krh gs rfkk ledkyhu ljdkjksa ds fopkjksa dk dsunz fcunw curh gsa ledkyhu lkdkjsa dsoy ^^lùkk fodsunzhdj.k** rd gh lhfer ugha gs cfyd og fo'o ivy ij jktuhfrd {ks= ds vykok f'k{kk O;olk; vkfn es Hkh turk dh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djus ds volj miyc/k djk jgh gsa ;fn 20oha lnh ls gh ljdkjsa ledkyhu ljdkjksa dk :i ys pqdh gs vksj o;fdr ds izr;sd i{k ij,dkf/kdkj LFkkfir djrh gs rnkfi mudk lokzf/kdkjh Lo:i lekt dks ykhk gh igq pk jgk gs vksj jkwyl dk dfku ^^lozizfke fueu rcds dk fodkl gks** iw.kz:i ls QyhHkwr ut+++j vk jgk gsa blds vykok tsjseh csufke ds fopkj ^^vf/kdre yksxksa dk vf/kdre lq[k** Hkh fodsunzhd`r ljdkjksa }kjk dk;z:i es iwjk gks jgk gsa 046 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

51 lald`fr dh Hkwfedk ; fi 21oha lnh es ekdlzoknh vo/kkj.kk f'kffky gks pqdh gs fqj Hkh vkffkzd o lkekftd ifjorzu dqqn ek=k rd ekdlzokn ls izhkkfor gs ;g dk;z Hkwe.Myhdj.k ls T+;knk lgt gks tkrk gs] Hkwe.Myhdj.k,d izf;k gs ftlds ek/;e ls u dsoy vfkzo;olfkk cfyd lkekftd o jktuhfrd fopkjksa o ewy;ksa dk Hkh vknku&iznku gksrk gsa Black Well Dics of sociology 1995 ds vuqlkj& ^^Hkwe.Myhdj.k og izfdz;k gs] ftlds vurzxr fofhkuu lektksa dk lkekftd thou jktuhfr vksj O;kikfjd {ks= ls ysdj laxhr] os'khkw"kk,oat u ehfm;k ds {ks=ks rd vurjkz"vªh; Lrj ij vr;ur rhoz xfr ls izhkkfor 5 gqvk gsa** os'ohdj.k ds dkj.k iwjh nqfu;k es ifjorzu gks jgk gs lkekftd] vkffkzd jktuhfrd lecu/k jk"vªh; lhekvksa dks yka?kdj vurjk"vªh; Lrj rd n'kkvksa o HkkX; dks fu/kkzfjr djrh gsa os'ohdj.k dh uhfr fodkl pkgus okyksa jk"vªksa ds fy, o lelkef;d ljdkjksa ds fy, egroiw.kz gks x;h gs] bl dkj.k fodkl ekxz es vkus okyh xehkhj pquksfr;ka Hkh derj gh izrhr gksrh gsa pwafd vkffkzd ifjorzu gh lelr ifjorzu dh tuuh gs blfy, bldk izhkko gj {ks= ij im+k gsa os'ohdj.k ds dkj.k jkt; o ljdkjksa dk thou ds izr;sd {ks= es glr{ksi djuk t+:jh Hkh gks x;k gs dbz ikfjokfjd dk;ksza dh iwfrz jkt; }kjk gksus yxh gs] Je&cktkj fo'o O;kih gks x;k gsa dksqh vuuku dk er gs fd& ^^;fn os'ohdj.k dks lqy gksuk gs rks turk dks ;g eglwl gksuk pkfg, fd dsoy jktuhfr gh lk>snkj ugha cfyd os 6 Hkh bles 'kkfey gsa** os'ohdj.k ds dkj.k ledkyhu ljdkjsa ; fi usfrdrk ls dkslksa nwj gks x;h gsa vius&vius jk"vªh; fgr lk/kus ds fy, dwvuhfr;ksa dk iz;ksx c<+p<+ dj jgha gs vksj ekwjxsufkkå dh fopkj/kkjk ^^'kfdr gh lr; gs** dks pfjrkfkz dj jgh gsa fo'o dh jktuhfrd o;olfkk dk vkffkzd O;oLFkk ls?kfu"b laca/k gksus ds dkj.k bldh egùkk crkrs gq, izks- ek'kzy fy[krs gs fd& Political economy or economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life. It examins that part of individual and social action, which is most closely connected with the attainment and with 7 the use of the material requisites well being ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kar es ifjorzu gksuk,d,slh karh dgk tk ldrk gs tks iwoz LFkkfir O;oLFkk dks u"v dj nsrh gs vksj QyLo:i lhkh fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk thou cnyus yxrk gsa bl O;oLFkk ls mriuu gqbz lehkkfor vkifùk;ksa dks /;ku es j[krs gq, R. G. Gattle viuh jpuk The history of Political thought 1949 es dgrs gs fd& ^^jktuhfrd fl¼kar ij ;g vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gs fd O;ogkfjd ifj.kkeksa dh n`f"v ls ;g u dsoy caatj Hkwfe dh rjg fu"qy fl¼ gksrk gs cfyd ;g ;FkkZFk jktuhfr ds fy, Hkh vr;ur fouk'kdkjh 8 gsa** fo'o ds vr;f/kd izxfr dj ysus ds dkj.k ledkyhu ljdkjksa ds lkeus dbz lel;k,sa Hkh mriuu gks xbz gsa vkxkeh n'kdksa dh lcls cm+h pquksrh lkekftd o cqfu;knh Bkaps es ifjorzu gs rfkk ubz o iqjkuh ih<+h ds chp c<+rk nk;jk gsa ;g lr; gs fd orzeku ljdkjsa turk ds izfr vr;ur laosnu'khy o tckons; gs rfkkfi jk"vªfgr lokszijh gs tks fd dqn vkarfjd o dqn ckg~; dkj.kksa ds dkj.k vr;ur /khek izrhr gksrk gsa dqn pquksfr;ksa dk o.kzu laf{kir :i es djuk vr;ur lehphu gksxk& 1-i;kZoj.kh; vlurqyu&i;kzoj.k es vlurqyu gksuk vr;ur xahkhj o izfke pquksrh gs D;ksafd mi;qdr i;kzoj.k gksus ds dkj.k gh jkt; fodflr gks ldrk gs ijarq ledkyhu ljdkjsa vius jk"vª fgrksa dh iwfrz es i;kzoj.k dks cpkus dk dsoy fn[kkok gh dj jgh gsa fodflr ns'k j{kk o fodkl ds uke ij i;kzoj.k dks izr;{k o vizr;{k rjhds ls gkuh igq pk jgs gs ftlesa lqj{kk ds uke ij fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh Hkwfedk ls Hkh budkj ugha fd;k tk ldrka bl eqn~ns ij dbz f'k[kj leesyu gq, dbz laf/k;k gqbz ysfdu i;kzoj.k dh lqj{kk ds izfr ldkjkred dk;z cgqr de ns[kk tk ldrk gsa nqfu;k tsls fd fodflr] fodkl'khy] lcls xjhc] }hih; vksj lcls T+;knk tksf[ke okys ns'kksa ds chp i;kzoj.k cpkus ds fy, dqn egroiw.kz fcunqvksa ij fu.kz; ysuk gh im+sxk elyu& ikjn'khz rfkk fo'okl fuekz.k cgkyh ds Lrjksa es vr;f/kd lq/kkj fn[kkbz nsus dh t+:jr gsa fu;e ds }kjk ;g r; gqvk gs fd Ldwyh f'k{kk ess i;kzoj.k f'k{kk 'kkfey gks ftlls bl laca/k es tkx#drk c<+kbz tk ldsa ;gk ;g Hkh myys[kuh; gs fd fd Ldwyh f'k{kk ds vykok mpp rfkk emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

52 O;olkf;d f'k{kk es Hkh i;kzoj.kh; f'k{kk ds ikb~;dze ds :i es 'kkfey fd;k tk,a fmftvy iz.kkyh dk vf/kd iz;ksx fd;k tk, ftlls ism+ksa ds dvku dks jksdk tk ldsa i;kzoj.k vlarqyu ds dkj.k tyok;q ifjorzu gksus ls fdl izdkj izoklu vksj folfkkiu dks c<+kok feyrk gs] bl eqn~ns ij csgrj lw>cw> fodflr dh tk,a tgk rd Hkkjro"kZ dh ckr gs Hkkjr 2020 rd 20 ls 25 izfr'kr mrltzu rhozrk dks de djus dk LoSfPNd jk"vªh; y{; ij dke dj jgk gsa tyok;q ifjorzu lkeuk djus ds fy, cgq;keh] nh?kzdkfyd rfkk lesfdr j.kuhfr dk,syku Hkkjr fofhkuu ;kstukvksa o e'khuksa ds }kjk dj pqdk gsa 2- vkj{k.k laca/kh pquksrh& Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds tud MkW- Hkhejko vecsmdj us fueu tkfr dks lkekftd o jktuhfrd Lrj ij Å pk mbkus ds fy, ek= 10 o"kksza rd gh lqfo/kk nssus dh ckr dh Fkh tks fd orzeku le; es vko';drkuqlkj c<+rh tk jgh gsa dbz jktuhfrd ny bl laca/k es viuk&viuk futh ykhk ysus dk izz;kl djrs jgs gs pqukoksa ds le; turk dks bl eqn~ns ij ifkhkz"v Hkh djrs gsa lsíkfurd n`f"v ls vkj{k.k dh ckr ek;us j[krh gs ijurq ledkyhu ljdkjsa bl fo'ks"k lqfo/kk dk xyr iz;ksx dj lùkk izkir djus dk iz;kl djrh gs tks fd Hkfo"; Lo;a ledkyhu ljdkjksa ds fy, eqlhcr dk dkj.k curh gsa bl lkekftd dqizfkk dks lekir djus ds fy, jktuhfrd Lrj ij ldkjkred iz;kl vpnk mik; gs rfkk ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kur res Hkh ;g,d vge eqn~nk cu tkrk gs D;ksafd fo'ks"k izdkj dh lqfo/kk fo'ks"k oxz ds fgrksa ds fy, gh mriuu dh x;k gs ysfdu ljdkjsa vius ykhk ds fy, bl fo"k; ij vius fopkj O;Dr djrh jgrh gsa bl volfkk es t+:jr gs fd ljdkjsa fueu Lrj dh ckrsa u djds fodkl laca/kh dk;z djs D;ksafd ledkyhu le; es bl iz'u ij dksbz vkifùk ugh dh gsa izkjehk es lekt es,d:irk ykus ds fy, tks Hkh jktuhfrd Lrj ij iz;kl fd;s x;s os rrdkyhu le; ds vuqlkj vko';d o mfpr Fks ijurq vkt ds le; es ;g eqn~nk cgqr T+;knk ek;us ugha j[krka vr% ledkyhu ljdkjksa dks pkfg, fd os mu iz'uksa ij /;ku nsa tks fd jk"vªh; o vurjkz"vªh; lrj ij dk;e gs elyu&os'ohdj.k ds nks"k] vkradokn dh lel;k] fodkl o lqj{kk ds uke ij 'kl= mriknu dh gksm+ vkfna 3 os'ohdj.k ds nks"k&;g lr; gs fd os'ohdj.k ds dkj.k fo'o,d gks x;k gs lelr izdkj dh nwfj;ka flev xbz gsa lkekftd lald`fr] 'ksf{kd nwfj;ka de gks dj ubz lksp o ubz pquksfr;ka mriuu dj jgh gsa ;g Hkh gs fd os'ohdj.k ds nks"k de ugha gsa bl dkj.k lkald`frd fojklrksa dk [krjs es im+uk Hkh LoHkkfod gs ; fi ubz lksp o izxfr'khy lald`fr /kkkj.k djuk xyr ugha gs ysfdu tc fojklr dh vuns[kh gks o fojklrsa uqdlku mbk;s arks t+:jh gks tkrk gs fd budh j{kk dh tk,a pwfda orzeku ljdkjsa O;fDr ds O;fDrxr thou rd lokzf/kdkjh gks xbz gs vr% bl :i es ljdkjks dk lokzf/kdkjh gksuk vr;ur vko';d gks x;k gs Hk; o n.m dqn,sls lk/ku gs ftuds cy ij dqn vko';d ckrksa dks euokuk t+:jh gks tkrk gs vu;fkk Lora=rk o LoPNrk es dqn varj gh ugha jgsxk o fojklrsa ;wa gh detksj gksrh tk,saxha ledkyhu ljdkjksa ls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gs fd os viuh fojklrsa lahkkyus ds fy, vko';d dk;z djs vksj ;fn t+:jr gks rks n.m dk Hk; Hkh fn[kk dj fojklrksa ds izfr tkx:drk isnk djsa 'ksf{kd vuqla/kku fo'o fgr es gks vko';d 'kks/k ij jkssd yxkbz tk,a lqj{kk ds uke ij gffk;kjksa dk mriuu gksuk Hkh mfpr ugha gs,ssls gffk;kjksa dh izfr;ksfxrk lekir gks tks fo'o es [krjk mriuu djsaa os'ohdj.k ds nks"kksa dks nwj djus ds fy, t+:jh gs fd fo'o dh ljdkjsa viuh fojklrksa dks latks, j[ks] lqjf{kr j[ksa o dsoy 'ksf{kd vuqla/kku djok,saa jktuhfrd Lrj ij ljdkjksa ls vk'kk gs fd os os'ohdj.k ds nks"kksa dks /;ku es j[kdj laf/k;ka djsa o dk;z djsaa ns'k ds mrfkku es vko';d lqj{kk mik;ksa ij /;ku nsaa 4- tuloklf; dh n'kk o fn'kk laca/kh pquksfr;ka& lkoztfud LokLF; miyc/k djkuk Hkh ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kar dk ikb~;dze o ljdkjksa ds fy, pquksfr gsa dqiks"k.k dsoy,d ns'k ds fy, gh ugha cfyd leiw.kz fo'o ds fy, Hkh gkfudj gsa LokLF; dsunzksa dh LFkkiuk mudk j[kj[kko ljdkjksa dh fteesnkjh cu x;h gsa bl izdkj ds dk;ksza ds fy, Hkh ljdkjksa dh vuns[kh ugha dh tk ldrha ; fi orzeku ljdkjsa bl laca/k es dk;z dj jgha gs ijurq ;g xfr vr;ur /kheh gsa 048 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

53 dsoy ljdkjh vlirky [kqyokus ls dke ugh pyrk vr% ljdkjksa ls meehn dh tkrh gs fd ftl izdkj ns'k es c<+rh chekfj;ksa dk loky gs] ljdkjksa ls vk'kk gs fd os tuloklf; miyc/k djkusa ij 'kh?kzrk fn[kk,saa ftu {ks=ksa es MkDVjksa dh deh gs ogka vko';d lqqfo/kk,sa miyc/k djkdj MkDVjksa dks izksrlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,a ; fi fpfdrldksa dh deh 'kgjksa o xkoksa es nksuksa gh txg gs ysfdu ;g xkoksa es vf/kd fn[kkbz nsrh gs] bldk dkj.k lqfo/kkvksa dh deh gksuk gsa xka/khth dk fopkj Fkk fd xzke dh izfke lh<+h ^^xzke fodkl** vr% lozizfke xkoksa dk fodkl gksuk pkfg, 'kgjksa dk fodkl Lor% gksrk pyk tk,xk blfy, ;fn xkoksa es mfpr o vlo';d lqfo/kk;sa gks rks izr;sd MkDVj xkoksa es Hkh dk;z djus ij mrlqd jgsxka bl izdkj ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kar es ;g Hkh fo"k; tqm+ tkrk gs fd tuloklf; dks Å pk mbkus es ljdkjsa dksu&dksu ls o fdl izdkj ds dk;z djrh gs D;ksafd mùke tuloklf; gh lekt o jkt; ds fodkl es ldkjkred ;ksxnku ns ldrsa gs rfkk ledkyhu ljdkjsa bl vksj vko';d dk;z dj ldrh gsa 5- vkradokn laca/kh pquksrh& vkradokn iwjs fo'o ds fy,,d xahkhj pquksrh gs ftlls fuivuk leiw.kz yksdrkaf=d ledkyhu ljdkjksa ds fy, t+:jh gs D;ksafd ;g jksx iwjs fo'o dks jaxhksn] /kez ds uke ij ekuo leqnk; dks u"v djrk gsa vkradokn ls fuivuk iwjs fo'o ds jk"vªh; fgrksa es lokszijh gs vksj ledkyhu ljdkjsa bl vksj igy djrh ut+j vk jgh gsa mi;zqdr eqn~nksa ds vykok vksj Hkh pquksfr;ksa tks ljdkjksa ds fodkl es ck/kd gs vr% igys t+:jh gs fd bu pquksfr;ksa ls NqVdkjk feys fqj fodkl gksaa 6- jk"vªh; vksj vurzjk"vªh; laxbuksaa dh Hkwfedk& ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kar es jk"vªh; vksj vurzjk"vªh; laxbuksaa dh Hkwfedk Hkh de egroiw.kz ugha gsa jk"vª fodkl es fofhkuu lnl;ksa dk lnl; cuus ds ckn izr;sd na'k vius jk"vªfgr lk/kus dh dksf'k'k es gsa lkdz vkfl;ku] vksisd] fcelvsd] G-7, G-20, G-5 fczdl vkfn vurjkz"vªh; Lrj ds reke,sls laxbu gs ftudk lnl; cudj izr;sd ns'k viuh lakld`frd] 'ksf{kd] vkffkzd] jktuhfrd muufr dj jgk gsa ijek.kq 'kfdr leiuu cudj jk"vª,d vksj viuk lsfud dn c<+k jgk gs rks nwljh vksj fo'o leqnk; ds lkeus Lo;a dks ijek.kq 'kfdr leiuu lkfcr dj jgk gsa bl dkj.k ledkyhu ljdkjksa dk ;g mn~ns'; cu tkrk gs fd os bu vfhk;kuksa ds izfr tu tkx:drk QSykdj ldkjkredrk izkir djsa ftlls Hkfo"; es gksus okyh vuqla/kkuksa ds izfr turk vk'kkfuor gks ldsa 7 xsj&ljdkjh laxbuksa dh Hkwfedk& xsj&ljdkjh laxbuksa dks la;qdr jk"vª ds pkvzj ds vuq071 ds vurzxr eku;rk nh x;h gsa blds vurzxr vkffkzd o lkekftd ifj"kn }kjk bl izdkj ds iz;kl fd, tkrs gs ftlls xsj&ljdkjh laxbuksa dks ijke'kznk=h Hkwfedk fuhkkus ds fy, izksrlkfgr fd;k tk ldsa orzeku es xsj ljdkjh laxbu Hkh ledkyhu jktuhfrd ljdkjksa ds fo"k; {ks= es vkrs gs D;ksafd ;s laxbu ekuork ds mrfkku o izxfr ds fy, ljdkjksa dk /;ku [khaprs gs ftlls euq"; ds vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k o lao/kzu ds {ks= es egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkbz tk ldsa ;gka ij ljdkj dh ;g Hkwfedk gks tkrh gs fd og bu laxbuksa dh lgk;rk ls jkt; ds fofhkuu fgllksa es ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh flfkfr dh tkap le; ij djkrh jgs vksj lel;kvksa ls fuivus ds fy, ljdkjh laxbuksa o xsj&ljdkjh laxbuksa ds lkfk fopkj foe'kz djsaa ogha nwljh vksj xsj&ljdkjh laxbuksa dk Hkh drzo; cu tkrk gs fd ek= viuh yksdfiz;rk ds fy, ljdkj dh mfpr dk;zokgh dk fojks/k u djsa ftlls turk dk fo'okl bu laxbuksa ij cuk jgs vksj ljdkj }kjk iz;kl gks fd bu laxbukssa ij Hkh mfpr ek/;e ls i;zos{k.k fd, tkus dh O;oLFkk gksa pwafd Hkkjrh; yksdra= vr;ur ifjido gks pqdk gs ;g ckr ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kar ds varxzr ledkyhu ljdkjksa ds dk;ksza ls Hkh ifjyf{kr gksrk gs rfkkfi dqn,sls vkarfjd o ckg~; eqn~ns gs tks vkt Hkh yksdra= ds fy, vr;ar?kkrd fl¼ gks ldrs gsa Hkkjr es dbz /kez gksuss ds dkj.k ;g lnso Hk; cuk jgrk gs fd lkeiznkf;drk dk t+gj dhkh&hkh tulk/kkj.k dks gkfu igq pk ldrk gsa blds vykok jktuhfrd nyksa dk Lo;a dh LokFkZ iwfrz ds fy, lke nke n.m Hksn dh uhfr Hkh lahko gs fd vkxs pydj jktuhfrd nyksa o ns'k ds fy, Hkh fouk'kdkjh gksxha,slh flfkfr es ljdkjksa ls meehn gs fd os NksVh jktuhfr djus ds ctk, ns'k fgr es dk;z djsaa osf'od ivy ij ldkjkred Hkwfedk fuhkk,sa o turk ds lkeus,d LoPN o ljy Li"V jktuhfr emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

54 izlrqr djs rhkh yksdrkaf=d lgh ek;uksa es lqy dgk tk ldrk gsa yksdra= dh lqyrk dh lcls cm+h dlksvh yksdrkaf=d 'kklu iz.kkyh dk larqfyr o oklrfod gksuk gsa bl O;oLFkk ds varxzr izr;sd jktuhfrd ny vius vkn'kksza o fopkjksa dks izpkfjr djus ds fy, [kqys rksj ij tu lefkzu dh ekax djrs gsa fuokzfpr ljdkjsa oklrfod izkf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx djrh gs rfkk ernkrkvksa ds izfr tckcns; gksrh gsa bu lcds vykok Hkh yksdra= viuh fteesnkfj;ksa ds izfr oqknkj gs blfy, fofhkuurk iw.kz lkekftd O;oLFkk okys ns'k es ;g lcls T+;knk lqy dgk tk ldrk gsa ledkfyu ljdkjksa ls ;g vi{kk dh tkrh gs fd os bl lqyrk dks vvwv cuk, j[kdj blesa c<+ksùkjh djus dk iz;kl djrh jgsaa 8 Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr dk ledkyhu jktuhfr es ;ksxnku %& Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr lnso ln~hkkouk lg;ksx dh uhfr jgh gs bldh LFkkiuk ds le; ftu mn~ns';ksa dks LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk vkt mles ;g dbz vkxs c<+dj fo'o jtuuhfr es] lkekftd o vkffkzd {ks= es izfke LFkku LFkkfir djus es iz;kljr gsa NPT, CTBT tsls eqn~nksa ij Hkkjr dk udkjkred n`f"vdks.k ls ysdj NSG es lnl;rk feyuk ;g Hkkjr dh etcwr fons'k uhfr dk gh ifj.kke gsa ^^izkphu le; es fclekdz us vius dq'ky fons'k uhfr lapkyu ds cy ij tezuh dk,dhdj.k djus es egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkbz rks oghaaa dslj fofy;e II rfkk mlds lykgdkjksa dh xyr 9 uhfr;ksa us ns'k dks ;q/n dk lkeuk djk;ka** ;g Hkkjr dh ldkjkred fons'k uhfr gh gs ftlds dkj.k Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dk ijpe fo'kky gks jgk gs o iwjk fo'o Hkkjrh; jk"vªh; fgrksa dh iwfrz es lg;ksx nsdj vius LokFkZ fl¼ dj jgs gsa jk"vª fgr iwjk djuk gh izr;sd fo'o dk LokFkZ gs ftls dsoy ldkjkred uhfr }kjk gh iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gsa ledkyhu fo}ku ukjeu fgy ds 'kcnksa es &^^jk"vªh; fgr fons'k uhfr fuekz.k es 10 izkjfehkd gksrk gsa** ysfdu,d lqy fons'k uhfr Hkh lqy dwvuhfrd lecu/kksa ij gh vk/kkfjr jgrh gsa ekjxsufkkå dgrs gs fd&^^fdlh jk"vª ds osnsf'kd ekeyksa dk blds dwvuhfrd }kjk lapkyu djuk jk"vªh; 'kfdr ds fy, 'kkafr ds le; mruk gh egroiw.kz gs ftruk dh ;q/n ds le; jk"vª 'kfdr ds fy, lsfud usr`ro }kjk pdzo;wg o nkao isapksa dk lapkyua** Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr ds fl¼kar vkt Hkh ogh gs tks bldh LFkkiuk ds le; 1946 es ia0 usg: us O;Dr fd, Fks cfyd vkt ;s eksfyd fl¼kar vksj Hkh T+;knk eq[kfjr gks x;s gsa lkezkt;okn] mifuos'kokn rfkk uo&mifuos'kokn dk fojks/k 'kkafriw.kz ijek.kq uhfr] lk/kuksa dh 'kq/nrk] lcds lkfk fe=rk] ulyhhksnhkko dk fojks/k] iap'khy vkfn lhkh T+;knk eq[kfjr gksdj lqy gq, gsa orzeku le; dh fons'k uhfr fons'kh iwath fuos'k dh T+;knk vxzlj jgh gs blds vykok ijek.kq 'kkafr le>ksrksa ij Hkh Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr us ldkjkred O;ogkj fd;k gsa fu"d"kz& 20oha 'krkcnh ds ckn ls jktuhfr 'kkl= ds cnyrs Lo:i dk o.kzu T+;knk izklafxd gks x;k gs ftl dkj.k bl fo"k;ds fo}kuksa us bldk u, rfkk cnyrs ifjos'k es v/;;u djuk 'kq: dj fn;k gs ftlls bl fo"k; ds izfr T+;knk ftkklk gksus yxh gsa ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kar dk Hkfo"; orzeku ljdkjksa ds dk;zdykiksa dks /;ku es j[krs gq, mttoy dgk tk ldrk gs rfkk fo'o dh cnyrh flfkfr es bldh Hkwfedk vksj Hkh vf/kd egroiw.kz o vko';d cu tkrh gsa jk"vªh; vksj vurzjk"vªh; {ks=ksa es gksus okyh reke?kvuk,sa blds {ks= dks vksj vf/kd O;kid cukrh gsa Hkwe.Myhdj.k] lapkj ds lk/kuksa o O;kid gksrh rduhd us ledkyhu jktuhfrd ds fl¼kar es egroiw.kz fodkl fd;k gsa fo'o ds lhkh yksdrkaf=d ns'k vius jk"vªfgr dh iwfrz] jktuhfrd vkffkzd Lrj ij ekuoh; o HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa dk fodkl] es=h laf/k;ka vkfn ds }kjk ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl¼kar ds fo"k; {ks= dks vksj vf/kd O;kid o tfvy cukrs gs ftudh O;k[;k ljy o Li"V rjhds ls djus es ;g fo"k; vr;ur lqy jgk gsa lhkh jktuhfrd nyksa] fo/kk;dksa] usrkvksa] mpp inksa ij lq'kksfhkr ljdkjh inkf/kdkfj;ksa] dezpkfj;ksa] fuokzpu vk;ksx o Lo;a turk] xsj&ljdkjh] ljdkjh laxbuksa ls vk'kk dh tkrh gs fd lhkh yksx bl fo"k; ds fodkl es ldkjkred Hkwfedk fuhkk,saxsaa lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- jktuhfrd 'kkl=] vkj-xqirk] jes'k ifcyf'kax gkål i`0&3 UGCNET 2- jktuhfrd 'kkl=] vkj-xqirk] jes'k ifcyf'kax gkål i`0&9 UGCNET 3- vuqoknd,-,u- flga] School of Open Learning, University of Delhi 050 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

55 4- jktuhfrd fl¼kar dh :ijs[kk] O. P. Gaba e;wj ifcyds'ku] i`- 217& izfr;ksfxrk niz.k vdvwcj 2009 i`"b& jktuhfr fokku izfr;ksfxrk lkfgr; lhjht B.L Fadia i` jktuhfr fokku izfr;ksfxrk lkfgr; lhjht B.L Fadia i` jktuhfrd fl¼kar dh :ijs[kk] O. P. Gaba e;wj ifcyds'ku] i` varjkz"vªh; jktuhfr] ch-,y-qkfm+;k lk-hk-i- i` varjkz"vªh; jktuhfr] ch-,y-qkfm+;k lk-hk-i- i`-116 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

56 izkphu lkfgr; esa o`fùk fo"k;d izko/kku MkW- gjds'k csjok lgk;d vkpk;z] jktdh; egkfo ky;] cwunh 'kks/k Lkkjka'k Hkkjrh; lekt esa HkkSfrd muufr ds fy, thfodksiktzu djuk vko';d gs] D;ksafd euq"; dh izkfkfed vko';drk jguk] [kkuk,oa ol= dh iwfrz djuk jgk gsa o`fùk 'kcn dk vfkz gksrk gs&vkthfodk pykuka dksfvyh; vfkz 'kkl= esa euq";ksa dh o`fùk dks vfkz ekuk gsa& euq";k.kka o`fùkjfkz%a lq[k dk ewy /kez vksj /kez dk ewy vfkz gksrk gs& lq[kl; ewya /kez%a /kezl; ewyefkz%a izk;% lekt vfkkztzu esa vusfrd gksrk tk jgk gsa vr% euq"; dks bruk gh vfkz lap; djuk pkfg,] ftlls og viuk rfkk vius ifjokj dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k dj ldsaa euqle`fr esa vfkkztzu dh 'kq¼rk dks Js"B ekuk gs] D;ksafd lc 'kqf¼;ksa esa /ku dh 'kqf¼ (U;k;ksikftZr /ku dk gksuk) gh Js"B gksrh gs] tks /ku esa 'kq¼ gs] ogh 'kq¼ gs& losz"kkeso 'kkspkukefkz 'kkspa ija Le`re~A mdr iafdr dk ;g lans'k lekt dks nwf"kr djus okys mu O;fDr;ksa ds fy, gs] tks vfkzykshk ds o'khhkwr Hkz"Vkpkj esa fyir gksrs gsa rfkk usfrd ekun.mksa dks nj fdukj djds vu; O;fDr;ksa dks Hkh ml vksj vkdf"kzr djrs gsaa pkjksa o.kksza dh o`fùk;ksa ds ek/;e ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gs fd rrdkyhu lekt esa izpfyr,oa ekuo ds fy, mi;ksxh vusd o`fùk;ksa esa dqn,d rks,slh gsa tks ek= O;fDr fo'ks"k ds fy, gh mi;ksxh Fkh] ftuls Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk esa izr;{k izhkko ugha im+rk Fkk] fdurq vf/kdrj o`fùk;k,slh Fkh ftuls lekt ;k jk"vª dh vfkzo;olfkk fuhkzj jgrh gs] tks ns'k ds fodkl esa lg;ksx iznku djrh gsa ladsrk{kj % o`fùk] vfkz] lurks"k] izfrxzg] dqlwy/kku;d] dqehkh/kku;d] «;kfgd],sgkfdd] v'olrfud] vk;dj] i'kqikyu] d`f"kdez] ;&fo;] ifjp;kz] f'kyidezkfna Hkk jrh; lekt esa HkkSfrd muufr dh izkfir ds fy, vfkkztzu ;k thfodksiktzu djuk vko';d gs] D;ksafd euq"; dh izkfkfed vko';drk jguk] [kkuk,oa ol= ds vfrfjdr f'k{kk rfkk LokLF; lecu/kh lk/kuksa dh iwfrz djuk jgk gsa izkphu lkfgr; esa o`fùk fo"k; dk 'kkl=h; n`f"v ls foospu ugha gqvk gs fqj Hkh o.kksza ds dùkzo;] izk;f'pùk vkfn izdj.kksa esa fofhkuu vfkz dk foospu feyrk gsaa ^o`fùk* 'kcn dh O;qRifÙk ^o`r~* /kkrq ls L=hfyax lwpd ^fdru~* izr;; ds ;ksx ls gksrh gs] ftldk vfkz vkpj.k] O;ogkj] pky pyu] dk;zi¼fr] is'kk] O;olk;] dke&/ka/kk] jkstxkj] thoup;kz] thfodk] laiks"k.k] thfodk ds mik;] f;k'khyrk dk dkj.k] etnwjh vkfn fy;k gsa dksfvyh; vfkz'kkl= esa euq";ksa dh o`fùk dks vfkz dgk gsa& euq";k.kka o`fùkjfkz%a okrl;k;u us dkelw= (1-2-9) esa vfkz dk y{k.k fn;k gs fd fo k] Hkwfe] lqo.kz] i'kq] /kku;] Hkk.M (orzu)] ol=khkw"k.kkfn] x`gksidj.k] fe= vkfn dk vtzu vksj vftzr fd;s gq, dk o¼zu djuk gh ^vfkz* dgykrk gs] vr% euq"; dks vfkksziktzu] lap;,oa foo/kzu ds fy, lrr~ iz;ru djuk pkfg,a pk.kd;iz.khr lw=ksa esa fy[kk gsa fd lq[k dk ewy /kez vksj /kez dk ewy vfkz gs& lq[kl; ewya /kez%a /kezl; ewyefkz%a mdr dfku ls Li"V gksrk gs fd /ku dk miktzu /kekzuqdwy gksuk pkfg,a euqle`fr (5-106) esa vfkkztzu dh 'kq¼rk dks Js"B ekuk gs] D;ksafd lc 'kqf¼;ksa esa /ku dh 'kqf¼ (U;k;ksikftZr /ku dk gksuk) gh Js"B gksrh gs] tks /ku esa 'kq¼ gs] ogh 'kq¼ gs& losz"kkeso 'kkspkukefkz'kkspa ija Le`re~A Ckq/kLe`fr (23) esa fy[kk gs fd U;k;ksfpr :Ik ls dek;s x, /ku ls gh lc dk;z djus pkfg,& U;k;kxr/kusu dekzf.ka mdr iafdr;ksa dk ;g lans'k lekt dks nwf"kr djus okys mu O;fDr;ksa ds fy, gs] tks vfkzykshk ds o'khhkwr Hkz"Vkpkj esa fyir gksrs gsa rfkk usfrd ekun.mksa dks nj fdukj djds vu; O;fDr;ksa dks Hkh ml vksj vkdf"kzr djrs gsaa vr% euq"; dks bruk gh vfkz lap; djuk pkfg,] ftlls og viuk rfkk 052 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

57 vius ifjokj dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k dj ldsaa euqle`fr (4-12) ds vuqlkj lq[k dks pkgus okyk euq"; lurks"k dks /kkj.k djrk gqvk la;eh cusa] D;ksafd lurks"k gh lq[k dk dkj.k vksj vlurks"k nq%[k dk gsrq gksrk gs& lurks"ka ijeklfkk; lq[kkfkhz la;rks Hkosr~A lurks"kewya fg lq[ka nq%[kewya foi;z;%a vfkz dk mi;ksx fofhkuu o.kksza esa fdl izdkj fd;k tk, ;g vius vki esa,d egùoiw.kz iz'u jgk gsa izkphu lkfgr; esa o.kksza ds fy, vk; ds L=ksrksa dk o.kzu feyrk gs tks thfodk fuokzg ds fy, vfkok thfodk ds lk/ku tqvkus ds fy, vko';d gsaa euqle`fr (4-12) esa lhkh ds fy, thou fuokzg gsrq nl lk/kuksa dk myys[k fd;k gsa& 1- fo k (osn&osnkaxkfn dk v/;;u)] 2- f'kyi (lqo.kz] pk nh vkfn ds vkhkw"k.k cukuk] dk"v f'kyi] edku f'kyi vkfn)] 3- Hk`fr (osru ysdj dk;z djuk)] 4- lsok (nwljs dh nklrk uksdjh djuk)] 5-xksj{k.k (xk;kfni'kqvksa dk ikyu&lao/kzu vkfn)] 6-O;kikj (;&fo;)] 7- [ksrh] 8- /ks;z (FkksM+s /ku ls lurks"k ;k thfodk fuokzg djuk)] 9- fhk{kk ek xuk,oa 10- lwn (C;kt ij jde nsuk)& fo k f'kyia Hk`fr% lsok xksj{;a foif.k% d`f"k%a /k`frhksz{;a dqlhna p n'k thougsro%a mdr 'yksd esa ^thougsro%* 'kcn dk rkri;z gs fd ftu dk;ksza dks djus ls ekuo dk thou pyrk gsa cq/kle`fr (24) esa i<+kuk] ;K djuk] nku ysuk lc izdkj dk ;&fo; djuk] isr`d leifùk ds fohkktu ls izkir /ku] f'ky (ykouh ds i'pkr~ [ksr esa im+h cyyfj;ksa dks pquuk),oa mpn ([ksr esa im+s vuu&d.kksa dks cvksjuk) ls izkir vuu] fhk{kk vksj d`f"k vkfn dks o`fùk dk lk/ku crk;k gsa Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk prq"ikn ij vk/kkfjr gs& czkã.k] {kf=;] os';,oa 'kwnza budh o`fùk ds mik; D;k gsa\ bldks la{ksi esa izlrqr fd;k tk jgk gs& 1- czkã.k dh o`fùk;k & czkã.kksa ds thou dk vkn'kz gs fu/kzurk] lknk thou mpp fopkj] /ku lap; u djuk] lald`fr dh j{kk,oa jk"vª fodkl djuka mudh o`fùk ds lk/ku rhu ekus x;s gsa& osnk/;kiu] ;K djkuk rfkk nku xzg.k djuka czkã.k xzufkksa ls ysdj izkphu lkfgr; rd loz= osnk/;kiu dk dk;z czkã.k gh djrs FksA y?kqgkjhr Le`fr (1-19&20) esa v/;kiu ds rhu izdkj crk;s gsa& 1- /kez Kku ds fy, 2- vfkz ykhk ds fy, vksj 3- ijksidkjkfkz lsok ds fy,a mdr rhuksa mn~ns';ksa esa ls fdlh,d mn~ns'; ds fcuk tks f}t fdlh vu; LokFkZ&lk/ku ds fy, i<+krk gs rks og 'kwnz vkpkj okyk gks tkrk gs rfkk LofgrkfHkyk"kh iq#"k mdr mn~ns';ksa ds fo#¼ fo k dnkfi u ns] D;ksafd og fo k fujfkzd gksrh gsa euqle`fr (10-2) esa fy[kk gs fd czkã.k gh lhkh o.kksza dh o`fùk ds mik; dks Lo;a ekywe djs] mldk mugsa mlds fy, mins'k ns rfkk Lo;a Hkh oslk gh djs vfkkzr~ Lo;a Hkh 'kkl=ksdr fu;ekuqlkj vkpj.k djus okyk cus& losz"kka czkã.kks fo kn~ o`ù;qik;ku~ ;Fkkfof/kA izczw;kfnrjsh;'p Lo;a pso rfkk Hkosr~A ;fn osnk/;kiu ls czkã.k viuh thfodk u pyk lds rks mugsa ;K esa iqjksfgr dk dk;z djuk pkfg, vksj ;fn iqjksfgr ls Hkh thou&;kiu u gks lds rks fdlh ;ksx; ;k fdlh izdkj ds dyad ;k nks"k ls jfgr O;fDr;ksa ls nku xzg.k djuk pkfg, vfkkzr~ rhuksa o.kksza ds ;ksx; O;fDr;ksa ls izfrxzg ysuk (nku&xzg.k) vpnk gsa euqle`fr (10-109) esa fy[kk gs fd czkã.k ds fy, v e dks i<+kuk] mudk ;K djkuk rfkk muls nku ysuk bu rhuksa deksza esa v e ls izfrxzg (nku) ysuk fud`"v ekuk gs] D;ksafd ejus ij ;gh ijyksd esa ujd dk dkj.k curk gs& izfrxzgk ktuk}k rfksok/;kiuknfia izfrxzg% izr;oj% izsr; foizl; xfgzr%a bl 'yksd dk rkri;z gs fd thfodk&fuokzg ugha gksus ls vkifùk esa im+s gq, czkã.k dks ;fn v e dks v/;kiu rfkk ;K djkus ls Hkh thou&;kiu u gks ldsa rhkh mlls izfrxzg ysuk pkfg,a lkeku;r;k czkã.kksa dh thfodk esa osnk/;kiu djkuk] ;K djkuk vksj nku xzg.k djuk jgk gs] tcfd muds fy, vu; o`fùk;ksa dk Hkh myys[k feyrk gs] ftlls og viuh vkthfodk pyk ldsa thfodk dk ;g rkri;z ugha fd og /kulap;h cu tk,] mldks lnso lk/kkj.k thou O;rhr djuk gksrk gs] ftlls ifjokj dk ikyu&iks"k.k gks ldsa euq ds vuqlkj czkã.k dks bruk gh /ku lap; djuk pkfg,] ftlls og viuk rfkk vius ifjokj dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k dj ldsa vksj fcuk fdlh dks ihm+k fn;s] vius /kkfezd deksza dks djrk jgsa mugksaus vkxs Li"V fd;k gs fd czkã.k ½r] ve`r] e`r] ize`r ;k lr;ku`r ls viuk thou ;kiu djs] fdurq lsoko`fùk ('oo`fùk) ls thou fuokzg u djsa mpn vksj f'ky dks ^½r*] fcuk ek xs tks fey tk;s mls ^ve`r*] ek xus ij emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

58 tks feys mls ^e`r*] d`f"k ls izkir gksus okys /ku dks ^ize`r* vksj O;kikj dks ^lr;ku`r* tkuuk pkfg, vfkkzr~ okf.kt; ls thou fuokzg fd;k tk ldrk gsa lsok 'oo`fùk dgh x;h gs] vr% bl o`fùk dk lnso R;kx djuk pkfg,a 1 euq vksj ;kkoyd; ds vuqlkj czkã.k dks dqlwy/kku;d] dqehkh/kku;d] «;kfgd],sgkfdd ;k v'olrfud gksuk pkfg,] buesa ls iwoz dh vis{kk ijokyk /kekzuqlkj Js"B 2 ekuk tkrk gsaa euqle`fr ds Hkk";dkjksa us ^dqlwy* vksj ^dqehkh* dh O;k[;k fofhkuu izdkj ls dh gsaa dqyywd us rhu o"kz ;k vf/kd le; rd dk vuukfn laxzg djus okys dks ^dqlwy/kku;d* vksj ftlds ikl lkyhkj ds fy, i;kzir vuukfn gks mls ^dqehkh/kku;d* dgk gsaa es?kkfrffk us,d o"kz rd ikyu djus ;ksx; vuu ds ewy; lqo.kkzfn /ku dk laxzgdùkkz dks ^dqlwy/kku;d* vksj N% eghus rd ikyu djus ;ksx; /kku;kfn dk laxzg djrk dks ^dqehkh/kku;d* dgk gssa xksfounjkt us dsoy ckjg fnu rd ifjokj ds ikyu iks"k.k gsrq vuu dk laxzgdùkkz ^dqlwy/kku;d* rfkk N% fnu ds fy, vuu dk laxzgdùkkz dks ^dqehkh/kku;d* ekuk gsa ferk{kjk esa xksfounjkt dk er Lohdkjk gs ckjg fnu rd ifjokj,oa Hk`Ù;kfn ds ikyu&iks"k.k ds ;ksx; vuu dk laxzgdùkkz ^dqlwy/kku;d*] N% fnu rd mudk ikyu djus ;ksx; vuukfn dk laxzgdùkkz ^dqehkh/kku;d*] rhu fnu rd /kku; dk laxzgdùkkz ^«;kfgd/kku;d* rfkk,d fnu vuu dk laxzgdùkkz ^v'olrfud* gksrk gsa 3 euq vksj ;kkoyd; dh eku;rkuqlkj lq[k dks pkgus okyk czkã.k Lo/keZ rfkk 'kkl= fo#¼ dez ds }kjk /ku ds jgus ij ;k ugha jgus ij vkifùk esa Hkh dgha ls /ku dh bpnk u djsa mugksaus gh czkã.k ds fy, dbksj fu;e cukrs gq, fy[kk gs fd Hkw[k ls ihfm+r Lukrd czkã.k jktk] ;teku vksj f'k"; ls /ku ysus dh bpnk djs] ij nehkh] gsrqd] ik[k.mh] cdoknh ls dnkfi /ku xzg.k u 4 djsa ;kkoyd;le`fr (3-44) esa jktk dks funszf'kr fn;k fd czkã.k O;fDr ds dqy] 'khy] 'kkl=kku] osnk/;;u] ri vksj dqvqec dk Kku izkir djds gh mlds fy, /kezleer o`fùk dk izcu/k djs& rl; o`ùka dqya 'khya Jqre/;;ua ri%a KkRok jktk dqvqeca p /ke;kza o`fùka izdyi;sr~a czkã.k dh vkikrdkyhu o`fùk;k & czkã.kksa ds fy, v/;kiu] ;kfkddez vksj nku ysuk eq[; vkthfodk ds lk/ku FksA dhkh&dhkh fo'ks"k ifjflfkfro'k Lo/keZ ikyu ls thou&;kiu ugha gks ikrk Fkk] blfy, muds fy, dqn vkikrdkyhu o`fùk;k dk myys[k fd;k gasa MkW- dk.ks dh bl lecu/k esa eku;rk gs fd u rks lhkh czkã.k mruh cqf¼] Le`fr,oa /ks;z okys Fks fd ckjg o"kksza rd osnk/;;u djrs vksj fo}rk izkir djrsa v/;kiu] iqjksfgrh (;tekuh ;k ttekuh) rfkk izfrxzg uked o`fùk;k lhkh czkã.kksa dh 'kfdr ds Hkhrj ugha Fkha vr% vu; czkã.k bu rhu o`fùk;ksa (thfodkvksa) ds vfrfjdr vu; 5 lk/ku Hkh viukrs FksA ;fn czkã.k f'k{k.k] iksjksfgr;] izfrxzg ls viuh thfodk u pyk lds rks {kf=;o`fùk viuk ldrk gsa] D;ksafd ;g o`fùk mlds lehiorhz ekuh tkrh gsa ;fn czkã.ko`fùk vksj {kf=;o`fùk nksuksa ls Hkh mldh thfodk u py lds rks os'; dh thfodk ls fuokzg 6 dj ldrk gs] D;ksafd ogh mlds ckn dh o`fùk gsa ;kkoyd;le`fr (3-42) esa vkifùkdky esa czkã.ko`fùk ds lk/ku crk;s gsa& d`f"k] f'kyi] Hk`fr] fo k (osru ysdj i<+kuk)] C;kt ij :i;k nsuk] HkkM+s ij Hkkj <ksuk ('kdv)] iozr dk fo;] lsok] vuwi (izpwjr`.k] o`{k ty ls O;kIr {ks=)] jktk ls ;kpuk rfkk fhk{kko`fùk& d`f"k% f'kyia Hk`frfoZ k dqlhna 'kdva fxfj%a lsokuwia u`iks HkS{kekiÙkkS thoukfu rqa xksre ds vuqlkj vkirdky esa czkã.k fdlh Hkh izdkj ls thfodk fuokzg u dj lds rks 'kwnzo`fùk ('kqjw"kklsok) ds vfrfjdr fdlh Hkh dez ls thfodk pyk ldrk gsa dqn vkpk;z izk.kladv dh n'kk esa 'kwnzo`fùk dks fofgr ekurs gsa] fdurq og 'kwnzksa ds lkfk csb ugha ldrk] u pksdk&cjru dj ldrk vksj u oftzr Hkkstu lkexzh (yglqu] I;kt vkfn) dk Hk{k.k dj ldrk gsa 7 euqle`fr (11-193) esa fy[kk gs fd czkã.k dks vkirdky lekir gks tkus ij izk;f'pùk djds Loo`fÙk dh vksj yksvuk vksj vu; o`fùk;ksa ls izkir /ku dks R;kxuk pkfg,& ;n~xfgzrsuktz;fur dez.kk czkã.kk /kue~a rl;ksrlxsz.k 'kq/;fur---a 2- {kf=; dh o`fùk;k & {kf=; dk ije dùkzo; curk gs fd og 'kl= (ryokj] Hkkyk vkfn) vksj vl= dks xzg.k djds ns'k dh nq'euksa ls j{kk djrs gq, lelr izkf.k;ksa dk laj{k.k djrk jgsa vksj og ml j{k.k dk;z }kjk izkir /ku ls gh viuh,oa vius vkfjrksa dh thfodk pykosa 054 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

59 ijk'kjle`fr (1-66) esa Li"V fy[kk gs fd 'kl= dks gkfk esa /kkj.k djus okyk,oa izd"kzn.m okyk {kf=; iztk dh j{kk djrk gqvk 'k=q lsukvksa dks thrdj /keziwozd i`foh dk ikyu djs& {kf=;ks fg iztk j{ku~ 'kl=ikf.k% izn.moku~a fuftzr; ijlsu;kfu f{kfra /kesz.k iky;sr~a izkphu lkfgr; esa lkeku;r% {kf=; dh vkthfodk ij fo'ks"k izdk'k ugha Mkyk gs] fqj Hkh jktk ds :i esa mldh o`fùk dk o.kzu fd;k] ftlesa eq[; gs& vk;dja vkpk;ksza us vk;dj dk myys[k djrs gq, fy[kk gsa fd jktk dks iztk dh vk; ls izfro"kz NBk Hkkx osru ds :i esa ysdj iztk dh j{kk djus esa yxkkuk pkfg,& iztkh;ks oy;fkza 8 leorljs.k /kku;r% "k"bea'kekn/kkr~a 'kkd vkfn lkeku; olrqvksa dk ;&fo; djus okys lk/kkj.k Js.kh ds yksxksa ls Hkh jktk dks dqn okf"kzd dj xzg.k djuk pkfg,a blds vfrfjdr o`{k] ek l] 'kgn]?kh] lqxfu/kr inkfkz] vks"kf/k] jl] iq"i] ewy] Qy] iùkk]?kkl] pem+k] ckal] fev~vh ds crzu vksj irfkj dh cuh lc olrqvksa dk NBk Hkkx jktk dj ds :i esa xzg.k djsaa jktk dks iztk ls FkksM+k&FkksM+k gh okf"kzd dj mlh izdkj xzg.k djuk pkfg,] ftl izdkj tksad] cnm+k vksj Hkzej FkksM+s&FkksM+s vius vius [kk (e'k% jdr] nw/k] e/kq) dks xzg.k djrs 9 gsaa ijk'kjle`fr (1-68) esa Hkh fy[kk gs fd ftl izdkj ekyh Qqyokjh esa ls dsoy Qwy pqurk gs] mugsa tm+ lesr ugha m[kkm+rk] mlh izdkj jktk Hkh iztk ls FkksM+k&FkksM+k dj xzg.k djs] dks;yk cukus okyksa dh rjg tm+ewy ls mudk mpnsnu u djsa& iq"ia iq"ia fofpuq;kuewypnsna u dkj;sr~a ekykdkj bok jkes u ;Fkk axkjdkjd%a {kf=; dh vkikrdkyhu o`fùk;k & {kf=; ds fy, 'kl= /kkj.k djus,oa vk;dj ls thfodk pykus gsrq fy[kk gs] ;fn {kf=; dh blls viuh thfodk u py lds rks os';o`fùk ls thfodk pyk ldrk gs& os';o`r;kfi tholrq--- {kf=;ks fi okavkthfodk ds vhkko ls /kez dh fu"bk dks NksM+rs gq, {kf=; dks mu olrqvksa dks NksM+dj os';ksa ls csph tkus okyh /kuo¼zd 'ks"k olrqvksa dks gh cspuk pkfg,& bna rq o`fùkosdy;kr~ R;trks /kezusiq.ke~a fov~i.;eqn~/k`rks¼kja fos;a foùko/kzue~a os'; dh o`fùk;k & Ekuq,oa ijk'kj us os'; dh vkthfodk ds mik;ksa esa i'kqikyu o mudh j{kk] d`f"k djuk] ykhk dekuk] jruksa dk ;&fo; djuk] O;kikj djuk vksj mnjiwfrz gsrq C;kt ysuk of.kzr fd;k 11 gsaa os'; ;Kksiohr gksus ds ckn fookg djds i'kqikyu rfkk [ksrh vkfn dez esa lnso yxk jgs] D;ksafd czãk us i'kqvksa dh l`f"v djds ikyu djus dk mùkjnkf;ro os'; dks lksaik gs] vr% mldks dnkfi ;g ugha lkspuk pkfg, fd esa i'kqikyu ugha d:axk vksj jktk dk Hkh dùkzo; curk gs fd og os'; ls gh i'kqikyu djok;sa 12 c`grijk'kj us Hkh os'; dks funszf'kr fd;k gs fd mls d`f"k djus dk lnso iz;ru djuk pkfg,] D;ksafd d`f"k gh jktdks"k dh o`f¼ djrh gs vksj lhkh ds fy, thfor 13 j[kus dk vk/kkj Hkh gsa laorz dh eku;rkuqlkj vuu ls gh lelr izkf.k;ksa dh l`f"v gksrh gs vksj lhkh blh ls thfor jgrs gsa] blesa dksbz la'k; ughaa vr% vuu dk nku lnso djuk pkfg, D;ksafd blls c<+dj vksj dksbz 14 nku ugha gksrka euq ds vuqlkj os'; /kekzuqlkj O;kikj] [ksrh,oa i'kqikyu }kjk /ku c<+kus dk m ksx djrk jgs vksj lelr izkf.k;ksa ds fy, iz;ruiwozd vuu ds nku rrij jgsa 15 ;kkoyd; us os'; dks /kku; dk cht] yksgk] <ksus okys i'kq] jru] L=h (nklh)] nw/k nsus okys i'kq vksj iq#"k (nkl) dk ijh{k.k e'k% n'k fnu],d fnu] ik p fnu] lkr fnu],d i[kokm+k] rhu fnu vksj,d ekl esa djus 16 dks dgk gsa euq us os'; dks funsz'k fn;k gs fd og ef.k] eksrh] ewaxk] yksgk] dim+k] xu/k vksj jl ds ewy; dk fu/kkzj.k ns'k&dkykuqlkj ekywe djsa lc izdkj ds chtksa dks cksus dh fof/k] [ksr ds xq.k,oa nks"k] fdruh ek=k esa izekf.kr cht] rksy,oa rksyus ds mik;] olrqvksa dh lkjrk,oa fu%lkjrk] ns'kksa ds xq.k,oa nks"k] lksnksa esa ykhk&gkfu] i'kqvksa dks c<+kus ds mik;] uksdjksa dk osru] euq";ksa dh vusd ns'k dh Hkk"kk] olrqvksa ds ;ksx; LFkku,oa feykov (veqd olrq veqd LFkku esa j[kus ij o feykus ij fcxm+sxh ;k lqjf{kr jgsxh)] ;&fo; dk cks/k& bu lhkh fo"k;ksa dk Kku mls vpnh rjg ekywe djuk pkfg,a 17 os'; dh vkikrdkyhu o`fùk;k & euqle`fr (10-98) esa fy[kk gs fd os'; vius /kez ls thfodk djus esa vlefkz gks rks og fuf"k¼ deksza dk R;kx djrk gqvk 'kwnzo`fùk ls thou ;kiu dj ldrk gs vksj vkikrdky nwj gks tkus ij 'kwnzo`fùk ls fuo`ùk gks tk;s& emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

60 os';ks thoulo/kesz.k 'kwnzo`ù;kfi orz;sr~a vukpjuudk;kzf.k fuorszr p 'kfdreku~a 4- 'kwnz dh o`fùk;k & xksre/kezlw= (2-1-57&58) esa fy[kk gs fd 'kwnz dh izeq[k o`fùk f}tksa dh lsok,oa lsok ls izluu gksus ij muls Hkj.k&iks"k.k lacu/kh lkexzh izkir djuk jgk gs& ifjp;kz pksùkjs"kke~a rsh;ks o`fùka fyilsra euqle`fr (10-125) esa fy[kk gs fd 'kwnzksa dks f}tksa }kjk fn;k x;k mfpn"v vuu] iqjkus twrs] Nkrs] ol=] pvkbz] iqjkuh [kkv] crzu vkfn dks xzg.k djuk pkfg,& mfpn"veuua nkro;a th.kkzfu olukfu pa iqykdk'pso /kku;kuka th.kkz'pso ifjpnnk%a 'kwnz dh vkikrdkyhu o`fùk;k & L=h&iq=kfn {kq/kk ls ihfm+r gksus ij 'kwnz ;fn f}t lsok ls viuh ;k vius ifjokj dh thfodk ugha pyk ldrk gs rks og okf.kt; dez] fofo/k izdkj ds f'kyidez c<+bzfxjh] fp=dkjh] ipphdkjh] jaxlkth] d`f"kdk;z] i'kqikyu vkfn dk;z djds Hkh 18 thfodk pyk ldrk gsaa nsoy ds vuqlkj 'kwnz f}tksa dh lsok ds vykok d`f"k dez] i'kqikyu] Hkkj&ogu] ;&fo;] fp=dkjh] u`r;] laxhr] os.kq] oh.kk <+ksyd] e`nax vkfn ok ;U= oknu dk dk;z djds Hkh thfodk 19 pyk ldrk gsaa mi;qzdr of.kzr pkjksa o.kksza dh o`fùk;ksa ds ek/;e ls ;g Li'V gks tkrk gs fd rrdkyhu lekt esa izpfyr,oa ekuo ds fy, mi;ksxh vusd o`fùk;ksa dk myys[k fd;k x;k gsa bu o`fùk;ksa esa dqn,d rks,slh gsa tks ek= O;fDr fo'ks"k ds fy, gh mi;ksxh Fkh] ftuls Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk esa izr;{k izhkko ugha im+rk Fkk] fdurq vf/kdrj o`fùk;k,slh Fkh ftuls lekt ;k jk"vª dh vfkzo;olfkk fuhkzj jgrh gs] tks ns'k ds fodkl esa lg;ksx iznku djrh gsa lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- euqle`fr 4-2&6 2- euqle`fr 4-7&8 o ;kkoyd;le`fr ;kkoyd;le`fr ij ferk{kjk O;k[;k 4- euqle`fr 4-15]33 o ;kkoyd;le`fr 1-129&130 q ` q ` 5- MkW- dk.ks] /kez'kkl= dk bfrgkl] Hkkx 1] i`"b 146& cks/kk;u/kezlw= ]19] xksre/kezlw= & 7 ] e u L e f r & 8 2 ] c / k L e f r 25];kKoYD;Le`fr lozfkk o`fùkj'kdrko'kksnzs.ka rni;sds izk.kla'k;sa r}.kzladjkhk{;fu;elrqa (xksre/kezlw= &24) 8- fo".kqle`fr3-17]cks/kk;u/kezlw= ] vkilrec/kezlw= ] xksre/kezlw=2-2-11] ofl"ble`fr euqle`fr 7-129] 131&132] 137 o xksre/kezlw= euqle`fr 10-83] i'kwuka j{k.ka----of.kdifka dqlhna p os';l; d`f"keso pa (euqle`fr 1-90) ykhkdez rfkk jrua xoka p izfrikyue~a d`f"kdez p okf.kt;a os';o`fùk#nkârka (ijkle`fr 1-69) 12- euqle`fr 9-326& u`il;dks'ko`n~/;fkzatk;rs d`f"kd`uuj%a dq;kzrd`f"ka iz;rusu lozlroksithfouhe~a (c`grijk'kjle`fr 5 158) 14- vuunkukr~ ija nkua fo rs u fg fdapua vuukn~ Hkwrkfu tk;ursthofur p u la'k;%a (laorzle`fr83) 15- /kesz.k p nzo;o`¼kokfr"bs RueqÙkee~A n kpp lozhkwrkukeuueso iz;rur%a (euqle`fr 9-333) 16- n'ksdiaplirkgekl«;gk/kzekflde~a chtk;ksokájrul=hnksáiqalka ijh{k.ke~a (;kkoyd;le`fr 2-177) 17- euqle`fr 9-329& vf=lafgrk 15] euqle`fr 10-99&100] fo".kqle`fr 2-6&7] ;kkoyd;le`fr 1-120] ijk'kjle`fr ;kkoyd;le`fr ij (ferk{kjkvhdk }kjk mn~/k`r) 056 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

61 HkfDr lur xq#ukud vksj mudh fyfiekyk dk vk/;kfred Lo:i lq[kohj dksj lhfu;j fjlpz QSyks] jktlfkku fo'ofo ky;] t;iqj 'kks/k Lkkjka'k euq"; ds Hkkoksa dks ys[kuh o okpu 'ksyh esa izlrqr djus dk vk/kkj fyfi dks ekuk tkrk gs] tks v{kjksa dks 'kcnksa esa fijksdj,d lkfkzd vk/kkj iznku djrh gsa izr;sd fyfi Hkk"kk dks thour :Ik nsus dk ewy óksr gsa fyfiekyk dh bl Js.kh esa xq#eq[kh fyfi Hkh,slh fyfi gs ftlus 15oha 'krkcnh esa iatkch Hkk"kk dks O;Dr djus dk ewy iznku fd;ka fld[k /kez ds lalfkkid xq#ukud }kjk viuh ys[kuh esa u dsoy xq#eq[kh fyfi dk iz;ksx fd;k cfyd viuh ok.kh esa ^vklk jkx* ds vurxzr ^iv~vh fy[kh* uke ls ok.kh dh jpuk dha bl ok.kh esa 35 v{kjksa ds ek/;e ls fujkdkj bz'oj dh efgek ls ysdj lkdkj :i esa O;kIr l`f"v ds lokszrre tho ds :i esa euq"; ds dùkzo;ksa dk o.kzu gsa eksfyd fpurd ds :i esa xq#ukud us rrdkyhu O;oLFkk ds vuq:i tulk/kkj.k dks thou ds ewy mís'; o usfrdrk dk mins'k fn;ka mudh d`fr lr; dh vo/kkj.kk]ekuo thou ds oklrfod /kez] eks{k izkfir ds vk/kkj vkfn dk o.kzu djrh gs lkfk gh tho mrifr ds fofhkuu :i (v.mt] tsjt] Losnt] mn~fhkt) o pkj ;qxksa ds :i esa bz'ojh; dky ds oxhzdj.k dk fooj.k Hkh izlrqr djrh gsa izlrqr 'kks/k i= dk ewy mís'; xq#ukud dh bl d`fr dk vk/;kfred o usfrd ewy; vk/kkfjr foospu gs rfkk fyfi ds ek/;e ls O;Dr xgu fpuru dks le>us dk iz;kl gsa ladsrk{kj % ok.kh] v/;kre] vge] tho mrifùk] ek;ka Hkk jrh; bfrgkl esa izkphu dky ls bz'ojh; 'kfdr;ksa ds izfr vklfkk lekt o lald`fr dks izhkkfor djrh jgh gsa bl vklfkk us ekuo thou dks vk'kkoknh,oa bgyksd ls ijyksd rd bz'oj ds le{k ekax&i= izlrqr djus dk fo'okl iznku fd;ka /kkfezd n`f"vdks.k izr;sd o.kz ds thou dk vk/kkj cuus yxk QyLo#i lk/kuk esa vusd fof/k fo/kku izpfyr gq, vksj bz'oj o tulk/kkj.k ds chp e/;lfk dh Hkwfedk dk fuokzg djus okys oxz dk mn; gqvka bl glr{ksi us tfvyrkvksa dks tue fn;k o tfvyrkvksa us Lora= fopkjksa ls ;qdr ljyekxhz lurksa dks tuleidz gsrq jaxeap fn;ka Hkkjr esa g"kzo/kzu ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; lekt esa /kkfezdrk dk ;gh LOk#i ns[kus dks feyk tc lk/kuk dh fdy"vrk,oa HksnHkko iw.kz uhfr us dchj] ukud] jfonkl] ehjkckbz] jkekuqt] psru; egkizhkq o lwqh lurksa dks lekt ds iqu#rfkku ds volj iznku fd;sa bu HkfDr;qxhu lurksa us ljyrk] vfgalk o usfrdrk ds mins'k }kjk ekuo dy;k.k dh dkeuk 1 dha lur ijeijk dh bl Js.kh Eksa xq#ukud dk vkfohkkzo e/;;qxhu fo'ks"kr% mrrj Hkkjr dh lkekftd rfkk vk/;kfred vko';drk dk ifj.kke Fkk ftugksaus viuh ok.kh ls uohu vklfkk dk lapkj fd;ka xq# ukudnso dk tue dkfrzd lqnh 15] leor~ 1526 foeh (1469 bz-) dks csnh oa'k ds ivokjh dy;ku jk; ds?kj ekrk r`irk nsoh ds mnj ls gqvka dy;kujk; th ryo.mh xkao (ykgksj ls 40 ehy nf{k.k&if'pe) esa jk; cqykj dh tehankjh esa jgrs FksA xq#ukud ds tue ds le; fnyyh esa cgyksy yksnh dk 'kklu FkkA muds thou dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckavk tk ldrk gs& bz- ls 1496 bz- rd & xkgzlf; thou vksj vkrecks/k dk dkya bz-ls 1521 bz- rd & 25 o"kksza dk i;zvu dky] vu; /keksza dk v/;;u o fopkj&foe'kza emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

62 bz- ls 1539 bz- rd & 18 o"kksza dk dky ftlesa jkoh unh ds fdukjs drkzjiqj esa fuokl fd;k,oa mins'k fn;sa xq#ukud ds luns'kksa o ys[kuh dk nksj izkjehk gksus ls iwoz tu&lk/kkj.k ds le{k nks fodyi Fks &,d dbksj dezdk.m ;qdr izo`fr ekxz vksj nwljk Kku ekxz tks 2 fuo`fr dk ekxz FkkA xq#ukud us bl vleatl dh flfkfr ds lek/kku ds fy, lgt dezhkko rfkk x`glfk thou esa jgrs gq, eqfdr dh lehkkouk dk mins'k nsdj leuo; LFkkfir fd;ka mugksaus vius mins'kksa dks dko; :i esa yksxksa rd igqapk;ka muds mins'k 'kcn o ok.kh ds uke ls tkus tkrs gsaa ;s lelr jpuk,a ^xq# xzufk lkfgc* esa lax`ghr gsaa mudh ok.kh esa 2949 cun gs tks 3 19 jkxksa ds vurxzr fy[kh x;h gsa buesa tiq th lkfgc] vklk nh okj] nf{k.kh (jkedyh) vksadkj] fl¼ xkslv o iv~vh fy[kh egroiw.kz gsa ^iv~vh fy[kh* ok.kh tks vklk jkx esa mppkfjr gs rfkk vkfn xzufk esa i`"b la- 432&434 ds vurxzr fyfic¼ gs],slh jpuk gs tks xq#eq[kh fyfi ds 35 v{kjksa ds ek/;e ls vk/;kfredrk dk xgu i{k gekjs le{k izlrqr djrh gsa o.kzekyk dk izr;sd v{kj bz'oj dh efgek] l`f"v fuekz.k o euq"; ds oklrfod /kez dk ladsr iznku djrk gsa,d ckyd dh izkjafhkd f'k{kk dk vk/kkj ftl izdkj fyfi gksrk gs] mlh izdkj xq#ukud dh ^ivv~ h fy[kh* ok.kh eu"q ; dks thou dh oklrfod f'k{kk dk Kku nrs h gs o v{kj ij v/;kre [kmk+ dj nrs h gas ^l* v{kj l`f"v ds jpf;rk o ^Å* v{kj mudh miek dks bafxr djrk gsa nksuksa esa bz'oj dks lcdk Lokeh ekudj mlds xq.kxku dk myys[k gsa eu dk bz'oj ls tqm+ko ekuo thou dk oklrfod euksjfk iw.kz djrk gsa ;gka oklrfod euksjfk thokrek dk ijekrek esa foyhurk izkir djuk gs D;ksafd tho vius dùkkz ls vyx gksdj oklrfod 'kkfur dh ryk'k esa HkVdrk gsa lalkfjd olrq,a mls r`fir iznku ugha djrh vr% ckg~; iz;kl foqy gksus ij euq"; Lo;a dh vkrek (tks ijekrek dk va'k gs) ls tqm+dj oklrfodrk ls voxr gksrk gsa xq#ukud blh dks oklrfod Kku ekurs gsaa ^bz* ls vk'k; Hkh thoksa dks thou dk vk/kkj iznku djus 4 okys bz'oj dh efgek dk xk;u gsa og lr; gsa euq"; dks tc bl lr;rk dk oklrfod Kku gks tk, rc og dez ds Hkkj (ogu) ls eqdr gks tkrk gsa bldk dkj.k ;g gs fd euq"; dk dksbz Hkh d`r; 'kkjhfjd vfkok ekufld miflfkfr esa gksrk gs o dezqy dez esa eu dh miflfkfr ij fuhkzj djrk gsa ;fn euq"; dez djrs gq, eu dks bz'oj ls tksm+ ysrk gs fqj mldk dez lk/kuk esa ifjofrzr gks tkrk gsa izkphu /kez xzufkksa esa Hkh dez dh O;k[;k bl :i esa dh x;h gsa xq#ukud viuh fyfi esa u ds cjkcj iz;qdr gksus okys v{kj ^³* dks Hkh Kku ls tksm+dj lkfkzd cuk nsrs gsaa mudk bl v{kj ds ek/;e ls ladsr gs fd bz'oj dh lozo;kidrk dk jgl; tku ysus okyk O;fDr ^vge* Hkko fole`r dj nsrk gsa blh izdkj dh O;k[;k ^[k* v{kj ls izkir gksrh gs ftlesa [kqnkcandkj dks l`f"v fuekzrk o ikyugkj ekuk x;k gsa mlds vkn's k ds vfrfjdr fdlh ds vkn's k dks loez ku; ugha ekuk x;k gas ^d* v{kj euq"; dh ds'k jkf'k ds nqx/k leku 'osr gksus o vk;q ds vkf[kjh im+ko ij oklrfod Kku izkir u gksus dh flfkfr dk o.kzu djrk gsa ej.kkluu O;fDr Hkh ;fn lalkj esa vklfdr iznf'kzr djrk gs] ukud ds vuqlkj og Kku ls dkslksa nwj gsa ^x* v{kj iqu% xksfoun dh ok.kh o mlds xk;u dks ifjyf{kr djrk gsa xq#ukud }kjk tho dh rqyuk dqegkj ds crzu ls djrs gq, dgk x;k gs fd bz'oj tho :ih crzu dk fuekz.k djrk gsa og Lo;a gh leiw.kz izf;k dk lapkyd gsa ^?kkyuk* 'kcn ftls iatkch esa dfbu ifjje gsrq iz;qdr fd;k tkrk gs] ukud ok.kh esa eu dh,dkxzrk ds dfbu iz;kl gsrq iz;ksx esa yk;k x;k gsa og O;fDr bz'oj esa iw.kzr% yhu ekuk tkrk gs tks Lo;a dh,dkxzrk dks bz'oj ls tksm+dj nq%[k&lq[k esa lehkko O;Dr djrk gsa ^p* v{kj esa pkj osn] pkj ;qx] tho mrifrr ds pkj ek/;e O;Dr fd;s x;s gsaa la[;k pkj dk thou n`f"v ls egroiw.kz LFkku gsa fnu&jkr ds pkj izgj] ;qxksa ds #i esa lr;qx] =srk] }kij o dfy;qx ekus x;s gsaa bz'oj us tho mrifrr ds ek/;e Hkh pkj izdkj ds fufezr fd;s gsaa ;s bl izdkj gs & 1- v.mt & v.m ls mriuu (enyh] es<+d)a 2- tsjt & isv ls mriuu (euq";] tkuoj)a 3- Losnt & ilhus o esy ls mriuu (epnj] twa)a 4- mf¼t & oulifra mijksdr of.kzr ek/;e dk fuekzrk bz'oj gs tks Lo;a lelr izkf.k o oulifr txr~ esa O;kIr gksdj Lo;a inkfkksza dks Hkksx jgk gsa ^Fk* rfkk ^j* v{kj fuekz.kdrkz 058 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

63 dh lozo;kidrk dk ifjp; nsrs gsaa euq"; }kjk Hkze o ek;k dks Li"V dj ikuk ekufldrk ls ijs gs vr% bz'oj ds izr;sd d`r; esa tho dk fgr gs ftls euq"; dks vkrelkr djuk pkfg,a ^N*] ^t*] ^y* vksj ^e* v{kj Nk;k] eksg] lalkj ds dk;ksza esa fyirrk dks n'kkzrk gsa buesa ukudnso us ek;k o eksg dk ladsr fn;k gsa Nk;k vfkok vfo k lalkj esa bz'oj dh gh nsu gs o xq: ds ek/;e ls oklrfodrk ls ifjp; gks ldrk gsa ^t* v{kj tkpd (;kpd) ds ^Kku* dh ekax gsrq iz;qdr gqvk gsa fhk{kk ds fuferr 84 yk[k ;ksfu;ksa esa HkVdus dk ladsr gsa czãk th us ekuk fd 42 yk[k ;ksfu;ka ikuh esa gs] 21 yk[k vkdk'k esa 5 rfkk 'ks"k LFky ij gsaa xq#ukud dk er gs fd bu ;ksfu;ksa dh tkudkjh czãk th }kjk nh x;h fdurq os vur u ik ldsa vklk jkx esa bl lunhkz esa vkfn xzufk esa,d 'kcn Hkh izkir gksrk gs tks bl izdkj gs & ^ukfy dqavcq lkffk ojnkrk czãk Hkkyjkk l`f"v xbvka vkxs varq u ikbvks rkdk dalq Nsfn fdvk 6 omk HkbvkAA3AA HkkokFkZ ;g fd l`f"v dks [kkst esa czãk th Hkh bz'ojh; lrrk dk vur izkir ugha dj ldsa euq"; eksg ds o'khhkwr gksdj e/kqlwnu dks Hkwy tkrk gs fqj tue&e`r;q ds p esa Lo;a dks Qalk ysrk gsa ^>* ls vk'; euq"; ds >qyl dj nq%[kh gksus dh vis{kk fu;fr dk ikyu djus esa gsa ^M* v{kj nahk (MQkax) dh vis{kk ijekrek dh lozo;kidrk dks Lohdkj djus dk lans'k iznku djrk gsa bl izdkj ^o* v{kj ^oklqnso* ds vusd Lo:iksa dk o.kzu djrk gs ftlls ;g Hkh ifjyf{kr gksrk gs fd ijes'oj lozkkrk o lozn`"vk gsa ^v*] ^j*] ^i* vksj ^g* v{kj izr;sd d.k esa gfj ds vflrro rfkk iap rroksa ds folrkj ls txr&fuekz.k dk myys[k djrs gsaa gfj us lalkj dk fuekz.k dj izr;sd thou dks mlds lkef;z ds vk/kkj ij dk;z iznku fd;k gsa ^V*] ^c*] ^/k*,oa ^r* v{kjksa dk lkj&rro lalkj dh tq,s o pksim+ ds [ksy ls rqyuk dj euq"; dks vius dùkzo; ds izfr lpsr djuk gsa xq#ukud Vap (O;FkZ ds /ku/ks) dh vis{kk usfrdrk ;qdr thou O;rhr dj rkjugkj ls Hko&lalkj dks ikj djus dh izkfkzuk dk mins'k nsrs gsaa mrifrr o izy; dk L=ksr ijekrek dks ekuk tkrk gs tks viuh d`ik n`f"v ls leiw.kz czãk.m dh lrrk dk lapkyu djrk gsa euq"; ;fn vius ân; esa gfj dh lrrk LFkkfir dj ysrk gs fqj mls vkfred 'kkfur dh vuqhkwfr izkir gksrh gsa xq# ukudnso viuh fyfi esa ^B*] ^<+*] ^.k* ds ek/;e ls ;g Li"V dj jgs gsaa mugksaus bz'oj ds vflrro o muds xq.kksa ds vfrfjdr xq# efgek dk Hkh o.kzu fd;k gs ftldk ladsr ^Q*] ^Hk*] ^;* rfkk ^M+* esa izkir gksrk gsa ;ejkt ds ca/ku,oa bfunz; tfur eksg ls eqfdr dk ekxz xq#d`ik ls izkir gksrk gsa xq#eq[k Hkh mlh O;fDr dks ekuk x;k gs tks vius xq: ds erkuqlkj 7 thou ;kiu djrs gsaa ^iv~vh&fy[kh* ds vurxzr ^n*] ^Uk*,oa vk v{kj bl izdkj ds gs tks Lo;a esa fhkuu vfkz j[krs gsaa ^n* v{kj euq"; dks ;g Kku nsrk gs fd euq"; dks fdlh vu; ij nks"kkjksi.k dh vis{kk Lo;a ds dekzuqlkj Qy izkfir gsrq rrij jguk pkfg,a ^u* ls vfhkizk; tho L=h }kjk ifr ijekrek ds uke dks fole`r djus ds i'pkr~ mriuu flfkfr gsa,slh tho L=h&okLrfod #i esa lqgkfxu dk in izkir ugha djrh gsa ^vk* v{kj ^iv~vh fy[kh* ds vfure fdurq lkjxfhkzr Lo:i esa izdv gqvk gsa ukudnso Lo;a gsrq ^'kk;j* 'kcn dk iz;ksx djrs gq, bz'oj dks lozkkrk] Lo;aHkw] lkozhkkse] drkz o d`r; esa lekfgr vkfn vusd miekvksa ls vyad`r djrs gsaa vurr% dgk tk ldrk gs fd HkfDrdkyhu lurksa dh Js.kh esa xq#ukud us ekuorkokn o loz&/kez&ln~hkko ds #i esa viuh dko; 'ksyh ls rrdkyhu lekt dks ifj"d`r fd;ka v{kj fdl izdkj 'kcnksa esa xqafkdj Hkkoksa dh lokszpprk xzg.k djrs gsa ;g xq#ukud dh ^iv~vh fy[kh* ok.kh ls Li"V ifjyf{kr gksrk gsa mudk vk/;kfred Lo:i fu'p; gh tulk/kkj.k ftruk ljy gs tks ân; ds vr% LFky rd izkf.kek= dks izhkkfor djrk gsa fu%lansg ;g orzeku esa Hkh viuh izklafxdrk dks cuk, gq, gsa emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

64 lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- prqosznh] ij'kqjke] lar dko;] i`- 07] fdrkc egy] bykgkckn] flag] eghi o eksgu] ujsunz] xq# ukud vksj mudk dko;] Hkwfedk] us'kuy ifcyf'kax gkml] fnyyh] fej] t;jke] ukud ok.kh] i`- 02] yksdhkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn] flag] lkfgc] Jh xq# xzufk lkfgc niz.k] i`- 1725] jkt ifcy'klz] tya/kj] eldhu] lur flag] xq:&fpuru] i`- 186] lhl xjka] vyoj] vkfn xzufk] i`"b la[;k flag] xqjesy] Jh xq# xzufk lkfgc nh vorfjr v/;kfrekdrk] i`- 123] izks- lkfgc flag xqjer VªLV] ifv;kyk] emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

65 xksiky d`".k xks[kys ds fopkj esa lr;,oa jktuhfr MkW- lqjs'k dqekj tkv lgk;d vkpk;z] egkjktk xaxk flag fo'ofo ky;] chdkusj 'kks/k Lkkjka'k Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke esa vxz.kh jgs xksiky d`".k xks[kys egku Lora=rk lsukuh gksus ds lkfk gh,d ea>s gq, jktuhfrk Hkh FksA mugksaus xkaèkh th dks ns'k ds fy, ym+us dh çsj.kk nha os jk"vªfirk egkrek xkaèkh ds jktuhfrd xq# FksA vaxzstksa ds vr;kpkj ij Hkkjrh;ksa dks dkslrs gq, mugksaus dgk fd rqegsa fèkddkj gs] tks viuh eka&cguksa ij gks jgs vr;kpkj dks pqiih lkèkdj ns[k jgs gks- bruk rks i'kq Hkh ugha lgrsa gkykafd ;s egku glrh vktknh ds vafre iyks rd gekjs lkfk ugha jgs ysfdu gka] budk uke vkt Hkh mlh leeku ds lkfk fy;k tkrk gs tsls& eksgu nkl djepan xkaèkh dk fy;k tkrk gsa bfrgkl ds iuuks es >kaddj dj ns[kasxs rks,d uke xksiky d`".k xks[kys dk Hkh gksxka bugas egrek xkaèkh viuk jktusfrd xq# ekurs FksA ;g Hkkjrh; jk"vªh; vkanksyu ds ekxzn'kzdksa ds lkfk lkfk dkaxzsl ikvhz ds,d ofj"b usrk Hkh FksaA xks[kys igyh ckj lkoztkfud :i ls 1886 es ns'k ds lkeus vk, vksj mugksaus fczfv'k 'kklu ds vèkhu Hkkjr ds fy, igyh ckj Hkk"k.k fn;k ftldh dkqh ljkguk dh xbza mlds ckn xks[kys dh ns'khkfä ml le; ns'k ds lkeus vkbz tc mugksaus cky xaxkèkj fryd dh lkirkfgd if=dk ^^ejkbk** es viuk igyk ys[k fy[kk FkkA ftlds ckn xks[kys dks MsDdu,tqds'ku lkslkbvh ds lfpo ds in ij fu;qä fd;k x;ka mlds ckn xks[kys dks iq.ks uxjikfydk dk nks ckj vè;{k pquk x;ka dqn fnuksa ds fy, xks[kys eqacbz foèkku ifj"kn ds,d lnl; Hkh jgs tgk mugksaus ljdkj ds f[kykq viuh ckr j[kha xks[kys Hkkjr ls fczfv'k jkt [k+re djus ds fy, Hkkjrh; jk"vªh; dkaxzsl] Hkkjrh; dezpkjh lalfkk vksj dkuwuh lalfkkvks ls tqm+s] lkfk gh mugksaus f'k{kk ç.kkyh dks Hkh fodflr djus dk ç;kl fd;ka eq ladsrk{kj % xks[kys] lr;] jktuhfr] lektlsok] iw.kzloru=rka >s Hkkjr esa,d iw.kz lr;oknh vkn'kz iq:"k dh ryk'k Fkh vksj og vkn'kz iq:"k eq>s xks[kys dh :i esa feyka muds ân; esa Hkkjr ds çfr lppk çse vksj oklrfod J¼k FkhA os ns'k dh lsok djus ds fy, vius lkjs lq[kksa vksj LokFkZ ls ijs jgsa egkrek xk èkh us ;s 'kcn xksikyd`".k xks[kys ds fy, dgs Fks] ftugksaus viuk lkjk thou ns'k vksj lekt dh lsok esa vfizr dj fn;ka Hkkjr Hkwfe dks xqykeh dh csfm+;ksa ls vktkn djkus ds fy, cgqr ls ohj liwr Hkkjr Hkwfe ij tues vksj vktknh ikus ds fy, vius R;kx vksj cfynku ls bfrgkl jpdj pys x,a dqn us ryokj vksj ck:n ls xqykeh dh tathjksa dks dkvus ds ç;kl fd, rks dqn us vius cqf¼&pkrq;z lsa,sls le; esa tc 1857 dk Lorar=k&lej ne rksm+ pqdk Fkk rc lej ls cq>rh fpuxkjh dks gok nsus ds fy, Hkkjr ds lejkdk'k ij,d flrkjk mn; gqvk ftlus vius rdksza,oa vfgalkokn ls vaxzstksa ds ikao m[kkm+ fn, vksj ftls vkt lalkj xks[kys ds uke ls tkurk gsa xksiky d`".k xks[kys dk tue 9 ebz] lu~ 1866 dks cacbz (vc eqecbz) çsthmsalh ds jrukfxjh ftys ds dksryqd xkao esa gqvk FkkA xks[kys ifjokj ewy :i ls blh ftys ds osy.ks'oj xkao dk jgus okys Fksa] fdarq O;kolkf;d dkj.kksa ls ;g ifjokj,d vu; xkao rkeguekyk esa vk cls FksaA ;g le; jktuhfrd vkunksyuksa dk Fkk] 1857 dk jktuhfrd foæksg 1 lekir gks pqdk Fkk ftlus Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke dh dbz egku fohkwfr;ksa us viuk izk.k U;kSNkoj fd;ka emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

66 Hkkjr esa xjhch] vf'k{kk vksj vlarks"k QSyk gqvk Fkk] tc xksikyd`".k xks[kys us vka[ksa [kksyhaa xks[kys ifjokj eè;e oxz dk FkkA muds ifjokj ds ikl FkksM+h gh tehu Fkh tks fd jrukfxjh esa FkhA jrukfxjh dh HkkSxksfyd flfkfr,oa vfro`f"v ds dkj.k gkykafd ogka vfèkd vukt ugha mxk;k tk ldrk Fkk fdurq Qy&ÝwV vkfn dh isnkokj ogka vpnh FkhA muds firk dk uke d`".kjko Fkk] tks dksygkiqj fj;klr ds,d lkearh jtokm+s dkxy esa dk;zjr FksaA çkjahk esa d`".kjko ogka,d lkèkkj.k DydZ Fks] fdarq èkhjs&èkhjs muufr djds os fj;klr iqfyl ds bulisdvj cu x, FksA xksiky d`".k xks[kys dh eka dksryqd xkao ds FkhaA mudk uke okywckbz mqz lr;hkkek Fkk] os,d ljy&lohkko dh efgyk FkhaA mugksaus vius cppksa dks ifjokj ds çfr fu"bk] èkez ds çfr vklfkk rfkk ân; dks dksey cuk, j[kus dh f'k{kk nha xksiky dks vius ekrk&firk ls mrd`"v xq.k fojklr esa feysa d`".kjko ds ifjokj esa mudh iruh ds vfrfjä pkj iqf=;ka vksj nks iq= FksA muds cm+s HkkbZ dk uke xksfounjko FkkA pkj iqf=;ka xksfoanjko ls NksVh FkhaA xksikyjko ;kuh xksiky d`".k xks[ky Hkh 2 xksfounjko ls ikap o"kz cm+s FksA N% cppksa vksj iruh ds Hkj.k&iks"k.k dk mùkjnkf;ro vdsys d`".kjko ij FkkA d`".kjko fj;klr ds iqfyl fujh{kd vo'; Fks] ijarq fj;klr ls osru cgqr de feyrk FkkA bl ij Hkh d`".kjko dh bpnk Fkh fd muds iq= i<+&fy[kdj ;ksx; cu tk,aa ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd NksVh vk;q ds gksus ij Hkh os vius nksuksa iq=ksa ls fe=or O;ogkj djrs FksA os muds lkfk csbrs&cfr;krs mudh lel;k,as lqurs vksj [kqys fny ls mu lel;kvksa dk lekèkku djrs] mudh f'k{kk ds fo"k; esa iwnrs vksj viuh lykg nsrsa os viuh dksbz Hkh bpnk vius iq=ksa ij yknus ds i{k esa ugha FksA lu~ 1874 esa xksiky d`".k vius cm+s HkkbZ xksfoun d`".k xks[kys ds lkfk mpprj f'k{kk çkir djus ds fy, dksygkiqj vk x,a dksygkiqj dkaxy ds utnhd gh mpp f'k{kk dk dsaæ FkkA ;gka vaxzsth f'k{kk dk Hkh çcaèk FkkA d`".kjko dk rks,dek= ;gh ç;kl Fkk fd Hkys gh mugsa fdruh Hkh dfbukb;ka D;ksa u mbkuh im+s] muds cpps fdlh çdkj i<+&fy[kdj cm+s vkneh cu tk,aa exj fu;fr dks dqn vksj gh eatwj FkkA,d fnu vpkud xks[kys ifjokj ij otzikr gqvka d`".kjko xks[kys dk vpkud nsgkar gks x;ka ml le; xksfounjko 18 o"kz ds vksj xksikyd`".k ek= 13 o"kz ds FkasA xksfounjko dk fookg gks pqdk Fkk D;ksafd mu fnuksa NksVh vk;q esa gh ym+ds 3 dk fookg dj fn;k tkrk FkkA ;g lkekftd jhfr FkhA ;wa rks xks[kys ifjokj dh vkffkzd flfkfr osls gh MkokaMksy Fkh] exj d`".kjko dh e`r;q ds ckn rks ifjokj ds lkeus [kkus rd dk ladv mriuu gks x;ka xksfounjko ds pkpk vuurjko dgus dks rks ljdkjh dezpkjh Fks] exj mudh ixkj Hkh bruh vfèkd ugha Fkh fd os fdlh dh vkffkzd enn dj ikrsa lp rks ;g Fkk fd mlds vius ifjokj dk xqtkjk gh eqf'dy ls gksrk FkkA HkkbZ ds vdlekr fuèku ls mugsa xgjh pksv igqaph FkhA exj dqn Hkh Fkk] os vius Hkrhtksa vksj foèkok HkkHkh dks Hkh cslgkjk ugha NksM+ ldrs FksA vr% mugsa vius lkfk rkeguekyk ys vk,a rri'pkr~ dqn fnu ds ckn ;g fu.kz; gqvk fd vkffkzd ladv ls fuivus ds fy, xksfoanjko i<+kbz NksM+dj rkeguekyk esa gh uksdjh djsaa xksikyjko ds fy, fu.kz; fy;k x;k fd os dksygkiqj esa gh jgdj viuh i<+kbz iwjh djsa vksj vius firk ds PcM+k vkneht~ cuus ds LoIu dks iwjk djsaa exj xksikyjko us bl ckr dk fojksèk fd;ka os pkgrs Fks fd os Lo;a Hkh i<+kbz NksM+dj ogha jgs vksj vkffkzd ladv ls fuivus esa HkkbZ dk gkfk cvk,a] exj ifjokj us mudh bl bpnk dks fljs ls gh udkj fn;ka xksfoanjko vksj mudh iruh us le>k&cq>kdj vksj firkth dh bpnk dk gokyk nsdj cm+h dfbukbz ls mugsa i<+us ds fy, jkth fd;ka dbz flqkfj'kksa ds ckn xksfounjko dh uksdjh yxh] exj ek= iuæg #i;s ekgokj ija os pwafd Lo;a dksygkiqj jgdj i<+ Fks] blfy, mugsa xksikyd`".k dh i<+kbz esa vkus okys [kpz dk irk Fkk] vr% vkb #i;s eghuk mugksaus xksiky d`".k dks Hkstuk fuèkkzfjr fd;k vksj ek= lkr #i;s ekgokj?kj [kpz ds fy, j[ksa brus de #i;ksa esa ifjokj dk xqtkjk csgn dfbukbz ls py jgk Fkk] iwjk ifjokj?kksj ladv ds nksj ls xqtj jgk FkkA xksfoanjko us lksp fy;k Fkk fd Hkys gh fdruh dfbukb;ka >syuh im+sa] os xksiky dh 4 i<+kbz esa O;oèkku ugha vkus nsaxsa lr; dh j{kk egkjk"vª ds,d Ldwy esa,d fnu vè;kid us cppksa ls ç'u fd;k] ^;fn rqegsa jklrs esa,d ghjk fey tk, rks rqe mldk D;k djksxsa*,d ckyd us dgk] ^esa bls csp dj dkj [kjhnwaxka* nwljs us dgk] ^esa mls cspdj èkuoku cu tkåaxka* fdlh vksj us dgk fd og mls cspdj 062 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

67 fons'k ;k=k djsxka ysfdu xks[kys th dk mùkj Fkk] ^esa ml ghjs ds ekfyd dk irk yxk dj mls yksvk nwaxka* vè;kid pfdr gq,a mugksaus iwnk fd vxj [kwc irk yxkus ij Hkh mldk ekfyd u feyk rksa xksiky us dgk] ^rc esa ghjs dks cspwaxk vksj blls feys isls dks ns'k dh lsok esa yxk nwaxka* f'k{kd ;g lqudj xnxn gks x,a dqn fnuksa ds ckn mugksaus xf.kr dk,d ç'u iwnka ç'u FkksM+k dfbu Fkk] dksbz Hkh Nk= mls gy ugha dj ik;k ij xksiky us lgh mùkj crk fn;ka vè;kid us [kq'k gksdj xksiky dks iqjldkj fn;ka ysfdu nwljs gh fnu xksiky vius vè;kid ds ikl igqapk vksj iqjldkj okil djrs gq, cksyk] ^bl iqjldkj dk vfèkdkjh esa ugha gw A xf.kr ds ç'u dk mùkj rks esaus nwljs fo kfkhz ls iwndj crk;k Fkk] blfy, ;g iqjldkj rks mls gh feyuk pkfg,a* vè;kid egksn; us xksiky dh lr;fu"bk dh cm+h ç'kalk dha mugksaus lhkh fo kffkz;ksa dks,df=r djds le>k;k] ^tks yksx lr; ls foeq[k vkpj.k djrs gsa mudk >wb mtkxj uk Hkh gks rks Hkh mugsa blh rjg v'kkafr gksrh gs tslh xksiky dks gqbza mugksaus xksiky dks iqjldkj yksvkrs gq, dgk] ^bl ij vc rqegkjk oklrfod vfèkdkj gks x;k gs D;ksafd rqeus lr; 5 dh j{kk dh gsa* xks[kys fofhkuu inksa ij dk;z djrs gq, lkekftd thou esa psruk dk lapkj djrs jgs- lu 1898 ls 1906 ds chp os iq.ks uxjikfydk ds lnl; rfkk ckn esa vè;{k Hkh jgsa yksx viuh fofhkuu lel;k,sa ysdj muls feyrs vksj os lhkh lel;kvks dks O;ogkfjd <ax ls lqy>krsxjhcks dh flfkfr esa lqèkkj ds fy, lu 1905 esa xks[kys us ^^lozsuv~l vkwq+ bafm;k lkslkbvh** dh LFkkiuk dh- 'kh?kz gh ;g lalfkk lekt lsok djus dks rrij ;qok] mrlkgh vksj fulokfkz dk;zdrkzvks dk çf'k{k.k LFky cu xbza bues vfèkdka'k dk;zdrkz Lukrd FksA bl lalfkk ds çeq[k mís'; Fks& vkfnokfl;ksa dk mrfkku djuka ck<+ o vdky ihfmrksa dh enn djuka fl=;ksa dks f'kf{kr djuk vksj fons'kh 'kklu ls eqfä ds ysdj la?k"kz djuka dk;zdrkzvks ij xks[kys dk vr;ar xgjk çhkko Fkk] ftls ns[kdj fdlh us fvii.kh dh Fkh& ^^dsoy,d xks[kys ls gh gekjh :g dkairh gs- mlds tsls chlh;ksa vksj cu jgs gs] vc ge D;k djsaxs\** xks[kys ds thou ij egknso xksfoun jkukms dk çcy çhkko FkkA os lu 1887 esa jkukms ds f'k"; cu x;s- jkukms us mugsa lkoztfud thou ds çr;sd {ks= esa 15 o"kz rd çf'kf{kr fd;k vksj bzekunkjh] lkoztfud dk;kzs ds çfr leiz.k o lgu'khyrk dk ikb lquk;ka xk èkh th tc nf{k.k výhdk ls Hkkjr vk;s rks xks[kys ls feysa os xks[kys ds fouez LoHkko rfkk tu tkxj.k gsrq fd;s x;s ç;klksa ls vr;ar çhkkfor gq,a xk èkh th us xks[kys dks viuk ^^jktusfrd xq#** eku fy;ka xk èkh th dgrs Fks] ^^xks[kys ml xaxk dk çfr:i gs] tks vius ân;&lfky ij lcdks vkeaf=r djrh jgrh gs vksj ftl ij uko [ksus ij mls lq[k dh vuqhkwfr gksrh gsa** xk èkh th us xks[kys ls Lojkt çkfir dk rjhdk lh[kka xks[kys Hkh xk èkh th dh lknxh vksj n`<+rk ls cgqr çhkkfor gq, vksj mugsa cm+s HkkbZ lk vknj nsus yxsa lu 1886 esa xks[kys bafm;u us'kuy dkaxzsl esa lfeeyr gks x;s- mugksaus dkaxzsl ds eap ls Hkkjrh;ksa ds fopkjèkkjk] liuksa vksj mudh egrodka{kkvksa dks viuh rdziw.kz ok.kh vksj n`<ladyi }kjk O;ä fd;ka lu 1905 esa xks[kys dkaxzsl ds çfrfufèk ds :i esa ykyk yktirjk; ds lkfk baxysam x;sa mugksaus fczfv'k jktusrkvks vksj turk ds lkeus Hkkjr dh lgh rlohj çlrqr dha vius 45 fnu ds çokl ds nksjku mugksaus fofhkuu 'kgjksa esa çhkkoiw.kz 45 lhkkvks dks lacksfèkr fd;ka Jksrk eu=&eqxèk gksdj mugsa lqursa fu%lansg xks[kys Hkkjr dk i{k çhkkoiw.kz <ax ls çlrqr djus esa lokzfèkd l{ke usrk FksA vyhx<+ dkwyst vaxzstks vksj vaxzsth jkt; ds lefkzdksa rfkk jk"vªh; dkaxzsl ds fojksfèk;ks dk x<+ ekuk tkrk Fkk] fdurq ogka Hkh jk"vªoknh Nk=ksa dk,d çhkko'kkyh lewg FkkA xks[kys ds fopkjks dh vyhx< ds Nk=ksa ij bruh xgjh Nki Fkh dh] tc xks[kys ogka Hkk"k.k nsus igqaps rks ogka Nk=ksa us mudh cx?kh ds?kksm+s gvk fn, vksj Lo;a cx?kh esa tqr x;s] os cx?kh dks [khaprs gq, ^xks[kys ftankckn^] ^fgunqlrku ftankckn* ds ukjs yxrs gq, LVªsph gky rd ys vk;sa xks[kys us lekt lsok dks vius thou dk ije y{; cuk fy;k FkkA lu~ 1898 esa eqacbz esa Iysx dk çdksi gqvka mugksaus vius Lo;alsodksa ds lkfk fnu&jkr Iysx ihfm+rksa dh lsok dha lkeçnkf;d lnhkko dks c<+kus ds fy, mugksaus Hkjld ç;kl fd;sa mugksa es ljdkj ls emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

68 eknd inkfkkzsa dh fch [kre djus dk vuqjksèk fd;ka os vfèkdkfèkd Hkkjrh;ksa dks uksdjh nsus] lsfud O;; dks de djus rfkk ued dj?kvkus dh ekaxs fujurj mbkrs jgsa mugksaus fu%'kqyd o vfuok;z çkfkfed f'k{kk dks çkjehk djus] d`f"k rfkk oskkfud f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsus rfkk vdky jkgr dks"k dk lgh <ax ls blrseky djus gsrq ljdkj ij cjkcj ncko cuk;s j[kka nf{k.k výhdk esa jgus okys Hkkjrh;ksa ds çfr xks[kys dh vr;fèkd lgkuhkwfr FkhA vius mu cuèkqvksa ij gksus okyk vu;k; mugsa vius Åij gqvk vu;k; yxrk FkkA xk èkh th ds fuea=.k ij os lu 1912 esa nf{k.k výhdk x;s-,slk igyh ckj gqvk Fkk tc dksbz Hkkjrh; jktusrk çoklh Hkkjrh;ksa dh flfkfr dks ij[kus ds fy, Hkkjr ls ckgj x;ka mugksaus nf{k.k výhdk dh ljdkj ls tkrh; Hksn&Hkko dks lekir djus dk vkxzg fd;ka xks[kys Hkkjr ds xksjo'kkyh vrhr dks orzeku ds d"vlk/; iz;klksa }kjk Hkfo"; ds fy, lqjf{kr j[kuk pkgrs Fks mudk /;ku orzeku rfkk fudv Hkfo"; ij dsfunzr FkkA os Hkkjr ds jk"vªh; iqufuekz.k,oa iquthzou ds fy, fed fodkl dk lgkjk ysuk pkgrs Fks ^^,d&,d dne vkxs c<+kuk** muds jktuhfrd ;FkkFkZ dk ifjpk;d FkkA iw.kz Lora=rk vfkok LojkT; dh rrdky izkfir ds LFkku ij xks[kys us fczfv'k lkezkt; ds 6 vurxzr Lo'kklu dh LFkkiuk dks viuk /;s; ekuka muds }kjk fofhkuu lq/kkjksa dh ek x le; ij izlrqr dh x;h vksj mlds vk'kkrhr ifj.kke lkeus vk;sa os rrdkfyd iz'kklfud <k ps dks lq/kkj dj Hkkjr dks mldh egùkk ds vuq:i flfkfr izkir djkus ds fy, m r jgsa Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy, lkoztfud lsokvksa esa mfpr LFkku,oa leku O;ogkj dh mudh ekax dk 'kklu ij 7 izhkko im+s fcuk u jgka xks[kys us lel;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq jktuhfrd,oa lkekftd ifjorzu esa fgalkred lk/kuksa ds egro dks vlohdkj dj fn;k leku ifjflfkfr;kas eas fuf"; ifz rjk/s k (ifs Llo fjfllvlas ) dk lefkuz ugha fd;ka muds f;kred dk;z e eas bl idz kj dk fuf"; ifz rjk/s k lfeefyr ugha Fkk tks mudh nf` "V eas O;kIr ifjflfkfr;kas eas 8 vcfq ¼erki.w kz vkjs dk;z lk/kd ugha FkkA xks[kys us rrdkyhu lel;kvksa ds funku ds lecu/k esa tks ekxz viuk;k mlds ewy esa nks /kkj.kk, dk;z dj jgh FkhaA izfke] jkukms dh gh Hkk fr mudk Hkh ;g fo'okl Fkk fd Hkkjr esa fczfv'k lkezkt; bz'ojh; fo/kku dh ;kstuk dk gh,d vax gs vksj mldk mís'; Hkkjr dks Hkkjh ykhk igq pkuk gsa nwljs] og dfbu ifjje vksj R;kx ds }kjk 9 jk"vªokn dh lqn`<+ uhao LFkkfir djuk pkgrs FksA xks[kys Hkh Hkkjr esa jk"vªh;,drk,oa mlds jktusfrd m¼kj gsrq fgunw eqflye,drk dks vko';d ekurs gsaa mugksaus fgunw&eqflye,drk dks jk"vª ds fy, dy;k.kdkjh ekuk vksj Lo;a dks,sls fooknksa esa ugha vkus fn;k ftlls nksuksa ds e/; dvqrk dh Hkkouk mriuu gksrh rfkk nwljksa dks Hkh,slk djus dh lykg nsrs Fks] D;ksafd xks[kys dk ;g n`<+ fo'okl Fkk fd fgunw,oa eqlyekuksa esa lg;ksx dh i;kzir Hkkouk ds vhkko esa],d jk"vª ds 10 :i esa Hkkjr dk dksbz Hkfo"; ugha gsa og nksuksa tkfr;ksa ls ;g ckj&ckj fuosnu djrs Fks fd os ijlij lfg".kqrk,oa vkre la;e ls dk;z djsa,oa ijlij erhksnksa ij tksj 11 nsus ds ctk; ijlij esa Hkh iw.kz Hkkoukvksa dks tue nsaa iz'kklfud lq/kkjksa dh n`f"v ls xks[kys us okjk.klh dk xzsl 12 ds vf/kos'ku esa 9 ek x izlrqr dhaa (1) fo/kku ifj"knksa dk lq/kkj] vksj mlds fy, fuokzfpr lnl;ksa dk vuqikr c<+kdj vk/kk dj fn;k tk; rfkk,slh O;oLFkk dh tk; fd ctv ifj"knksa }kjk gh ikfjr fd, tk,] (2) bf.m;k dksafly esa de ls de rhu Hkkjrh; lnl; fu;qdr fd, tk; (3) ns'k ds lhkh ftyksa esa lykgdkj ifj"knksa dh jpuk dh tk; vksj ftyk/kh'k iz'kklu ds egroiw.kz ekeyksa esa vfuok;z :i ls bu ifj"knksa dh jk; ys (4) Hkkjrh; yksd lsokvksa dh U;kf;d 'kj.k ds fy, fu;qfdr;k odhy oxz esa ls dh tk; (5) U;kf;d rfkk dk;zikyd fohkkxksa dk i`fkddj.k (6) Hkkjh lsfud O;; esa dvksrh (7) izkfkfed f'k{kk dk izlkj (8) vks ksfxd rfkk rduhdh f'k{kk dk fodkl rfkk izlkj vksj nsgkrh turk dks ½.k ds cks> ls jkgr nsuka xks[kys dh usfrd,oa vk/;kfred vkre psruk muds jktuhfrd fopkjksa dh ewy izsj.kk FkhA mugksaus lk/ku ij lk/; ls vf/kd tksj fn;ka mugsa Hk; Fkk fd ;fn lk/kuksa dh ifo= vksj pfj= dh mrd`"vrk esa fo'okl j[kk u x;k rks Hkkjrh; viuh lel;kvksa dk lurks"ktud lek/kku ugha dj ldsaxs vksj mugsa Hkfo"; esa tks Lo'kklu ;k LojkT; izkir gksxk] mldk Hkh lqunj Qy os ugha p[k 13 ldsaxsa xks[kys ns'k dh vktknh] lkekftd lqèkkj vksj lekt lsok gsrq vfkd ifjje djrs jgs- fujarj Je ls mudk LokLF; fxjus yxka mugsa eèkqesg vksj nek us?ksj fy;ka 19 Qjojh lu 1915 dh jkr dks 10 ctdj emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

69 feuv ij mugksaus vafre lkal yha mugksaus vkdk'k dh vksj vk [ks mbkbz vksj gkfk tksm+dj çhkq dks ç.kke djrs gq, lnk ds fy, vk [ks ewan yha 19 Qjojh 1915 ;g oks dkyh jkr ftl fnu iwjk ns'k jks;k FkkA dgk tkrk gs fd& ckfj'k flqz vkleku ls gksrh gs ysfdu bl fnu o"kkz dks vkdk'k dh t+:jr ugha im+h FkhA gj Hkkjrh; dh vka[kks ls vkalw bl rjg cg jgs Fks tsls ekuks o"kkz gks jgh gksa Hkkjr us bl,d egku O;fä xksiky d`".k xks[kys dks [kks;k FkkA bugksaus vius thou ds 49 lky flqz ns'k dh lsok esa fcrk fn, gsa buds nkg&laldkj ij cky xaxkèkj fryd us dgk Fkk fd] ^^Hkkjr dk ;g ghjk] egkjk"vª dk vueksy jru] dezpkfj;ksa dk ckn'kkg 'kk'or :i ls bl tehu ij fojke dj jgk gsa mudh rjq ns[kks vksj mudk vuqdj.k djks**a Hkkjr esa xksiky d`".k xks[kys,d,slk uke Fkk] ftudk leeku vaxzst Hkh djrs FksA ml le; ds Hkkjrh; dekamj&bu phq fdpuj us dgk Fkk] xks[kys,d,slh fohkwfr Fks ftugksaus Hkkjrh; tu&thou esa Lokèkhurk dk eu=,slk Qwadk fd vaxzst fgy x,a,d,sls jktuhfrk ftugsa egkrek xkaèkhth th Hkh viuk jktuhfrd xq# ekurs Fks vksj muls lykg ysrs FksA lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- prqosznh] vo/ks'k dqekj] xksiky d`".k xks[kys] Hkkjrh; xzafk fudsru] ubz fnyyh] i` uunk] MkW-,l-,l,oa iwjh] oh-ds-] Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu] i` prqosznh] vo/ks'k dqekj] xksiky d`".k xks[kys] Hkkjrh; xzafk fudsru] ubz fnyyh] i` uunk] MkW-,l-,l,oa iwjh] oh-ds-] Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu] i` xqirs] euh"kk] xksiky d`".k xks[kys O;fDrRo,oa frro] i` ekfkqj] Mh-oh-] xks[kys, ikwfyfvdy ckw;ksxzkqh] ekudkykt] cecbz] i` ijkatis] vkj- ih-] xksiky d`".k xks[kys vk;z Hkw"k.k izsl] iwuk 1915 i` ogh] i` oekz] MkW- oh- ih-] vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpurd] esllz y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky vkxjk 1995 i` vkj- ih- ijkatis] xksiky d`".k xks[kys] vk;z Hkw"k.k izsl iwuk 1915] i` ijkatis] vkj- ih-] xksiky d`".k xks[kys vk;z Hkw"k.k izsl] iwuk] 1915] i` xks[kys dk okjk.klh esa dkaxzsl v/;{kh; in ls Hkk"k.k] iv~vkfhk lhrkjes;k] dkaxzsl dk bfrgkl] i` ijkatis] vkj- ih-] xksiky d`".k xks[kys] vk;z Hkw"k.k izsl] iwuk] 1915] i`- 85 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

70 ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa tyxzg.k fodkl dk;ze&,d fo'ys"k.k MkW- vts; foe flag punsy,lksfl,v çksqslj] jktdh; dyk egkfo ky;] dksvk eksgeen ruoh:y blyke 'kks kfkhz] jktdh; dyk egkfo ky;] dksvk 'kks/k Lkkjka'k ty l`f"v rfkk thou dk,d vuqie migkj gsa ftls izd`fr us gesa,d thounkf;uh vks"kf/k ds :Ik esa iznku fd;k gsabl rro ds }kjk gh ekuo ds fodkl dks xfr feyrh gs vksj os iyyfor o iksf"kr gksrk gsa izd`fr ds bl vewy; migkj dks ge,d thounk;h lalkk/ku ds :Ik esa ysrs gsa izd`fr ds bl lalk/ku dk fofhkuu Hkkxksa esa forj.k vleku gsaekuo vius iz;klksa }kjk bu vlekurkvksa dks nwj djus dk iz;kl djrk gs vksj mlds vuq:ik {ks= dk fodkl lqfuf'pr gksrk gsa lokbzek/kksiqj ftysa esa tylalk/kuksa dk vleku forj.k ik;k tkrk gsa {ks= esa bu vlekurkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy;s tylalk/ku ls lecfu/kr fofhkuu ;kstukvksa dks f;kfuor fd;k x;k gsaftlesa ty xzg.k {ks= fodkl dk;ze fodkl ds,d egroiw.kz mikxe ds :Ik esa n`f"vxkspj gqvk gsablds lkfk lkfk bl dk;ze dh xfrfof/k;ksa }kjk {ks= dk fodkl lqfuf'pr gqvk gsa fofhkuu fof/k;ksa ds }kjk ;g Kkr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k fd tyxzg.k {ks= dk;ze fodkl ds mikxe ds :Ik esa fdruk mi;ksxh gsa ladsrk{kj% tylalk/ku] tyxzg.k {ks= fodkl dk;ze] fodkl dk ewy;kadua y thou dk egroiw.kz vk/kkj gsa orekuz o Hkfo"; esa bldh egùkk o vko';drk esa dhkh Hkh deh ugha gks tldrh orzeku o Hkfo"; esa ty dh vko';drk dks n`f"vxr j[kras gq, bl fo"k; esa dkqh 'kks/k dk;z dh vko';drk eglql dh xbza ljdkj ds }kjk ty xzg.k fodkl dk;ze çkjehk fd;k x;ka ftlds }kjk o"kkz vk/kkfjr {ks=ks esa ty xzg.k lajpukvksa dk fuekz.k djds ty laj{k.k ls lacfu/kr vusd çdkj dh xfrfof/k;ks ds }kjk {ks= dk fodkl lqfuf'pr fd;k tkrk gsa blh e esa jktlfkku ds lokbz ek/kksiqj ftys dh ik pksa iapk;r lfefr;ksa esa Hkh ;g dk;ze çkjehk fd;k x;ka çfke n`"v;k ftys ds mùkj if'pe Hkkx ds fxjrs ty LRkj dks n`f"vxr j[krs gq, ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr dk p;u dj tyxzg.k dk;ze ds ek/;e ls o"kkz ty dks lafpr dj fofhkuu dk;kzs ds fy, mi;ksxh cuk;k tk,a ftlls {ks= esa fodkl dh c;kj py ldsa mís'; 1- ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr ds tyxzg.k {ks=ksa dk C;kSjk çlrqr djuka 2- ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa tyxzg.k {ks= ds dk;zeksa dk fooj.k çlrqr djuka 3- ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr ds tyxzg.k {ks= fodkl dk;ze dh flfkfr Li"V djuka 4- ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr dsa tyxzg.k {ks= dk;ze ds vkffkzd o lkekftd çhkkodks fo'ysf"kr djuka 5- tyxzg.k {ks= fodkl dk;ze dk fodkl ds mikxe ds :Ik esa fo'ys"k.k djuka 066 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

71 fof/kru= bl 'kks/k i= esa 'kks/kkfkhz }kjk HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kzu mppkop] flfkfr] tula[;k] tyxzg.k {ks=] d`f"k] Ik'kq/ku] vkfn rroksa dk v/;;u f}fr;d vkd Mksa ds vk/kkj fd;k x;k gsa ty xzg.k fodkl dk;ze dk fofhkuu rf;ksa ds vk/kkj ij izkfkfed vkd Mkssa ds }kjk v/;;u rfkk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gsa mdr vkd Mksa dh lgk;rk ls ekufp=h; o vkjs[kh; fof/k;ksa ds }kjk HkyhHkk fr fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gs vksj fodkl dk;ze dk mfpr izdkj ls ewy;kdau djds fu"d"kz izlrqr fd;s x;s gsa bl 'kks/k i= esa folr`r vkd Ms ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr ds vurxzr esks o ekbksa tyxzg.k {ks= dks mudh voflfkfr ds vuqlkj mudk fu;kstu],dhdj.k o rkfydk,oa lkjf.k;ksa esa myysf[kr fd;k x;k gsa izlrqr 'kks/k i= esa fofhkuu izdkj ds ekufp=] lkjf.k;ksa] vkjs[kksa] fofhkuuk Hkksxksfyd {ks=h; ekin.mksa ds vuqlkj fn;s x;s gsa tyxzg.k {ks= tyxzg.k {ks= o HkkSxksfyd bzdkbz {ks= gksrk gs ftlesa fxjus okyk ty,d unh ;k,d nwljs ls tqm+rh gqbz dbz NksVh ufn;ksa ds ek/;e ls,df=r gksdj,d ls LFkku ls gksdj cgrk gsa bl LFkku dks fuxze ;k fudkl fcunq dgrs gsa bl izdkj ;g ty Hkwfe dk og {ks= gs ftldk lelr viokfgr ty,d gh fcunq ls gksdj xqtjrk gsa blesa izkir lelr o"kkz ty tks lrgh izokg ds :Ik esa gksrk gsa fu;a=.k lehkao gks ikrk gsa ogha ;fn bl ty ds lunzhk esa ifjhkkf"kr djuk gks rks tyxzg.k {ks= Hkwfe dh,d,slh bdkbz gs ftldk ty fudkl,d gh fcunq ;k LFkku gksrk gsa ;g {ks= dqn gsdv;j ls ysdj dbz fdyksehvj dk gks ldrk gsa tyxzg.k {ks= gh xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ze dh ubz bdkbz gsa ftldk dsunz fcunq xzkeh.k lekt gsa bl dk;ze dh dk;z iz.kkyh ds vurxzr ;kstuk dk mn; fodkl dh lcls NksVh bdkbz vfkkzr xkao ls gksrk gsa bl dk;ze ds izeq[k rroksa esa lkeqnkf;d laxbu,oa izf'k{k.k] tulghkkfxrk] d`f"k ;ksx; Hkwfe ij laj{k.k,oa mriknu i¼fr;ka] vd`f"k ;ksx; Hkwfe ij laj{k.k,oa mriknu i¼fr;ka] ukyk mipkj] Ik'kq/ku fodkl] ulzjh fodkl] vk; o`f¼ gsrq vu;?kjsyw i¼fr;ksa dks j[kk x;k gsa v/;;u {ks= ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr lokbz ek/kksiqj ftys ds mùkj if'pe Hkkx esa flfkr gsa ftldk dqy {ks=qy oxZ fdyks- ehvj gs ;g foa/;u dxkj dh,d NksVh xqecnkdkj igkmh ds pkjksa vksj flfkr gsa ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr lokbz ek/kksiqj ftys ds mùkj esa 25ñ16'30'',oa 25ñ45'30'' mùkjh v{kka'k rfkk 76ñ25' ls 76ñ45' iwohz ns'kkarj ds e/; oxz fdyks ehvj esa QSyh gqbz gsa ftlesa 153 xzke gs bldh tyok;q v¼z 'kq"d gs o"kkz dk okf"kzd vkslr feyh ehvj gsa bl {ks= ds nf{k.k esa eksjsy unh gs ftldk çokg if'pe ls iwoz dh vksj gs ;g cjlkrh unh gs bl {ks= dh çd`fr vlery çdkj dh gs bl {ks= dk <+ky nf{k.k dh vksj vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k ty rhoz xfr ls O;FkZ gh cg tkrk gs bl fodv lel;k dks ns[krs gq, {ks= esa tyxzg.k fodkl dh vko ;drk eglwl dh xbza ftlls ckeuokl rglhy esa ty ds O;FkZ cgko o e`nk vijnu dks jksd dj ty Lrj esa o`f¼ ds lkfk {ks= vkffkzd fodkl esa vkre fuhkzjrk çkir dj ldsa emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

72 Ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa tyxzg.k {ks= dk;ze %& ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa vusd çdkj ds tyxzg.k dk;ze lapkfyr fd x;s tks fueu çdkj gs& 1- IWDP (lefuor tyxzg.k fodkl dk;ze) 2- NWDPRA (jk"vªh; tyxzg.k fodkl ifj;kstuk) 1990 ds n'kd esa cutj Hkwfe fodkl dk;ze o jk"vªh; tykxe fodkl dk;ze çkjehk fd;s x;sa ftuesa loz çeq[k% 3- MJSA (eq[;ea=h tylokoyecu vfhk;ku ds ek/;e ls) IWMP I (2010&11)cksayh CykWd esa IWMP II (2011&12) [ka.mkj CykWd esa IWMP III (2012&13) lokbz ek/kksiqj CykWd esa IWMP IV (2013&14) pksfk dk cjokm+k CykWd esa IWMP IX (2013&14) ckeuokl CykWd esa ckeuokl CykWd esa 6 xzke iapk;rksa ds 10 xk o ds 38]231gsDV;j {ks= dks fpfgar fd;k x;ka ftlesa fofhkuu çdkj ds rduhdh Kku o tulghkkfxrk ds ek/;e ls tyxzg.k {ks= dk;ze dks lqy cukus ds ç;kl fd;s tk jgs gs ftlds QyLo#i {ks= esa fodkl dh xaxk çokfgr gksrh utj vk jgh gsa ckekuokl iapk;r lfefr esa tyxzg.k {ks=ksa dk fooj.k -la- esks tyxzg.k {ks= dk uke ekbks tyxzg.k {ks= dk uke {ks= gsdv;j 1 fl[kkjksyh dkspj jsokyh ddjkyk catkjh Lkakpksyh Ckekyk ckvksnk ckvksnk dksamyh dqy ftys esa tyxzg.k {ks= fodkl dk;ze dh flfkfr ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa pyk;s tk jgs ty xzg.k dk;ze ds vurxzr gsdv;j {ks= vkrk gsa bl iapk;r lfefr esa 10 esksa o 59 ekbks ty xzg.k {ks= gsa bl ty xzg.k {ks= esa ls gsdv;j {ks= mipkfjr fd;k tk pqdk gsa 8190 gsdv;j {ks= esa dk;ze py jgk gsa 15990gsDV;j {ks= çlrkfor gsa ckeuokl ia-l- esa tyxzg.k fodkl dk;ze ds çhkko 1- d`f"kxr çhkko% ekuo vius Hkj.k iks"k.k ds fy, d`f"k dk;kzsa dk lgkjk ysrk gsa ftuesa [kk kuu] frygu] O;kikfjd Qlyksa esa ty xzg.k fodkl dk;ze ds }kjk o`f¼ gqbza ty laj{k.k rduhdks ds ek/;e ls i;kzir ty miyc/krk o flapkbz ds lk/kuksa dh lqxerk ds fy, lu~ 2010 esa dsunzh; ljdkj }kjk IWMP çkjehk fd;k x;k tks jktlfkku esa MJSA (eq[;ea=h tylokoyecu vfhk;ku) ds rgr ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr eas 2013&14 esa IWMP IX ds uke ls 6 xzke iapk;rks ds 10 esks o 59 ekbzks tyxzg.k {ks= esa çkjehk fd;k x;ka ftlls {ks= esa tyxzg.k {ks= fodkl dk;ze ds ek/;e ls d`f"k ds lhkh {ks=ksa esa o`f¼ gks jgh gs ftlesa Qlyksa dk mriknu o mrikndrk o ty Lrj esa o`f¼] 068 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

73 e`nk vijnu esa deh] Ik'kq/ku fodkl] vk; ds uohu L=ksarksa dk l`tu] jkstxkj ds uohu L=ksrks dk l`tu vkfn esa myys[kuh; o`f¼ vafdr dh xbza ftlls {ks= dk lqfu;ksftr fodkl lqfuf'pr gqvka Ok"kZ 2012&13 ls 16&17 ds e/; [kk kuu Qlyksa ds mriknu,oa mrikndrk esa o`f¼ fueu rkfydk ls Li"V gsa -la o"kz ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa [kk ku Qlyks dk mriknu@mrikndrk@{ks= o`f¼ (çfr'kr esa) [kk ku 2012& &17 çfr'kr o`f¼ mriknu mrikndrk {ks= ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa Qlyks dk mriknu mriknu Vu esa [kk kuu frygu nygu O;kikfjd 2012& & & & & dqy emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

74 mrikndrk -la o"kz mrikndrk [kk kuu frygu nygu O;kikfjd & & & & & dqy {ks=qy -la- o"kz {ks= (gsdv;j esa) [kk kuu frygu nygu O;kikfjd & & & & & dqy emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

75 2- flafpr {ks= ckeuokl ds tyxzg.k {ks= fodkl dk;ze ds }kjk lkekftd o vkffkzd fodkl esa o`f¼ gqbza D;ksafd bl dk;ze ds }kjk ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr ds çr;sd xzke iapk;r esa tyxzg.k o lap;u dj ty lalk/kuksa ds }kjk flfpar {ks= esa o`f¼ gqbz gsa 2013&14 esa iapk;r lfefr dk dqy flfpar {ks=qy gsdv;j Fkk tks IWMPIX ds }kjk vusd çdkj ds lalk/kuksa ds ek/;e ls ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr ds flfpar {ks= esa o`f¼ gqbz tks orzeku (2016&17) esa c<+dj gsdv;j gks xbza ftlls ckeuokl ia-lesa vusd çdkj dh Qlyksa ds mriknu o mrikndrk esa vxz.kh gksrk tk jgk gs vksj csjkstxkjh dh la[;k esa deh gks jgh o vusd çdkj ds m ksx /ku/ks Qyrs Qwyrs utj vk jgs gsa ckeuokl ia-l- esa flfpar {ks= esa o`f¼ (çfr'kr esa) -la- lk/ku 2013& &17 vurj o`f¼ 1 dq, uydwi rkykc ugjs vu; dqn flafpr {ks=qy emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

76 3- i'kq/ku fodkl Ckkeuokl ia-l- esa tyxzg.k {ks= fodkl dk;zeksa ds vurxzr i'kqvksa dh uly lq/kkjus mrikndrk c<+kus i'kqvksa dks mi;qdr Hkkstu çnku djus] xq.kkred la[;k j[kus vkfn ds fy, i'kq/ku fodkl fd;k x;k tyxzg.k dk;ze ds ek/;e ls xq.koùkk esa o`f¼ dh xbz ftlls orzeku esa blds ykhknk;d çhkko ns[kus dks fey jgs gsa o i'kqikyu ds çfr yksxksa esa mrlqdrk c<+ jgh gsa lu~ 2012 esa ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa dqy i'kq/ku Fkk tks c<+dj 2017 esa gks x;ka tyxzg.k {ks= dk;ze ds ek/;e ls fdlkuksa dks i'kqikyu djuk vklku gks x;k D;ksafd flfpar {ks= esa o`f¼ ls i'kqvksa dks gjs pkjs dh miyc/krk o ljdkj }kjk uly lq/kkj ds çfr tkx:drk us fdlkuksa dks i'kq/ku fodkl ds çfr mrçsfjr fd;ka ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa i'kq/ku fodkl -la- o"kz HkSal xk; HksM cdjh?kksm+s x/ks Å V lqvj [kjxks'k eqxhz dqy i'kq/ku o dqddqv & & & & jkstxkj izokl Ckkeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa tyxzg.k {ks= fodkl dk;ze ds ek/;e ls jkstxkj ds voljksa esa o`f¼ gqbz ftlls {ks= ds yksxksa dks vklkuh ls dke fey tkrk gsa igys ekuo dks jkstxkj ds fy, nwljs 'kgjksa dh vksj izokl djuk im+rk Fkk tks 'kus% 'kus% vu;= LFkku ds fuoklh gks tkrs FksA tykhkko dh otg ls yksx etnwjh ds fy, cm+s 'kgjksa dh vksj iyk;u dj tkrs FksA ysfdu orzeku esa tyxzg.k {ks= fodkl dk;ze ds ek/;e ls yksxksa ds jkstxkj o m ksx /ka/kksa esa o`f¼ gqbz o jkstxkj izokl esa deh fn[kkbz nha 5- i;kzoj.kh; izhkko Ckkeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa ty xzg.k fodkl dk;ze ds ek/;e ls Hkwfexr tylrj esa o`f¼ gks jgh gsa igys ckeuokl dk tylrj cgqr xgjkbz esa gksus dh otg ls ljdkj }kjk bl dk;ze dks rhoz xfr ls ykxw fd;k x;k o ty lalk/kuksa dk izcu/ku dj ty Lrj esa o`f¼ dh xbza ftlds ykhknk;d ifj.kke orzeku esa n`f"vxkspj gks jgs gsa lu~ 2010&11 esa {ks= dk tylrj 90&110 fqv rd Fkk tks 2013&14 esa 75 ls 80 QhV rd vk;k vksj 2016&17 esa {ks= dk tylrj c<+dj 67 ls 72 ds lehi gks x;ka orzeku esa ckeuokl esa vusd izdkj ls o"kkz ty dk laxzg.k djus dh vusd ;kstuk, lapkfyr dh tk jgh gsa ftuesa es<+cunh] psd Mse] rkykc fuekz.k] Vk ds] ufn;ksa ij ck /k fuekz.k tks fd eujsxk dh lgk;rk ls fd;s tk jgs gsa bl dk;ze ds ek/;e ls tylaxzg.k {ks=ksa ds vkl&ikl iks/kksa o >kfm+;ksa dks jksfir dj gjk&hkjk fd;k x;ka tks i;kzoj.k dh 'kq¼rk ds lkfk&lkfk ty ds O;FkZ cgko o e`nk vijnu dks jksdk tk lds] vksj ekuoh; chekfj;ksa ds mipkj ds fy, vks"kf/k;k miyc/k djk lds vksj buls izkir ewy;oku ydfm+;k vk; dk L=ksr Hkh gs ftlls {ks= dk vkffkzd fodkl gksrk fn[kkbz ns jgk gsa 6- vu; izhkko 1- ty xzg.k dk;ze ds ek/;e ls ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa ty ds izfr yksxksa dk yxko c<+k o o"kkz ½rq esa ty lap;u vf/kd ek=k esa fd;k tkus yxka 2- tyxzg.k ls {ks= esa vusd izdkj ds m ksx /ka/ks iuisa o jkstxkj dks c<+kok feyka 3- ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr ds ;qokvksa dh lksp vius {ks= ds fodkl ds izfr c<+h gsaftlds ifj.kke vkxkeh le; esa n`f"vxr gksaxsa fu"d"kz 1- ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa 10 esks o 5+9 ekbksa {ks= esa fohkkftr dj gsdv;j {ks= esa tyxzg.k {ks= fodkl dk;ze lapkfyr fd;k x;k A 2- ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa ty xzg.k {ks= fodkl dk;ze ds ek/;e ls d`f'k ds lhkh {ks=ksa esa o`f¼ gqbza ftuesa mriknu mrikndrk] ty Lrj 072 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

77 esa o`f¼] Ik'kq/ku fodkl] jkstxkj ds uohu L=ksr vkfna 3- ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa tyxzg.k {ks= fodkl dk;ze ds }kjk izr;sd xzke iapk;r esa tyxzg.k o lap;u dj ty lalk/kuksa ds }kjk flafpr {ks= esa izfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbz gsa 4- bl {ks= ds fdlkuksa dh d`f"k Ik'kqikyu o jkstxkj ds izfr :fp tkxzr gqbz gsa 5- ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr esa tyxzg.k {ks= fodkl dk;ze ds ek/;e ls {ks= dh lcls izeq[k lel;k fxjrs Hkw ty Lrj o ouksuewyu dks de dj yksxksa esa tkx:drk mriuu dh xbza 6- {ks= esa o"kkz ty ds lxzg.k ls iquhkzj.k nj esa o`f¼ gqbz gsa 7- {ks= esa catj Hkwfe fodkl dk;ze o ty laxzg.k {ks= fodkl dk;ze ds vurxzr vusd laj{k.kkred xfrfof/k;k lapkfyr dh xbza ftuesa psd Mse] ck /k] es<&cunh] rykbz],fudv] Vkdsa vkfna 8- Ckeuokl iapk;r lfefr ds ftu {ks=ksa esa bl dk;ze us iw.kz :Ik ys fy;k ogk blds fodklkred izhkko utj vkus yxsa 9- ;g dk;ze vkxkeh nl o"kksz esa {ks= ds vkffkzd fodkl esa ehy dk irfkj lkfcr gksxka lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- Bali Y.P. (1981) : Watershed Management concept & strategy. Central Soil & water cons. Res. & Trg. Inst., Dehradun. 2. Census of India, 2001, Govt. of India. 3. District census Hand books, Sawai Madhopur District-Dirctor of census operations, Rajasthan Jaipur, 1961, 1971, Gurjar, R.K. and Jat B.C. (2001) : Water Resource Management Science, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur. 5. Jat B.C. (2000) : Watershed Management, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur 6. Murty, J.V.S. (1991) : Watershed Management in India, Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi. 7. Pant G.B. (1992) : Integrated Watershed management, Gyanodaya, Nainital. 8. Water shed Atlas of Rajasthan DST, Jodhpur. 9- folr`r ifj;kstuk çfrosnu (D.P.R.) iapk;r lfefr ckeuokl ftyk lokbz ek/ksiqja 10- tyxzg.k fodkl fn'kk funszf'kdk] Hkkjr ljdkj 11- vkj- ds xqtzj],oa ch-lh- tkv (2012) ty xzg.k ds fl¼kur] glrfyfi] t;iqja 12- tkv] ch-lh- (2000) & **tyxzzg.k izca/ku**] iksbuvj ifcy'klz],l-,e-,l- gkbos] t;iqja 13- xqtzj] vkj-ds- (2001) & ty izca/ku fokku**] iksbuvj ifcy'klz],l-,e-,l-] gkbos t;iqj 14- yks<k] vkj-,e-,oa ekgs ojh] nhid (1999) ^^jktlfkku dk Hkwxksy** fgeka'kq ifcyds'ku] mn;iqj] fnyyha emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

78 Hkkjrh; 'kkl=h; laxhr dh egro iw.kz fo/kk Bqejh dk fo'ys"k.kkred v/;;u vejnhi 'kekz 'kks/kkfkhz] eksguyky lq[kkfm+;k fo'ofo ky;] mn;iqj 'kks/k Lkkjka'k Hkkjrh; laxhr dh,d egroiw.kz fo/kk Bqejh gsa Ük`axkj iz/kku bl xk;u 'ksyh dh viuh fodkl ;k=k vr;ar jkspd,oa,sfrgkfld gsa fofo/k jktkvksa] dykdkjksa] drfkd u`r; 'ksyh] lar ijeijk vkfn us bls iks"k.k fn;ka 'kkfcnd :i esa Bqejh dh mrifùk Bqe ;k Bqeduk bl 'kcn ls gqbz gsa ;g xk;u] u`r;] vfhku; dh la;qdr fo/kk gsa vktdy fgunqlrkuh laxhr esa Bqejh ds izfr yksxksa dk yxko cgqr c<+ x;k gsa lhkh laxhr&leesyuksa esa dykdkj viuh xk;u] oknu ;k u`r; izlrqfr esa Bqejh dks t:j is'k djrs gsaa y{; gs fd mudh xk;dh e/kqj] 'kcn] Hkko] ftlesa J`axkj] fojg] feyu gj Hkko dks fnyksa rd igq pkuk gs vksj ;gh xk;dh] 'ksyh yksxksa ds eu dks yqhkkrh gsa ladsrk{kj % bfrgkl] Bqejh] d`".k] lksun;z] J`axkj] uk;d&ukf;dk] vfhku;] ppzjha thou dk izr;sd Hkkx laxhr ls vksr&izksr gsa euq"; thou esa lkfgr;] laxhr o dyk rhu vfhkuu vax gsa bu rhuksa dk ijlij lh/kk vksj xgjk lecu/k gsa rhuksa esa gh y;] izokg] 'kcnksa vksj Hkkoksa dk gksuk vko';d gsa cxsj bu rhuksa ds lkfgr;] laxhr vksj fdlh Hkh dyk dk vflrro ugha gks ldrka dko; vksj laxhr dk?kfuk"b lecu/k gsa dko; esa laxhr rro vkurfjd vksj okg; :i] nksuksa esa jgrk gsa vkurfjd :i esa o.kz] 'kcn] y;] rqd vkrs gs tks Hkkokuqdwy Hkk"kk ds fuekz.k esa ;ksxnku nsrs gs vksj y; ;kstuk laxhr 'ksyh dk iz;ksx vuq:i jkx] rkyksa vksj NUn fo/kku ckg; laxhr rro ds :i esa vkrs gsa [kq'kh ds fy, e/;y;] d#.kk vksj nq%[k ds fy, foyfecr y;] xfr vksj vkst iw.kz LFkyksa nwzry;] okrly;,oa la;ksx ds fy, e/;y; mi;qdr gksrh gsa laxhr dyk vius esa iw.kz gsa lkfgr; laxhr ls lecu/k djds viuh 'kfdr dks f}xqf.kr dj nsrk gsa Lojksa ds ek/;e ls 'kcn vyx&vyx Hkkoksa dk fuekz.k djrk gsa bugha Hkkoksa ds vk/kkj ij xk;dh dk fuekz.k gksrk gsa Hkko iz/kku xk;dh ls /kqzin iz/kku] Hkk"kk ;k 'kcn iz/kku xk;dh ls Bqejh] xty] Hktu o dookyh vksj rhljk vfhku; iz/kku gksrk gsa laxhr euq"; dh ân; dh Hkk"kk gsa dko; dh vkrek dk jl gsa jl gh mldk izk.k gsa ftl izdkj 'kjhj dk vk/kkj izk.k gs mlh izdkj dko; ds fy, jl mldk izk.k gsa dko; vksj laxhr,d nwljs esa iw.kzr;k lexz ugha gsa laxhr dko; ls mruk gh ysrk gs ftruk mls t:jh gksrk gs vksj mrus dk gh iz;ksx laxhr }kjk djrs gq, O;fDr dks LofIuy txr esa igqwpk nsrk gsa ysfdu dyk ds {ks= esa Js"B,oa dfu"b,slk oxz Hksn vuqfpr gsa laxhr dk iz;kstu yksdjatu gs] dfbu gksus ds dkj.k mpp dksfv dk gs ;g dguk Bhd ughaa yksdjatu fdlh Hkh 'ksyh dk gks mls Lohdkj djuk pkfg,a /kqzin] [;ky] Bqejh] VIik vksj Hktu lhkh xk;u 'ksfy;kw vius vkiesa ifjiw.kz gs] bugsa muds gh Lo:i esa Lohdkj djuk pkfg,a 'kcn dk jgl; vfkz gs] vfkz dk ifjpk;d jl gs] jl dk vloknu ;ksx gs] vksj ;ksx dh lire~ Hkwfedk ukn gsa dko; dks izkphu yksx nsoh; 'kfdr ekurs Fks] tks O;fDr esa vius vki mrj vkrh gsa izkphu dky ls vk/kqfud dky rd dko; dk vfkz fujarj cnyrk vk;k gsa vkt Hkh fo}ku dko; ds er esa,d er ugha gsa dko; dk lecu/k Hkko ls gs] Hkko dk lecu/k jl ls gsa ftlesa jl ugha mlesa dko; ughaa laxhr vksj dko; ds {ks= vksj vk/kkj vyx gsa dko; vksj laxhr feydj Hkkoksa dk vuqie lalkj cukrs gsaa in dk vr;ur egroiw.kz LFkku gsa 074 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

79 euq"; ds ân; dh tfvy Hkkoukvksa dks fpf=r djus ds fy, NksVs&NksVs jkxksa dh ;kstuk dh xbz gsa fgunqlrkuh 'kkl=h; laxhr esa tylk ;kuh csbd ftlesa /kqzin] [;ky vksj ckn esa mùkj Hkkjr esa tueh Hkkoiz/kku 'kcnksa ls lqvyad`r laxhr izdkj Bqejh dh xk;u id`fr ijaijkxr :i ls pyh vk jgh gsa laaxhr dh lkozhkksfedrk dks LkHkh Lohdkj djrs gsa Bqejh dk dko; in dh Js.kh esa vkrk gsa fdlh Hkh dko; esa Hkk"kk vksj fo"k; ;s nks rro eq[; :i ls lnso fo eku jgrs gsa Bqejh dh Hkk"kk tu lk/kkj.k dh Hkk"kk gsa Bqejh dh eq[; Hkk"kk czt Hkk"kk gs] ysfdu Bqejh fgunh ckgqy; {ks= esa jgus ds dkj.k mldh yksdcksfy;kw vo/kh] Hkkstiqjh] exgh vkfn yksd Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx ftugsa tu cksfy;kw dgk tkrk gs] dk iz;ksx Bqefj;ksa esa feyrk gs blds vykok uokch izhkko gksus ds dkj.k mnwz dk iz;ksx Hkh Bqejh esa feyrk gsa dhkh&dhkh iatkch 'kcn dk iz;ksx Hkh Bqejh esa feyrk gs blds vykok dbz ckj bu cksfy;ksa dk feyk tqyk Lo:i Hkh fdlh,d Bqejh esa fey tkrk gsa Bqejh vfhku; vksj u`r; ds lkfk tqm+s gksus ds dkj.k dsf'kdh o`frr dk Hksn gsa Bqejh ds vf/kdrj xhr J`axkfjd gsa J`axkfjd jl ds nks izeq[k Hksn gs & la;ksx vksj fo;ksx ;s nksuksa Hkko gh laxhr esa vf/kdrj fn[krs gsa Bqejh xhrksa esa vf/kdrj vkrek&ijekrek uk;d&ukf;dk dk izse] bz'j HkfDr] g"kz] 'kksd] vk'kk vksj fujk'kk br;kfn vusdks LFkkbZ o vlfkkbz Hkko fn[krs gsa ukf;dkvksa ds fofhkuu Hksn d`".k dh yhyk] d`".k dk thou] ½rqvksa dk o.kzu] lksun;z dk o.kzu br;kfn Hkko vksj fo"k; Bqejh eas eq[; :i ls feyrs gsa pw fd Bqejh J`axkj iz/kku ekuh xbz gs blfy, vf/kdrj J`axkj fiz; fo"k; gh izkir gksrs gsa bl izdkj ns[kk tk; rks BqEkjh Hkkjrh; laxhr dk vfhkuu vksj izeq[k laxhr Hksn gs izkphu dky ls fofhkuu :iksa esa gesa Bqejh izkir gksrh pyh vk jgh gsa vyx&vyx le; vksj dky esa blds vyx&vyx uke feyrs gsa ysfdu ;g fuf'pr gs fd Bqejh dk vius vki esa bfrgkl gs vksj orzeku esa tks Bqejh izpfyr gs mldk lh/kk lecu/k finys rhu lks o"kksz ls vf/kd gsa orez ku dky eas Beq jh ds {k=s eas cgrq cm&s+ cms+ dykdkj gks x;s gs vkjs mudk uke lkjs n's k D;k fo'o eas ifz l¼ gas Bqejh ;g fo"k; ukf;dk ds eu dh dbz vyx&vyx Hkkoukvksa dk laxhre; fp=.k gs] bls is'k djus esa dsf'kdh o`fùk ds lkfk Hkko] Loj] y;] Hkk"kk dk vkj; fy;k tkrk gs ftlesa vfhku; vius vki gh is'k gksrk gsa bu lc ckrksa dks vkrelkr djrs gq, laxhr ls vksr&izksr] ml jkx ds vuq:i Hkkouk, ewrz:i ls vk tkrh gsa rks Bqejh vius vki gh Li"V gks tkrh gsa Bqejh 'kcn vksj Loj dh dbz ubz&ubz Hkkoukvksa dks izlrqr djrh gqbz fofhkuu jkxksa dh NVk, fc[ksjrh gsa Hkkjrh; laxhr eas orzeku le; esa Bqejh vius fof'k"b lqunjrk ls,d u{k= dh rjg ped jgh gsa vkt BqEkjh xk;u fdlh Hkh laxhr lhkk dk vko';d vax gsa orzeku esa tks Bqejh dh egroiw.kz flfkfr gs og vkt ls yxhkx 70&80 o"kz iwoz ugha FkhA Bqejh xk;u fupys rcds dk xk;u ekuk tkrk FkkA?kjkusnkj xk;d vksj dqn mpp dksfv ds laxhrk bls xkuk ilan ugha djrs Fks] ysfdu yxhkx Ms<+ ls nks lks o"kz iwoz dh flfkfr blls foijhr FkhA vo/k ds uokcksa ds jkt;kj; ds dkj.k Bqejh us rrdkyhu le; esa lekt esa viuh izfr"bk cuk yh FkhA uokc okftn vyh 'kkg vksj lkfnd vyh [kka ds ;ksxnku ls Bqejh dk cksyckyk mrrj Hkkjr esa gks x;k Fkk bl dkj.k dqn yksx Bqejh ds vfo"dkjd uokc okftn vyh 'kkg vksj lkfnd vyh [kkw dks eku ysrs gs ysfdu ;g lr; ugha gsa Bqejh xk;u fo'ks"k :i ls mùkj izns'k dk vr;ur lqe/kqj rfkk J`axkjkRed izdkj gsa 'kkfcnd :i esa Bqejh dh mrifùk Bqe ;k Bqeduk bl 'kcn ls gqbz gsa ;g xk;u] u`r;] vfhku; ds lkfk,d fo'ks"k oxz dh fl=;k yksxksa dks fj>k;k djrh FkhA Bq] e] jh] bu rhu v{kjksa ds feyki ls Bqejh ;g 'kcn rs;kj gqvk gsa Bqe eryc Bqed ds pyuk] 'kku ls pyuk] /kheh xfr ls evd&evd ds pyuk] vkxs&ihns] b/kj&m/kj ns[k ds pyuk],d J`axkfjd pky] vksj jh,d varjax l[kh ls vius varjeu dh ckr dguk gsa Bqejh 'kcn dh mrifùk fgunh Hkk"kk ds varxzr nloha 'krkcnh ds cgqr ckn esa gksus ij Hkh blds ewy rroksa dh ijaijk lald`r 'kcn ls Vdjkrh gsa Bqejh 'kcn olrqr% fdl le; izpfyr gqvk ;g dguk dfbu gsa Bkdqj t;nso flag dk dguk gs fd yxhkx nks lks o"kksz ls ;g 'kcn u`r; vksj vfhku; dks lecksf/kr djrs vk;k gsa lqizfl¼ Bqejh xk;d Lofxfjstk'kadj dk er gs fd Bqedrs pyuk] fj>kds pyuk bu nks 'kcnksa ds feyu ls Bqejh 'kcn O;Dr gksrk gsa fgunh vksj nwljh dbz Hkk"kkvksa esa Bqed] Bqe] Bed bu 'kcnksa dk izpyu pksngoha vksj ianzgoha 'knkcnh esa dqn emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

80 lwqh vksj u`r; lac/kh jpukvksa esa fn[kkbz nsrk gsa cqjgkuiqj ds lqizfl¼ lwqh lar 'ks[k cgkmn~nhu cktu (1388&1506 bz-) ds dko; laxzgksa esa ^Bqeds* bl 'kcn dk iz;ksx fn[kkbz nsrk gsa eany eu esa /keds] jckc] jax esa >eds] lwqh bu ij BqedsA ;ksa cktu ckts js] vljkj lktsa AA egkjkt ekuflag d`r Bqejh esa czt Hkk"kk ds lkfk jktlfkkuh Hkk"kk dk Hkh vlj gsa jkx dkfyaxmks Bqejh] vkmks frrkyksa vlrkbz % vycsys paik phj esaa fctyh&lh peds fi;kjh thjksaa fi;jh Beds?kVk dh Hkhj esa mlh rjg ianzgoh 'krkcnh esa xqtjkrh d`".k&hkdr dfo ujflag (ujlh) esgrk fyf[kr jkelglzinh ds inksa esa Bed] Beds] Bedkos bu 'kcnksa dk iz;ksx feyrk gsa Bqejh dh mrifùk dsls gqbz \ mldk mn~xe fdl txg ls gqvk \ vusd fo}kuksa ds vusd er] vusd iz'u gsaa dyk dh fdlh Hkh 'ksyh dks vksj yksdfiz; gksdj viuk vyx LFkku cukus esa vksj eku;rk izkir dj yksxksa rd igq pus esa,d ;qx vfkok nh?kz dky yxuk LokHkkfod gsa Bqejh,d izkphu fo k gsa bldk bfrgkl 'krkfcn;ksa igys dk gsa iz[;kr laxhr 'kkl=h LoxhZ; Bkdqj t;nso flag ds vuqlkj Bqejh :id laxhr dk izk:i gsa Hkjr ds 'kcnksa esa lkfrodh vksj dsf'kdh o`frr ;s nks izeq[k o`frr;ka ekuo esa dykvksa ds vfhko;fdr esa n`f"vxkspj gksrh gsa vk/kqfud 'kcnksa esa mls Dykfldy ;k jksekafvd dgrs gsaa Bqejh dsf'kdh o`frr ;k :ekuh 'ksyh dh xk;dh gsa ukv~; ds rhu egroiw.kz vax gsa u`r;] xhr rfkk vfhku;a u`r; ds fy, vfhku; gh ugha dab vksj okn~; laxhr Hkh vko';d gsa djhc&djhc lhkh ;qxksa esa dab vksj ok laxhr u`r; ds fy, vko';d jgk gs tcfd ukv~; ds fy, egroghu rfkk osdfyid gsa vfhku; ;k izlrqrhdj.k,d fuf'pr <ax ls djus dks gh u`r; dh lakk nh x;h gsa u`r; dk vflrro dk,d Lora= dyk ds :i esa FkkA egkdfo dkfynkl dh jpuk ^ekyfodkfxufe=e~* esa ekyfodk ds u`r; izn'kzu esa xhr u`r; rfkk vfhkuk; rhuksa dk lekos'k FkkA ;fn ge egkdfo dkyhnkl dk dky pksfkh lnh ekurs gs rks Hkh ;g fl¼ gksrk gs fd mugksaus tks :i u`r; dk fn[kk;k gs og de ls de muls nks lks o"kz iwoz fodflr gks pqdk gksxka ml u`r; rfkk vfhku; laxhr ds nks Hksn gs ekxz rfkk ns'kha Bqejh laxhr dk,d izdkj Fkk] tks nslh ds vurxzr vkrk FkkA bu izn'kzuksa esa okfpd vksj vkaxhd nksuksa izdkj ds vfhku; gksrs FksA Bqejh esa Nfyd dh izo`frr fo eku gs] tks fd blds vurxzr gksrh gsa Nfyd esa LojfJr vkafxd vksj okfpd vfhku; gksrs jgs gs vksj bldk iz;ksx u`r; ds lkfk gksrk jgk gs Bhd mlh izdkj Bqejh dk iz;ksx u`r; ds lkfk gksrk jgk gsa Bqejh ewyr% dsf'kdh o`frr }kjk Hkkoksa dks vfhku;,oa u`r; ds lkfk xkus okyh lqdqekj L=h;ksfpr] e/kqj] yfyr xku fo k gsa 'kkl=ksa ds vuqlkj blh o`frr ds vurxzr J`axkj] jlkred L=h iz/kku u`r; ekuk x;k gsa bl izdkj ns[kk tk; rks Bqejh dkyhnkl ds le; esa Hkh izpfyr ekuk tk ldrk gsa Hkjr ds ukv~; 'kkl= ds vuqlkj ½f"k czegk us viljkvksa dh l`f"v gh dsf'kdh o`frr ds fy, dh gsa lald`r lkfgr; ds jkek;.k] egkhkkjr] ukv~;'kkl=] gfjoa'k iqjk.k] prqj ok.kh] ekyfodkfxufe=e~] g"kzpfj=] jrukoyh] diwzj vatjh] J`axkj izdk'k],d izkphu cks¼ /keksz ds xzafkksa ls tkudkjh feyrh gs fd gekjs lekt esa mrloksa,oa ioksza ij dsf'kdh o`frr dk lgkjk ysdj u`r; xku fd;k tkrk FkkA ns[kk tk;s rks J`axkjkRed yfyr,oa L=h;ksfpr fo k Bqejh ds HkkokfHku; i{k ls budh leiw.kz lekurk gksrh FkhA uokcksa ds dky esa blh izdkj ds u`r;,oa xku dks Bqejh dgk x;k gsa Bqejh 'kcn ds ^Bqe* vksj ^jh*] nks va'k gsa ^Bqe* Bqedus dk ksrd gs vksj ^jh* varjax l[kh ls vius varj dh ckr dgus dka Bqejh dk fo"k; ukf;dk ds varj dh vla[; Hkko&ygfj;ksa dk fp=.k gs] ;gh fo"k; ^js[rh* uked Qkjlh&dkO; dk Hkh gs] ftldh ijaijk mnwz&dko; esa Hkh vkbz gsa Bqejh dh Hkk"kk] mlds fo"k;] mldh izd`fr ds vuqdwy ml izns'k dh yksd&hkk"kkvksa esa ls gsa] tgk Bqejh mith gsa ^fganh&lkfgr; leesyu* ;k ^vatqeu&rjfdd, mnwz* us vcrd mls vius lk ps esa <kyus dk iz;ru dhkh ugha fd;ka Bqejh esa ^Loj* vksj ^'kcn* & nksuksa ijlij iwjd gsaa,d gh 'kcn dks ubz&ubz Nfo;k Loj nsrs gsaa mls ge ^Qqysy^ dgsaxsa og u dsoy rsy gs] u Qwy] vfirq Qwyksa dh xa/k ls clk gqvk rsy gsa ^Qqysy* dk xzkgd flux/krk vksj lqax/k&nksuksa lkfk&lkfk pkgrk gsa flux/krk vksj lqxa/k Hkh y{; ugha] ^jlexurk* ;k ^izluurk* ds 076 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

81 lk/ku&ek= gsa og mihkksdrk gs] ^Qqysy* dk O;kikjh ugha gsa izr;sd inkfkz mihkksdrk ds fy, gs] O;kikjh ds fy, rks ^uqk* gsy; esa rks Bqejh izfrf"br gs] tks cksy&ck V dh Bqefj;ksa esa ffkjdrh vksj epyrh gsa cksy&cuko dh Bqejh dh ^y;* ds fo"k; esa eksu gh Js"B gsa Jksrk Lo;a gh rky nsdj mldh ijh{kk djsa] rks Bhd gsa dqn fo}kuksa ds jk; esa Bqejh dk m}hko ^jkl* ls gqvk gs vksj jkl osnksa ds dky ls ekuk x;k gsa Hkxoku d`".k dks jkl ds lkfk tksm+k x;k gsa jkl vksj gfyyld dk myys[k gjoa'k iqjk.k esa e.myh u`r; ds :i esa feyrk gsa NkfyD; dks blesa xka/koz dgk x;k gsa xka/koz yksfdd laxhr Fkk] blesa okjkaxukvksa vksj fl=;ksa dk izeq[k ;ksx FkkA jkl esa iz;qdr NkfyD;] Nfyd] Nfyr] u`r; ;k ukv~; }kjk xkrs gq, urzdh ;k u`rzd }kjk Hkko izn'kzu ftleas ;FkkFkZ dks Nqikdj vu; vuqiflfkr Hkkoksa dk izn'kzu Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA Jhd`".k blds eq[; ik= ekus tkrs FksA tsu lkfgr; esa jkx jkfxfu;ksa ds ek/;e ls dko;ksa dks vfhku;] ukv~; vksj u`r; ds lkfk xk;s tkus dks ^jkld* dgrs gsa bl izdkj ge ns[ks rks jkl Bqejh dk izkphu Lo:i gh FkkA dqn fo}kuksa us Bqejh dk lecu/k ppzjh ls fd;k gsa ppzjh 'kcn dk vfkz isjksa dh xfr y; vksj u`r; ds lkfk xk;s tkus okys xhrksa dks ppzjh dgk tkrk FkkA Bqejh 'kcn esa ^Bqe* in~ lapkyu djrs gq, u`r; djuk ^jh* dk vfkz vurjax ds Hkkoksa dks izlrqr djuk gksrk gsa bl izdkj Bqejh Hkh u`r; ds lkfk xk;s tkus okyk u`r; gqvk ppzjh Hkh bl izdkj dk xhr gqvka ppzjh olar ½rq vksj enuksrloksa esa Hkh xk;h tkrh FkhA Bqejh Hkh bl izdkj ds mrloksa esa xk;s tkus dh izfkk gsa ppzjh vksj Bqejh nksuksa dh Hkk"kk;sa tucksfy;ka FkhA nksuksa ds rky Hkh feyrs tqyrs gs vksj vur esa yxxh dh Hkh lekurk gsa blfy, Bqejh dk izkphu Lo:i Hkh ppzjh ekuk tk ldrk gsa Hkkjr esa eqflye 'kklu dqrqccqn~nhu,scd ls izkjehk gqvka lu~ 1192 esa eqflye 'kklu dh 'kq:vkr bl izdkj gqbza mlds ckn xqyke] f[kyth] rqxyd] yksnh oa'kksa esa rfkk eqxyksa dk 'kklu fnyyh ij jgka ;s lhkh 'kkld laxhr,oa dyk izseh FksA buds 'kklu dky esa dbz laxhr xzufk fy[ks x;s vksj cm+s&cms laxhrk,oa dykdkj gq;sa vksjaxtsc ds dky esa lu 1665 ds yxhkx ^Qdh:Yykg* us ^jkx niz.k* fy[kk vksj bl xzufk esa Bqejh dk myys[k feyrk gsa mlh dky esa fetkz [kka us ^rksgqrqy fgun* uked xzufk fy[kka blesa Hkh Bqejh dk myys[k feyrk gsa bu nksuksa gh xzafkksa esa Bqejh 'kcn dk iz;ksx izfke ckj Li"V n`f"vxkspj gksrk gsa bu myys[kksa ls irk pyrk gs fd Bqejh iunzgoha] lksygoha 'krkcnh eas Hkh izpfyr FkhA luk~ 1719 ls 1742 bz- rd fnyyh ij eqgeen 'kkg jaxhys dk 'kklu FkkA eqgeen 'kkg jaxhys laxhr dk vr;ur izseh Fkk vksj blds njckj esa cms&cms laxhrdkj jgk djrs FksA ukfnj 'kkg ds geys ds ckn jaxhys us laxhr ls viuk /;ku gvk fy;k] ftlds dkj.k lhkh laxhrk b/kj&m/kj fc[kj x;sa vf/kdrj laxhrk vo/k] iatkc ;k Xokfy;j pys x;sa ml le; vo/k esa uokch 'kklu dk izkjfehkd nksj FkkA lu~ 1775 esa uokc vklqqn~nksyk us y[kuå dks vo/k dh jkt/kkuh cuk;ka uokc vklqqn~nksyk ls uokc okftn vyh 'kkg rd uokch 'kklu jgka luk~ 1856 bzesa uokc okftn vyh 'kkg dks vaxzstksa us fxj rkj djds efv;kcqtz Hkst fn;ka tc rd okftn vyh 'kkg y[kuå eas jgs] y[kuå esa laxhrkksa dks jktkj; izkirk FkkA vo/k ds uokc foyklh,oa J`axkj fiz; FksA /kqin&/kekj o [;ky dh xk;dh mugsa fo'ks"k ilan ugha vk;ha Bqejh xk;dh J`axkj iz/kku gksus ds dkj.k mugsa Hkk x;h vksj Bqejh dk Lo.kZ;qx ;gha ls izkjehk gqvka y[kuå ds vfrfjdr rrdkyhu le; esa y[kuå ds iwohz fgllksa rfkk cukjl] x;k] ivuk vksj dydrrk esa ogka ds jktkvksa,oa jbzlksa ds vkj; ls Bqejh bu {ks=ksa esa vr;f/kd yksdfiz; gqbza muuhloha 'krkcnh esa vo/k ds 'kkld] ckn'kkg uokc okftn vyh 'kkg ds le; y[kuå njckj esa Bqejh [kwc Qwyh&QyhAckn'kkg dh Nfo T;knk 'kklu dh rjq u gksrs gq, dyk ds izfr vf/kd :fp j[kus okys mnkj vksj vkj;nkrk ds :i esa lkeus vk;ha Lo;a,d mppdksfv ds dfo] ukv~;dkj] mnwz uskvd ds iz.ksrk gksus ds lkfk&lkfk laxhrdkj vksj dfkd u`r;dkj dgykrs FksA blfy, ;s vk'p;z dkjd ckr ugha gs fd Bqejh xk;dh izdkj muls csgn tqm+h jgha Bqejh xk;dh dk ft gesa lu~ 1850 esa cgqr txg feyrk gsa da- vxlvhl foymz (1962&64) us Bqejh dk ft mudh fy[kh iqlrd "Treatise on the music of Hindustan" esa fd;k gs] ftlesa /kqzin] [;ky] VIik ds ckn Bqejh dks gh egro fn;k x;k gsa uokc okftn vyh 'kkg dyk ds 'kksdhu Fks] mnwz 'kk;sjh] laxhr] ukvd] u`r; ds lcls cm+s laj{kd ds :i esa tkus tkrs FksA ;gha ls Bqejh xk;u 'ksyh jktnjckj esa vkdj emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

82 yksxksa ds fnyksa ij Nkus yxha dfkd u`r;] Bqejh vksj uokc okftn 'kkg dk ukrk vvwv FkkA js'ke dh Mksjh ls etcwr c /ks FksA dykvksa ds vkj;nkrk rks Fks gh] lkfk esa dbz Bqefj;k v[kùkj fi;k ds uke ls rs;kj dh vksj vusd dko; rfkk laxhr jpuk, jph FkhaA muds njckj esa izfl¼ dfkd u`r;dkj ia- Bkdqj izlkn ls mugksaus u`r; lh[kk FkkA Bkdqj izlkn th y[kuå?kjkus ds izfl¼ urzd egkjkt fcnkanhu rfkk dkfydk izlknth ds pkpk vksj xq: FksA gdhe eksgeen dje bee dk dguk Fkk fd laxhr {ks= ls tqm+h gqbz gj dyk dks okftn vyh 'kkg mùke izdkj ls tkurs Fks vksj,d egkjfkh ds :i esa tkus tkrs FksA laxhr ds xq.kksa dh vpnh igpku ds fy, y[kuå esa] laxhr {ks= ds vksj nwljh dykvksa ds Js"B fo}ku cls FksaA y[kuå ds uvojh ;k dfkd u`r; dh ijeijk Hkh izkphu dgykrh FkhA Bqejh ds Hkko dks yksxksa ds lkeus iznf'kzr fd;k vksj ogha ls ;g izfkk pyha 'kahkq egkjkt th Bqejh ds gj Hkko dks c[kwch is'k djrs FksA buds ckn Lo- vpnu egkjkt th ds dq'ky u`r;dkj lqiq= Jh czteksgu vfkkzr~ fcjtw egkjkt th us rks dfkd u`r; vksj Bqejh dh vnkdkjh dks,d u;k vk;ke fn;ka eqacbz dh u`r;kaxuk Jherh flrkjk nsoh th vksj xksih d`".kth] jks'ku dqekjh] Jherh jksfg.kh HkkVs us Hkh Bqejh dks lkfhku;] Hkko lfgr is'k fd;k gsa ^^xku dh fdlh Hkh fo/kk esa ^cafn'k* vfkkzr~ jpuk vksj ^xk;dh* vfkkzr~ xku'ksyh] ;s nks phtsa ewyhkwr vk/kkj gksrh gsaa Loj rkyc¼ injpuk dks ^cafn'k* dgk tkrk gs vksj ^cafn'k* ds vk/kkj ij dh tkus okyh izr;{k xkuf;k vfkkzr~ xk;dh dk fof'k"v <ax gh ml xkufo/kk dh xku'ksyh dgykrh gsle; ds lkfk izr;sd xs;fo/kk dh vusd 'ksfy;k fodflr gksdj tulekt esa yksdfiz; o izpfyr gks tkrh gsaa y[kuå vksj mlds iwjc esa xk;s tkus okyh Bqejh viuh bl vax ls iwohz vax dh Bqejh djds izfl¼ gqbz vksj y[kuå ls if'pe dh vksj tks Bqejh izfl¼ gqbz] mls ink;h vax dh Bqejh dgk x;ka iwohz vax dh Bqejh esa cksy&ckav,oa cksy&cuko dh Bqejh bl izdkj nks izdkj dh 'ksfy;ka izpfyr gqbza cksy&ckav dh Bqejh esa u`r; dk vlj vf/kd Fkk vksj u`r; ds vlj ds dkj.k ;g Bqejh;ka vf/kdrj e/;y; ;k nqzry; esa xk;s tkus okyh Bqefj;ka gqbza mlh nksjku mlrkn lkfnd vyh vksj egkjkt fcunknhu us Bqejh dks cxsj u`r; vksj vfhku; ds xk;u }kjk izlrqr djuk izkjehk fd;ka Bqejh dks lozizfke iq:"k xk;dh esa mlrkn lkfnd vyh [kka yk;sa xk;u iz/kku bl Bqejh esa 'kcnksa ;k cksyksa dks muds Hkko vksj jl ds vuqlkj y; esa ckavdj xk;s tkus okyh Bqejh dks cksy&ckav dh Bqejh dgk tkus yxka mlh le; dqn foyfecr y; eas xkrs gq, mlds cksyksa dks vyx&vyx Loj laxfr;ksa ls ltkrs gq, xk;u dks cksy cuko dh Bqejh dgk x;ka ckn esa blh cksy cuko dh Bqejh dks cukjl esa foyfecr y; esa xkus dh izfkk dk izkjehk gqvka bl foyfecr y; dh cksycuko dh Bqejh esa LFkkuh; yksd /kquksa vksj yksd xhrksa dk izhkko vf/kd FkkA 'kcnksa dk iz;ksx de gqvk ysfdu mugha 'kcnksa ;k cksyksa dks ysdj Lojksa ds lgkjs gw] Vsj] iwdkj vkfn ds iz;ksxksa ls Bqejh dks ltkrs gq, xk;u izkjehk gqvka izkjehk esa foyfecr y; vksj vur esa dgjos rky esa yxxh dk iz;ksx djrs gq, Bqejh dk folrkj fd;k tkus yxka bldk lozizfke iz;ksx iatxnh'k fej] HkbZ;k x.kirjko vksj mlrkn ekstqn~nhu [kkw lkgc us fd;k vksj ;g izdkj bruk izpyu esa c<+ x;k fd bls cukjlh 'ksyh dgrs gq, iwjc vax ls mls igpkuk tkus yxka ;gka ij Bqejh dh nks 'ksfy;kw lkeus vk;haa,d y[kuoh 'ksyh vksj nwljh cukjlh 'ksyha y[kuoh 'ksyh esa cksy&ckav dh Bqefj;ksa dk izhkko gks x;k vksj cukjlh 'ksyh esa cksy&cuko dh Bqejh dka blds vfrfjdr chloha 'krkcnh ds pksfks n'kd esa mlrkn vyh cd'k vksj mlrkn cm+s xqyke vyh [kkw ds iz;klksa ls iatkc vax dh Bqejh Hkh izpkj esa vk;h vksj yksdfiz; gks x;ha bl iatkc vax dh Bqejh esa y[kuoh Bqejh esa iatkch yksd/kquksa ls feykus ls ;g Bqejh izkirk gqbza bl izdkj orzeku le; esa y[kuå] cukjl,oa iatkc vax dh Bqefj;kW lokzf/kd izpfyr gsa Bqejh dks vkt ds orzeku flfkfr esa ykus esa vo/k ds uokcksa] cukjl ds jbzlksa vksj dyrrk ds laxhr izseh lekt dk vr;ur ;ksxnku jgk gsa vo/k ds uokc Lo;a ;k rks laxhrk Fks ;k vr;ur laxhr izseh FksA bl dkj.k buds njckj esa cm+s&cm+s laxhrdkj lnso jgrs FksA pwwfd bu uokcksa dks Bqejh xk;u lokzf/kd yksdfiz; Fkk] blfy, rrdkyhu laxhrkksa us Hkh Bqejh dks T;knk egro fn;ka y[kuå ds vykok laxhr dks vkxs ykus esa jkeiqj] vksj Xokfy;j fj;klrksa dk cm+k ;ksxnku jgka mlrkn lkfnd vyh [kkw Bqejh ds lozizfke izpkjd ekus tkrs gsa uokch dky esa lkfnd vyh [kkw us viuh xk;dh esa ifjorzu ykrs gq, Bqejh 'ksyh dks lokzf/kd 078 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

83 viuk;k] mugksaus Bqefj;ksa dh jpuk;sa dh vksj lkfk&lkfk,d cgqr cmk f'k"; oxz Hkh rs;kj fd;ka ftlds dkj.k Bqejh dks vkxs vkus esa lgk;rk feyha mlrkn lkfnd vyh [kkw ds izeq[k f'k"; Fks HkbZ;k x.kirjko] mlrkn okftn vyh [kkw] mlrkn ekstqn~nhu [kkw] mlrkn [kq'kszn vyh [kkw br;kfna buds lhkh f'k";ksa us Bqejh xk;u dks viuk;k vksj mls lekt esa izfrf"br djrs gq, f'k";ksa dh,d yech drkj rs;kj dh ftlls Bqejh tu tu esa yksdfiz; gks x;ha mlh le; lunfi;k] yyufi;k] ek/kfi;k] gsnj vyh] mlrkn buk;r gqlsu [kkw] ukfk fi;k] dqwoj dkug] dqwoj ';ke] lqunjk] lqyrkuh br;kfn Bqejh ds jpukdkj gq;saa ftugksaus lqunj vksj xkus esa e/kqj jpuk;sa dha buesa egkjkt fcunknhu dk uke Hkqyk;k ugha tk ldrka egkjkt fcunknhu laxhr dh lhkh dykvksa esa ikjaxr FksA dfkd u`r; vksj Bqejh ds rks ;g ckn'kkg FksA bugksaus lsdm+ksa Bqefj;ksa dh jpuk dh vksj bugsa u`r; ds ek/;e ls izlrqr Hkh fd;ka buds HkkbZ dkfydk izlkn ds lkfk budh tksm+h dkfydk&fcunk uke ls izfl¼ FkhA blds vykok jkx dyiznqe uked iqlrd d`".kkuun O;kl us lu~ 1843 bz- esa izdkf'kr dh ftlesa Bqejh dh eqnzk ls vusdksa cafn'ks izkir gksrh gsaa bykgkckn ds ckcw jke lgk; dks gdhe eqgeen dje beke us cgqr cm+k fo}ku ekuk gsa ckcw jke lgk; uokc vklqqn~nksyk ds 'kklu dky ds nksjku FksA ftugksaus Bqejh ds izpkj esa ;ksxnku fn;ka mlh le; uokc lvknr vyh [kkw vksj tks fd NEeu lkgc ds uke ls izfl¼ gq, dk ;ksxnku Hkh egroiw.kz gsa rrdkyhu jkeiqj fj;klr ds uokc Hkh laxhr izseh Fks vksj muds njckj esa Hkh vusd laxhrdkj jgk djrs Fks ftuesa mlrkn gsnj vyh] cgknqj gqlsu [kkw] mlrkn I;kj [kkw] mlrkn cklr [kkw br;kfn izeq[k FksA jkeiqj fj;klr ds leku gh Xokfy;j fj;klr dk Hkh,sfrgkfld ;ksxnku gs Xokfy;j esa flaf/k;k ujs'kksa dk jkt FkkA flfu/k;k ujs'k Hkh laxhr izseh vksj laxhr ds tkudkj FksA buds njckj esa rrdkyhu le; ds lcls cm+s xk;d cgqr la[;k esa jgk djrs FksA Xokfy;j esa Hkh ;g laxhrk y[kuå ls gh x;s Fks vksj y[kuå ls tqm+s jgus ds dkj.k ;gka ij Hkh [;ky] Bqejh] VIis dk izpyu T;knk jgka Bqejh ds {ks= esa lokzf/kd izfl¼ x.kirjko] ljnkj cyour jko f'kuns] Jh eur ek/ko jko flaf/k;k ftuds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gs fd ^ek/kks fi;k* ds uke ls cuk;h x;h Bqefj;kW bugha dh gsa iz[;kr?kjkuk ^Xokfy;j?kjkuk* blh Xokfy;j fj;klr dh nsu gsa Bqejh dks tuk&tu rd igq pkus dk dke cm+s&cm+s mlrknksa dykdkjksa,oa efgyk dykdkjksa us viuk thou nsdj fd;ka chloha 'krkcnh ds izkjehk ls Bqejh dh flfkfr vaxzsth 'kklu ds dkj.k jktj; u feyus ls detksj gks x;h FkhA?kjkusnkj mlrkn vksj xk;d egfqy esa Bqejh xkuk ilan ugha djrs Fks ysfdu tc mlrkn vcnqy djhe [kkw tks fd fdjkuk?kjkuk ds izozrd ekus tkrs gs] mlrkn QS;kt [kkw tks fd vkxjk?kjkuk ds lalfkkidksa esa ls,d ekus tkrs gs] mlrkn [kq'kszn vyh [kkw] tks fd y[kuå?kjkus ds ^QkVd* dgykrs Fks vksj blh izdkj vu; cm+s&cm+s dykdkj xk;d,oa xkf;dkvksa us Bqejh dks viuk;k rks Bqejh iqu% mpp LFkku ij izfrf"br gks x;ha cm+s jkenkl] NksVs jkenkl] mlrkn cm+s xqyke] vyh [kkw] ia- HkksykukFk HkV~V] lqjs'k ckcw ekus] mlrkn cjdr vyh] mlrkn I;kj [kkw] xksgj tku] jlwyu ckbz] fo k/kjh nsoh] fl¼s'ojh nsoh] cm+h eksrh ckbz] tn~nu ckbz eydk tku] csxe v[rj] esuk nsoh] fp=k nsoh br;kfn xk;d,oa xkf;dkvksa us Bqejh xk;dh dks viukdj Bqejh dks vkdk'kh; cqyafn;ksa ij igqwpk fn;ka vhkh rd ge bfrgkl dks ns[krs gq, ;g dg ldrs gsa fd u dsoy lhkh cm+s fnxxt xk;d dykdkjksa us o cm+s u`r;dkjksa us Bqejh dks eku&leeku ds lkfk xk;k] yksxksa ds lkeus is'k fd;k cfyd flrkj] ljksn] gkjeksfu;e] lkjaxh] ok;fyu&okndksa us Hkh mls I;kj ls] vknjhkko ls viuk;ka fo'ofo[;kr flrkj&oknd ia- jfo'kadj] m- foyk;r [kk ] m- vyh vdcj [kk ] m- vcnqy gyhe tkqj] ia- fuf[ky csuthz] m- jbzl [kk ] m- vetn vyh [kk (ljksn)] MkW-,e- jkte] (ok;fyu) lhkh us /kqu dks ctk;ka vk/kqfud dky vfkkzr~ lu~ 1970 ds ckn ds bl dky esa Bqejh] nknjk] psrh] dtjh lhkh iwjc vax dh xk;dh dks yksxksa us izfrf"br fd;k] iwjc vax vksj iatkc vax ds fej.k ls Hkh,d vyx 'ksyh dk fuekz.k gqvka mrd`"b Bqejh dykdkj ds :i esa eqacbz dh Jherh 'kkshkk xqvwz rfkk iwjc vax dh Bqejh xkf;dk MkW- Jherh fxjhtknsoh th dk uke f'k[kj ij gsa Jherh fuezyk v:.k] Jherh y{eh 'kadj] Lo- ghjknsoh fej] Loa- MkWvuhrk lsu] usuk nsoh] lfjrk nsoh] Jherh in~ekorh 'kkfyxzke] ljyk fhkm+s dk Hkh uke gsa orzeku le; jkxnkjh laxhr ds izfl¼ dykdkj Hkh vius dk;ze dk var Bqejh] nknjk ls djrs gsaa buesa ia- Hkhelsu emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

84 tks'khth] xku ljlorh] Jherh fd'kksjh veks.kdj] Jherh izhkk v=s] 'kkshkk xqvwz] ia- vt; iksgudj] iavt; porhz] ia- txnh'k izlkn] m- j'khn [kk ] csxe ijohu lqyrkuk & ;s dykdkj myys[kuh; gsaa vktdy fgunqlrkuh laxhr esa Bqejh ds izfr yksxksa dk yxko cgqr c<+ x;k gsa lhkh laxhr&leesyuksa esa dykdkj viuh xk;u] oknu ;k u`r; izlrqfr esa Bqejh dks t:j is'k djrs gsaa y{; gs fd mudh xk;dh e/kqj] 'kcn] Hkko] ftlesa J`axkj] fojg] feyu gj Hkko dks fnyksa rd igq pkuk gs vksj ;gh xk;dh] 'ksyh yksxksa ds eu dks yqhkkrh gs vksj blfy, yksdfiz; gsa lanhkz xzufk lwph 1- fuca/k laxhr & y{eh ukjk;.k xxz] i`- la Bqejh dh mrifr fodkl,oa 'ksfy;k & 'k=q?u 'kqdy] i`la lqj Bqejh xk;dh dk & vatyh iksgudj] i`- la emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

85 fodkl esa,sfrgkfld /kjksgj dk ;ksxnku (if'peh jktlfkku ds lanhkz esa) vthr jke pks/kjh 'kks/kkfkhz] jktlfkku fo'ofo ky;] t;iqj 'kks/k Lkkjka'k,sfrgkfld /kjksgj u dsoy gekjs bfrgkl ls tqmh gs oju~ ;g gekjs orzeku dk fgllk gs vksj Hkfo"; dh fn'kk funsz'kd HkhA if'peh jktlfkku HkkSxksfyd :i ls jsfxlrkuh {ks= gs tgka vk/kkjhkwr lqfo/kkvksa dk vhkko jgka,sls esa fodkl dh jkg esa bl {ks= dk vk/kkj cus ;gka fufezr,sfrgkfld fdys] gosfy;ka] dq,sa] ckofm;ka vksj vu; LFkyA bu,sfrgkfld /kjksgjks ds dkj.k gh bl {ks= esa i;zvu m ksx dks c<kok feyk vksj bl m ksx us if'peh jktlfkku ds fodkl ds u, }kj [kksy fn,a vkt if'peh jktlfkku dh igpku ;gh,sfrgkfld /kjksgj gs ftlesa ;wusldks esa 'kkfey tslyesj dk lksukj dk fdyk izeq[k gsa tks/kiqj dk esgjkux<] ckmesj ds fdjkmw ds eafnj] chdkusj dk fdyk bl {ks= dh izeq[k,sfrgkfld /kjksgj gsa bu /kjksgjksa dk gh ;ksxnku gs ftlds dkj.k bl {ks= esa vkffkzd fodkl gks jgk gsa v/kkslajpukred fodkl esa lmdksa dk fuekz.k gks jgk gs] u, f'k{kk dsunz] LokLF; dsunz [kqy jgs gsa izkphu glrdyk dks cuk, j[kus esa Hkh bugha /kjksgjksa dh Hkwfedk jgh gsa if'peh jktlfkku esa i;zvu c<+ jgk gsa ftlls LFkkuh; yksxksa dks jkstxkj ds lkfk csad] Ldwy] dkwyst] fpfdrlky;] lmd vkfn dh lqfo/kk,sa Hkh fey jgh gsa ;g dgk tk ldrk gs fd if'peh jktlfkku ds fodkl esa bu,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa dh Hkwfedk egroiw.kz gsa Lkadsrk{kj % /kjksgj] fodkl] jktlfkku],sfrgkfld] tslyesj] i;zvu] fdjkmw eafnj] lksukj dk fdyk] tks/kiqj] chdkusj] ckmesja f'pe jktlfkku vis{kkd`r lw[kk vksj catj gs] blds dqn fglls esa Fkkj dk jsfxlrku Hkh vkrk gs ftls xzsv ibafm;u Mst+VZ Hkh dgk tkrk gsa jkt; ds nf{k.k&if'peh fglls esa t+ehu ue] igkm+h vksj T;knk mitkå gsa iwjs jktlfkku esa tyok;q cnyrh jgrh gsa vkslr rksj ij lfnz;ksa esa rkieku 8 fmxzh ls 28 fmxzh lsfyl;l vksj xfez;ksa esa 25 fmxzh ls 46 fmxzh lsfyl;l jgrk gsa o"kkz dk vkslr Hkh cnyrk jgrk gs D;ksafd if'peh jsfxlrku esa yxhkx 100 feeh- lkykuk vksj jkt; ds nf{k.k&iwoz fglls esa 650 feeh- lkykuk ckfj'k gksrh gsa blesa ls T;knkrj ckfj'k tqykbz ls flracj esa ekulwu ds nksjku gksrh gsa çkd`frd lksan;z ls Hkjiwj jktlfkku esa Hkkjr Hkj ls gtkjksa lsykuh vkrs gsaa i;zvu jkt; ds?kjsyw mrikn dk vkb çfr'kr ls T;knk curk gsa jktlfkku vius fdyksa] eafnjksa vksj lth gqbz gosfy;ksa ds fy, e'kgwj gsa dbz iqjkus vksj misf{kr fdys rfkk egyksa dks gsfjvst gksvy esa rcnhy fd;k x;k gsa blls gkwflivfyvh ;kfu vkfrf; {ks= esa jkstxkj c<+k gsa jktlfkku esa dbz i;zvd LFky gsa] fo'ks"k rksj ij buesa çkphu vksj eè; ;qxhu oklrqdyk ds çeq[k gsaa vu; n'kzuh; LFkyksa esa ekmav vkcw] vtesj] vyoj dk lfjldk ck?k vhk;kj.;] Hkjriqj dk dsoyknso i{kh vhk;kj.;] chdkusj] t;iqj] tksèkiqj] mn;iqj] ikyh] tslyesj vksj fpùkksm+x<+ 'kkfey gsaa ;gka lu~ 1992 esa i;zvu dks m ksx dk ntkz fn;k x;ka if'peh jktlfkku dh,sfrgkfld /kjksgjsa lksukj dk fdyk vksj gosfy;ka tslyesj ftys dk Hkw&Hkkx çkphu dky esa ^ekmèkjk* vfkok ^oyyhke.my* ds uke ls çfl¼ FkkA ;gk dk lksukj fdyk jktlfkku ds Js"B èkkuou nqxksza esa ekuk tkrk gsaa tslyesj ds fdys dk fuekz.k 1156 esa fd;k x;k Fkk vksj ;g jktlfkku emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

86 dk nwljk lcls iqjkuk jkt; gsa <kbz lks QhV Åapk vksj lsam+ LVksu ds fo'kky [k.mksa ls fufezr 30 QhV Åaph nhokj okys bl fdys esa 99 çkphj gsa] ftuesa ls 92 dk fuekz.k 1633 vksj 1647 ds chp djk;k x;k FkkA tslyesj esa izkphu gosfy;ka Hkh,sfrgkfld /kjksgjks esa 'kkfey gsa ;wusldks dh,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa esa tslyesj dk fdyk viuk LFkku j[krk gsa fdjkmw ds eafnj fdjkmw ds çkphu efunj jktlfkku ds ckm+esj ls yxhkx 35 fdeh mùkj&if'pe esa gsa fdjkmw ds foüo çfl¼ ik p eafnjksa dk lewg ckm+esj equkcko jsyekxz ij [km+hu LVs'ku ls 5 fdeh ij gfkek xkao ds ikl igkm+h ds uhps voflfkr gsa fdjkmw dh LFkkiR; dyk Hkkjrh; ukxj 'ksyh dh gsa crk;k tkrk gs fd ;gk bl 'ksyh ds yxhkx nks ntzu {kr fo{kr eafnj Fks ysfdu vhkh ;s dsoy 5 gsaa ;gk ds eafnjksa esa jfr n`';ksa ds Li"V vadu gksus dh otg ls fdjkmw dks jktlfkku dk [ktqjkgks Hkh dgk tkrk gsa fdjkmw ds lksesüoj eafnj ds ikl flfkr NksVs f'ko eafnj dh 'ksyh esa lksesüoj ftruh lw{erk ugha gs bldk Hkh xqacn [kafmr gs] fdarq ;g vanj ls fqj Hkh lqjf{kr gs o [kafmr ugha gsa bl eafnj dh ohffkdk ds lkeus dh vksj gh dqn nwj tkdj f'ko] fo".kq vksj czãk ds eafnj gsa buesa ls,d eafnj ds ços'k }kj dh vxzyk iêh ij uhps dh vksj xksjh rfkk x.ks'k dh cgqr gh vkd"kzd çfrek gs ftlesa xksjh ds gkfk esa eksnd gs vksj ckyd x.ks'k ml eksnd dks viuh lw M ls mbkus dk ç;kl djrs fn[krs gsaa esgjkux<+ esgjkux<+ dk fdyk igkm+h ds fcydqy Åij cls gksus ds dkj.k jktlfkku ds ]lcls [kwclwjr fdyksa esa ls,d gsa bl fdys ds lksan;z dks J`a[kykc¼ :i ls cus }kj vksj Hkh c<+krs gsaa bugha }kjksa esa ls,d gs&t;iksya bldk fuekz.k jktk ekuflag us 1806 bzloh esa fd;k FkkA nwljs }kj dk uke gs&fot;}kja bldk fuekz.k jktk vthr flag us eqxyksa ij fot; ds miy{; esa fd;k FkkA fdys ds vanj esa Hkh i;zvdksa dks ns[kus gsrq dbz egroiw.kz bekjrsa gsaa tsls eksrh egy] lq[k egy] Qwyegy vkfn&vkfna tloar FkM+k ;g iwjh rjg ls laxejej fufezr gsa bldk fuekz.k 1899 esa jktk tloar flag (f}rh;) vksj muds lsfudksa dh ;kn esa fd;k x;k FkkA bldh dykd`fr vkt Hkh i;zvdksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kzr djrk gsa egkjktk tlora flga f}rh; dh ;kn eas lqns lxa ejej ls blz oh lu~ 1899 eas fuferz ;g 'kkgh Lekjdkas dk legw gas e[q ; Lekjd ds vna j tkès kijq ds fofhkuu 'kkldkas ds fp= gaas chdkusj fdyk cm+k fdyk vfèkd uohu gs rfkk bldk fuekz.k egkjktk jk;flag ds le; gqvk FkkA fdys dk ços'k }kj d.kziksy gsa blds vkxs ds njoktksa esa,d lwjt iksy gsa igys ds jktkvksa ds cuok, gq, LFkkuksa esa egkjktk jk;flag dk pksckjk] egkjktk xtflag dk Qwyegy] puæegy] xteafnj rfkk dpgjh] egkjktk lwjrflag dk vuqiegy] egkjktk ljnkj flag dk cuok;k gqvk jrueafnj vksj egkjktk Mwaxj flag dk N=egy] phuh cqtz] xuir fuokl] yky fuokl] ljnkj fuokl] xaxk fuokl] lksgu HkqtZ (cqtz)] lqugjh HkqtZ (cqtz) rfkk dks<+h 'kä fuokl gsa ckn ds jktkvksa us Hkh le; le; ij uohu Hkou cuokdj mudh 'kkshkk c<+k nh gsa bu egyksa esa nysy fuokl vksj xaxk fuokl uked fo'kky d{k eq[; gsa ykyx<+ egy] nsohdqam] uky] dksm+enslj] xtusj] Jhdksyk;r th] ns'kuksd] oklh &ojflaglj] tsxyk] ik[kk] tkaxyw] eksj[kk.kk] ikapq vksj Nkij,sls dbz,sfrgkfld /kjksgj if'peh jktlfkku esa flfkr gsa if'peh jktlfkku ds fodkl esa,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa dk ;ksxnku i;zvu,d,slk m ksx gs tks,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa ds vk/kkj ij pyrk gsa,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa us if'peh jktlfkku esa jkstxkj ds u, lk/ku miyc/k djok, gs ftlds dkj.k if'peh jktlfkku esa lmdksa dk tky QSy x;k gsa,fs rgkfld /kjkgs jkas ds i;vz u us jktlfkku eas glrdyk m kxs dks c<k;k gas jkts xkj eas Vfw jlv xkbmk]as Vosª y,tus Vk]as gkvs ykas ds :i eas O;olk;kas dks c<kok feyk gas if'peh jktlfkku esa i;zvu o"kz i;zvd izfr'kr lkj.kh ls Li"V fd finys n'kd dh rqyuk esa if'peh jktlfkku esa i;zvu djhc 7 izfr'kr rd c<+ x;k gsa 082 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

87 i;zvu dk L=ksr Vªsoy,tsUlh Lo;a O;olkf;d i;zvu daiuh izksrlkgu i;zvu vu; mijksdr rkfydk ls Li"V gs fd if'peh jktlfkku esa vf/kdka'k i;zvu Vªsoy,tsUlh }kjk fd;k tkrk gsa blesa okgu pkydksa] gksvy O;olkf;;ksa ds :i esa jkstxkj dks c<kok fey jgk gsa i;zvu ls glrdyk ekfld vk; esa o`f¼ 100 ls 600 :i, 43 izfr'kr 600 ls 1000 :i, 41 izfr'kr 1000 ls 3000 :i, 16 izfr'kr dkj.k mriknu ekax esa o`f¼ nqdkunkjksa }kjk mriknksa dh dher c<uk i;zvdks }kjk vf/kd dher nsuk lhkh 35 izfr'kr 36 izfr'kr 22 izfr'kr 07 izfr'kr mijksdr nksuksa lkjf.k;ksa ls Li"V gs fd if'peh jktlfkku esa glrdyk m ksx Qy Qwy jgk gsa blls vk; esa o`f¼ gks jgh gsa i;zvd glrdyk mriknksa dh vpnh dher nsrs gsa ftlls if'peh jktlfkku esa vkffkzd flfkfr esa lq/kkj gks jgk gsa if'peh jktlfkku esa fodkl lwpdkad ewy; ftys HkkSxksfyd d`f"k vkffkzd v/kkslajpukred ckmesj 0-17 &0-67 &0-73 &0-19 chdkusj 1-05 & xaxkuxj &0-18 &0-41 tslyesj 0-60 & &0-31 tks/kiqj 0-61 &0-39 &0-11 &0-01 ftys tula[;k o`f¼ dqy Qly {ks= dk vflafpr izfr'kr fodkl lwpdkad dqy dkexkjksa esa eq[; dkexkj xkaoksa esa fctyh miyc/krk izfr'kr uxjh; tula[;k izfr'kr,d yk[k tula[;k ij i'kqvksa dh la[;k ckmesj chdkusj xaxkuxj tslyesj tks/kiqj emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

88 lk{kjrk nj fpfdrlky;ksa esa ftys jftlvmz lmd d`f"k mriknu vdkexkj fdeh 2 csm la[;k@10000 Vu esa dqy dkexkj ckmesj chdkusj xaxkuxj tslyesj tks/kiqj ftys csadks dh la[;k@ yk[k fmiksftv@ O;fDr sfmv@o;fdr nl gtkj ij izkfkfed Ldwy Ldwy tkus okyks dk izfr'kr dqy Ñf"k {ks= esa nksgjh Qly dk {ks= izfr'kr ckmesj chdkusj Xaxkuxj tslyesj tks/kiqj ftys dkwyst fo kfkhz f'k{kkdsunz@ fdeh 2 HkwfejsosU;w@ O;fDr ikslv lfozl@ 100fdeh 2 dkwijsfvo lkslkbvh@ 1000 nw/k mriknu fdyks esa@1000 ckmesj chdkusj xaxkuxj tslyesj tks/kiqj mijksdr lkjf.k;ka if'peh jktlfkku ds fodkl lwpdkad dks n'kkzrh gsa bu lkjf.k;ksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gs fd if'peh jktlfkku ds izeq[k ftyksa esa fctyh] LokLF;] f'k{kk] csad] jkstxkj] Hkwfe O;olk;] okgu lqfo/kk,sa] lmdks dk fodkl rhozrk ds lkfk gks jgk gsa bl fodkl esa ftl m ksx dk izeq[k LFkku gs og gs i;zvu vksj i;zvu dks c<kok ns jgs gs if'peh jktlfkku esa flfkfr,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa ds lk{kh fdys] gosfy;ka] eafnj] FkMs vksj dq,sa ckofm;kaa fu"d"kz Li"V gs fd if'peh jktlfkku esa d`f"k dh flfkfr vpnh ugha gs vksj uk gh o"kkz vpnh izdkj gksrh gsa if'peh jktlfkku,d lw[kk vksj jsfxlrkuh {ks= gs tgka ij vk/kkjhkwr lqfo/kkvksa dh deh FkhA,sls esa if'peh jktlfkku,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa ds {ks= esa izeq[k jgka jktlfkku ds bfrgkl dh dbz tkudkfj;ka vius /kjksgjksa esa ;g {ks= lekfgr fd, gq, gsa,sls esa,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa us bl {ks= esa i;zvu dks c<+kok fn;ka i;zvu dks c<+kok feyus ds ckn ;gka f'k{kk] LokLF;] vk;] jkstxkj] O;olk;] lmd] ikuh] fctyh] csad vkfn lqfo/kk,sa c<+ jgh gs vksj ;g {ks=,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa ds vk/kkj ij fodkl dj jgk gsa lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- fjiksvz] lkaf[;dh,oa tux.kuk funs'kky;] jktlfkku ljdkj] fjiksvz] i;zvu fjiksvz] 2011] i;zvu fohkkx] jktlfkku ljdkja 3- jktlfkku i;zvu iksvzya 4- fofy;u] Mh-] ^VwfjTe bqsdv~l*] vkwdlqksmz ;wfuoflzvh izsl] vkffkzd losz{k.k] tux.kuk fohkkx] jktlfkku ljdkj] emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

89 6 'kekz] n'kjfk] vyhz pksgku Mk;usLVht] i`- 380&383 7 ekfkqj] fot;sunz dqekj],sfrgkfld LFkkukoyh] i` 'kekz] xksihukfk] jktlfkku dk bfrgkl] i` xqirk] eksguyky] jktlfkku ftysokj lkald`frd,oa,sfrgkfld v/;;u] i`- 22&39 10 xqirk vksj vks>k] jktlfkku dk jktusfrd,oa lkald`frd bfrgkl] lag] jk?kosunz] ^jktlfkku ds izkphu uxj vksj dlcs] ekfkqj] fot;sunz dqekj] ^,sfrgkfld LFkkukoyh] Gunn CA (1994) Tourism Planning, New York: Routledge publication. 14 Jones, Michael Rural Tourism: Special Marketing for a Special Place, Rural Development News, Vol. 14, No King, D. A., and W. P. Stewart Ecotourism and Commodification: Protecting People and Places, Biodiversity and Conservation, Vol. 5, No. 3 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

90 lyrur dky esa eqnzk iz.kkyh dk Lo:Ik (byrqrfe'k ds lunhkz esa) MkW- ftrsunz ekjksfb;k,lksfl,v izksqslj] l-i`-pks- jktdh; egkfo ky;] vtesj 'kks/k Lkkjka'k bfrgkl ys[ku esa fldds iqjkrkfrod lkexzh ds :i esa egroiw.kz LFkku j[krs gsa lyrur dky xqyke o'k dh LFkkiuk ds lkfk gh eqæk ç.kkyh dk fodkl çkjehk gqvka ftlesa byrqrfe'k dk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku gssa fldds pkanh] rkacs o fefjr /kkrq ds cus FksA eqæk;ks ls ledkyhu vkffkzd,oa O;kikfjd flfkfr dh tkudkjh feyrh gsa bl 'kks/k i= ds ek/;e ls lyrur dkyhu eqæk O;oLFkk ij folr`r çdk'k Mkyus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gsa ladsrk{kj % lyrur dky] eqæk ç.kkyh] byrqrfe'k] VadkA frgkl ys[ku esa fldds iqjkrkfrod lkexzh ds :Ik esa egroiw.kz gsa 1192 bz- esa rjkbzu dks f}rh; ;q¼ Hkkjr ds bbfrgkl esa,sfrgkfld fu.kkz;d ;q¼ jgka ftlds dkj.k Hkkjr esa pksgku oa'k ds LFkku ij xksj izns'k ds lyrur oa'k dh jktuhfr izkjehk gqbza 1206 bz- ls ysdj 1526 bz- rd Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd ivy ij lyrur dky 1 dk jkt jgka,momz FkkWel ds vuqlkj fnyyh lyrur dh LFkkiuk ds rrdky mijkur rqdhz 'kkldksa us viuh ubz eqnzk iz.kkyh pkyw ugha dh vifrq vusd o"kksza rd iqjkus fldds gh pyrs jgsa bu flddksa esa eqgeen xksjh ds lksus ds fefjr /kkrq rfkk rk cs ds fldds] egewn ds fefjr /kkrq ds fldds] ;YnkSt ds fefjr /kkrq ds rfkk rk cs ds fldds izpfyr FksA buds vfrfjdr iwoz dky ds ns'kh ujs'kksa ds Hkh fldds izpyu esa FksA oklro esa 1193 bz- ls ysdj 1526 bz- rd flddksa dh cukov] vkd`fr] muds Hkkj] mu ij vafdr /kkfezd vuqjqfr br;kfn esa fujurj ifjorzu gksrk jgka eqgeen xksjh us lksus ds tks fldds fudkys mudh fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd mudk Hkkj 64 xzsu ls 66-5 xzsu rd Fkk] mudh vkd`fr;ka fofhkuu izdkj dh Fkh rfkk mu ij vafdr vuqjqfr;ka Hkh fhkuu FkhA bu flddksa ij y{eh dh vkd`fr rfkk nsoukxjh Hkk"kk esa Jh 2 eqgeen fcu lke vafdr FkkA bu flddksa ij Vdlky dk uke vfkok tgk ls os fudys] dk uke ugha vafdr gsa fefjr /kkrq ds flddksa esa ftu 11 flddsa 43 xzsu ls ysdj 59 xzsu rd ds gsaa bu flddksa dh fo'ks"krk ;g gs fd muesa,d vksj vuqjqfr ds :Ik esa vylqyrku vy vkt+e eqgeen fcu lke ;k vylqyrku vy vkt+e eqt Qj nqfu;k o nhu ;k eqgeen lke vksj nwljh vksj ekyk fy, gq, v'okjksgh dh Nfo] pksgku v'okjksgh dh vkd`fr rfkk mlds Åij Jh gehj 'kcn ;k vcqy eqt Qj eqgeen fcu lke vafdr gsa rk cs ds fldds 37-5 ls ysdj 48 xzsu rd ds gsa vksj muds,d rjq ;k rks eqt Qj vynqfu;k ;k [km+k gqvk lk M+] nkbz vksj ;k eqgeen fcu lke rfkk nwljh vksj vynhu ;k vny ;k lqyrku vafdr gsaa eqgeen xksjh dh eqnzk iz.kkyh dh fo'ks"krk ;g gs fd mu ij gesa nsoukxjh fyfi dk iz;ksx] nsoh y{eh dh vkd`fr] mldh inoh vafdr feyrh gsa blds vfrfjdr mlus rhu /kkrqvksa ds fldds tkjh fd;s A bu flddksa dh vkd`fr Hkh Hkkjrh; ujs'kksa ds flddksa ls vr;f/kd fhkuu FkhA bu flddksa esa u frffk vksj u gh Vdlky dk uke vafdr gsa ftlls ;g irk ugha py ikrk gs fd ;g fldds fdl o"kz fdl LFkku ls fudkys x;sa blh izdkj ls mlds mùkjkf/kdkjh egewn us fefjr /kkrq ds 51 xzsu rfkk 59 xzsu ds tks fldds fudkys muesa,d vksj vy lqyrku vkt+e egewn fcu 3 eqgeen fcu lke rfkk nwljh vksj v'okjksgh dh vkd`fr o Jh gehj vafdr gsa dqrqcqíhu,scd ds uke dk vhkh rd fdlh Hkh /kkrq dk dksbz Hkh flddk izkir ugha gqvk gsa ftlls ge ;g fu"d"kz fudky ldrs gsa fd rjkbu ds f}rh; ;q¼ ls ysdj 1210 bz- rd mùkjh Hkkjr esa eqgeen xksj rfkk ns'kh ujs'kksa ds flddksa dk gh 086 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

91 izpyu jgk gksxka eqgeen xksjh ds fldds nsgyhoky dgykrs FksA vr% lyrur ds izkjfehkd o"kksza esa nsgyhoky gh lkezkt; esa eqnzk ds :Ik esa izpfyr jgsa byrqrfe'k us xtuh o xksj ls lecu/k&fopnsn djds lyrur dks Lora= djus ds fy, vius uke ds lksus&pk nh rfkk rk cs ds fldds fudyok;sa mlds 1211] 1217] 1219 bz- ds lksus ds fldds feyrs gsaa pwafd pk nh ds flddksa dh rqyuk esa lksus ds fldds dk dksbz ekud Hkkj fu/kkzfjr u Fkk vr% mldk izpyu yksdfiz; u gqvka mlus lksus ds fldds tks fd lksus ds Vads dgykrs Fks] ij dyek rfkk [kyhqkvksa ds uke vafdr djok;s vksj bl izdkj muds izfr viuh /kkfezd fu"bk dk 4 ifjp; fn;ka mlus pk nh dk Vadk Hkh fudyok;k tks fd Hkkjrh; eqnzk iz.kkyh ds fodkl dk ifjpk;d gsa mlds pk nh ds Vadk dk Hkkj 46 xzsu ls ysdj 168 xzsu rd FkkA ;g fldds 630 fg- ls 633 fg- ds e/; fudkys x;sa buesa ls dsoy,d fldds ij gh Vdlky dk uke fcykn fgun feyrk gsa pk nh ds bl fldds dh fo'ks"krk ;g gs fd bl ij vjch esa vuqjqfr dyek vksj lqyrku dh mikf/k;k vafdr gsaa bl fldds ds,d vksj xksykbz esa vy lqyrku vy vkt+e 'kelqíhu o nqfu;k o nhu vcqy eqt Qj vyre'k vydqrqch ukflj my ekseuhu ;k vy byykg yk byykg egewn jlwl vyykg vy ukfl#íhu vyykg vehj my ekseuhu] ;k Qh vgn vy beke vy eqlrlhj vehj my ekseuhu br;kfn vksj nwljh vksj vy lqyrku, vkt+e] 'kel vy nqfu;k o nhu vcqeqt Qj byrqrfe'k vy lqyrkuh ukflj vehj my ekseuhu] Qh vgn vy beke vy eqrlhj vehj my ekseuhu] vy lqyrku vkt+e 'kkl vy nqfu;k o nhu vcqeqt Qj vyre'k vy lqyrku ukflj vehj my ekseuhu br;kfn vafdr gsa mlds pk nh dh flddksa ls Hkh mldh /kkfezd o [kyhqk ds izfr fu"bk dk vkhkkl feyrk gsa mldk pk nh dk Vadk 32 iqjkuh L=h ds cjkcj pk nh FkhA byrqrfe'k 5 ds pk nh ds Vads esa ukxjh fyfi dk iz;ksx ugha feyrk gsa byrqrfe'k us fefjr /kkrq fd fldds Hkh pkyw fd;sa ;g fldds 47 xzsu ls ysdj 56 xzsu out rd FksA bu flddksa ij,d vksj vy lqyrku bryqrfe'k] xksykbz esa rfkk fdukjs nsgyh dh ;k lqjrk.kk Jh lelfn.k ;k vylqyrku vkt+e blrqrfejk vylqyrku ;k vynqfu;k o nhu vcqeqt Qj vyre'k vylqyrku ;k nsgyh vy lqyrku vy vkt+e 'kelqíhu vy nqfu;k o nhu br;kfn vafdr ;k rfkk nwljh vksj fdlh&fdlh fldds ij Jh lqyrku fyfrfel] Jh gehj vkfn nsoukxjh fyfi esa vafdr gksus ds lkfk xksykbz esa pksgku v'okjksgh dh vkd`fr Hkh vafdr FkhA blds vfrfjdr byrqrfe'k us vius 'kkludky ls iwoz ds lhkh fefjr /kkrq ds izpfyr flddksa ds LFkku ij NksVs ewy; ds rk cs ds fldds ftugsa thry dgrs Fks] Hkh fudyok;sa ;g fldds 22 xzsu ls ysdj 33-5 xzsu rd FksA usylu jkbv ds vuqlkj bu flddksa ds,d vksj byrqrfe'k ;k vny ;k 'kel rfkk nwljh vksj lqyrku] 'kel ;k Jh lelnh.k nsoukxjh fyfi esa vafdr feyrk gsa usylu jkbv dh lwph esa rk cs ds fldds <kyus okyh Vdlkyksa dk uke ugha feyrk gsa vr,o ;g dguk dfbu gs fd ;g fldds dgk ls fudkys x;sa byrqrfe'k dk ;g thry nsgyhoky ls Hkkj esa de gqvk djrk FkkA fefjr /kkrq rfkk rk cs ds flddksa ij nsoukxjh fyfi rfkk Hkkjrh; vyadj.k dk iz;ksx mu flddksa dh fo'ks"krk gsa rk cs ds 6 flddksa ij byrqrfe'k dk uke gs fdurq usylu jkbv us rk cs ds 10,sls flddksa dk myys[k fd;k gs ftu ij gtjr nsgyh] nsgyh] lqyrku vafdr gsa fdurq mu flddksa ij lqyrku byrqyfe'k dk uke o frffk ugha gs rfkk mudk otu 10-8 xzsu ls ysdj 67-5 xzsu rd gsa bu flddksa dh vkd`fr vu; rk cs ds flddksa ls fhkuu gsa bu ij vny lqyrku vy vkt+e vnylqyrku br;kfn rfkk nwljh vksj t+jc o gtjr nsgyh] tjc vy lqyrku] 6 vny lqyrku] gtjr nsgyh ;k vy lqyrku vafdr gsa byrqrfe'k us 8 xzsu dk vny uked flddk Hkh 7 fudyok;ka usylu jkbv ds vuqlkj bl fldds dk pk nh o lksus ds flddksa ds lkfk dksbz Hkh lecu/k u FkkA mldk ewy; /kkrq ds ewy; ij gh fuhkzj djrk FkkA ftl izdkj byrqrfe'k ds pk nh ds Vads fofhkuu ewy;ksa ds feyrs gsa mlh izdkj ls mlds vny Hkh fofhkuu ewy;ksa ds feyrs gsa vfkkzr~ 40] 36] 24] 18] 12 ewy; ds vny mudk otu 86-4] 57-6] 28-8] 14-4 xzsu rd FkkA os,d Vads dk e'k% 1@2] 1@3] 1@6 rfkk 1@12 Hkkx 8 FksA lqyrku #dquqíhu fqjkst+'kkg (1236) dk,d pkanh dk 9 flddk] ftldk otu xzsu gsa ;g flddk otu esa byrqrfe'k ds pk nh ds fldds ls Hkkjh gs fdurq ml ij mlh izdkj dyek rfkk mikf/k;ksa ds lkfk #dquqíhu dk uke vafdr gsa byrqrfe'k ds pk nh ds emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

92 vf/kdka'k flddksa esa Vdlky dk uke ugha gs] fdurq frffk;k gsaa blds fcydqy foijhr #dquqíhu fqjkst ds pk nh ds flddksa esa frffk rks gs ijurq Vdlky dk uke ugha gsa #dquqíhu fqjkst us fefjr /kkrq dk Hkh flddk fudyok;k tks fd byrqrfe'k ds fefjr /kkrq ds fldds dh gh Hkkafr gsa mlesa,d vksj lk M+ vafdr gs vksj nsoukxjh fyfi esa lqfjrka Jh #d.k nh.k rfkk nwljh vksj pksgku v'okjksgh dh vk fr ds lkfk xksyk/kz esa gh gehj vafdr gsa jft+;k us vius 'kkludky esa rhuksa /kkrqvksa] pk nh fefjr /kkrq rfkk rk cs ds fldds ykxw fd;sa mlus 635 fg- esa pk nh dk flddk tkjh fd;k tks fd 159 xzsu dk FkkA mlesa,d vksj Qh vgn vy beke vy eqlrlhj vehj my ekseuhu rfkk fdukjs t+jc fgun 'kgwj 'kug le'k ly'khu lrfhk;g rfkk nwljh vksj vylqyrku vy vkt+e tykfy;k vy nqfu;k o nhu eyfd, vyre'k bcu vy lqyrku ulhj my vehj my 10 ekseuhu vafdr gsa mlds fefjr /kkrq ds fldds 51 xszu ls ysdj 53-5 xzsu rd Fks] ftuesa,d vksj rks mldh mikf/k rfkk nwljh vksj pksgku v'okjksgh dh vkd`fr ds vunj Jh gehj nsoukxjh fyfi esa vafdr gsa blh izdkj ls mlds rk cs ds fldds 43 ls 47-3 xzsu ot+u ds gsa vksj mlesa,d vksj [km+k gqvk lkm+ rfkk nsoukxjh esa Jh lkeur rfkk nwljh vksj jft+;k 'kcn vafdr gsa jft+;k ds pk nh ds fldds esa rks frffk vafdr gs fdurq vu; flddksa esa u rks frffk nh gqbz gs vksj u gh Vdlky dk uke fn;k x;k gs tcfd] byrqrfe'k us 1219 bz- ds ckn flddksa ij Vdlky dks Hkh vafdr 11 djuk izkjehk dj fn;ka bl izdkj Hkkjr esa lyrur dky esa O;kikj&okf.kT; ds fy, lqyrku byrqrfe'k us fnyyh esa 1219 bz- esa Vdlky LFkkfir dh vksj pkanh ds Vads ij fnyyh Vdlky dk uke vafdr djok;ka mlds ckn 1221 bz- esa ukxksj] fnyyh] y[kuksrh vksj eqyrku vafdr djokdj fldds tkjh fd;sa jft;k lqyrkuk us Hkh bugha Vdlkyksa ls fldds tkjh djok;sa byrqrfe'k ds le; dqy 9 pkanh ds fldds] 30 fefjr /kkrq ds fldds vksj 6 rkecs ds fldds fofue; ds :Ik esa tkjh fd;s x;s FksA byrqrfe'k ds le; izkjehk dh xbz eqnzk iz.kkyh us O;kikj&okf.kT; ds lkfk&lkfk lkezkt; dks Hkh folrkj fn;ka byrqrfe'k us /kkrqvksa ds flddksa ds otu esa vlekurk lekir dj muds vkdkj] mu ij vafdr vkd`fr;ka] Vdlky dk uke vksj uohu mik/kh;kas dk iz;ksx dj mugsa vkdz"kd cuk;ka iqjkrkfrod fldds bfrgkl ys[ku ds izeq[k L=ksr cu x;sa bcucrqrk us vius ;k=k fooj.k jsgkyk esa lyrur dky ds Vadksa] pkanh ds nhukj vkfn flddksa ds izpyu dk myys[k dj izpfyr Hkkjrh; eqnzk ds egro dks LFkkfir fd;ka lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- jh,mtlvesuv vkwq n Dokbust bu n jsu vkwq eqfcu- rqxyd] ts-,-,l-ch-] yunu] 1865 (fjfizuv] 1962 fnyyh)] [k.m 45] i`- 280&81 2-,-ch-,e- gchch myyk] Qkm.Ms'ku vkwq eqflye :y bu bf.m;k (ykgksj] 1945)] i` vkxk esagnh glu] n lks'ky ykbzq,.m bulvhv;w'ku fon Lis'ky jsqjsul Vw fgunwl,.m n Mst vkwq eq- fcurqxyd] dydrrk] 1947] i`- 248& HkV~Vkpk;Z],- ds- (1953)] fgunw,syhesuvl bu vyhz eqflye dkbzful bu bf.m;k] fnyyh] i`- 128] vks>k] vkj- lh- (1972)] Hkkjrh; fldds] fnyyh] i`- 122& vgen jf'kn (1968)] dkbzful vkwq lyrur ihfj;m] fnyyh i`- 98&99 7- dsvykwx vkwq dkbwul bu bf.m;u E;wfT;e] Hkkx&f}rh;] dydrrk 1906] i`- 22&23 8- mi;qzdr] i` mi;qzdr] i` vkjhq eksgeen vt+ht] (1973)] fglvªh vkwq byrqrfe'k] vyhx<+] i`- 55] cuthz],l- ds-] (1964)] fglvªh vkwq jft;k lqyrkuk] dydrrk] i`- 24] emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

93 if'pe jktlfkku esa ÅtkZ ds xsj ijeijkxr lalk/kuksa dh lahkko;rk fojsunz HkkVh 'kks/kkfkhz] t;ukjk;.k O;kl fo'ofo ky;] tks/kiqj 'kks/k Lkkjka'k ÅtkZ dh t:jrks esa fnu&izfrfnu izxfr gks jgh gs] D;ksafd orzeku esa izr;sd jk"vª rzho xfr ls fodkl djuk pkgrk gs ftlls ÅtkZ ds ijeijkxr lalk/kuksa ij vr;f/kd ncko im+k gsa vr% fo'o ds ÅtkZ dh t:jrksa dks iw.kz djus gsrq ÅtkZ ds xsj&ijeijkxr lalk/kuksa dk fodkl djuk vko';d gsa ftlls fo'o esa mriuu ÅtkZ dh t:jrksa dks iw.kz djrs gq,,d lq[kn Hkfo"; dh dyiuk dks lkdkj fd;k tk ldsaa ladsrk{kj % xsj&ijeijkxr lalk/kuksa] ÅtkZ lalk/kuksa] ck;ks ÅtkZ] lksj ÅtkZ] iou ÅtkZA 21 oh 'krkcnh ds fodkl dh Lof.kZe ;'kksxkfkk dk vk/kkj ÅtkZ lalk/ku gs] ftlus de le; esa ekuo thou dks ljy o lqo;oflfkr cukus esa egroiw.kz ;ksxnku fn;k gsa orzeku esa ekuo thou dh dyiuk ÅtkZ lalk/kuksa ds fcuk viw.kz gs] D;ksafd ekuo thou ds izr;sd Lrj dh t:jrksa dks ÅtkZ lalk/kuksa us iw.kz fd;k gsa ekuo lh;rk ds fodkl esa mriknu izf;k dks lrr :i ls xfr'khy cuk;s j[kus gsrq ÅtkZ,d vko';d o egroiw.kz lalk/ku gsa izkjehk esa euq"; vius 'kkjhfjd Je,oa i'kq ifjogu lecfu/kr egroiw.kz lalk/ku ds :i esa Fks] ; fi vhkh Hkh fofhkuu d`f"k dk;ksz] flapkbz ds fy, dqvksa ls ikuh [khapus] csyxkm+h ds fy, LFkkuh; ifjogu ds lk/kuksa ds :i esa i'kq 'kfdr dk mi;ksx lhfer ek=k esa fd;k tkrk FkkA /khjs&/khjs euq"; us viuh cqf¼cy miyc/k lk/kuksa }kjk ok;q rfkk cgrs ty dk mi;ksx djds fodkl ds u;s vk;ke LFkkfir fd;sa 21 oha 'krkcnh esa c<+rh ÅtkZ t:jrkaasa dh iwjk djus gsrq ijeijkxr ÅtkZ lalk/kuksa ij vr;f/kd ncko im+us yxk gs] ftlls ÅtkZ ds ijeijkxr lalk/ku lekir gksus yxs gs ;k dqn o"kksz ckn lekir gksus dh vksj vxzlj gsa vr% oskkfudksa us ijeijkxr ÅtkZ lalk/kuksa ij c<+rh ÅtkZ t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds ncko dks de djus gsrq xsj&ijeijkxr ÅtkZ lalk/kuksa ds fodkl ij /;ku fn;ka orzeku le; esa fo'o ds fodflr o fodkl'khy jk"vªksa us Hkfo"; esa viuh ÅtkZ dh vko';drk dks iwjk djus ds fy, ÅtkZ ds xsj&ijeijkxr lalk/kuksa dh {kerk dk iw.kz nksgu djus o fodkl gsrq dfvc} gsa orzeku esa izr;sd jk"vª viuh HkkSxkSfyd lhekvksa esa ÅtkZ ds xsj&ijeijkxr lalk/kuksa ds fodkl djus gsrq izfrc} gs ftlls vkus okys le; esa c<+rh ÅtkZ dh vko';drk dks iw.kz fd;k tk ldsa ÅtkZ lalk/ku orzeku ;qx dh izkfkfed vko';drk gs] D;ksafd ÅtkZ dh miyc/krk fodkl dks fu;af=r,oa fu/kkzfjr djrh gsa orzeku esa m ksx] ifjogu] d`f"k ls ysdj lhkh izdkj ds?kjsyw dk;ksza esa ÅtkZ dh vko';drk jgrh gsa orzeku ;qx e'khuh ;qx gs vksj e'khuksa dks pykus ds fy, ÅtkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gsa vr% txr esa ÅtkZ l`tu dk L=ksr gs ftlls leiw.kz txr dh izr;{k&vizr;{k fdz;k,a lapkfyr gksrh gsa izkd`frd fo"kerkvksa ls Hkjk if'peh jktlfkku ds e:lfky esa,d le; rst gok,a jsy,oa lm+d ekxz ij ckyw jsr ds igkm+ cukdj ;krk;kr dks ckf/kr dj nsrh Fkh] vksj fpyfpykrh xehz ls yksxksa dk thou csgky FkkA ysfdu vkt ;g emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

94 gok,a vksj lw;z dk izp.m rki if'peh jktlfkku esa v{k; ÅtkZ dk lcls cm+k L=ksr gsa orzeku esa if'peh jktlfkku esa jk"vªh;,oa vurjkz"vªh; ÅtkZ daifu;ka viuk iawth fuos'k v{k; ÅtkZ esa dj jgh gs lkfk gh vuqdwy ljdkjh izksrlkgu ds dkj.k bl {ks= esa rsth ls o`f¼ gks jgh gsa xsj ijeijkxr ÅtkZ ds lalk/kuksa gsrq if'peh jktlfkku dh vuqdwy HkkSxksfyd flfkfr;ka o`gùk {ks=% {ks=qy dh n`f"v ls jktlfkku ns'k dk lcls cm+k jkt; gsa jkt; dk 1]75000 gtkj oxz fdeh- Hkw&Hkkx e:lfky gsa ;g Hkw&Hkkx jsr ds Vhyksa ls vko`r {ks= gsa tgka tu?kuro U;wure gsa ÅtkZ ds xsj ijejkxr lalk/kuksa dh LFkkiuk gsrq Hkwfe lcls egroiw.kz dkjd gsa tks bl {ks= esa vklkuh ls lqyhk gsa ljdkj us ÅtkZ ds xsj ijeijkxr lalk/kuksa dh LFkkiuk o fodkl gsrq bl {ks= dk lksyj,uthz,uvjizkbzt tksu?kksf"kr fd;k ftlls ;gka lksj ÅtkZ ifj;kstuk dh LFkkiuk vksj fodkl gks ldsaa vuqdwy ifjflfkfr;ak% ÅtkZ ds xsj ijeijkxr ÅtkZ lalk/kuksa gsrq ;gka vuqdwy ifjflfkfr;ka fo eku gsa lksj ÅtkZ ds mriknu gsrq 300 fnu fuckz/k lw;kzrki miyc/k gsa rks iou ÅtkZ ds mriknu gsrq ;gka o"kz Hkj rhoz /kwyhkjh vkaf/k;ka pyrh jgrh gsa vr% bu lelr vuqdwy ifjflfkfr;ksa ds dkj.k fu%lansg bl {ks= dks xsj ijeijkxr ÅtkZ lalk/kuksa dh n`f"v ls le`} cukrs gsaa xsj ijeijkxr ÅtkZ lalk/ku ds fofhkuu izdkj lksj ÅtkZ% lw;z ls izkir ÅtkZ] ÅtkZ dk,d vuojr L=ksr gsa jktlfkku esa lksj ÅtkZ dh vikj lehkkouk,a gs D;ksafd ;gka o"kz Hkj vkdk'k lkq jgrk gs vksj lw;z dk mpp rki izkir gksrk gsa izdk'k gsrq ykbvsa] dqvksa ls ikuh lhapus d`f"k ftulksa dks lq[kkus] 'khr Hk.Mkj.k ds vfrfjdr [kkuk cukus rfkk ikuh xez djus vkfn esa bldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gsa lksj ÅtkZ] lksj laxzkgd ds ek/;e~ ls laxzfgr dj bl ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa orzeku esa if'peh jktlfkku esa o`gùk Lrj ij lksj ÅtkZ ifj;kstuk LFkkfir gsa orzeku esa 740 esxkokv lksj ÅtkZ dk mriknu gks jgk gsa fjyk;l b.mlvªht n~okjk /kwmlj esa 40 esxkokv {kerk dk o`gn lksj ÅtkZ la;= dh LFkkiuk tslyesj esa dh xbz gs lkfk ns'k ds vu; izfrf"br vks ksfxd?kjkus bl {ks= esa fuos'k gsrq ljdkj ds lkfk le>ksrs dj jgs gsa ljdkj us if'peh jktlfkku esa ÅtkZ ds bl lalk/ku dks izksrlkgu nsus HkMyk lksj ÅtkZ ikdz dh LFkkiuk dh gsa tgka lksj ÅtkZ ifj;kstuk LFkkfir djus gsrq lelr volajpuk ljdkj n~okjk miyc/k djkbz tk jgh gsa iou ÅtkZ% gokvksa n~okjk ÅtkZ izkir djuk lksj ÅtkZ ds leku izd`fr iznùk gs rfkk fo'o ds vusd Hkkxksa esa vksj Hkkjr esa Hkh bldk lqyrkiwozd iz;ksx fofo/k LFkkuksa ij fd;k tk jgk gsa buesa jktlfkku Hkh,d jkt; gs tgka iou ÅtkZ dk fodkl lahko gs rfkk bl fn'kk esa egùoiw.kz dne mbk;s tk jgs gsa ok;q osx jktlfkku dks vlk/kkj.k :i ls izkir gs vksj o"kz ds izk;% iwjs Hkkx esa ok;q ÅtkZ dk mriknu jktlfkku esa gks ldrk gsa fgunqlrku,jksuksfvdl fyfevsm ds,d losz ds vuqlkj tc ok;q dh xfr 6 ls 10] 10 ls 13,oa 13 ls 17 fdeh izfr?k.vk gksrh gs rks mlls okf"kzd fo qr mriknu dze'k% 4500] 8000,oa fdyksokv gks ldrk gsa xzh"e ½rq,oa ekulwu ds le; if'peh jktlfkku esa ok;q xfr 20&40 fdeh izfr?k.vk jgrh gsa vr% ok;q dh bl xfr ij yxhkx fdyksokv okf"kzd fo qr dk mriknu gks ldrk gsa orzeku esa jktlfkku esa 3851 esxkokv iou ÅtkZ dk mriknu gks jgk jkt; esa lozizfke 2 esxkokv dh iou ÅtkZ ifj;kstuk 1999 esa tslyesj esa LFkkfir dh xbza if'peh jktlfkku esa dbz o`gÿk Lrj dh iou ÅtkZ ifj;kstuk,a LFkkfir gqbz gsa ck;ks ÅtkZ % i'kqvksa dk xkscj] [ksrhgj vif'k"v vkfn ls rs;kj dh tkrh gsa blds fy,,d lk/kkj.k l;a= yx;k tkrk gs mlesa ;g vof'k"v Mky fn;k tkrk gs] mlls xsl curh gsa ml xsl dk mi;ksx?kjsyw bza/ku ykbvsa tykus vkfn esa fd;k tkrk gsa dsunz ljdkj us c<+rh ÅtkZ dh deh dks iwjk djus ds fy, xsj ijeijkxr ÅtkZ L=ksrksa ds m}s'; ls 1980&81 esa jk"vªh; ck;ksxsl fodkl ;kstuk 'kq: dh FkhA ck;ksxsl l;a= ds nks ekwmy 1- KVIC ekwmy tks [kknh,oa xzkek ksx deh'ku dk ekwmy gsa 2- nhucu/kq ;k turk ekwmya 090 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

95 jktlfkku ds xzkeh.k vapyks esa tgka xkscj rfkk d`f"k vof'k"v cgq;krr~ ls miyc/k gsa ogka ;g l;a= yxk;s tk jgs gsa jkt; esa gtkj ls vf/kd ck;ksxsl l;a= mn;iqj esa LFkkfir gsa jkt; ljdkj us ck;ksxsl l;a= ds izksrlkgu nsus gsrq 60 izfr'kr rd vuqnku nsrh gsa vu; L=ksr% osdfyid L=ksrksa ds vfrfjdr uxjh;,oa d`f"k vif'k"v ls ÅtkZ izkir dh tk ldrh gsa lkj esa ;g dg ldrs gs fd jktlfkku esa ; fi ÅtkZ L=ksrksa dh deh gs] fdarq ÅtkZ ds mfpr mi;ksx rfkk ÅtkZ ds xsj ijeijkxr L=ksrksa dk vf/kd ls vf/kd mi;ksx bl deh dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gsa tsvªksqk] jrutksr vkfn Qlyh; iks/kksa ls mi;ksxh ck;ksmhty mriknu fd;k tk ldrk gsa tks Mhty ij fuhkzjrk de djus esa lgk;d gksxka if'peh jktlfkku esa xsj ijeijkxr ÅtkZ lalk/ku l`tu esa ck/kk,a mfpr volajpuk dk vhkko xsj ijeijkxr ÅtkZ mriknu ds fy, csgn vuqdwy bl izns'k esa mfpr volajpuk ds vhkko esa iw.kz {kerk dk nksgu vhkh rd ugha fd;k tk ldk gsa ;krk;kr ds lk/kuksa dk vhkko] ikuh dh deh] lm+dksa dh lqxerk dk vhkko] izks ksfxdh dh vhkko vkfn dkjdksa ds vhkko esa xsj ijeijkxr ÅtkZ lalk/kuksa dk fodkl iw.kz :Ik ls ugha gks ik;k gsa lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- MkW- xqirk] MkW- 'kekz jktey] MkW- vxzoky,y-lh- 'kekz vkseizdk'k] Hkkjr% lalk/ku,oa izknsf'kd fodkl vkuun cznlz] ubz fnyyh 2007] ist jkt- if=dk& lksj ÅtkZ Hkkjr dh t:jr] ] diwj 3- dq:{ks= Qjojh MkW- HkYyk yktirjk;&jktlfkku dk Hkwxksy 2001 dqynhi ifcyds'kul 5- ukfkwjke y{ehukjk;.k&jktlfkku dh vfkzo;olfkk] dkwyst cqd gkml] t;iqj] MkW- fnus'k 'kekz] 'kekz iq"ik &jktlfkku vkt rd] vkpeu ifcyds'kul] vtesj] 'kekz,u-,e-] tks'kh ounuk &jktlfkku o`gùk Hkwxksy,oe~ vkffkzdh] fl[koky ifcyds'ku 2013 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

96 leku ukxfjd lafgrk,oa rhu rykd MkW- fodkl dqekj 'kekz lgk;d vkpk;z] jktdh; egkfo ky;] cwunh 'kks/k Lkkjka'k Hkkjr esa vusd izdkj ds /keksza] iafkksa,oa oxksza ds yksx fuokl djrs gsaa bu lhkh /keksza esa lkekftd] vkffkzd] jktuhfrd,oa lkald`frd :i ls cgqr lh fofo/krk,a ik;h tkrh gsaa lhkh /keksza dh viuh&viuh ijeijk,a,oa futh dkuwu&dk;ns gsa] ftugsa ilzuy ykw dgrs gsaa vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr esa fgunwvksa ds fy,,d leku ukxfjd dkuwu O;oLFkk fgunw dksm fcy&1955 ds rgr dh xbz] ysfdu eqflye yksx vkt Hkh vius 'kjh;r dkuwu dks gh ekurs gsaa ;g 'kjh;r dkuwu eksgeen lkgc us vjc jk"vªksa dh fnuu&fhkuu gksrh dchykbz lald`fr esa eqflye /kez dks,dlw= esa cka/kus ds fy, ykxw fd;k Fkk] ysfdu ;g 'kjh;r dkuwu orzeku rduhfd fodkl,oa yksdrkaf=d ;qx esa izklafxd ugha gsa bl 'kjh;r dkuwu dh vkm+ esa o"kksza ls eqflye efgykvksa dks 'kks"k.k gksrk jgk gsa gky gh esa lokszpp U;k;ky; us vxlr&2017 esa fu.kz; fn;k fd Hkkjr esa eqflye efgykvksa dk,dk,d rykd (rykd&,&fon~nr) cun gksuk pkfg, rfkk Hkkjr esa,d leku ukxfjd lafgrk dkuwu dks ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,a tc Hkkjr,d jk"vª gs rks blesa lhkh /keksza,oa oxksza ds fy, dkuwu Hkh,d leku gksuk pkfg,a ;g u dsoy eqflye efgykvksa vfirq eqflye leqnk;,oa jk"vª ds fodkl ds fy, Hkh egùoiw.kz gsa ladsrk{kj % ilzuy ykw] rhu rykd] leku ukxfjd lafgrk] 'kkgckuks xksok] mùkjkf/kdkj] 'kjh;r dkuwu] xqyv 'kk] 'kgukt jtk] bz&esy] OgkV~l,i vkfna Hkkjr fofo/krkvksa ls Hkjk ns'k gs] ;gka fofhkuu /keksza] iafkksa] iwtk&i¼fr;ksa,oa ijeijkvksa dks ekuus okys yksx jgrs gsaa bu lhkh /keksza ds yksxksa esa 'kknh djuk] rykd] cppk xksn ysuk] mùkjkf/kdkj,oa rykd ds mijkur efgyk dks thou&;kiu ds fy, xqtkjk HkÙkk nsuk vkfn ls lacaf/kr dkuwu&dk;ns vius&vius 1 /kekzuqlkj fu/kkzfjr fd;s x;s gsa] bugha futh dkuwu&dk;nksa dks ilzuy ykw dgrs gsaa tc fczfv'k Hkkjr esa vk;s rks ml le; ;gka lhkh tkfr;ksa,oa /keksza esa cgqr fofo/krk,oa vlekurk FkhA vaxzstksa us leiw.kz Hkkjr dks lqpk: :i ls pykus ds fy,,d leku ukxfjd lafgrk cukuk vko';d le>k] ysfdu fofhkuu /keksza ds yksxksa us bldk fojks/k fd;ka,sls esa mugksaus ;gka ds /kkfezd ekeyksa esa glr{ksi djuk mfpr ugha le>ka,slh ifjflfkfr;ksa esa vaxzstksa us Hkkjr esa 'Indian Penal Code' rks ykxw fd;k ij 'Indian Civil Code' ykxw ugha fd;k] vfkkzr~ Hkkjr esa,d n.m lafgrk rks 2 ykxw dh] ysfdu,d ns'k,d ukxfjd lafgrk ykxw ugha dh x;ha tc Hkkjr o"kz 1947 esa vktkn gks x;k rks ns'k ds fy,,d leku dkuwu cukus,oa lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dks nwj djus dh fteesnkjh gekjs Åij vk x;ha fgunw /kez esa vius ilzuy ykw ds vuqlkj cky fookg,oa cgq fookg izfkk vhkh Hkh izpyu esa FkhA efgykvksa dks vius firk,oa ifr dh leifùk esa dksbz vf/kdkj ugha Fkk] vdsyh efgyk cppk xksn ugha ys ldrh FkhA eqlyekuksa esa cgq fookg izfkk izpfyr Fkh],d iq#"k,d lkfk pkj 'kkfn;ka dj ldrk gs] fcuk dksbz dkj.k crk,,l,e,l] Qksu] esy ;k i= ds ek/;e ls rhu 3 rykd cksydj iruh ls lecu/k fopnsn dj ldrk gs vfkkzr~ rykd ns ldrk gsa vktknh ds ckn efgyk vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k ds fy,,oa lhkh /keksza ds fy,,d leku ukxfjd vkpkj lafgrk dh vko';drk eglwl dh x;h] blds fy, vusd desfv;ka Hkh cuha iwjs ns'k esa,d tcjnlr cgl pyh] lhkh /keksza dh vksj ls leku ukxfjd lafgrk dks ykxw djus 092 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

97 dk eq[kj fojks/k izdv gqvk] fo'ks"k :i ls bzlkbz;ksa,oa eqlyekuksa }kjk bldk fojks/k fd;k x;ka Hkkjr esa fgunqvksa ds fy, fgunw dksm fcy&1955 ikfjr dj fn;k x;k] ftlds nk;js esa tsu] cks¼,oa fld[k dkuwuksa dk Hkh fu/kkzj.k fd;k x;k gsa ;gka jktuhfrd usrkvksa us eqflye rqf"vdj.k dh uhfr viukrs gq, rfkk eqflye laxbuksa ds ncko esa Hkkjr esa leku ukxfjd vkpkj 4 lafgrk dkuwu dks ykxw ugha fd;ka leku vkpkj lafgrk dk myys[k lafo/kku ds Hkkx&IV esa vuq-44 esa uhfr funsz'kd rroksa ds vurxzr fd;k x;k] ftls ykxw djuk ljdkj dh bpnk ij NksM+ fn;k x;k gsa bl rjg eqlyeku vius fojks/k,oa /kkfezd dv~vjiafk ds dkj.k 5 Hkkjr dh eq[; /kkjk esa tqm+us ls oafpr jg x;sa vkt vktknh ds 68 o"kksza ckn Hkh eqflye efgykvksa dh flfkfr n;uh; gs] os gj txg /kkfezd dqjhfr;ksa dh f'kdkj gks jgh gsa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq-14 ns'k ds lhkh ukxfjdksa dks (L=h&iq#"k lhkh dks) cjkcjh dk vf/kdkj nsrk gsa eqflye iq#"k,d ckj esa pkj 'kkfn;ka dj ldrk gs] ijurq L=h,slk ugha dj ldrh gs] ;g L=h ds lekurk ds eksfyd vf/kdkj dk gu~u gsa iq#"k pkj 'kkfn;ka djds lhkh iruh;ksa ds lkfk,d leku O;ogkj ugha dj ldrk gs] blls L=h dks ekufld d"v gksrk gs] tks muds thou ds vf/kdkj vuq-21 dk myya?ku gsa tgka fgunw O;fDr Hkkjrh; n.m lafgrk&1860 (IPC) dh /kkjk&494 ds rgr viuh igyh iruh ds thfor jgrs nwljh 'kknh ugha dj ldrk] ogha eqlyekuksa ij ;g izko/kku ykxw ugha 6 gsa Hkkjrh; n.m izf;k lafgrk&1973 (CRPC-Code of Criminal Procedure-1973) dh /kkjk&125 ds vuqlkj fgunw /kez esa rykd 'kqnk iruh dks ifr ls vkthou xqtkjk HkÙkk ysus dk gd gs] ysfdu eqflye 7 efgykvksa ds fy,,slk dksbz izko/kku ugha gsa 'kkgckuks okn&1985 bldk izeq[k mnkgj.k gsa blh izdkj fgunw cky fookg fu"ks/k vf/kfu;e&1929 ds vuqlkj cky fookg,d vijk/k gs] ysfdu eqflye lekt esa cky fookg dks vijk/k dh Js.kh esa ugha ekuk tkrk gsa Hkkjr esa bzlkbz fookg vf/kfu;e&1872 rfkk bzlkbz rykd vf/kfu;e&1869 Hkh cgqr iqjkus] HksnHkkoiw.kZ,oa 8 leku ukxfjd lafgrk dh Hkkouk ds fo:¼ gsa fczfv'k ljdkj us ysdl ywlh fjiksvz&1840 ds vk/kkj ij vijk/kksa] lcwrksa vksj vuqcu/kksa ds fy,,d leku fof/k dk fuekz.k fd;k Fkk] ysfdu mugksaus tkucw>dj fgunwvksa,oa eqlyekuksa ds futh dkuwuksa esa glr{ksi djuk mfpr 9 ugha le>ka Hkkjr tsls,d Lora= iafkfujis{k jk"vª esa bl izdkj /kez ds vk/kkj ij dkuwuh fofo/krk mlds iafkfujis{k Lo:i ij,d iz'u fpug gsa Hkkjr esa xksok,dek=,slk jkt; gs tgka leku ukxfjd lafgrk dkuwu ykxw gsa ;g iqrzxkyh flfoy dksm&1867 ij vk/kkfjr gs] bls xksok esa 1870 esa ykxw fd;k x;ka xksok flfoy dksm esa gj /kez ds yksxksa ds fy, fo'ks"k izko/kku gs] ;g fgunw flfoy dksm ls 10 vyx gsa o"kz 1961 esa xksok ds Hkkjr la?k esa foy; gksus ij Hkh bl flfoy vkpkj lafgrk esa dksbz ifjorzu ugha fd;k x;ka o"kz 1981 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us bl flfoy dksm dks gvkus rfkk lhkh /keksza ds fy, vius&vius dkuwu cukus dh lehkkouk ryk'kus ds fy,,d ilzuy ykw desvh cuk;h] bldk xksok eqflye lfj;k vkwxszukbzts'ku us lefkzu fd;k] ijurq eqflye ;qok osyqs;j,lksfl,'ku,oa efgyk laxbuksa us bldk fojks/k fd;ka orzeku esa xksok esa leku ukxfjd lafgrk vksj fo'ks"k fookg vf/kfu;e&1954 ykxw gs] tks fdlh Hkh ukxfjd dks fdlh fo'ks"k /kkfezd dkuwu ds nk;js ls ckgj tkdj 'kknh djus dh vuqefr nsrk gsa xksok esa ifr&iruh }kjk vftzr leifùk esa nksuksa dk leku vf/kdkj gs] ;gka ekrk&firk vius cppksa dks isr`d leifùk ls oafpr ugha dj ldrs gsa] mugsa leifùk dk de ls de vk/kk fgllk vius cppksa dks nsuk gh im+rk gsaa ;fn dksbz eqflye O;fDr xksok jkt; esa viuh 'kknh dk iathdj.k djokrk gs] rks mls cgq&fookg djus dh 11 vuqefr ugh agksrh gsa leku ukxfjd vkpkj lafgrk leku ukxfjd lafgrk dks leku vkpkj lafgrk Hkh dgrs gsa] vfkkzr~ ns'k ds lhkh ukxfjdksa ds fy,,d leku dkuwu dk izko/kku djuk gsa ;g,d iafk fujis{k (lsd;qyj) dkuwu gksrk gs tks lhkh /keksza ds yksxksa ds fy,,d leku :i ls ykxw gksrk gsa leku ukxfjd lafgrk esa pkgs O;fDr fdlh Hkh tkfr] /kez ;k leiznk; ls gks] muds O;fDrxr ;k futh dkuwu leku ukxfjd lafgrk dkuwu ds uhps gksrs gsaa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds Hkkx&IV esa uhfr funsz'kd rroksa ds rgr vuq-44 esa leku ukxfjd lafgrk dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gsa ftlesa ;g izko/kku fd;k x;k gs fd pkj ekeyksa esa lhkh tkfr;ksa,oa leiznk;ksa ds fy, iwjs ns'k esa,d leku dkuwuh izko/kkuksa emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

98 dks ykxw fd;k tk,& (1) fookg (2) rykd (3) cppk xksn ysuk rfkk (4) mùkjkf/kdkj dkuwu] ysfdu Hkkjr esa bl rjg ds,d leku dkuwuh izko/kkuksa dks vhkh rd 12 ykxw ugha fd;k x;ka Hkkjr esa lhkh /keksza dh viuh futh vkpkj lafgrk,oa futh dkuwu gs] ftuls bu /keksza dh lkekftd O;oLFkk lapkfyr gksrh gsa Hkkjr esa fgunw] fld[k] tsu,oa cks¼ /kekzuq;k;h fgunw fof/k ds vurxzr vkrs gsa] bzlkbz;ksa dh viuh futh fof/k gs] eqflyeksa dk dkuwu 'kjh;r ij vk/kkfjr gs rfkk vu; lhkh leqnk; Hkkjrh; laln }kjk fufezr dkuwu ls lapkfyr gksrk sgsaa Hkkjr esa leku ukxfjd vkpkj lafgrk dk eqn~nk orzeku esa ppkz dk fo"k; cuk gqvk gsa vhkh gky gh esa dsunz ljdkj us dkuwu ea=ky; dks leku ukxfjd lafgrk dks ykxw djus ds fy, vko';d lhkh igyqvksa ij fopkj djus dks dgk] rhkh ls Hkkjr esa ;g eqn~nk xez gks jgk gsa Hkkjr esa vyila[;dksa dk eq[; :i ls eqlyekuksa dk ekuuk gs fd] leku ukxfjd lafgrk muds futh 'kjh;r dkuwuksa dk myya?ku gsa blfy, izkjehk esa dsoy fgunqvksa ds dkuwuksa dks gh ladfyr fd;k x;ka Hkkjrh; laln }kjk o"kz 1955 esa fgunw fookg vf/kfu;e&1955 ikfjr fd;k x;k] blh vof/k esa fgunw mùkjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e&1956] fgunw vyila[;d vksj laj{k.k vf/kfu;e&1956 rfkk fgunw nùkd iq= xzg.k,oa j[k&j[kko vf/kfu;e&1956 tsls fo/ks;d ikfjr fd;s x;sa bu dkuwuh izko/kkuksa dks lkewfgd :i ls fgunw dksm fcy ds uke ls tkuk tkrk 13 gsa lafo/kku ds vuq-25 esa dgk Hkh x;k gs fd] tsu] cks¼,oa fld[k fgunw ekus tk;saxs rfkk fld[kksa dks d`ik.k /kkj.k djus dk vf/kdkj gksxka blh ds rgr tsu] cks¼,oa fld[k /kkfezd leiznk;ksa ds dkuwuh izko/kkuksa dk 14 fu/kkzj.k Hkh fgunw dksm fcy ds vurxzr fd;k x;k gsa bl fgunw dksm fcy ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa dks fookg] rykd vksj mùkjkf/kdkj ds vf/kdkj fn;s x;sa bl dkuwu ds rgr 'kknh ds fy, tkfr izfkk dks vizklafxd crk;k x;k rfkk f}fookg,oa cgqfookg izfkk dks lekir dj fn;k x;k gsa 'kfj;r dkuwu 'kfj;r dks blykeh dkuwu ;k /kkfezd dkuwu Hkh dgka tkrk gsa bl dkuwu dks nks i{kksa ds ek/;e ls le>k tk ldrk gs] izfke dqjku esa fn;s x;s izko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj rfkk f}rh; eksgeen lkgc }kjk nh x;h f'k{kkvksa,oa rrdkyhu izfkkvksa ls le>k tk ldrk gsa 'kfj;r esa dkuwu cukus dh izf;k dks ^fqdg* dgk tkrk gsa 'kjh;r dkuwu esa cgqr ls fo"k;ksa ij tsls& LokLF;] [kkuiku] iwtk] fof/k] fookg] tqez] jktuhfr] vfkzo;olfkk vkfn fo"k;ksa ij fopkj O;Dr fd;k x;k 15 gsa eqlyeku ;g ekurs gsa fd] 'kjh;r dkuwu bz'oj dk dkuwu gsa lquuh leqnk; esa ^fqdg* ds pkj fhkuu utfj, gsa] tcfd f'k;k leqnk; esa nks gsaa eqflye leqnk; ds vyx&vyx ns'kksa rfkk vyx&vyx tkfr;ksa] leqnk;ksa,oa lald`fr;ksa ds vuqlkj 'kjh;r dkuwu Hkh vyx&vyx gsa 'kjh;r ds vuqlkj U;k; djus okys ikjeifjd U;k;k/kh'k dks dkth dgrs gsaa vjc esa blyke /kez ds mn; ls iwoz ogka,d dchykbz lald`fr fo eku FkhA bu dchyksa ds fu;e vksj dkuwu fy[ks gq, ugha gksrs Fks] ;s dkuwu le; ds lkfk rfkk lekt dh vko';drkuqlkj cnyrs x;sa lkroha lnh esa eqgeen lkgc ds usr`ro esa eqflye leqnk; dh LFkkiuk gq;h rfkk dchykbz jhfr&fjoktksa ij dqjku ds fu;e ykxw dj fn;s x;sa dqjku esa fyf[kr] vfyf[kr fu;e] dkuwu,oa jhfr&fjokt gh 'kjh;r dkuwu ds uke ls 16 tkus tkrs gsaa isxacj eqgeen lkgc ds le; fy[ks x;s ;s dkuwu rrdkyhu lekt,oa yksxksa dh t:jrksa ds vuqlkj Fks] ysfdu vkt yxhkx 1400 o"kksza ckn bu dkuwuksa dh mikns;rk] O;ogkfjdrk,oa rkfdzdrk ij iqufozpkj djuk le; dh vko';drk gsa Hkkjr esa o"kz 1937 esa eqflye ilzuy ykw,fiyds'ku,dv&1937 esa ykxw fd;k x;ka bldk edln Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa ds fy, blykfed dkuwu dksm cukuk Fkk] rc ls eqlyekuksa ds 'kknh] rykd] mùkjkf/kdkj,oa ikfjokfjd fooknksa dk lek/kku blh dkuwu ds rgr fd;k tkrk gsa bl,dv ds eqrkfcd eqlyekuksa ds bu ekeyksa esa ljdkj glr{ksi ugha dj 17 ldrh gsa eqflye ilzuy ykw dkuwu dk o"kz 1930 ls gh dqn izcq¼ eqflye efgykvksa us fojks/k,oa vkunksyu izkjehk dj fn;k FkkA blh o"kz ekpz 1930 esa dsjy gkbzdksvz ds tflvl ch-dsey ik'kk us Hkh eqflye ilzuy ykw dk fojks/k fd;k rfkk dgk fd] ;g 'kjh;r dkuwu eqflye efgykvksa dks lekurk dk vf/kdkj ugha 18 nsrk gsa eqflye lekt esa fookg eqflye /kez esa fookg dks fudkg dgk tkrk gs] blykeh dkuwu ds vuqlkj buds fookg esa (A) nqygk (B) nqygu 094 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

99 (C) dkth rfkk (D) xokg (nks iq#"k ;k pkj L=h xokg) gksus vko';d gsaa 'kjh;r dkuwu ds vuqlkj eqlyeku iq#"k fdlh Hkh xsj eqflye efgyk ls fookg dj ldrk gs] ysfdu eqflye efgyk xsj eqlyeku ls fudkg ugha dj ldrh gsa blykeh dkuwu ds vuqlkj eqflye O;fDr,d gh le; esa pkj 'kkfn;ka dj ldrk gs] tcfd eqflye efgyk,d le; esa,d gh O;fDr ls 'kknh dj ldrh gs] vius lksgj dh e`r;q ;k rykd ds ckn gh og 19 nwljh 'kknh dj ldrh gsa blyke esa fueu 'kkfn;ksa dks vos/k ;k gjke ekuk x;k gs] tsls& ek ;k lksrsyh ek ls] csvh] cgu] QwfQ;k] [kkyk,a] HkkbZ dh csfv;k ] cgu dh ym+fd;ka] nw/k fiykus okyh ek ] nw/k 'kjhd cgu] lkl] xksn yh x;h ;k ijofj'k dh xbz ym+dh rfkk uoklksa&iksrksa dh chfo;ka vkfn ls 'kknh djuk gjke ekuk x;k gsa eqflye /kez esa esgj dh jkf'k bruh gh gksuk mfpr ekuk x;k gs ftruh ym+dk vklkuh ls pqdk ldsa leku ukxfjd lafgrk ls lacaf/kr izeq[k okn 'kkgckuks okn&1985& eksgeen vgen [kku cuke 'kkgckuks csxe dsl dks ge 'kkgckuks okn ds uke ls tkurs gsaa 'kkgckuks,d 62 o"khz; eqflye efgyk Fkh] tks ikap cppksa dh eka Hkh FkhA 'kkgckuks dks o"kz 1978 esa muds ifr us 'kknh ds 40 o"kz ckn 62 o"kz dh vk;q esa rykd ns fn;ka vius rfkk vius cppksa dh vkthfodk dk dksbz lk/ku u gksus ds dkj.k 'kkgckuks us ifr ls xqtkjk HkÙkk ysus ds fy, o"kz 1985 esa vnkyr dk njoktk 20 [kv[kvk;ka U;k;ky; us vijk/k n.m lafgrk dh /kkjk&125 ds rgr fu.kz; fn;ka lokszpp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k okbz-oh-punzpwm+ us dgk fd] 'kkgckuks dks thou fuokzg ds fy, vko';d vkthfodk nh tk,a lokszpp U;k;ky; dk ;g fu.kz; lhkh /keksza] tkfr;ksa,oa leiznk;ksa ij leku :i ls ykxw gksxka lokszpp U;k;ky; us laln dks leku ukxfjd lafgrk ls lacaf/kr dkuwu cukus dk funsz'k fn;k rfkk dgk fd] leku ukxfjd lafgrk ls Hkkjrh; dkuwu esa O;kIr vlekurk,a nwj gksxh rfkk jk"vªh;,drk LFkkfir djus esa enn feysxha lokszpp U;k;ky; ds bl fu.kz; ls rrdkyhu jktho xka/kh ljdkj lger ugha Fkh] ljdkj us 'kkgckuks dsl ekeys esa lokszpp U;k;ky; ds QSlys dks veku;?kksf"kr dj fn;ka jktho xka/kh ljdkj us eqflye efgyk (rykd vf/kdkj laj{k.k) dkuwu&1986 dks ykxw fd;k rfkk rykd ds ekeyksa esa fu.kz; ysus dk vf/kdkj 21 eqflye ilzuy ykw cksmz dks lksai fn;k x;ka eqflye 'kjh;r dkuwu ds vuqlkj vc ;g izko/kku gs fd] ;fn eqflye rykd'kqnk efgyk bn~nr ds ckn viuk xqtkjk ugha dj ldrh gs] rks ml efgyk ds leifùk ds oklrfod mùkjkf/kdkjh O;fDr ls U;k;ky; ml efgyk dks xqtkjk HkÙkk nsus dk vkns'k ns ldrk gsa ;fn og O;fDr xqtkjk nsus dh gkyr esa ugha gks rks U;k;ky; jkt; odq cksmz dks xqtkjk HkÙkk nsus dk vkns'k tkjh dj ldrk gsa ljyk eqnxy dsl&1995 % ljyk eqn~xy cuke Hkkjr la?k okn&1995 dk ewy rf; ;g gs fd,d fgunw ifr ftlus fgunw dkuwu ds rgr 'kknh dh gs] D;k og nwljh 'kknh djus ds fy, blyke /kez dcwy dj ldrk gsa bl okn esa lokszpp U;k;ky; us dgk fd] nwljh 'kknh djus ds fy, blyke /kez dcwy djuk futh dkuwuksa dk nq:i;ksx gksxka lokszpp U;k;ky; us dgk fd] fgunw fookg dks fgunw fookg vf/kfu;e&1955 ds rgr gh Hkax fd;k tk ldrk gsa blyke /kez dcwy djus ds ckn fqj ls dh x;h 'kknh dks fgunw fookg dkuwu ds rgr Hkax ugha fd;k tk ldrk gs] ysfdu bls Hkkjrh; n.m lafgrk 22 dh /kkjk&494 (5) ds rgr vijk/k ekuk tk;sxka tkwu oyykesêe okn&1997 % tkwu oyyesêe cuke Hkkjr la?k okn&1997 tkwu oyykesêe dsjy ds iqtkjh gs] bugksaus lokszpp U;k;ky; esa fjv ;kfpdk nk;j dh rfkk dgk fd] Hkkjrh; mùkjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk&118 bzlkbz;ksa ds f[kykq gsa ;g /kkjk bzlkbz;ksa ij leifùk ds /kekzfkz,oa nkukfkz iz;kstu ij vuqfpr izfrcu/k yxkrh gsaa bl ;kfpdk ij lquokbz djrs gq, Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k oh-oh-[kjs] U;k;ewfrZ,l-chflagk vksj U;k;ewfrZ,-vkj-y{e.ku dh [k.mihb us /kkjk&118 dks vlaos/kkfud?kksf"kr dj fn;ka U;k;ewfrZ oh-oh- [kjs us dgk fd]& ^^Hkkjr jkt; {ks= esa lhkh ukxfjdksa ds fy, vuq-44 esa of.kzr,d leku ukxfjd lafgrk dks ykxw fd;k tkuk vko';d gsa** ysfdu nq%[k dh ckr ;g gs fd] vuq-44 ds izko/kkuksa dks vkt rd 23 ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldk gsa fd'kksj U;k; laj{k.k vf/kfu;e&2014 % cppksa dh ns[khkky vksj laj{k.k ds fy, fd'kksj U;k; laj{k.k vf/kfu;e&2014 ykxw fd;k x;k tks,d leku ukxfjd lafgrk dh fn'kk es a,d izxfr'khy iz;kl gsaa emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

100 ;g vf/kfu;e eqflye leqnk; ds yksxksa dks cpps xksn ysus dh vuqefr nsrk gs] tcfd eqlyekuksa dks muds O;fDrxr dkuwuksa ds rgr cpps xksn ysus dh vuqefr 24 ugha gsa lokszpp U;k;ky; esa vk;s bu lhkh oknksa dh dkuwuh isfpnfx;ka] O;fDrxr /kkfezd dkuwu,oa mudh lhekvksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgka tk ldrk gs] leiw.kz ns'k esa rqjur izhkko ls,d leku ukxfjd lafgrk dkuwu dks ykxw fd;k tk,a laln,oa leku ukxfjd lafgrk fcy% o"kz 2017 esa lokszpp U;k;ky; esa fvªiy rykd ls lacaf/kr yxhkx 100 ls vf/kd ekeys lakku esa vk;s gsaa bu eqdneksa dh lquokbz djrs gq, lokszpp U;k;ky; us 22 vxlr] 2017 esa fu.kz; fn;k fd] tyn gh dsunz ljdkj fvªiy rykd lecfu/k vko';d fof/k cukdj eqflye 25 efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks laj{k.k iznku djsa lokszpp U;k;ky; ds bl fu.kz; ds e/; utj dsunz dh Hkktik ljdkj us 28 fnlecj] 2017 dks yksdlhkk esa eqflye efgyk fookg vf/kdkj laj{k.k fcy&2017 j[kk] ftls yksdlhkk esa vius iw.kz cgqer ls ikfjr dj 26 fn;k x;k gsa bl fcy es a;g izko/kku fd;k x;k fd] vc dksbz Hkh eqflye O;fDr Qksu] bz&esy] OgkV~l,i],l,e,l ;k vu; dksbz ek/;e ls,dk,d viuh csxe dks rykd ugha ns ldrk gsa ;fn dksbz O;fDr,slk djsxk rks mlds fy, rhu lky dh tsy dh ltk dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gsa laln esa vkjtsmh],vkbz,evkbz,e] chtsmh],vkbz,mh,eds rfkk,vkbz,e,e vkfn jktuhfrd nyksa us bl fo/ks;d dk fojks/k fd;k] tcfd dkaxzsl us yksdlhkk esa Hkktik }kjk 27 j[ks bl fcy dk lefkzu fd;ka dkuwu ea=h jfo'kadj izlkn us laln esa rhu rykd lecfu/kr fo/ks;d j[krs le; csxe xqyv 'kk ds uke dk ft fd;ka mugksaus dgk fd] csxe xqyv 'kk us gesa crk;k fd] ^^jfookj jkr esjs ifr dkfle us esjs lkfk ekjihv dh Fkh] ekjihv ds dkj.k esjh rfc;r fcxm x;h vksj blh otg ls esa lqcg FkksM+k nsj ls mbh] tsls gh esaus njokts ij dne j[kk esjs ifr dkfle us eq>s rhu ckj rykd dgdj fj'rk [kre dj fn;ka xqyv 'kk us vius ifr dkfle dks [kwc le>kus dh dksf'k'k dh] ysfdu mlus,d ugha lquh vksj 'kknh dk fj'rk [kre dj 28 fn;ka yksdlhkk esa izlrqr ;g fcy rykd ;k rykd&,&fcn~nr ek= eqflye efgyk vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, gs] jktuhfr ny bls fl;klrh ykhk ;k pqukoh Qk;ns dh utj ls ugha ns[ksa lhkh jktuhfrd nyksa dks vius rqpn jktuhfrd LokFkksZa ls Åij mbdj efgyk vf/kdkj laj{k.k,oa lekt fgr esa,sls lkoztfud fgr ds eqn~nksa es a,derrk fn[kkuh pkfg,a orzeku esa nqfu;k ds 22 eqflye jk"vªksa us vius ;gka ls rhu rykd izfkk dks lekir dj fn;k] ftuesa izeq[k jk"vª gs& ikfdlrku] ckaxykns'k] rqdhz] lkbizl] V~;wuhf'k;k] 29 vythfj;k] eysf'k;k] bzjku vkfna vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gs fd] Hkkjrh; laln esa rhu rykd fojks/kh yk;k x;k fo/ks;d leku ukxfjd lafgrk] efgyk vf/kdkjksa dh lekurk,oa laj{k.k ds fy,,sfrgkfld dne gs] ftldk lhkh /keksza,oa jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk Lokxr fd;k tkuk pkfg,a rhu rykd,oa eqflye fojks/k eqflye leqnk; dk ekuuk gs fd] eqflye ilzuy ykw ('kjh;r dkuwu) 1400 o"kz iqjkuk gsa blesa NsM+NkM fd;k tkuk mfpr ugha gsa 1 fof/k vk;ksx ds iwoz lnl; rkfgj egewn dgrs gsa fd] fyax Hksn gj dkuwu esa gs] blfy, t:jh gs fd bu dkuwuksa dh leh{kk dh tk,] D;ksafd Hkkjr fofo/krk Hkjk ns'k gs] blesa dkuwuksa esa lekurk ykus dh ctk, mudh leh{kk djuk vko';d gsa 2 vf[ky Hkkjrh; bzlkbz ifj"kn~ ds lnl; tkwu n;ky dgrs gsa fd] fgunqvksa esa Hkh leku ukxfjd lafgrk dkuwu ykxw ugha gsa nf{k.k Hkkjr esa,d fgunw lekt ds rcds esa ekek vksj Hkkath ds chp 'kknh dh izfkk gsa 3 eqflye ilzuy ykw cksmz rhu rykd dkuwu dks eqflye fojks/kh ekurk gs] os dgrs gsa fd] ;g gekjh dkse dk elyk gs] ge [kqn bls lqy>k;saxsa 4 eqflye leqnk; dk dguk gs fd] gj lekt esa rykd nsus ij,d o"kz dh ltk dk izko/kku gs] tcfd eqflye lekt esa rhu rykd nsus ij 3 o"kz dh ltk dk izko/kku fd;k x;k tks 30 HksnHkkoiw.kZ gsa 5 eqflye lekt dk dguk gs fd] gekjs /kkfezd xzufk esa igys ls rykd ds laca/k es avko';d izko/kku fd;s x;s gsa] gesa u;s dkuwu dh vko';drk ugha gsa vxj,d eqflye O;fDr rykd dh izf;k 'kq: djrk gs rks mls ^rykd&,&vglu* dgrs gsa] ;g izf;k rhu efgus rd pyuh pkfg,] bl vof/k esa ifr&iruh vkilh lgefr ls vius fj'rs dks Bhd Hkh dj ldrs gsaa eqflye efgyk Hkh vius fy, rykd dh ekax dj ldrh gs] vxj mldk ifr rykd nsus ls budkj dj ns rks og dkt+h ds ikl tk ldrh gs] rfkk blykeh U;k; O;oLFkk ds rgr 'kknh dks rksm+ ldrh gs] 096 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

101 bl izf;k dks ^Q'd&,&fudkg* dgrs gsaa eqflye /kez esa kknh ds le; fudkgukes dk izko/kku gs],d eqflye efgyk fudkg ds le; gh vius fy, rykd dh 'krsza vksj izf;k fudkgukes esa fy[kok ldrh gs] bls 31 ^rqohn&,&rykd* dgk tkrk gsa 6 bl fcy esa rhu rykd fojks/kh dkuwu dk rks izko/kku gs] ysfdu blesa rykd ds ckn efgykvksa ds laj{k.k,oa Hkj.k&iks'k.k dk dksbz izko/kku ugha gsa leku ukxfjd lafgrk dkuwu dh vko';drk rhu rykd fcy laln esa is'k gksus ds lkfk gh eqflye efgykvksa esa [kq'kh dh ygj nksm+ x;h gsa ekuokf/kdkj dk;zdrkz 'kcue [kku us crk;k fd] bl dkuwu ls mu yksxksa dh nqdkusa can gks tk;sxh tks eqflye lekt dh vkm+ esa jktuhfr djrs gsaa ruthe [kku dgrh gs fd] ;g dkuwu o"kksza ls eqflye efgykvksa dk 'kks"k.k dj jgs yksxksa ds xky ij rekpk gsa lkekftd dk;zdrkz 'kgukt jtk [kku dgrh gs fd] ns'k esa igyh ckj eqflye efgykvksa dks vf/kdkj feyus tk jgk gs] dqjku dh >wbh nyhysa nsus okyksa ds fy, ;g le>uk t:jh gksxk fd eqflye lekt Hkh vc eq[;/kkjk esa 'kkfey gks 32 jgk gsa leku ukxfjd lafgrk dkuwu ykxw gksus ls eqflye lekt] eqflye efgykvksa,oa jk"vª dks fueu ykhk gksaxs] tks bl izdkj gs & 1- leku ukxfjd lafgrk dkuwu ykxw gksus ls Hkkjr dh eqflye efgykvksa dh flfkfr esa rsth ls lq/kkj gksxka efgykvksa dks vius firk dh leifùk ij vf/kdkj gksxk rfkk cppk xksn ysus esa lhkh dks leku vf/kdkj gksxka 2- leku ukxfjd lafgrk dkuwu ykxw gksus ls U;k;ikfydk ij dkuwuksa dk cks> de gksxk] D;ksafd vyx&vyx /keksza ds vyx&vyx dkuwu gksus ls U;k;ky; esa gtkjksa eqdnes yfecr im+s gsaa 3- leku ukxfjd lafgrk ykxw gksus ls fookg] rykd] cppk xksn ysuk,oa mùkjkf/kdkj ds laca/k esa leiw.kz ns'k esa,d leku dkuwu ykxw gks tk;sxk] ftlls yksxksa }kjk bu dkuwuksa dks le>uk,oa ikyu djuk vklku gksxka 4- lhkh ds fy,,d leku dkuwu ykxw gksus ls ns'k ds ukxfjdksa esa,drk c<+sxh vksj jk"vª rsth ls muufr ds ifk ij vkxs c<+sxka 5- leiw.kz ns'k es a,d leku dkuwu ykxw gksus ls oksv csad dh jktuhfr [kre gksxh] rfkk oksvksa dk jktuhfrd /kqzohdj.k ugha gksxka 6- leku ukxfjd lafgrk dkuwu ls vurj&lkeiznkf;d fookg djuk vklku gksxk] blls lkeiznkf;d nwfj;ka de gksaxh rfkk jk"vªh;,drk vksj etcwr gksxha 7- bl dkuwu ds ykxw gksus ls vc dksbz Hkh O;fDr cksydj] fy[kdj] bzesy],l,e,l vksj OgkV~l,i ds ek/;e ls rhu rykd ugha ns ldsxka bl fo/ks;d ls rykd&,&fcn~nr vfkkzr~,d ckj esa rhu rykd cksyus ij jksd yxk;h x;h gsa 8- eqflye ilzuy ykw ds fu;e lafo/kku ls Åij ugha gsa vr% leku ukxfjd lafgrk dkuwu ykxw gksus ls yksdra= etcwr gksxka 9- leku ukxfjd lafgrk dkuwu ykxw gksus ls eqflye iq#"kksa dks Hkh Qk;nk gksxk] blls vc dksbz eqflye efgyk ckj&ckj esgj dh jkf'k ds ykyp esa 33 viuh 'kknh dks ugha rksm+ ldsxha lkj :i esa ge dg ldrs gsa fd izd`fr us,d leku :i ls L=h,oa iq#"k dks cuk;k gs] nksuksa,d xkm+h ds nks ifg;ksa ds leku gsa,d ds fcuk nwljs dk dksbz egùo ugha gs] blfy, nksuksa ds fy, dkuwu Hkh,d leku gksus pkfg,a /kkfezd izfkk,a,oa ijeijk,a le; ds vuqlkj cnyuh pkfg,a ge lekt,oa jk"vª dh vk/kh vkcknh efgykvksa dks muds vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr ugha dj ldrs gsaa bl izdkj ;g dgka tk ldrk gs fd],d leku ukxfjd lafgrk u dsoy eqflye efgykvksa vfirq leiw.kz jk"vª ds fodkl ds fy, vko';d gsa lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- nhoku] ikjl] fgunw fof/k] bykgkckn ykw,tsulh ifcyds'kul] 10 lj ih-lh- cuthz jksm+] bykgkckn] pksgku] 'kqph 3- JhokLro] lq/kk jkuh] Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh os/kkfud flfkfr] dkweuosyfk ifcy'klz] ubz fnyyh] nhoku] ikjl] fgunw fof/k] bykgkckn ykw,tsulh ifcyds'kul] 10 lj ih-lh- cuthz jksm+] bykgkckn] ik.ms;] th-,l-] Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] ;qfuoflzvh cqd gkml] pksm+k jklrk] t;iqj] fej] lw;zukjk;.k] Hkkjrh; n.m lafgrk] bykgkckn ykw,stsulh ifcyds'kul] 10 lj ih-lh-] cuthz jksm+] bykgkckn] 1997] i`-528&32 7- prqosznh] eqjyh/kj] n.m izf;k lafgrk] bykgkckn ykw,tsulh ifcyds'kul] 10 lj ih-lh-] cuthz jksm+] bykgkckn] pksgku] 'kqph] emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

102 10- O;kl] lqjs'k,.m izlkn] egkohj] Hkkjrh; n.m lafgrk] ;qfuoflzvh cqd gkml] pksm+k jklrk] t;iqj] jk;],e-ih-] Hkkjrh; lafo/kku] dkwyst cqd fmiks] f=iksfy;k cktkj] t;iqj] 1986] i` tksgjh] ts-lh-] jktuhfr fokku] eksf[kd laokn] t;iqj] nhoku] ikjl] fgunw fof/k] bykgkckn ykw,tsulh ifcyds'kul] 10 lj ih-lh- cuthz jksm+] bykgkckn] eaxykuh] :ik] Hkkjrh; 'kklu,oa jktuhfr] jktlfkku fgunh xzufk vdkneh] >kykuk lkalfkkfud {ks=] t;iqj] oekz] ch-,y- eqflye fof/k] dey cqd deiuh] pksm+k jklrk] t;iqj] flag] ts-mh-] eqflye fof/k] esllz ;qfuoflzvh cqd gkml izk-fy-] pksm+k jklrk] t;iqj] oekz] ch-,y- eqflye fof/k] dey cqd deiuh] pksm+k jklrk] t;iqj] tsu] ih-lh-,.m vxzoky] eqds'k] eqflye fof/k] ;qfuoflzvh cqd gkml izk-fy-] t;iqj] jk;],e-ih-] Hkkjrh; lafo/kku] dkwyst cqd fmiks] f=iksfy;k cktkj] t;iqj 1986] i` eaxykuh] :ik] Hkkjrh; 'kklu,oa jktuhfr] jktlfkku fgunh xzufk vdkneh] >kykuk lkalfkkfud {ks=] t;iqj] 'kekz] vkj-,u-,.m frokm+h] okbz-ds-] n.m izf;k fd'kksj U;k; rfkk vijk/kh ifjoh{kk dkuwu] 'khy lul] esgjk vkwqlsv iszl] ubz fnyyh] 2000] i` nsfud HkkLdj] U;wt] 23 vxlr] jktlfkku if=dk] U;wt] 29 fnlecj] U;wt] vkt rd] lalnh; dk;zokgh fjiksvz] 28 fnlecj] eksf[kd lk{kkrdkj] losz fjiksvz] eqflye efgyk,a] cwunh] jktlfkku- 098 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

103 Hkkjr esa vkffkzd fodkl ds çfreku %,d fo'ys"k.kkred v/;;u dsyk'k pun lkeksrk lgk;d vkpk;z] jktlfkku fo'ofo ky;] t;iqj 'kks/k Lkkjka'k fodkl,d cgqeq[kh,oa xfr'khy izf;k gsa ;g ekuoh; thou ds fofo/k i{kksa ls tqm+h jgrh gs ftls vusd ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gsa tc ;g lkekftd i{k dks izhkkfor djs rks lkekftd fodkl] jktuhfrd i{k ls tqm+h gks rks jktuhfrd fodkl ekuo,oa izd`fr ls lecfu/kr gks rks i;kzoj.kh; fodkl vksj vkffkzd i{k ls tqm+h gks rks vkffkzd fodkl ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gsa lhkh i{k ekuoh; thou dks izhkkfor djrs gsa vr% vkffkzd fodkl dks Hkh ekuoh; fodkl ds lkfk tksm+dj ns[kk x;k gsabl ys[k dk eq[; mís'; vkffkzd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk ds oklrfod vk'k; dks Li"V djuk gsa blh ds lkfk vkys[k esa Hkkjr esa fo eku vkffkzd fodkl ds rhu izfrekuksa dk vkykspukred fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, fo eku izfreku dk lgh ewy;kadu fd;k tk;sxka dksulk izfreku lqy ;k vlqy D;ksa gs\ Hkkjr ds fy, dksulk ekwmy izklafxd gs\ br;kfn iz'uksa dks fo'ysf"kr fd;k x;k gsa ladsrk{kj % vkffkzd fodkl] lkekftd,oa jktuhfrd ewy;] lokszn; ekwmy] lektokna vkffkzd fodkl D;k gs\ tc ge fodkl ds izdj.k ij fopkj djrs gsa rks ge ns[krs gsa fd fodkl dh lhkh vo/kkj.kk, vfuok;z :i ls fo'ks"k lkekftd,oa jktuhfrd ewy;ksa dk izfr:i gksrh gsaa vr% 1 oklrfod :i esa ge dg ldrs gsa fd fodkl dsoy ospkfjd <+k ps dks /;ku esa ykuk gsa ; fi lkeku;r% vkffkzd fodkl dks vurjkz"vªh; Lo:i esa vkffkzd o`f¼ ds lkfk tksm+dj ns[kk tkrk gsa ijurq vkffkzd lao`f¼,oa vkffkzd fodkl lekukfkzd ugha gsa vkffkzd lao`f¼] vkffkzd fodkl dh izf;k dk,d vfhkuu Hkkx gs tks le;kof/k fo'ks"k esa gksus okyh oklrfod vk; o`f¼ dks n'kkzrk gs vfkkzr~ mriknu esa o`f¼a vkffkzd lao`f¼ ifjek.kkred cnyko dks crkus okyh olrqfu"b vo/kkj.kk gs ysfdu vkffkzd fodkl,d O;kid,oa O;fDrfu"B /kkj.kk gs tks lkekftd] lkald`frd] vkffkzd] xq.kkred o ifjek.kkred ifjorzu dks n'kkzrh gsa blhfy, vkffkzd fodkl fuf'pr :i ls ekuoh; fodkl dh gh vo/kkj.kk gsa ;g lkekftd iqufuzekz.k dh izf;k gs tks ijeijkxr lekt dks vk/kqfud lekt esa ifjofrzr dj nsrh gs ftls lkeku;r% vk/kqfudhdj.k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gsa lhkh lektksa dks rkfdzdrk o vrkfdzdrk ds vk/kkj ij fohkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gs ysfdu rkfdzdrk dk vk'k; lqij osy;w o vrkfdzdrk dk vfkz ijeijkxr ewy;ksa dh iz/kkurk ls ugha gs oju~ fu.kz;u izf;k dh i¼fr;ksa o izf;kvksa ls gsa vk/kqfud lekt rkfdzd gksrk gs tks jk"vª&jkt; dk fuekz.k djuk pkgrk gsa vk/kqfud fodkl dks vdlj jk"vªh; fodkl ls tksm+dj ns[kk tkrk gs D;ksafd fodkl dh izf;k lalfkkukred fodkl dks Hkh 'kkfey djrh gsa lalfkk, lkald`frd ekuoh; thou dk egroiw.kz rro gs tks lekt }kjk Lohd`r 2 ekuoh; O;ogkj dk fuf'pr Lo:i gksrk gsa fodkl fofo/k lkekftd] vkffkzd o jktuhfrd ekaxksa,oa ewy; iz.kkyh ds vuq:i jk"vªh; lalfkkvksa dh {kerk dks c<+kus 3 dh izf;k dk fu/kkzjd gksrk gsa fodkl lkeku;r% vkffkzd o`f¼ ds lkfk ekuoh; xfjek LFkkfir djus ds fy, lkekftd ifjorzu dks Lohdkj djrk gsa ikfdlrkuh vfkz'kkl=h egcwc my gd us vkffkzd fodkl dks ^xjhch ds fo:¼ ym+kbz* ds :i esa ifjhkkf"kr fd;k gsa pkgs og xjhch fdlh :i dh gksa vkffkzd fodkl dk izeq[k y{; dqiks"k.k] chekjh] emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

104 fuj{kjrk] xunxh] csjkstxkjh] fo"kerk br;kfn dks izxfr'khy :i ls de djuk rfkk vfure :i ls lekir djuk gsa vkffkzd fodkl,d O;kid vo/kkj.kk gs tks fd vkffkzd lao`f¼] lkekftd {ks=d fodkl,oa 4 lekos'kh fodkl dks lfeefyr fd;s gq, gsaa Hkkjr esa vkffkzd fodkl ds izfreku vkffkzd fodkl ns'k] dky,oa ifjflfkfr;ksa ds vuq:i ifjofrzr vo/kkj.kk gsa Hkkjr esa vkffkzd fodkl ds ekwmyl ij fpuru djsa rks bugsa rhu :iksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gs% izfke xka/kh }kjk izfrikfnr lokszn; ;k xk /kh;u ekwmy nwljk usg: dk lektoknh fefjr ekwmy,oa rhljk 1990 ds i'pkr~,y-ih-th- dk fodkl ekwmya vktknh ls iwoz lokszn;,oa lektoknh vo/kkj.kk, fo eku jgh nksuksa dk eq[; /;s; LorU=rk o yksdra= ds okrkoj.k esa lkekftd&vkffkzd fodkl ds ek/;e ls fu/kzurk o csjkstxkjh dks lekir dj ekuoh; xfjek dks LFkkfir djuk FkkA ijurq fodkl j.kuhfr o ;kstuk ykxw djus dh rduhd dks ysdj nksuksa esa vurj fo eku 5 jgk gsa 1990 ds i'pkr~ osf'od ifjorzuksa,oa izhkkoksa ds i'pkr~,d uohu fodkl vo/kkj.kk dk mn; gqvk ftls mnkjoknh ekwmy ds :i esa ns[kk x;ka vkffkzd fodkl dk lokszn; ekwmy% xk /kh ds }kjk ^fgun Lojkt* esa Hkkoh Hkkjr ds,d CY;wfizaV dh ladyiuk j[kh x;ha Hkkjr fo'o dks vfgald lh;rk dk luns'k nsus okyk vksj usfrd O;oLFkk ds ek/;e ls vk/;kfred y{;ksa ls ifjfpr djokdj vkn'kz thou 'ksyh ls ifjfpr djk;sxka ijurq vk/kqfud izfrekuksa dk eq[; /;s; usfrd fl¼kurksa dh vis{kk vkffkzd eku;rk, gsaa xka/kh us vius lokszn;h izfreku esa vkre&fuhkzjrk] vkre&lurqf"v] Lons'kh,oa xzkeh.k mnkjhdj.k esa xjhch o 'kks"k.k ds lhkh :iksa dk neu djus vksj jk"vª&fuekz.k esa vke turk dh Hkkxhnkjh ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k gsa xka/kh us vktknh dks Hkh xjhcksa ds Lojkt ds :i esa of.kzr fd;k gsa ;fn oklro esa fodkl dks js[kkafdr djsa rks ekuoh; xfjek] lekurk vksj lkekftd U;k; blds izeq[k y{k.k gsaa ;g izfr;ksfxrk ds LFkku ij lkekftd lg;ksx ij cy nsrk gsa fodkl izf;k dk vk'k; lexz fodkl ls gs D;ksafd lekt dh igpku lkewfgd gksrh gsa xka/kh;u ekwmy dk eq[; n'kzu O;fDr] lekt] izd`fr vksj buls lecfu/kr ledkfyd fodkl ds pkjksa rjq 6?kwerk gsa xka/kh us xjhch dks lcls cm+h fgalk ekuk gsa xka/kh us if'peh ekwmy dks iw.kzr% vks ksfxd lh;rk dk izfreku crk;k gs tks rduhd] fokku,oa fodkl ds cgkus O;ofLFkr mifuos'khdj.k vksj ekuo] izd`fr ds 'kks"k.k ij vk/kkfjr gsa vr% blds foijhr fodkl izf;k iw.kzr% O;fDr dh usfrd o vk/;kfred muufr] lk/; o lk/ku dh ifo=rk] izd`fr ds lkfk thou ij dsfunzr gksuh pkfg,a blh ds lkfk Hkkjr dh vkrek dh 'kj.kklfkyh xkaoksa dks ekurs gq, vkrefuhkzj xzkeh.k fodkl dks vkffkzd fodkl dh izf;k dk vfuok;z fgllk crk;k gsa fodkl dh ekiuh; bdkbz ekuo gksuk pkfg, vksj ;g rhkh lehko gs tc lkekftd O;oLFkk xsj 'kks"k.kdkjh] xsj cydkjh ds :i esa LFkkfir gks tgk yksxksa esa lsok dh Hkkouk] Je dh xfjek] vfgalk] ijksidkj vksj izse ds xq.k fo eku gksa xzke,d lkekftd o lkald`frd lajpuk dh vis{kk ^leqnk;* ds 7 :i esa fo eku gksa xka/kh;u izfreku dks vkxs c<+krs gq, vuq;k;h ts-ihukjk;.k }kjk iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk ds fy, vf[ky Hkkjrh; iapk;r ifj"kn~ ds :i esa lqy vksipkfjd vkunksyu pyk;k rfkk lghkkxh yksdra= ds :i esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa iqufuzek.k dk ljkguh; iz;kl fd;ka fouksck Hkkos dk xzkenku,oa Hkw&nku dk;ze blh fodkl dh izf;k dk vfhkuu fgllk jgk gsa xka/kh;u izfreku fodkl dks,d lqflfkj ladyiuk ekurk gs tks fd ekuo] izd`fr] usfrdrk,oa ekuoh; rks ijlij tksm+rh gsa jkstxkjiw.kz vfuok;z o fu%'kqyd f'k{kk iznku dj yksxksa dks csjkstxkjh o xjhch dh lel;k dk lek/kku djds ekuoh; xfjek LFkkfir dh tk ldrh gsa Je dh xfjek cuk;s j[kus ds fy, dsoy vfuok;z gksus ij gh e'khuhdj.k dks viuk;k tkrk gs vu;fkk y?kq&dqvhj xzkeh.k m ksxksa ij gh iwjh O;oLFkk vk/kkfjr jgrh gsa bl izf;k esa izr;sd O;fDr Hkkxhnkj gksrk gs vfkkzr~ lokszn; lc yksxksa dk mrfkkua fodkl izf;k esa dksbz oafpr lewg ugha jgrk gsa vr% xka/kh;u ekwmy lekos'kh ds lkfk&lkfk lqflfkj vkffkzd fodkl dk izk:i Hkh gsa vkffkzd fodkl dk lektoknh ekwmy&xka/kh ds jktuhfrd mùkjkf/kdkjh usg:,d lektoknh o vk/kqfud fpard gs ftu ij xka/kh ds fopkjksa dk O;kid izhkko gsa ijurq fodkl j.kuhfr esa os xka/kh ls vlger gsa vr% xka/kh ds foijhr xjhch o csjkstxkjh dh lel;k 100 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

105 dk gy cm+s isekus ds fu;ksftr vks ksfxdj.k ls Hkjus ij cy fn;k gsa vk/kkjhkwr,oa Hkkjh m ksx vk/kqfud fokku o rduhd ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gsaa ijeijkxr rduhdksa ds lgkjs ekuoh; lel;kvksa dk iw.kz lek/kku lahko ugha gsa blhfy, usg: us xjhch o csjkstxkjh tslh lel;kvksa dks tm+ ls lekir djus gsrq etcwr fu;ked <k ps dk lgkjk fy;k ftlds ewy esa rhoz vks ksfxdj.k fnik gqvk Fkk] ysfdu bu lc ifo= lk/kuksa ds iz;ksx ds ihns usg: }kjk lerkoknh lekt dh LFkkiuk dk y{; fo eku Fkk tks xka/kh ds fopkjksa ls izhkkfor jgka vk/kqfud rduhd ds lgkjs lkekftd&vkffkzd lajpuk dks etcwr cukus ds ekwmy dks vktknh ds i'pkr~ usg: us O;ogkj esa viuk;ka dqvhj m ksx dsoy vyidkyhu jkstxkj miyc/k djkrs gsa vr% gesa Hkkjh m ksxksa dks vkxs c<+kuk gksxk ijurq bu NksVs m ksxksa dh cfyosnh ij ughaa usg: dh lektoknh /kkj.kk ds ewy rro xka/kh ds usfrd n`f"vdks.k ls izhkkfor FksA ; fi bugsa izkir djus ds fy, usg: us vizr;{k rjhdk viuk;ka vfkkzr~ mís'; yxhkx leku gh Fks ijurq mugsa izkir djus ds jklrs vyx&vyx jgsa Hkkjr esa fo eku rrdkyhu vkffkzd&lkekftd,oa jktuhfrd lajpuk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, gh usg: us fodkl dk lektoknh fefjr ekwmy viuk;ka gky gh esa izkir jktuhfrd Lok/khurk dks os vkffkzd mifuos'kokn esa cnyuk ugha pkgrs FksA yksxksa ds eu esa,d vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk Fkh ftls jkt; fu;ksftr fodkl dh /kkj.kk ls gh nwj fd;k tk ldrk 8 FkkA izfke iz/kkuea=h usg: ds funsz'ku esa Hkkjr dh fu;fr dh 'kq#vkr gqbza usg: us if'peh 'krksza ds vk/kkj ij rhoz xfr ds vkffkzd fodkl dks Lohdkj fd;ka vks ksxhdj.k dks Hkkjr ds vk/kqfudhdj.k dh eq[; pkch ds :i esa ns[kka bldk vkffkzd izrhd Hkh ^vks ksfxd`r* j[kk x;k vksj bldks vkxs c<+kus ds iz;kl fd;sa mudk fo'okl Fkk fd if'peh ekwmy ds vks ksxhdj.k ls gh Hkkjr dh lelr lkekftd&vkffkzd lel;kvksa dk lek/kku fd;k tk ldrk gsa bl rjg usg: us xka/kh;u ekwmy dks izfrxkeh o if'peh ekwmy 9 dks oskkfud o vk/kqfud izfreku ds :i esa ns[kka ijurq,d vyx jklrs ds }kjk mlh eafty rd igq puk Fkk tgk xka/kh tk jgs FksA cms+ o dqvhj m ksxksa ds izfr leuo; dk n`f"vdks.k viuk;k x;k rfkk pj[ks ds egro dks Hkh fole`r ugha fd;k x;ka ijurq osf'od izfr;ksfxrk Lo;a ds LFkkf;Ro gsrq fodkl dh,d yech Nykax dh vko';drk FkhA ; fi usg: blesa vkaf'kd :i ls gh lqy gks ldsa fefjr vfkzo;olfkk okys fu;ksftr ekwmy esa fodkl nj fgunw o`f¼ nj rd lhfer jg x;h vksj leroknh lekt dh Hkh LFkkiuk,d Loiu cudj jg x;ka ; fi bruk gksrs gq, Hkh usg: ;qx esa ljkguh; vkffkzd miyfc/k;k vo'; gh vftzr dh x;ha usg:fo;u ekwmy us Hkkjrh; fodkl dh /kkj.kk dks uhoa miyc/k djok;h gsa fu;kstu ds ek/;e ls iwoz fu/kkzfjr y{;ksa dks izkir djus dk iz;ru fd;k x;ka lgdkfjrk] lgdkjh d`f"k o izxfr'khy djkjksi.k esa xfr iznku dh x;ha ;g va'kr% gh lgh ijurq yksxksa ds thou Lrj dks Åij mbkus esa lqy gks ik;k] ftlls vkffkzd fo"kerk dks?kvkdj yksxksa dks vf/kd le`¼] [kq'kgky,oa vehj cuus ds volj izkir gq,a bl rjg ls usg: us rdz o vke lgefr ds ek/;e ls lerkoknh o yksdrkaf=d lekt 10 ds izsj.kkoknh mís';ksa dks igys gh LFkkfir dj fn;ka usg: us fu;kstu dks,d lk/ku ds :i esa viuk;k ijurq mu ifo= y{;ksa ^lhkh yksxksa dh muufr o HkykbZ] lhkh ds fy, voljksa dh Hkjekj vksj Lora=rk esa o`f¼] lgdkjh laxbuksa o dk;ksza dh i¼fr* dks izkir djus ds 11 fy, tks lhkh ds fy, vifjgk;z cusa ckypunz eqaxsdj us usg: ds vkffkzd izfreku dks pkj [kahkksa ij vk/kkfjr ekuk gs tks fu'p; gh vkt Hkh viuh izklafxdrk dks cuk;s gq, gsa buesa izfke&lalnh; yksdra=] f}rh;&iafkfujis{krk] rhljk&dy;k.kdkjh jkt; dh LFkkiuk gsrq vkffkzd fu;kstu] pksfkk&xqvfujis{krk dh uhfr gsa bu pkj vk/kkjksa ij gh vkffkzd fodkl dh izf;k dks yksdrkaf=d] ekuoh; fodkl ij vk/kkfjr] fofo/k i{kksa esa,drk] uo mifuos'kokn fojks/kh,oa Lora= uhfr ij [km+k fd;k gsa use ds }kjk,f'k;k&výhdk ds izkd`frd lk/kuksa ds 'kks"k.k dks jksdus dh uhfr dks xfr iznku dh gsa bl rjg usg: ds vkffkzd fodkl dk ;g ekwmy ekuoh; fodkl 12 dk izfreku gsa,y-ih-th-ekwmy 1991% fodkl u rks LFkSfrd vksj u gh,d:ih; vo/kkj.kk gsa izfke egk;q¼ ls igys nqfu;k esa fodkl dk dsoy,d gh ekwmy vglr{ksioknh ekwmy fo eku Fkk] ftldk jf'k;u kfur o osf'od vkffkzd egkeunh (1929&33) ds i'pkr~ vur gks x;k izfke emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

106 fo'o ds lkeus,d uohu izfreku mfnr gqvka f}rh; egk;q¼ ds ckn nqfu;k us fodkl dh uohu volfkk esa izos'k fd;ka fodkl ns'kksa dh fofhkuurk ds lkfk gh fofo/krk Hkh j[krk gsa fqj Hkh bldh rhu lkeku; fo'ks"krk, gksrh gs fodkl dk eryc&vq,mokul] Vq QnZj] Vq bokstoa 1980&1990 ds n'kd esa Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk ij Hkh,y-ih-th- (mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k] os'ohdj.k) dh vo/kkj.kk dk izhkko fn[kk;h nsus yxka tqykbz] 1991 Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ^uohu vkffkzd uhfr* dh?kks"k.kk dh xbza ftlesa mnkjoknh O;oLFkk ;k cktkj iz/kku fu;ksftr fefjr O;oLFkk dks xfr iznku dh x;ha blesa fu;kstu dk Lo:i funsz'kkred gksrk gs rfkk O;oLFkk /khjs&/khjs&cktkj dh vksj c<+rh tkrh gsa Hkkjr esa 1991 esa izkjehk vkffkzd o`f¼ dh bl j.kuhfr dks ge jko&eueksgu fodkl j.kuhfr Hkh dg ldrs gsa vkffkzd fodkl dk ;g ekwmy os'ohdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gs ftlds rhu LrEHk&mnkjhdj.k] 13 cktkjhdj.k o futhdj.k gsa Hkkjr ds }kjk bl ekwmy dks viukdj cun vfkzo;olfkk ds }kjk fo'o ds fy, [kksy fn;s x,a bl ekwmy dks viukus ls iwoz Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk ds lkeus O;kid,oa c<+rk gqvk jktdks"kh;?kkvk] lalk/kuksa dk vdq'ky mi;ksx] U;wure fons'kh fofue; fjtoz] mpp eqnzklqhfr nj] fueu vkffkzd o`f¼ rfkk 1950&90 dh le;kof/k esa vfkzo;olfkk fgunw o`f¼ nj ds vkl&ikl vksj izfr O;fDr vk; 1 ls 2 izfr'kr ij flfkjrka bu dkjdksa us Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk dks,y-ih-th- ekwmy dh vksj /kdsyus dk dk;z fd;k rks nwljh vksj bl izfreku dks viukus okys ^,f'k;u VkbZxj (rkbzoku] nf{k.k dksfj;k] flaxkiqj) ds :i esa mnh;eku vks ksfxd jk"vªksa us bl ekwmy dh rjq 14 vkdf"kzr fd;ka bl :i esa 1990 bz- ds n'kd esa Hkkjr us vkffkzd fodkl ds,d uohu ;qx esa izos'k fd;ka tgk vkffkzd o`f¼ dh nj fgunw xzksfk jsv dks cgqr ihns NksM+ pqdh gsa yksxksa dk lkeku; thou Lrj Åij mb x;ka oklrfod izfro;fdr vk;] fons'kh fofue; fjtoz esa O;kid,oa ldkjkred ifjorzu gqvk gsa bl ekwmy dks viukus ds Bhd ckn ds o"kksza 1992&93 ls 1999&2000 esa vfkzo;olfkk dh o`f¼ nj 6-5 izfr'kr izfro"kz rd igqap x;h FkhA Hkkjrh; vkffkzd iz.kkyh bl izfreku ds lkfk vkxs c<+ jgh gsa vko';drk bl ekwmy esa dqn vu; igyqvksa dks lkfk ysus dh gs rkfd lekos'kh fodkl ds lkfk&lkfk lqflfkj fodkl dks izkir fd;k tk ldsa xk /kh ds ekwmy dh vpnkb;ksa o usg: ds ekwmy dh O;kogkfjdrk dks nqfu;k dh rduhfd izfr;ksfxrk ds lkfk tksm+dj vkxs c<+uk gh lppk fodkl gsa Hkkjr esa vkffkzd fodkl dk dksulk izfreku Js"B gksxk ;g fuf'pr :i ls dguk rks lahko ugha gsa fqj Hkh ;fn rhuksa fodkl izfrekuksa ij fopkj djsa& rks rhuksa gh viuh dqn vpnkbz;k o cqjkbz;k j[krs gsa ysfdu,y-ih-thekwmy,d O;kogkfjd,oa lqy izfreku gsa ftlds vk/kkj ij gh Hkkjr vkt fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh iafdr esa lcls vkxs [km+k gsa ijurq xka/kh;u funsz'ku esa bl izfreku dks vkxs c<+k;k tk;s rks fu'p; gh bldk y{; dsoy Hkkjr dk gh ugha oju~ iwjh ekuoh; lh;rk ds fodkl dk vk/kkj gksxka xka/kh dk luns'k vafglk o lr; ds leku iwjh nqfu;k rd igq p ik;sxka vkffkzd fodkl fuf'pr :i ls,d O;kid fopkj/kkjk okyh cgq:ih; vo/kkj.kk gsa ijurq bldk Lo:i xfr'khy,oa ifjofrzr gksrk jgrk gs] blhfy, fdlh jk"vª fo'ks"k ds fy, fodkl dk dksulk izfreku lqy gksxk] ;g ml ns'k esa fo eku&lkekftd] vkffkzd,oa jktuhfrd n'kkvksa ij fuhkzj djrk gsa orzeku ;qx esa ;g {ks=h; /kkj.kk u gksdj osf'od vo/kkj.kk cu x;h gsa fokku,oa rduhd ds ifj.kkelo:i fo'o ds jk"vª vur% fuhkzj gks x;s gsa blhfy, vkffkzd fodkl dh fopkj/kkjk dks Hkh blh ds vuq:i j[kdj ns[kk tkrk gsa mnkjhdj.k o uomnkjhdj.k ds nksj esa blus lqflfkj ;k lrr~ fodkl] lekos'kh fodkl vksj lcdk fodkl dks vius esa lfeefyr dj fy;k gsa vkffkzd fodkl dsoy vkffkzd {ks= dks gh vfhko;dr ugha djrh gs oju~ bls ekuoh; fodkl ds lkfk tksm+dj ns[kk tkus yxk gsa vr% ;g O;fDr ls jk"vª o jk"vªh; fodkl ls osf'od fodkl esa cny x;h gsa blh fodkl dh /kkj.kk ls osf'od fodkl esa cny x;h gsa blh fodkl dh /kkj.kk us nqfu;k ds jk"vªksa dks vfodflr] vyifodflr] fodkl'khy vksj fodflr ds chp fohkkftr dj fn;k gsa vurr% fodkl dh izf;k Hkh ijlij fuhkzj cu x;h gsa Hkkjr Hkh blh dk,d fgllk gsa fodflr jk"vªksa dks bls le>uk gksxka 102 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

107 lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- tkwu csfyl] LVso flefk,.m isfvªfl;k vksosul] ^n Xykscykbts'ku vkwq oymz ikwfyfvdl* vkwdlqksmz ;qfuoflzvh izsl] U;w;kdZ] 2011] i`-l ph ;q,u-d% fn uspj vkwq ekwmuz Moyies.V bu Mk;usfed vkwq Moyies.V (,fmvsm),l-ds-'kekz] dkwulsiv ifcyf'kax deiuh] fnyyh] 1977] i`-l- 1&33 3- Msful xqysv] ^fn FkMZ omz Ýkse* ^oymz Moyes.V %,u b.vªksmsdvªh jhmj* (,fmvsm) gsysl dklvsy] dkulsiv ifcy'klz] fnyyh] 1977] i`-l- 1&33 4- izks- yky,.m yky] ^Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk losz{k.k,oa fo'ys"k.k* f'koe~ ifcy'klz] bykgkckn] 2013] i`-l- 1&2 5- oh-oh- HkV~V] ^MoyesaV izkscye] LVªsVth,.M VsDuksykWth pksbl % lokszn;,.m lksf'k;kfylv,izkspst* bdksuksfed MoyiesaV,.M dypjy psat] oksy;we&31] ua- 1] n ;wfuoflzvh vkwq f'kdkxks izsl] 1984] i`- 85&86 6- vkj-ih- fejk] xka/kh;u ekwmy vkwq MoyiesaV,.M oymz ihl* dkulsiv ifcyf'kax deiuh] ubz fnyyh] 2006] i`-l- 54&63 7- ogh] i`-l oh-oh- HkV~V] ^MoyiesaV izkscye] LVsV th,.m VsDuksykWth pksbl % lokszn;,.m lksf'k;kfylv,izkspst]^ bdkuksfed MoyiesaV,.M dypjy psat] oky;we 31] ua- 1] fn ;wfuoflzvh vkwq f'kdkxks izsl] 1984] i`-l-&92 9- th-mh- lsfkh] ^bf.m;u bdksukseh v.mj lht*,l pun,.m deiuh 1999] i`-l ukjk;.k gktjh] ^MsekssfVd lksf'k;kfyte,.m tokgjyky usg:* vkbz] ts-ih-,l- oksy;we&26] ua- &4] 1965] i`-l-& tokgjyky usg:] ^fn fmldojh vkwq bf.m;k* fn flxes.v izsl] dydÿkk] 1946] i`-l ckypunzu ^usg:fo;u ekwmy vkwq MoyiesaV LVhy fjysos.v* ^n fgunw* izks- yky,.m yky] ^Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk losz{k.k rfkk fo'ys"k.k* f'koe~ ifcy'klz] bykgkckn] 2013] i`-l- 1% jkt dfiyk,.m mek dfiyk ¼lEikfn, fmdsm vkwq bdksuksfed fjqksezl bu bf.m;k % fn iklv] fn ijts.v] fn ;wpj*,dsmfed Qkm.Ms'ku] fnyyh] 2002] i`-l-&52 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

108 Hkkjr esa lwqhokn dk mn;,oa rrdkyhu lkekftd lkald`frd ifjflfkfr;k fof/k iapksyh 'kks/kkfkhz] e-n-l- fo'ofo ky;]vtesj 'kks/k Lkkjka'k izlrqr 'kks/k i= esa Hkkjr esa lwqhokn ds mn; ds le; dh lkekftd &lkald`frd ifjflfkfr;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gsa lwqh lar [oktk eqbzuqíhu glu fp'rh dks Hkkjr esa lwqhokn ds iz.ksrk ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gsa lu~ 1192 bz- esa [oktk lkgc ds Hkkjr vkxeu ds ckn gh Hkkjr esa O;ofLFkr :i ls lwqhokn dk mn; gqvk rfkk muds ckn ls gh bl fopkjk/kkjk ds fodkl dk e 'kq: gqvka ; fi Hkkjr esa [oktk lkgc }kjk LFkkfir lwqhokn dk vk/kkj blykeh nqfu;k] [kkldj bzjku vksj e/;,f'k;k esa LFkkfir lwqh eku;rk,sa rfkk fl}kur Fks] ijurq Hkkjr esa LFkkfir gksus ds ckn blds fodkl esa Hkkjrh; ifjos'k dh T;knk Hkwfedk FkhA Hkkjro"kZ esa izos'k ds ckn lwqhoknh fopkjk/kkjk dk izhkko Hkkjrh; lekt o lald`fr ij im+k rfkk lkfk gh lkfk ;gk dh lald`fr] jhfrfjoktksa] ijeijkvksa us Hkh lwqhoknh fopkjk/kkjk dks izhkkfor fd;ka lwfq;ksa dh mnkjrk] mudk lurksa tslk thou rfkk Hkkjrh; fopkjk/kkjk ds lkfk lke; gksus ds dkj.k bu lwqh lk/kdksa ds izfr yksxksa dh J¼k c<+ha fgunw&eqflye nksuksa /keksz ds vuq;kf;;ksa }kjk ;s leku :i esa iwtuh; gq,a fgunq&eqflye lfeej lh;rk dk vk/kkj rs;kj gqvka ladsrk{kj % lwqhokn] rrdkyhu lkekftd&lkald`frd ifjflfkfr;k ] /kekzurj.k] iwokzxzg] lald`fr] ijeijk] lw vk/;kfred] flyflyk] laxhr] n'kzua 1 Qh 'kcn vjch Hkk"kk ds ^^lwq** ls cuk gs ftldk vfkz gksrk gs & ÅuA,slh eku;rk gs fd gtjr isxecj eksgeen lkgc ds le; esa tks yksx lar dk thou O;rhr djrs Fks rfkk Åuh pksxk igurs Fks ogh igukok vkxs pydj mudh igpku cu x;k vksj os yksx lwqh dgyk,a ys[kd nsoh flag u:dk ds vuqlkj ^^olrqr% lwqhokn dksbz er] leiznk;] tkfr vfkok /kez ugha gsa** fdurq,d fopkj/kkjk gsa bl fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj vkpj.k djus okys yksx vius vkidks lwqh dgrs gsa nqfu;k esa jgdj Hkh tks eksg ek;k esa ugha Qals mudh n`f"v esa iwjk fo'o,d gs] bldk cukus okyk vksj ikyu djus okyk Hkh,d gsa lhkh yksxksa ds 2 eaxy dh dkeuk djs vksj bz'oj esa xgjk fo'okl gks] og lppk lwqh gsa** 3 Hkkjr esa vkdj clus okys vkjfehkd lwfq;ksa esa vy gqtfojh (yxhkx 1088 bz-) dk uke lozizeq[k gsa 13 oha 'krkcnh ds izkjehk esa fnyyh lyrur dky ds nksjku Hkkjr esa dbz lwqh leiznk;ksa dh LFkkiuk gqbza lwqher ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, Hkkjr,d vuqdwy txg fl} gqbza lwfq;ksa us Hkkjr esa dbz txg vius leiznk; LFkkfir fd,] viuh lalfkk, fodflr dh rfkk 14 oha 'krkcnh ds var rd ;s eqyrku ls ysdj caxky rd vksj iatkc ls ysdj nsofxfj 4 rd lewps ns'k esa lf; gks x,a izfl} lwqh lar [oktk eqbzuqíhu glu fp'rh dks Hkkjr esa lwqh fopkj/kkjk ds iz.ksrk ds 5 :i esa ekuk tkrk gsa [oktk lkgc lu~ 1192 bz- 'kgkcqíhu xksjh ds le; esa Hkkjr vk,a lwqh lar [oktk eqbzuqíhu fp'rh us lkeiznkf;d,drk] HkkbZpkjk vksj vkilh izse dk ikb i<+kus dk fe'ku ysdj lwqh ijeijk izkjehk dha Hkkjr esa vkdj bugksaus jktlfkku jkt; ds vtesj 'kgj dks viuk mikluk LFky rfkk dezhkwfe cuk;ka lwqh larksa dh fo'o ca/kqro dh Hkkouk vksj ekuooknh fopkjksa dh vo/kkj.kk us Hkkjrh; eu dks vkdf"kzr fd;ka bl rjg lwqhokn us 'kgjh vksj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa tm+s tek yh vksj Hkkjrh; tulewg ij xgjk lkekftd] jktusfrd o lkald`frd izhkko MkykA \ 104 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

109 gtjr [oktk eqbzuqíhu fp'rh ckjgoha lnh ds vkf[kjh n'kd esa Hkkjr vk,a muds O;fDrRo o fe'ku (lwqhokn) dk tks izhkko Hkkjrh; tuekul im+k mls le>us ds fy, rrdkyhu Hkkjr dh lkekftd&lkald`frd oklrfodrk dks le>uk vko';d gsa Hkkjro"kZ esa 12 oha lnh dk jktusfrd bfrgkl v'kkafr vo;olfkkvksa vksj fc[kjko ls ifjiw.kz FkkA leiw.kz Hkkjro"kZ ml nksj esa NksVh&NksVh fj;klrksa esa cavk gqvk FkkA 1206 bz- esa dqrqcqíhu,scd ds 'kklu lahkkyus ds lkfk gh Hkkjr esa xqyke oa'k (fnyyh 6 lyrur) dh LFkkiuk gqbza lu~ 1206 bz- esa dqrqcqíhu,scd ds 'kklu lahkkyus ls ysdj lu~ 1526 bz- (eqxy lkezkt; dh LFkkiuk) rd Hkkjr ij 'kklu djus okys 5 oa'kksa ds lqyrkuksa ds 'kkludky dks bfrgkldkjksa us lyrurdky dgka izeq[k bfrgkldkjksa }kjk 7 lyrurdky dks blykfed jkt; dh lakk nh gsa 8 tkrh; o /kkfezd iwokzxzg 'kq:vkrh lyrur dky dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk FkhA rqdz vksj vqxku 'kklu (lyrur dky esa 5 oa'kksa) ds izkjfehkd izhkko] Hkkjr ds fofhkuuk {ks=ksa esa utj vk,a tgka blykfed lald`fr dks fo eku 9 Hkkjrh; yksdkpkj ds :i esa,d eqdr Hkwfe feyha eqflye vizoklh] ckgjh ns'kksa ls /khjs&/khjs Hkkjr vk, vksj Hkkjrh; Hkwfe dks viuk LFkk;h fuokl cukdj ;gk cl x,a bl izdkj nks fhkuu lald`fr;ksa ds Vdjko ls u, 10 lekt dk fuekz.k izkjehk gqvka mùkjh Hkkjr ds jktuksfrd <+kps ds iru us Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk dks Hkh vlr&o;lr dj fn;ka izr;sd lekt dh izd`fr ds vuqlkj fhkuu&fhkuu /keksz esa lkekftd fhkuurk,a ekstwn FkhA tehuh rksj ij yksxksa us vius&vius lkekftd o lkald`frd ewy; vknku&iznku fd,a os fofhkuu rksj&rjhdksa] jhfr&fjoktksa o eku;rkvksa ds izfr vf/kd lgu'khy cusa jktuhfrd mfky&iqfky ds ckotwn Hkh xzkeh.k thou vizhkkfor gh jgka jktuhfrd uhfr;ksa us xzkeh.k 11 thou dks dhkh&dhkh gh izhkkfor fd;ka ftu eqflye fotsrkvksa us Hkkjr dks viuk LFkk;h fuokl Lohdkj fd;k Fkk] mugksaus ;gk ds vusd jhfr&fjokt] 'ksyh o eku;rkvksa dks Hkh viuk;ka tsls fd euksjatu ds lk/ku 12 ds :i esa T;ksfr"k rfkk laxhr esa fo'okl djuka ; fi blyke esa laxhr nqyzhk gksrk Fkk ysfdu fqjkst rqxyd }kjk vius jkt;kjksg.k ds le; yksxksa dk rhu fnuksa rd laxhr }kjk euksjatu djuk 13 ;g crkrk gs fd vke turk gh ugha vfirq 'kkld oxz Hkh bl lfeej lald`fr ls izhkkfor gq, fcuk ugha jg ldsa ;g le; fgunqvksa ds fy, lkekftd lkeatl; o vius vk/kkjhkwr lajpuk ds iquzlfkkiu dk FkkA lekt dk,d oxz 'kkld leqnk; ls lecfu/kr Fkk rks nwljk /kekzurfjr yksxksa lsa bu lc ds chp esa cká.k o vu; /kuoku oxz tsls pks/kjh] [kwv 14 (Khuts)]eqdkne vkfn us lekt esa viuk opzlo [kks fn;ka blds foijhr tqykgk vkfn tkfr;ksa dk /kekzurj.k ls lekt esa opzlo c<+ka lekt esa /kekzurfjr yksxksa dh 15 rhu Jsf.k;ksa gksrh Fkh & (1) bpnk ls /kekzurfjr (2) ykyp ls /kekzurfjr (3) cy iz;ksx }kjk /kekzurfjr eqflye fotsrkvksa us cy iz;ksx ;k ykyp }kjk Hkkjr esa blyke dk izpkj&izlkj fd;ka ysfdu blls Hkh vf/kd blyke ds izpkj esa] lwqh&lk/kdksa dk vf/kd ;ksxnku jgka lwfq;ksa dh mnkjrk] mudk lurksa tslk thou rfkk Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk ds lkfk lke; gksus ds dkj.k bugksaus Hkkjrh;ksa ds ân; ij fot; izkir djuk vkjehk fd;ka lwqh lk/kdksa ds izfr yksxksa dh J¼ c<+h rfkk fgunq o eqflye nksuksa gh /kez ds vuq;kf;;ksa }kjk ;s leku :i ls iwtuh; gq,a fopkjksa ds vknku iznku ls fgunq&eqflye lfeej lald`fr dks vk/kkj izkir gqvka tgk,d vksj fgunw /kez ds lar fgunw&eqflye lfeej fopkjksa dks viukus dk iz;kl dj jgs Fks ogh nwljh vksj eqflye /kez esa] lwqh er ds dfo;ksa o ys[kdksa us dbz fgunq erksa o ijeijkvksa dks viuk;k vksj ckn ds o"kksza esa ;g fl¼ Hkh gks pqdk Fkk fd eqflye jgl;okn vfkkzr~ 16 (lwqhokn) dk,d Lkzksr Hkkjrh; gsa e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt esa mriuu HkfDr vkunksyu ij Hkh lwqhokn dk izhkko ns[kk tk ldrk gsa ;g lr; gs fd HkfDr vkunksyu Hkkjr dh /kjrh ls mriuu Lons'kh 17 vkunksyu Fkk ftldh mrifùk nf{k.k Hkkjr ds vkyokj 18 larksa ls gqbz ekuh tkrh gsa ijurq bldh dbz eku;rk, lwqhokn ls feyrh&tqyrh gsa lwqh vkunksyu us u dsoy nksuksa /keksza ds vuq;kf;;ksa ds feyus ds fy, vk/kkj rs;kj fd;k cfyd blus ekuo ek= dh lekurk dh ckr Hkh j[kha bu nksuksa gh vkunksyuksa us tkfr O;oLFkk o :<+hoknh ijeijkvksa dk fojks/k fd;k rfkk lkewfgd thou dks u;s fljs ls thus dk jklrk [kkstk] ftlesa lhkh oxksza ds yksxksa ds fy, U;k; o lekurk fo eku gksa ftlls lhkh iafkksa ds yksx usfrd o vk/;kfred muufr dj ldsa emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

110 ,d fopkj ds vuqlkj HkfDr vkunksyu dks] lwqhoknh fopkj/kkjk dk ifj.kke ekuk x;k] ysfdu oklrfodrk ;g gs fd lwqh fopkj/kkjk us leku fopkjksa ds jgrs ewfrz iwtk o vu; :<+hoknh jhfr&fjoktksa dk fojks/k djds HkfDr vkunksyu dks xfr'khyrk iznku dh gs vksj fo'ocu/kqro o lekurk dh fopkj/kkjk dk iks"k.k 19 fd;ka ;g fo"k; bfrgkldkjksa ds fy, okn&fookn dk fo"k; Hkh jgk gsa dqn bfrgkldkjksa ds vuqlkj HkfDr vkunksyu vius vki esa,d Lora= vkunksyu Fkk tcfd dqn ds vuqlkj ;g vkunksyu lwqhokn ls izhkkfor FkkA ijurq bruk vo'; fuf'pr gs fd nksuksa vkunksyu (HkfDr o lwqh) 13oha 'krkcnh ds egroiw.kz lkald`frd im+ko FksA lwqhokfn;ksa esa vkre'kqf¼ o bz'oj ij iw.kz leiz.k ij cy fn;ka buds vuqlkj fofhkuu jhfr&fjokt o ijeijkvksa ds ikyu ds ctk; vkrek dh 'kqf¼ rfkk ifo=rk vf/kd mi;qdr gsa lwqhokn oklro esa xgjs leiz.k] izse] n;k] o laxhr ls lacaf/kr gsa /;ku ls ns[kus ij ;g fgunqvksa ds osnkur n'kzu (v}srokn) dh 20 lekukurj 'kk[kk ekywe gksrh gsa Hkkjr esa lwqhoknh fopkj/kkjk dh ijeijk, rfkk fo'okl] fofhkuu /keksza ds xq.kksa dks lekfgr fd, gq, gsa lwqhokn esa vfgalk] 'kkafr] miokl (jkstk)] ri ('kjhj dks d"v nsuk)] fpyyk ekdwl (vius 'kjhj dks jllh dh 21 lgk;rk ls isjksa dks ck/kdj myvk yvdkuk) vkfn xq.k fgunq] tsu] cks¼ o lwqhokn dk lfeej.k gsa Hkkjrh; lekt esa lwqhokn,d tfvy fefjr lajpuk ds :i esa fpf=r gqvk gs] ftldh rqyuk unh dh ml /kkjk ls dh tk ldrh gs tks dbz vu; Hkwfe;ksa dh forfjdkvksa 22 dks lesv dj,d /kkjk cukrh gsa lwfq;ksa us vius 'ks[k o ihj ds ek/;e ls] vius&vius leiznk;ksa (flyflyksa) dk fuekz.k fd;ka budk vf/kdka'k le; izkfkzuk o HkfDr esa xqtjrk FkkA Hkkjr esa fp'rh flyflyk lcls igys mn; gqvka bu flyflys us vusd jhfr&fjokt tsls xq: ds lkeus >qduk] vkxarqdksa dks ikuh fiykuk 23 vkfn Hkkjrh; ijeijk ls xzg.k fd;sa fp'rh leiznk; ds yksdfiz; gksus dk dkj.k ;g Fkk fd bls ns'k ds fjoktksa o ijeijkvksa dks viukuk vkrk FkkA blds vfrfjdr bl leiznk; dh yksdfiz;rk dk vu; dkj.k blds izkjfehkd xq:vksa] [oktk eqbzuqíhu fp'rh] ckck Qjhn] futkeqíhu vksfy;k vkfn dk O;fDrRo FkkA ckck Qjhn dh vo/kkj.kk Fkh fd ^lwqhokn dk mn~ns'; ân; dk,dhdj.k gs tks thfodk ds 'kq} lk/ku viukus rfkk jktk o jktuhfr ls vizhkkfor jgus ij gh izkir 24 gksxh*a fp'rh flyflys ds vfrfjdr lqgjkonhz] dknjh vksj ud'kcunh flyflys us Hkh vius lwqh n'kzu ds fy, 25 Hkkjr esa vk/kkjhkwfe rs;kj dj yh FkhA lwfq;ksa us Hkk"kk o laxhr ds {ks= esa Hkh uokpkj dks tue 26 fn;ka Hkk"kk;h ekeys esa vehj [kqljksa dks mnwz dk 27 vkfo"dkjd o [kmh cksyh dk izfke dfo ekuk tkrk gsa ysfdu dqn bfrgkldkjksa ds vuqlkj mnwz o fgunoh dk fodkl,d yech izf;k Fkh] tks lwfq;ksa dh Hkk"kk;h ln~hkkouk ds dkj.k 'kq: gqbz FkhA lwqh Qkjlh Hkk"kk tkurs Fks tcfd Hkkjrh; turk mlls fcydqy vuktku FkhA,slh n'kk esa,d,slh Hkk"kk dh t:jr eglwl gqbz ftlds }kjk lwqh o Hkkjrh; vius fopkjksa] Hkkoksa rfkk t:jrksa dks,d&nwljs dks Hkyh izdkj le>k ldsa yksxks dh bl t:jr us gh /khjs&/khjs fganoh] mnwz Hkk"kk o [kmh cksyh dk tue gqvka Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa rfkk Qkjlh Hkk"kk 28 esa leuo; LFkkfir gqvka A Hkk"kk bfrgkl esa fganoh dk iz;ksx Hkkjrh; cksfy;ksa esa vjch] Qkjlh ds fej.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gsa lwqhtuksa ds ns'ko;kih Hkze.k us Hkh 28A mnwz Hkk"kk ds fodkl esa ;Fkk;ksX; muufr iznku dha laxhr Hkh lwfq;ksa ds thou dk vko';d vax cuk D;ksafd Hkkjrh; Hkwfe esa izos'k djrs gh bugksaus eglwl fd;k fd laxhr] Hkkjrh; lh;rk esa /kez ds jklrs ls vk;k gsa eafnjksa esa?kf.v;ksa vksj ukdwlksa dk ctuk] laxhr ds ok ;a=ksa ds lkfk Hktu xkuk ;gk dh fnup;kz esa 'kkfey FkkA vr% lwfq;ksa us Hkh lek vfkkzr~ dookyh dks izksrlkfgr fd;ka bl f;k ls cgqr tynh fgunqvksa o eqlyekuksa esa,d tt+ckrh,drk mriuu gks xbza vkf[kj esa,d fnu,slk vk;k fd vehj [kqljksa,slh vusd jkxksa ds vkfo"dkjd cu x, tks Hkkjrh; 'kkl=h; 29 laxhr esa jh<+ dh gm~mh dh rjg gsa lwqh;ksa esa lek ;k dookyh] nqfu;knkjh dks Hkwykdj] vius vki esa [kqnk dh ;kn esa elr gksus dk,d jklrk gsa blds vlj dk vanktk bl ckr ls yxk;k tk ldrk gs fd dqn lwqh lar,sls Hkh gq, gs tks lek ds nksjku ot+n (elrh) dh volfkk esa [kqnk ls tk feysa gtjr [oktk dqrqcqíhu ckf[r;kj dkdh (j-v-) dh oqkr ml le; gqbz tc vki 'ks[k vyh fltth dh [kkudkg esa lek 30 lqu jgs FksA laxhr ds {ks= esa ubz jkxksa dk fuekz.k gqvkadyk o f'kyidyk ds {ks= esa Hkh ifjorzu ns[kus dks 106 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

111 feysa Hkkjrh; LFkkiR; dyk esa e/;,f'k;k o Qkjlh 31 LFkkiR; dyk dk esy gqvka lkfgr; esa xty] dookyh tslh fo/kk,w ns[kus dks feyha bl izdkj vjch]qkjlh Hkk"kk dhs fo'ks"krk,aw Hkkjrh; lkfgr; dk 32 fgllk cu xbza e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt esa,sls lq/kkj dh l[r vko';drk Fkh] ftlds }kjk fgunw /kez ds dezdk.m o blyke /kez dh dêjrk dks de fd;k tk lds blfy, rrdkyhu lekt eas HkfDr vkunksyu o lwqhoknh vkunksyu dk 'kqhkkjehk gqvka bu vkunksyuksa us ijeijkxr :<+hoknh i¼fr;ksa ij vadq'k yxk;k rfkk O;kid vk/;kfredrk,oa v}srokn ij cy fn;kaa lkfk gh fujfkzd dezdk.m] vkmecj o dêjiafk ds LFkku ij izse] mnkjrk o xgu HkfDr dks viuk vkn'kz cuk;ka bl rjg lkald`frd thou ds {ks= esa leuo; dk iz;ru Hkh rrdkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt esa Li"V :Ik ls ifjyf{kr gksrk gsa lwqhoknh fopkj/kkjk us CkkSf}d muufr dk ekxkz iz'klr djrs gq,] lkekftd&lkald`frd {ks= esa l`tukredrk dks vkxs c<+k;ka lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- gtjr [oktk eksbzuqíhu glu fp'rh] vtesj ds xjhc uokt] Vh- vkj- 'kaxkjh]jk/kk Lokeh lrlax O;kl] izzzdk'kd&ts-lh-lsbh]lssd.mjh]iatkca 2- lcds xjhc uokt]nsoh flag u:dk]i`"b la-&25 3- lyrurdkyhu Hkkjr dk lkekftd o lakld`frd bfrgkl] MWk-vkj- ds- i:fkha 4- lyrurdkyhu Hkkjr dk lkekftd o lakld`frd bfrgkl] MWk-vkj- ds- i:fkha 5- lwqher lk/kuk vksj lkfgr;] ys[kd jkeiwtu frokjha 6- Satish Chandra, Medieval India, Har Anand Pub., 2003, New Delhi, P A.L. Srivastava, Medieval Indian Culture, Shivlal Agarwal and Company, Agra, P-(1) 8- S.A.A. Rizvi, The wonder that was India, Vol.II,1987, Rupa and Company, New Delhi,P Romila Thapar, A History of India, Vol. I, Penguine Books, 1990, P Amir Khusrau critical studies, Preface by faiz th Ahmed Fiaz, P-4National Committee for 700 aniversary of Amir Khusrau in Majumdar and others, An advanced History of India, P V.D. Mahajan, History of Medieval India, P ibid-p Satish Chandra, Medieval India, P B.N. Lunia, Evolution of Indian Culture, P ibid-p Yusuf Hussain, Glimpse of Medieval Indian Culture, P fgunh lkfgr; dk bfrgkl] jkepunz 'kqdy] v'kksd izdk'ku] P B.N. Lunia, Evolution of Indian Culture, P A.L. Srivastava, Cultural History of India 21- K.A. Nizami, Religion and Politics, P-178, Tarachand, Influence of Islam on Indian Culture, Allahbad, A.L. Srivastava, Cultural History of India P Prob. Mohd. Habib, Politics & Society during the Early Medieval period, Collected Works of him Vol- I, edited by K.A. Nizami. 25- B.N. Lunia, Evolution of Indian Culture, P A.L. Srivastava, Cultural History of India P Khwaja Moinduddin Chishti, Social and Educational Relevance, -K.D.Khan, P-79, lyrurdkyhu bfrgkl o lald`fr] izks-(mk-) lksgu jkt rkrsm] Mk-'kkfgn vgen] dksvkwijs'ku izdk'ku] t;iqj 29. M.H.D.-06 Hindi Bhasha Aur Sahitya Ka Itihas Part -6,IGNOU, Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, Social and Educational Relevance K.D.Khan, P ibid-p A.L.Basham, Chapter-22, "Muslim Architecture in India" by Martin & Briggs P A.L.Basham, Chapter-16, "Music" by N.A.Jairai bhoey P-237 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

112 pqukoksa esa ehfm;k ij vadq'k [krjukd jkts'k pks/kjh 'kks/kkfkhz] Tk; Ukkjk;.k O;kl fo'ofo ky;] tks/kiqj 'kks/k Lkkjka'k pquko vksj ehfm;k dk laca/k dksbz u;k ugha gsa ;g laca/k Hkkjr esa vktknh ls igys dk gsa tc ehfm;k us vius lhfer lk/kuksa ds ek/;e ls ns'k dh turk vksj jktuhfrd nyksa esa tkx:drk QSykus dk dk;z djrk vk;k gsaa ogha vktknh ds ckn ns'k esa igys vke pquko ls ysdu orzeku rd gq, pqukoksa esa ehfm;k vksj pqukoksa dk laca/k dkqh vvwv jgk gs] gkykafd le; ds lkfk ftl çdkj pqukoksa esa cnyko vk, gs] mlh çdkj ehfm;k esa Hkh vusd çdkj ds cnyko ns[ks x,a ftlesa dkqh ldkjkred jgs rks dqn udkjkreda ehfm;k ds udkjkred ifjorzu ij vadq'k yxkus ds fy, ljdkjksa o pquko vk;ksx us le; ij bl ij fu;ea=.k djus dk ç;kl fd;k gs vksj fd;k tk jgk gs] ysfdu ehfm;k tks yksdra= dk igjh vksj pksfkk LraHk dgk tkrk gs] ml ij fu;a=.k djuk ns'k ds yksdra= dh gr;k djuk tslk gksxka ladsrk{kj % pquko vksj ehfm;k ds laca/k] jktuhfrd lghkkfxrk] ehfm;k dh dk;z'ksyh] pquko vk;ksx] çsl dh gk vktknh ds çfr tkx:drka y] gh esa mùkj çns'k esa gq, yksdlhkk ds mi pqukoksa esa tc Vhoh ds ij mlds mlds ifj.kke ns[k jgk Fkk] rks vpkud,d pksdkus okyh?kvuk lkeus vkbz fd xksj[kiqj ds ftyk pquko vk;qä,oa ftyk dysdvj us ehfm;k dks pquko djost djus ls jksdk tk jgk FkkA ml le; lektoknh ikvhz ds lkaln jkeiky ;kno us pquko vk;ksx ls bl?kvuk dh f'kdk;r dh rks pquko vk;ksx ds glr{ksi ds ckn ogk ds ftyk fuokzpu vf/kdkjh,oa ftyk dysdvj us ehfm;k dks erx.kk djost dh Lohd`fr çnku dha ;g ckr ugha gs fd Hkkjr esa ;g dksbz igyk ekeyk gks] ns'k esa vusd LFkkuksa ij,slk ns[kk x;k gs tc pquko vk;ksx ;k ljdkjh vf/kdkjh ljdkj ds b'kkjksa ij ehfm;k ds ij çfrcan yxkus dk dk;z fd;k tkrk jgk gs vksj fd;k tk jgk gsa jktlfkku ds fofhkuu pqukoksa esa ehfm;k us le; ij viuh vge Hkwfedk fuhkkbz gsa gkykafd le; ij ehfm;k us pqukoksa dks ysdj vius vyx&vyx jax Hkh fn[kk, gsa ;kuh tsls&tsls pqukoksa dk Lo:i cnyk gs mlh çdkj ehfm;k us Hkh pqukoksa ds dojst dks viuh Hkwfedk cnyh gsa ;g ckr vksj gs fd ehfm;k us bu pqukoksa dks dhkh ldkjkred rksj ij fy;k gs rks dhkh udkjkred rksj ij gsa blfy, pqukoksa esa ehfm;k dh bl Hkwfedk dks ysdj pquko vk;ksx ls ysdj ljdkj rd le; ij ehfm;k dh leh{kk Hkh dj jgh gsa ogha pquko vk;ksx vksj ljdkjksa }kjk ehfm;k ds udkjkrd Lo:i dks ns[krs gq, ml ij le; ij vadq'k yxkus dk dk;z Hkh fd;k gsa gkykafd dh blesa dksbz nks jk; ugha gs fd ;g ogha ehfm;k gs ftlus ns'k dh vktknh ds ckn yksxksa dks yksdra= ds fy, dsoy tkx:d gh ugha fd;k] cfyd bl ns'k esa yksdra= dks etcwr djus ds fy,,d vfhk;ku ds :i esa vius vki dks yxk;k gs] ysfdu blesa Hkh dksbz nks jk; ugha gs fd le; ds lkfk vksj vk/kqfudrk ds nksj esa ehfm;k LokFkhZ Hkh curk x;k vksj mlus vius LokFkZ ds dkj.k dbz ckj viuh dye dks csp Hkh fn;ka ;gh dkj.k jgs gs fd pquko vk;ksx us le; ij ehfm;k ds dk;ksaz dh leh{kk djrs gq, mlds udkjkred :i dks de djus ds fy, ml ij vadq'k yxkrk vk jgk gs] ysfdu jktuhfrk fo'ks"kkksa] ehfm;k] yksdra= f'k{kkfonksa dks ekuuk gs fd pqukoksa esa ehfm;k ij vadq'k [krjukd gks ldrk gsa 108 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

113 fo'ks"kkksa ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa vuqpnsn 19, (d) esa vfhko;fä dh Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gsa cksyus dh vktknh ds rgr gh çsl dh vktknh varzfufgr gsa yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkkvksa okys ns'k esa ehfm;k ;k çsl dh vktknh ugha gksxh] rks yksdra= Hkh T;knk le; ij dk;e ugha jgsxka vxj ge vaxzstksa ds 'kkludky esa ns[ks rks vaxzstksa }kjk le; ij dkuwu cuk dj çsl o ehfm;k dk eqag can djus dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk jgk gsa ogha 1975 esa vkikrdky ds nksjku ehfm;k ij ikcanh yxkbz xbza mldk ifj.kke ;g fudyk fd ml le; dh bafm;k xka/kh o mldh ljdkj dh yksdfç;ark de gks xbz vksj ;g ugha og lùkk ls Hkh ckgj gks xbza 90 ds n'kd esa çsl ehfm;k esa ifjofrzr vksj bysdvªkfud ehfm;k vorfjr gksrk gsa lekpkj i=ksa ds dysoj,oa i`"b la[;k esa,dk,d o`f¼ gksus yxrh gsa yxhkx iwjk dk iwjk lepkj i= jaxhu gks tkrk gsa lekpkj i=ksa dh bl jaxhfu;r esa çsl dh y{e.kjs[kk Lo;aeso VwVus yxrh gs vksj vkrefu;eu dkqwu gks tkrk gsa njvly ;g ifjorzu mls bysdvªksfud ehfm;k ls gksm ysus ds fy, ck/; djus ds dkj.k gksrk gsa b/kj bysdvªksfud ehfm;k dk u;k vuqhko ikbdksa ls n'kzdksa esa cny jgs ernkrkvksa dks jksekafpr djus yxka çsl vksj ehfm;k dh blh vkik/kkih esa 'kq: gks x;k ism U;wt dk [ksya 90 ds n'kd ds ckn ls vkfglrk vkfglrk ism U;wt ds ekeys [kqyus 'kq: gq,a,slk ugha gs fd ism U;wt blh n'kd ls vkjahk gqvka cfyd gj pquko esa ism U;wt dk [ksy pyrk vk jgk gs] ysfdu dqn usfrdrk ds lkfka iwoz esa tslk fd myys[k fd;k x;k fd vkikrdky ds ckn ljdkjh fu;a=.k esa çsl dh dej rksm+us dk mie fd;k] rks ism U;wt dh ijeijk ogha ls My xbz FkhA QdZ bruk Fkk fd rc lekpkj i=ksa dk çdk'ku ism U;wt ds fy, gh gksrk Fkk] dqn çfr'kr lkekftd tokcnkjh Hkh gksrh Fkh vksj,sls lekpkj i=ksa dks drbz çdkf'kr ugha fd;k tkrk FkkA tks lekt ds fgr ds foifjr gksa blds lkfk gh bysdvªksfud ehfm;k us pquko losz dk flyflyk vkjahk fd;ka bls vksfifu;u iksy],fdtv iksy vkfn dk uke fn;k x;ka Hkkjrh; lekt ds fy, ;g,d u;k vuqhko FkkA ;g tku ysuk fd bl ckj ds pquko esa ernkrk fdls pqu jgs gs vfkok vius [kjkc çn'kzu ds ckn Hkh veqd lùkk/kkjh ny lùkk esa okilh dj jgh gsa bu losz dk lp T;knk fnuksa rd fnik ugha jg ldka,d ds ckn,d psyu losz djus yxsa,d&nwljs ds losz dks pquksrh nsus yxsa lùkk/kkjh dks ;g mie Hkkus yxk rks vius i{k esa ernkrkvksa dks djus ds fy, euilan losz djkus yxsa ernkrkvksa dk bu losz ls eksghkax gksus yxka D;ksafd T;knkrj losz vius crk, ifj.kkeksa ij [kjs ugha mrj ldsa oklro esa ism U;wt dk ;g,d vksj nwljk cm+k :i gsa ogha vc ehfm;k dh vktknh dks ysdj ljdkj dh Hkwfedk ij u;s rjhds ls ç'ufpà yxk, tk jgs gsa ehfm;k dks vius fu;a=.k esa djus ds fy, ns'k o jkt; dh ljdkjsa fokkiu ds uke ij,d cm+h /kujkf'k [kpz dj lekpkj i=ksa rfkk bysdvªkwfud ehfm;k dks vius i{k esa djrh utj vk jgh gsa ogha 2014 ds yksdlhkk pquko esa ftl rjg ls gtkjksa djksm+ksa #i, ehfm;k dks çhkkfor djus ds fy, [kpz fd, x,],slk mnkgj.k vktknh ls ysdj vkt rd ns[kus dks ugha feyk FkkA fnyyh esa vketu dh ljdkj dk nkok djus okyh ikvhz dk Hkh fokkiu ctv iwoz dh ljdkj dh rqyuk esa cgqr vf/kd gsa bl çdkj pky] pfj= lekurk] yksdra= o lektokn dk ukjk nsus okyh dsuæ,oa jkt; dh ljdkjsa turk ds /ku dk va/kk/kqa/k ç;ksx dj ehfm;k dh vktknh dks fdlh Hkh :i ls çhkkfor dj jgh gsa lu~ 2000 ls ysdj 2014 rd ds pqukoksa esa çsl dh Hkwfedk dh im+rky djsa rks lglk ;fdu ugha gksrk fd ;g ogha çsl gs ftlus lhfer lk/kuksa esa vaxzst 'kklu dks Hkkjr NksM+us ds fy, etcwj dj fn;k FkkA [ksj] ns'k dk pquko vk;ksx pquko esa fu"i{krk dk;e j[kus vksj çsl ij fu;a=.k ikus ds fy, vusd Lrj ij ç;kl dj jgk gsa iwoz pquko vk;qä Vh,u 'kslu us tks ç;kl fd, Fks vkt og ç;kl vksj l[rh ds lkfk fd, tk jgs gsa pquko vk;ksx dh l[rh ls vuki&'kuki gksus okys pqukoh [kpsz ij yxke yxrh fn[kkbz ns jgh gsa çsl vksj ehfm;k dks fokkiuksa ds tfj, yqhkkous dh dksf'k'k djus okys jktuhfrd nyksa dks rc vksj vf/kd >Vdk yxk tc vk;ksx us jsfm;ks,oa lks'ky ehfm;k ij Hkh fu;a=.k dk Qjeku tkjh dj fn;ka ;gh ugha] reku fojks/kksa ds ckotwn igyh nqk pquko vk;ksx us 2013 ds ikap jkt;ksa esa gksus okys pqukokesa esa 11 uoecj ls pquko ifj.kke vkus rd 8 fnlecj 2013 rd fdlh rjg ds pqukoh losz ij Hkh çfrca/k yxk fn;ka ;g dne vuqfpr emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

114 ugha dgk tk ldrk gsa vk;ksx ds bl çfrca/k ij ppkz djus ls T;knk t:jh gs çsl vksj ehfm;k dk Lo;a vkreykspua ftl çsl vksj ehfm;k dks yksdra= dk pksfkk LraHk ekuk x;k gs] ftl çsl vksj ehfm;k ds da/ks ij 'kklu vksj ljdkj dks ltx j[kus dh tokcnkjh gs] tks Lo;a lekt dk vkbzuk gs] vkt ml ij gh fu;a=.k gks jgk gsa tks vkxs vkus okys le; ij ns'k ds yksdra= dks Hkh uqdlku igqap ldrk gsa xuher gs fd vkt lks'ky ehfm;k Qslcqd] V~ohVj vkfn U;w ehfm;k ds vk tkus ls fdlh u fdlh :i ls ehfm;k dh vktknh dh j{kk gks ik jgh gsa ogha vketu viuh ckr cm+s lalfkkuksa ds ncko ds ckn Hkh lks'ky ehfm;k ds ek/;e ls j[k ik jgs gsa fçav ehfm;k,oa bysdvªkfud psyuksa ij Hkh ljdkj vkfjr iwathifr;ksa dk ncko dk;e gsa ogha vyx&vyx LokFkZ lewg okys ehfm;k gkml ny fo'ks"k dk lefkzu vius fgr dk /;ku j[k dj dj jgs gsa fçav ehfm;k esa ism U;wt rfkk bysdvªkfud psuyksa ij Qsd U;wt ds ek/;e ls yech Mhy dj oxz fo'ks"k dks pquko thrkus ds nkos fd, tk jgs gsa finys dqn o"kksz esa fnyyh] fcgkj] mùkjçns'k] xqtjkr] f=iqjk] ukxkysam] es?kk;y vkfn ds pquko esa blh rjd ds nkos fd, x, Fks] ysfdu pquko ds ckn mudh dykbz [kqy xbza vc blh rgj ds dukzvd] jktlfkku] e/;çns'k gfj;k.kk] Nrhlx< esa Hkh thr ds nkos fd, tk jgs gsa Hkys gh ifj.kke blls myv D;ksa u gksa bl çdkj dgha u dgha ehfm;k dh vktknh dks çhkkfor fd;k tk jgk gsa ehfm;k dh Lok;Ùkk çhkkfor gksus ls bldk lh/kk vlj fodkl dk;ks Z ij im+rk gs vksj og tufgr ds eqíksa dks utjvankt djus yxrh gsa lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- fot; HkaMkjh] jktlfkku dh jktuhfr] lkearokn ls tkfrokn ds Hkaoj esa] i`"b la[;k MkW- clarhyky ckcsy] i=dkfjrk,oa çsl fof/k] fl¼kar vksj O;ogkj] i`"b la[;k th,l HkkxZo] Hkkjr esa çsl],d flagkoyksdu] i`"b la[;k fo".kq jktxf<;k] tulapkj fl¼kar vksj vuqç;ksx] i`"b la[;k 125 o vkyksd esgrk] i=dkfjrk dh y{;.k js[kk] i`"b la[;k MkW- ds,l ldlsuk,oa MkW- vkj,l lksyadh] Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk] i`"b la[;k i= lwpuk dk;kzy;] lwpuk vksj çlkj.k ea=ky; Hkkjr ljdkj] vke pquko emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

115 Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k foi.ku % xzkeh.k cktkj dh cnyrh rlohj MkW- fo".kq nùk nos lg vkpk;z] jktdh; ckaxm+ LukrdksÙkj egkfo ky;] ikyh 'kks/k Lkkjka'k Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k cktkj vikj lahkkoukvksa o voljksa dk [ktkuk fy, uokpkjh foi.kudùkkzvksa dh izrh{kk esa gs A xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dh t:jrsa] efgykvksa dh cnyrh igpku rfkk xzkeh.k cktkj bu lhkh ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj fhkuu&fhkuu xzkeh.k mihkksdrk lewgksa ds fy, ^mihkksdrk ewy;ksa* dh [kkst djus dh t:jr gsa vkbzvhlh (ITC) dh bz&pksiky rfkk fgunqlrku yhoj dh 'kfdr ifj;kstuk us xzkeh.k cktkj esa ;kstukc¼ rjhds ls foi.ku djus dh 'kq:vkrh jkg fn[kkbz gs A ladsrk{kj % xzkeh.k cktkj] xzkeh.k foi.ku] mihkksdrk ewy;] bz&pksiky] ifj;kstuk 'kfdr A fo 'kky Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k cktkj folr`r o l?ku ikjkokj dh rjg vikj lahkkoukvksa o voljksa dk [ktkuk fy, uokpkjh foi.kudùkkzvksa dh izrh{kk esa gs A t:jr gs,sls lkglh vksj ifjjeh foi.kudùkkzvksa dh tks Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k cktkj ds fo'kky vkdkj] bldh fofo/krk vksj izklafxd Hkkjh ekax dh izd`fr dks le> dj bu voljksa dk ykhkdkjh fonksgu gsrq rrij vksj rs;kj gs A Hkkjr esa 70 izfr'kr ls vf/kd tula[;k xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fuokl djrh gsa A ;fn lqli"v :i ls dgk tk;s rks Hkkjr yxhkx 6]38]365 xkaoksa dk ns'k gs A ;s oks {ks= gs tgka Hkkjr dh dbz cm+h deifu;ksa ds flrkjs ped ldrs gsa A fdurq vqlksl! bu deifu;ksa ds eq[; vf/k'kk"kh vf/kdkjh rks vius okrkuqdwfyr lqlfttr pseclz esa csbs xzkeh.k Hkkjr dks vewrz vo/kkj.kk ;k /kq /kyh rlohj ds :i esa ns[krs gsaa os uccs ds n'kd ds ckn ls cnyrs Hkkjrh; xkaoksa dh] xzkeh.k cktkjksa dh] xzkeh.k mihkksdrkvksa dh tehuh gdhdr ls nwj] iap flrkjk gksvyksa esa xzkeh.k foi.ku ij vk;ksftr dk;z'kkykvksa esa Hkkx ysdj le>us yxrs gsa fd os ihvj Mªdj }kjk myysf[kr mu lh[kus okys izfrhkk laiuu (yfuzax esustj) izcu/kdksa esa vkrs gsa tks ubz&ubz ifj?kvukvksa tkudkfj;ksa ls v ru (vimsv) gksrs jgrs gsa A xzkeh.k cktkj dk okrkoj.k izhkkoh xzkeh.k foi.ku ds fy, lokzf/kd izeq[k ckr gs fd ge ;gka ds foi.ku okrkoj.k dks HkyhHkkafr le>s A blesa xzkeh.k mihkksdrk vksj xzkeh.k ekax dh izd`fr dks le>uk lcls vge~ gsa xzkeh.k Hkkjr dk jk"vªh; vk; esa fgllk yxhkx vk/kk gs A lkb o lrrj ds n'kdksa esa Hkkjrh; xkao txus yxs Fks A 80 o 90 ds n'kdksa esa ;gka Hkh fodkl dk ifg;k /khjs&/khjs gh lgh]?kweus yxk A orzeku 'krkcnh dk igyk n'kd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa clur ½rq ds vkxeu dk lk{kh gs A xzkeh.k mihkksdrk 1970 esa xzkeh.k tula[;k 80 izfr'kr Fkh A tks 1981 esa?kvdj 76 izfr'kr vksj 2001 esa 73 izfr'kr jg xbz gs A bl izdkj dqy 74 djksm+ yksx xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa jgrs gs A ;fn bls ifjokj (House holds) ds lanhkz esa dgk tk;s rks xzkeh.k cktkj esa 12 djksm+ ls vf/kd ifjokj jgrs gs tks Hkkjr esa dqy ifjokjksa dk 70 izfr'kr ls vf/kd gs A emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

116 vkffkzd flfkfr us'kuy dkmfuly Qksj viyk,m bdksuksfed fjlpz (NCAER) ds vk dm+ksa ls irk pyrk gs fd 1996&97 rfkk 2000&01 ds nksjku izfr O;fDr vk; esa okf"kzd o`f¼ 3-2 izfr'kr jgh fdurq mpp vk; oxz okys ifjokjksa dh vk; esa okf"kzd o`f¼ dgha T;knk rst jgh A xzkeh.k {ks= esa ;g 14 izfr'kr ls vf/kd jgh A mpp e/;e oxz okys ifjokjksa esa 8-6 izfr'kr e/;e oxz okys ifjokjksa esa 7-8 izfr'kr fueu e/;e oxz esa 7-7 izfr'kr jgh A bls fueukafdr lkj.kh ls le>k tk ldrk gs A xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa mpp vk; oxksz esa rsth ls c<+rh vk; vk;oxz fueurj fueu&e/;e e/;e mpp e/;e mpp okf"kzd o`f¼ nj & vkslr okf"kzd vk; 1995&96 ls 1998&99 rd L=ksr % NCAER d`f"k ij?kvrh fuhkzjrk xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh 'kus% 'kus% d`f"k ij fuhkzjrk?kv jgh gs A xzkeh.k vk; dk yxhkx vk/kk fgllk vksj xsj&d`f"k dk;ksz ls lecfu/kr gs A bl dkj.k,d fhkuu izdkj dk xzkeh.k cktkj l`ftr gqvk gs A fqj Vsyhfotu o vu; lapkj&ek/;eksa us xzkeh.k mihkksdrkvksa ds fnyksfnekx dks dkqh :ikurfjr fd;k gs vksj muesa 'kgjh mihkksdrk tslh t:jrksa dk vglkl c<+k gs A,slk vf/kd fodflr jkt;ksa ls vf/kd gks jgk gs A bu jkt;ksa esa iatkc] gfj;k.kk] xqtjkr] egkjk"vª] dukzvd vksj dsjy vkrs gsaa bu jkt;ksa esa xzkeh.k vkcknh dk dqy 32 izfr'kr yksx jgrs gs A Lojkstxkj okys O;fDr;ksa dh c<+rh la[;k xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Lojkstxkj okys O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k lokzf/kd gs A foi.ku dh n`f"v ls,sls yksx osruhkksxh yksxksa ls vyx gksrs gs A Lojkstxkj okys oxksza ds fy, u;s&u;s mriknksa dks [kjhnuk lqyrk dk ladsrd gksrk gsa pkgs os eksckby gks] nksifg;k okgu gksa blls muds jkstxkj vk; esa c<+ksrjh gksrh gs A xzkeh.k mihkksdrkvksa dh fo'ks"krk, tgka dqn mrlkgh foi.kudrkz iou oekz }kjk igpkus x;s ^xzsv bafm;u fefmy Dykl* ds mhkkj esa eqx/k gs tks 'kgjh mihkksdrk rd lhfer gsa ogha mugsa le>uk pkfg, fd xzkeh.k mihkksdrkvksa dks flqz c<+rh vk; gh mugsa mihkksx ds fy, izsfjr ugha djrh A bu xzkeh.k mihkksdrkvksa dh dqn izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dks yf{kr djuk vko';d gs A vkxs c<+us dh 'kh?kzrk vf/kdka'k xzkeh.k mihkksdrk pkgs os mpp vk; oxz okys gks ;k de vk; oxz okys muesa vkxs c<+us dh 'kh?kzrk gksrh gsa os igys fu;froknh vksj lqlr Fks A fdurq vc os y{;ksueq[kh] vius vksj vius cppksa ds csgrj thou ds fy, fujarj iz;kl djrs gq, ns[ks tk ldrs gs A ^esa dj ldrk gw * dh Hkkouk ls lapkfyr Lojkstxkj rfkk lsok vfkzo;olfkk ds dkj.k de iw th rfkk dbksj ifjje dh t:jr us xzkeh.k mihkksdrkvksa dh ekufldrk cnyh gs A mudh vc lkekftd U;k; dh rqyuk esa vkffkzd voljksa dks >ivus esa vf/kd :fp gs A efgykvksa dh c<+rh Hkwfedk /khjs&/khjs vc xzkeh.k efgyk;sa Hkh dgus yxh gsa & ^esa dj ldrh gw ] vksj esa Hkh d: xh A* vius ifjokj dh izxfr esa os lf; lk>snkj ds :i esa mhkj jgh gsa A f'k{kk vksj LokLF; xzkeh.k mihkksdrkvksa esa vpnh f'k{kk o LokLF; ds izfr tkx:drk c<+ jgh gs A os le>us yxs gsa fd chekjh vksj dqiks"k.k mudh vk; dks?kvk nsrs gs A mpp xq.koùkk okys mriknksa ds izfr pkg NCAER ds vk; forj.k vk dm+ksa ls irk pyrk gs fd xzkeh.k cktkj esa e/;e rfkk fueu ek/;e vk; oxz okys xzkeh.k foi.ku ds yf{kr mihkksdrk cu ldrs gsa ftudh vk; rsth ls c<+ jgh gs vksj os viuh thou dh oklrfod xq.koùkk c<+kus ds izfr vkrqj gs A muesa vius rfkk vius cppksa ds fy, mpp xq.koùkk okys mriknksa dh pkg c<+ jgh gs A os csgrj f'k{kk] LokLF;] ifjogu o lapkj dh vksj vueq[k gks jgs gsa A bu {ks=ksa esa mudk mi;ksx [kpz c<+ jgk gs A vu; ojh;rk okys {ks=ksa esa vpns edku vksj vpns dim+s vkrs gsaa mudk :>ku mpp xq.koùkk okys mriknksa ds izfr blfy, Hkh gs fd os bugsa gs fu;e&izrhd (LVsVl flacy) ds :i esa ysrs gsa tks nwljksa 112 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

117 dks fn[krk gs A fofhkuu losz{k.kksa ls xzkeh.k cktkj esa jaxhu Vsyhfotu] fýt] nqifg;k okgu] dkj] VsyhQksu] eksckby dh ekax yxkrkj c<+ jgh gs A foi.kudùkkzvksa ds fy, volj xzkeh.k cktkj esa fufgr vikj voljksa dk ykhkdkjh fonksgu djus ds fy, t:jh gs fd foi.ku] mrikn&dsfunzr n`f"v ls vkxs c<+dj gks A ;g izhfe;e&yksdfiz; mrikn&nwv okyh dherksaueq[krk ds ctk; fhkuu&fhkuu mihkksdrk&lewgksa dks le>us ij vk/kkfjr gks fd bu mihkksdrkvksa ds pqukoksa dks dksu&ls?kvd izhkkfor djrs gsa A olrqr% xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dh t:jrsa] efgykvksa dh cnyrh igpku] d`"kd cktkj ls ijs xzkeh.k cktkj & bu lhkh ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj fhkuu&fhkuu xzkeh.k mihkksdrk lewgksa ds fy, ^^mihkksdrk ewy;ksa (Consumer Value) dh [kkst djus dh t:jr gs A** bl n`f"v ls xzkeh.k mihkksdrk O;ogkj fo"k; ij lel;k & v/;;u (Case Study) dh fo'ks"k t:jr gs ftl ij Hkkjr ds fctusl Ldwyksa dk /;ku de gh x;k gs A fu"d"kz mnkjhdj.k ds ckn ls xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh ;k ;ksa dgsa fd xzkeh.k cktkj vksj mihkksdrkvksa dh rlohj cnyh gs A xzkeh.k cktkj dk {ks= vr;ur folr`r vksj fofo/krkiw.kz gs A xzkeh.k mihkksdrk uokpkjh o lkglh foi.kudùkkzvksa o muds mriknksa ds fy, rs;kj gs vksj mudh izrh{kk esa gs A ysfdu ;gk iz'u gs D;k foi.kudrkz rs;kj gsa \ deifu;ka rs;kj gsa \ vkbzvhlh (ITC) dh bz&pksiky (E- Chopal) rfkk fgunqlrku yhoj dh 'kfdr ifj;kstuk (Project Shakti) }kjk xzkeh.k cktkj esa viuh Bksl miflfkfr cuk;s j[kus ds fy, vfkd iz;kl gq, gsa A ;s nksuksa Hkkjr ds cm+s foi.kudrkz gs A vkbzvhlh us N% jkt;ksa ds xkaoksa esa 900 djksm+ dk O;olk; QSyk;k gs] ogha fgunqlrkj yhoj us 12 jkt;ksa ds 60]000 xkaoksa esa 100 djksm+ dk O;olk; QSyk;k gs A bu nksuksa us vu; O;olkf;;ksa ds fy, xzkeh.k cktkj esa ;kstukc¼ rjhds ls foi.ku djus dh lqy jkg fn[kk;h gs A /;ku jgs fd vhkh ;g xzkeh.k foi.ku dh 'kq:vkr Hkj gs A lanhkz xzafk lwph 1. Philip Kotler, From Sales Obsession to Marketing Effectiveness: Harvard Business Review, Nov.- Dec., Subhash C. Mehta, Indian Consumers Studies and Cases for Marketing Decisions, Tata McGraw- Hill, New Delhi, S.L. Rao, Economic Reforms and Indian Markets, Wheeler Publishing Co., Allabad, Benson P. Shapiro, 'Manage Customers' Profits Not Just Sales, Harvard Business Review, Sep., - Oct Sanal Kumar Velayudhan, Rural Marketing, Sage Publication, New Delhi, Economic and Political Weakly Various issues Oct to April Business World Various issues December 2003 to Jan emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

118 jktlfkku esa iapk;rhjkt dk,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k MkW- lqjs'k pun 'kekz vflklvsav izksqslj] LVsuh eseksfj;y ih-th- dkwyst] t;iqj 'kks/k Lkkjka'k jktlfkku esa iapk;rh jkt dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk gssa izkphu bfrgkl ds voyksdu ls irk pyrk gs fd osfnd dky essa Hkh iapk;rksa dk vflrro FkkA Hkkjr ds vu; {ks=ksa dh Hkkafr gh jktlfkku esa Hkh xzke iapk;rsa izkphudky ls fo eku FkhA vuur lnkf'ko vyrsdj ds vuqlkj fcgkj] jktiwrkuk] egkjk"vª vksj dukzvd esa xqir vksj ijorhzdky esas xzke lhkk dh dk;zdfj.kh lfefr;ksa us LFkku izkir dj fy;k Fkk] ysfdu Le`fr vksj mrdh.kz {ks= buds laxbu laaca/kh fooj.k iznku ugha djrs gsaa Lora=rk ls iwoz jktlfkku ds fj;klrh jkt;ksa esa iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dk Lo:i oslk ugh Fkk tslk orzeku esa ns[kus dks feyrk gsa bldk bfrgkl Hkh vf/kd iqjkuk ugha gsa lozizfke iapk;rksa dh LFkkiuk lu~ 1920 esa vyoj esa gqbza 1925 esa Hkjriqj esa rfkk blh o"kz dksvk vksj lu~ 1928 esa chdkusj essa xzke iapk;r vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;k x;ka vk/kqfud iapk;rhjkt dk Jhx.ks'k 2 vdvwcj 1959 dks jktlfkku esa ukxksj esas Hkkjr ds izfke&iz/kkuea=h iatokgjyky usg: }kjk fd;k x;ka blds vurxzr uhps ds Lrj ij xzke iapk;rkas dk xbu fd;k x;ka jktlfkku esa iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk xkaoksa ds fodkl ds fy, fujarj iz;ru'khy gsa ladsrk{kj% jktlfkku] iapk;rh jkt] lfefr] tkfr iapk;rsa] jktlfkku iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e 1959A jktlfkku esa Hkh xzke iapk;rsa izkphudky ls gh vflrro esa jgh gsaa jktiwrkus esa izkir ys[kksa ls ;g izrhr 1 gksrk gs fd ;gk dk;zdkfj.kh lfefr ^iapdqy* uke ls izfl¼ Fkh tks xzke iapk;rsa FkhA jktlfkku esa iapk;rsa 750bZ- ls 1000 bz- ds chp rd vflrro esa FkhA dlcs o cm+s uxjksa dh vis{kk xzkeksa esa izr;{k yksdra= vf/kd izhkkoh <ax ls dk;z dj jgk FkkA th-,u-'kekz us jktlfkku ds lanhkz eas vkgm+ lh;rk vksj dkyhcaxk dk v/;;u dj ;g crk;k gs fd jktlfkku esa xzkeh.k vksj uxjh; lh;rk cgqr fodflr FkhA xkaoksa esa izr;sd tkfr dk viuk fof'k"v LFkku FkkA mu lcdh tkfr iapk;rsa gksrh FkhA bu lhkh dh xzkeh.k lkekftd 2 O;oLFkk esa fof'k"v Hkwfedk gksrh FkhA NBh 'krkcnh ls lu~ 1027 rd if'peh jktlfkku esa izfrgkj jktoa'k dk fujadq'k 'kklu Fkk] fqj Hkh bl jktoa'k ds 'kklu esa xkao Lok;Ùk bdkbz ds :i esa fo eku FkkA xzke ;k xkao iz'kklu dh vafre bdkbz FkkA xzke dk v/;{k ^^xzkeifr** ;k ^^xzke xzkfedk** dgykrk FkkA if'peh jktlfkku ds Hkhueky esa lu~ 1277 esa,d f'kykys[k izkir gqvk] ftleas iapdqy ¼iapk;r½ ds lnl;ksa }kjk,d nku dk o.kzu gsa ftlesa lnl; ;g fy[krs gas fd nku ge djrs gsa ij bldk Js; tks&tks Hkfo"; esa bl in ij vkosa 3 mu lcdk jgsxka jktlfkku esa e/;dky esa iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk % jktiwrkuk esa eqxy dky esa iapk;rksa ds xbu ds fo"k; esa 'kkldksa vksj muds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds e/; gq, i= O;ogkj esa 4 bldh tkudkjh feyrh gsa bl dky eas jktlfkku eas tkfr ipa k;rsa vkjs lei.w kz xkoa dh Hkh ipa k;ras FkhA xkoa okfl;kas ds 5 vkilh >xmk+ as dk fuivkjk] pkds lh djuk] f'k{kk] lqkb]z eukjs ta u mrlo vkfn xkz e ipa k;rkas ds dk;kazs eas lfeefyr FkAs 114 emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

119 jktlfkku esa fczfv'kdky esa iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk % tsel VkWM }kjk fyf[kr iqlrdksa ls ;g Li"V gksrk gs fd ftl le; vaxztksa us jktiwrkuk jkt;kssa ds iz'kklu esa 6A inkiz.k fd;k] rc ;gk xzke iapk;rsa ekstwn Fkh vyoj igyk jkt; Fkk] ftlus xzke iapk;rksa ds fy, os/kkfud O;oLFkk dha xkaoksa esa tkx`fr ykus ds fy, 1920 esa egkjktk t;flag us vyoj fj;klr esa xzke 7 iapk;rsa LFkkfir dha 1926&27 esa iapk;rksa dh la[;k 85 Fkh tcfd 1920 esa bldh izkjehk esa la[;k 50 gh 8 FkhA /khjs&/khjs ;g la[;k c<+dj 150 gks xbza lu~ 1928 esa chdkusj eas xzke iapk;r vf/kfu;e ikfjr 9 fd;k x;ka iapk;rkas dks igys ls vf/kd nhokuh o QkStnkjh ekeyksa dh 'kfdr;k nh xbza esokm+ esa lu~ 1940 esa esokm+ xzke iapk;r vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA bl vf/kfu;e esa iz/kku tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa }kjk gh ukekadu Hkjus dh O;oLFkk FkhA tsel VkWM ds vuqlkj esokm+ jkt; esa iapk;r nhokuh >xm+kas dk QSlyk fd;k djrh FkhA jkt; ds cm+s xzkeksa esa xzke iapk;rsa ^fu.kkz;d lfefr* }kjk cuk, fu;eksa ds 10 vuqlkj dk;z djrh FkhA t;iqj jkt; }kjk lu~ 1938 esa,d laf{kr ^^xzke iapk;r vf/kfu;e** ikfjr fd;k x;k Fkk ysfdu ;g f;kfuor ugha gqvka lu~ 1943 esa ^^lafo/kku la'kks/ku lfefr** dh flqkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij lu~ 1944 esa,d 11 folr`r ^^xzke iapk;r vf/kfu;e** ikfjr fd;k x;ka jktiwrkuk dh vu; ns'kh fj;klrksa esa Hkh iapk;rh jkt dkuwu cuk, x,] blesa fljksgh iapk;r vf/kfu;e 1943] Hkjriqj iapk;r vf/kfu;e 1944 RkFkk djksyh 12 iapk;r vf/kfu;e 1949 esa ikfjr fd, x,a LOkra=rk ds i'pkr~ jktlfkku esa iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk% lu~ 1948 esa ekf.kd; yky oekz ds usr`ro esa la;qdr jktlfkku ljdkj }kjk iapk;rhjkt v/;kns'k ikfjr 13 fd;k x;ka lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ze dh 2 vdvwcj 1952 dks 'kq:vkr dh xbza ftldk mís'; fodkl dk;ksza esa tu lghkkfxrk ds fy, fd;k x;k iz;kl FkkA ftls yksdra= dh uhao dks etcwr cukus dk,d ldkjkred iz;kl ekuk tkrk 14 gsa jktlfkku iapk;r vf/kfue; 1953 esa ikfjr fd;k x;k tks 1 tuojh 1954 ls ykxw 15 gqvka bl u, vf/kfu;e esa ;g izko/kku fd;k x;k fd tgka iapk;rsa gs mudk iquxzbu gks vksj tgk ugha Fkh ogka iapk;rsa LFkkfir dh tk,saa jktlfkku iapk;rhjkt vf/kfu;e 1959 jktlfkku esa iapk;rh dk ogh ekwmy viuk;k x;k tks cyoarjk; esgrk lfefr us vius izfrosnu esa lq>k;k FkkA jktlfkku iapk;rhjkt vf/kfu;e 1953 vksj jktlfkku iapk;r lfefr,oa ftyk ifj"kn~ vf/kfu;e] 1959 ds varxzr f=lrjh; O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh xbza ftyk Lrj ij ftyk ifj"kn~] [k.m LRkj ij iapk;r lfefr vksj xzke Lrj ij xzke iapk;r dh LFkkiuk dh xbza lkfnd vyh lfefr vxlr 1963 esa Jh lkfnd vyh dh v/;{krk esa,d lfefr dk xbu fd;k x;ka bl lfefr us jktlfkku iapk;rhjkt vf/kfu;e 1959 ds varxzr LFkkfir iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvkas ds dk;kzuo;u ds ijh{k.k] ewy;kadu,oa la'kks/ku dk v/;;u fd;k rfkk vius lq>ko o flqkfj'kas izlrqr dha ftlesa & (1) iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa dk dk;zdky 3 o"kz ds ctk; 4 o"kz gksuk pkfg,a (2) xzke lhkk] iapk;rhjkt lalfkk dk yksdfiz; vk/kkj gs] blfy, xzke lhkk dks os/kkfud eku;rk izkir gksuh pkfg,a (3) iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa dks lf; jktuhfr ls nwj j[kk tkuk pkfg,] izeq[k gsaa fxj/kkjhyky O;kl lfefr 1971 lu~ 1971 esa jktlfkku esa fxj/kkjh yky O;kl lfefr dk xbu fd;k x;ka bl lfefr us fofhkuu jkt;ksa dk nksjk djus ds ckn viuh flqkfj'k esa gj xzke iapk;r esa xzke lsod vksj lfpo fu;qdr djus dk lq>ko fn;ka blus iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa dks i;kzir foùkh; vf/kdkj dh Hkh flqkfj'k dha gjyky flag [kjkz desvh 1990 gjyky flag [kjkz lfefr dk xbu lu~ 1990 esa fd;k x;ka bl lfefr us iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa dh foùkh; lgk;rk 4 :i;s izfro;fdr ls c<kdj 20 :i;s izfro;fdr djus dh flqkfj'k dha gs.m iei] vk;qoszn vks"k/kky;] fefmy Ldwy vkfn fo"k; iapk;rhjkt dks nsus rfkk iapk;r dh tqekzuk jkf'k 15 :i;s ls c<+kdj 20 :i;s djus dh flqkfj'k dh xbza ftyk fodkl vfhkdj.k dks ftyk ifj"kn~ eas feykdj,d djus dh 16 lcls egùoiw.kz flqkfj'k dha emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

120 jktlfkku iapk;rhjkt vf/kfu;e 1994 jktlfkku ljdkj }kjk iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk dks vf/kd lqn`<++ cukus gsrq jktlfkku iapk;rhjkt vf/kfu;e 1953,oa iapk;r lfefr,oa ftyk ifj"kn] vf/kfu;e 1959 dks feykdj jktlfkku iapk;rhjkt vf/kfu;e 1994 cuk;k x;ka bl vf/kfu;e eas mu lhkh izko/kkuksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;ka ftudh vis{kk 73 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e esa dh xbz gsa jktlfkku fo/kku lhkk esa u, iapk;rhjkt vf/kfu;e dks 9 vizsy 1994 dks ikfjr fd;k x;k tks jkt;iky egksn; ds vuqeksnu i'pkr~ 24 vizsy 1994 dks ykxw 17 fd;k x;ka bl vf/kfu;e ds vurxzr jktlfkku esas f=lrjh; iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk gsa (i) xzke Lrj ij iapk;r (ii) [k.m Lrj ij iapk;r lfefr (iii) ftyk Lrj ij ftyk ifj"kn~ iapk;r esa iap] ljiap,oa miljiap] iapk;r lfefr esa iz/kku] mi iz/kku,oa lnl; rfkk ftyk ifj"kn~ esa ftyk izeq[k] mi ftyk izeq[k,oa lnl; tu izfrfuf/k gksrs gsaa iapk;rh jkt lalfkkvksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] finm+s oxz rfkk efgykvksa ds fy, vkj{k.k dh O;LFkk dh xbz gsa iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa dk dk;zdky 5 o"kz fu/kkzfjr fd;k x;k gsa xk oksa ds lokzaxh.k fodkl esa budh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vf/kfu;e ds v/;k; 2 (d) dh /kkjk 8 (d) ls 8 (M+) rd xzke lhkk ds ckjs esa fo'ks"k izko/kku fd;k x;k gsa jktlfkku iapk;rhjkt vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 17 esa ;g izko/kku gs fd izfr ik p o"kz dh vof/k esa iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa dk pquko jkt; pquko vk;ksx }kjk djok;s tk,w xsa ;g 'kfdr jkt; ljdkj dh txg jkt; fuokzpu 18 vk;ksx dks nh xbz gsa iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa dks foùkh; lgk;rk iznku djus ds fy, jkt; foùk vk;ksx ds xbu dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gsa uohu ifjorzu Hkkjr dh laln us ns'k ds vuqlwfpr {ks=ksa esa iapk;rksa,oa xzke lhkkvkas dks l'kdr cukus ds fy, vuqlwfpr {ks=ksa esa folrkkj vf/kfu;e 1996 ikfjr fd;ka mlds mís';ksa ds f;kuo;u ds fy, jktlfkku ljdkj us Hkh twu 1999 esaa,d v/;kns'k tkjh fd;k] ftlds ek/;e ls jktlfkku ds vuqlwfpr tu tkfr {ks=ksa esa vf/kfu;e ds izko/kku izhkkoh cuk, x,a bl v/;kns'k ds }kjk iapk;r folrkj vf/kfu;e 1996 ds uoe (x) ds izko/kkuksa dks vuqlwfpr tkfr,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr 19 {ks=ksa esa la'kksf/kr folrkj djus dh O;oLFkk dh xbza ekfkqj lfefr dk xbu jktlfkku ljdkj us ebz 1999 esa iwoz eq[; ea=h f'kopj.k ekfkqj dh v/;{krk esa iz'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx dk xbu fd;ka bl vk;ksx ds izeq[k lq>ko fueu gas& (1) pquko izf;k dks lq/kkjus ds fy, lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku djuka (2) ftyk ifj"knksa vksj iapk;r lfefr;ksa dks dk;kszsa dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds fujh{k.k ds fy, vf/kdkj leiuu cukuka (3) ikjnf'kzrk lqfuf'pr j[kus ds fy, lcls cm+s fojks/kh ny ds usrk ds usr`ro esa ftyk lhkk vksj iapk;r lhkk xfbr djuka (4) xkaoksa eas fooknksa ls fuivus ds fy, U;k; iapk;rksa dk iqu%izorzu djuka jktlfkku iapk;rhjkt la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e 2000 jktlfkku iapk;rhjkt (la'kks/ku) vf/kfu;e] tuojh 2000 esa fd, x, la'kks/kuksa ds rgr xzke lhkk ds vykok gj okmz esa vyx ls okmz lhkk vk;ksftr djus dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gsa ;g izko/kku ykxw djus okyk jktlfkku igyk jkt; gs] tgk okmz lhkk dh igy dh xbz vksj okmz iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk Lo'kklu dh lcls NksVh bdkbz cu ldha blh rjg ewy vf/kfu;e esa fd, x, iapk;r {ks= ds fy, xzkelhkk dh vksj ls lrdzrk lfefr;ka fu;qdr djus dk izko/kku lekir dj /kkjk 60 d eas iapk;r lfefr,oa ftyk ifj"kn LRkj ij 20 lrdzrk lfefr xfbu djus dk izko/kku fd;k x;ka jktlfkku ljdkj us lu~ 1998 ls 2003 ds e/; rrdkyhu x`gea=h xqykcflag 'kdrkor dh v/;{krk esa ea=h eamyh; milfefr cukbza blh izdkj Hkktik dh olaq/kjk ljdkj us Hkh 2003 ls 2008 ds e/; rrdkyhu x`gea=h xqykcpan dvkfj;k dh v/;{krk esa eaf=;ksa dh lfefr dk xbu fd;k FkkA 'kdrkor milfefr dh fjiksvz ij 19 twu 2003 dks xgyksr ljdkj }kjk,d vkns'k tkjh dj f'k{kk] d`f"k,oa ukxfjd vkiwfrz] ou] i;zvu vkfn egdeksa ls tqm+s emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

121 fo"k;ksa dks iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksaa dks glrkurfjr dj fn, x,a ysfdu mdr vkns'kksa dh xzke Lrj ij ikyuk ugha gks ikbza glrkarj.k iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa ds Lrj ij vko';d vf/klajpuk ds fodkl ds fcuk fd;k x;k FkkA 15 tuojh 2004 dks olqa/kjk ljdkj us vkns'k tkjh dj lkoztfud fuekz.k fohkkx] [kk,oa ukxfjd vkiwfrz fohkkx vksj tynk; fohkkx ls tqm+h xfrfof/k;ksa dks okil ys fy;ka olqa/kjk ljdkj dh xqykcpan dvkfj;k lfefr dh fjiksvz rks ea=heamy ls okil ckgj ugh vk ldha jkt; esa (2003&2008) Hkktik ljdkj us iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvkas esa efgyk l'kdrhdj.k dh fn'kk esas dne c<+krs gq, efgykvksa dk vkj{k.k,d frgkbz ls ipkl izfr'kr fd, tkus dh?kks"k.kk dha ckn esa lu~ 2008 easa fuokzfpr v'kksd xgyksr ljdkj us Hkh efgykvaksa ds bl vkj{k.k dks 50 izfr'kr gh j[kka tuojh Qjojh 2010 esa leiuu iapk;rhjkt ds pksfks vke pqukoksa esa lhkh Lrjksa ij vk/kh ls T;knk efgyk, fuokzfpr gksdj vkbza bl izdkj jkt; eas lu~ 2010 eas ftyk izeq[k ls ysdj okmz iap rd yxhkx 6 gtkj efgyk,a tu izfrfuf/k ds :i esa fuokzfpr gksdj vkbz 21 gsaa tks,d dhfrzeku gsa 2 vdvwcj 2009 dks ukxksj ftyk eq[;ky; ij ns'k esa iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa ds 50 o"kz iw.kz gksus ds miy{; esa Lo.kZ t;urh lekjksg dk vk;kstu fd;k x;ka ;g vk;kstu iqu% ;g volj miflfkr dj jgk Fkk fd iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa dks l'kdr cukus ds fy, lafo/kku la'kks/ku esa ifjdfyir Hkkouk ds f;kuo;u dh oklrfod flfkfr dh rvlfk leh{kk dh tk,a 2 vdvwcj 2010 ls jkt; ea=he.my dh,d lfefr dh vfhk'aklkvksa ds vuq:i 11 oha vuqlwph eas ladfyr 29 fo"k;ksa esaa ls glrkurj.k izf;k ds izfke pj.k esa jkt; 'kklu ds 5 fohkkxksa dk e'k% izkjfehkd f'k{kk] fpfdrlk,oa LokLF;] d`f"k] lkekftd U;k;,oa vf/kdkfjrk] cky fodkl fohkkx dh fuf/k;kas] xfrfof/k;kas,oa dezpkfj;ksa dks iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa dks iw.kz:i ls LFkkukUrfjr fd, tkus ls lacaf/kr vkkk dk izlkj.k fd;k x;ka jktlfkku ljdkj us lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds 17 o"kz ckn vurr% 2 vdvwcj 2010 esa ik pksa fohkkxksa dks lksaius ds vkns'k ikfjr dj fn,a blh e esa 1 vizsy 2011 ls jktlfkku ds izr;sd xzke iapk;r eq[;ky; ij xzke lfpoky; O;oLFkk 'kq: djus dk fu.kz; Hkh jkt; ljdkj us fy;k gs ftls 1 22 vizsy 2011 ls ykxw dj fn;k x;k gsa 5 uoecj 2014 dks jktlfkku ljdkj }kjk tkjh vf/klwpuk ds varxzr jktlfkku esa iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvkas dk iquxzbu 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gsa jkt; esa 47 iapk;r lfefr;k uo l`ftr] 64 iapk;r lfefr;ka iquxzfbr rfkk 723 xzke iapk;rsa uo l`ftr o 1423 xzke iapk;rsa iquxzfbr dh xbz gsaa bl izdkj vc jktlfkku esa 33 ftyk ifj"kn~sa] 295 iapk;r lfefr;k o 9891 xzke iapk;rsa gks xbz 23 gsa jktlfkku esa tuojh&qjojh 2015 esa gq, iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa ds pqukoksa eas iapk;r pquko ym+us okys vh;ffkz;ksa gsrq U;wure 'ksf{kd ;ksx;rk o 'kkspky; dh vfuok;zrk ykxw dh xbz gsa iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa ds pquko esa Hkkx ysus okys izr;sd vh;fkhz ds?kj esa dk;z'khy LoPN 'kkspky; gks,oa ifjokj dk dksbz Hkh lnl; [kqys esa 'kksp ugha tk,] bl laca/k esa jktlfkku iapk;rhjkt (la'kks/ku) v/;kns'k] 2014 (la[;kd 1) ds rgr jktlfkku iapk;rhjkt vf/kfu;e 1994 dh /kkjk 19 esa la'kks/ku djrs gq, 24 u;k [k.m var% LFkkfir fd;k x;k gsa iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvksa ds pquko esa Hkkx ysus okys izr;sd vh;fkhz dh U;wure 'ks{kf.kd ;ksx;rk gsrq fueukafdr la'kks/ku fd;s x;s gas%& 1- ftyk ifj"kn~ iapk;r lfefr ds lnl; ds ekeys esa ek/;fed f'k{kk cksmz jktlfkku ;k mlds led{k fdlh cksmz ls ek/;fed fo ky; ijh{kk mùkh.kz gksa 2- vuqlwfpr {ks= esa iapk;r ds ljiap ds ekeys esa fdlh fo ky; ls d{kk 5 mùkh.kz gksa 3-,oa vuqlwfpr {ks= ls fhkuu iapk;r ds ljiap ds 25 ekeys esa fdlh fo ky; ls d{kk 8 mùkh.kz gksa jktlfkku iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk esa ykxw fd, x,'ks{kf.kd ;ksx;rk ds fu;e ls tuojh&qjojh 2015 eas gq, iapk;r ds pqukokas esa iapk;rhjkt dk psgjk gh cny x;k rfkk xk oksa esa ubz lksp dk fodkl gqvk gsa blls xk o dh ckxmksj ;qokvksa ds gkfk esa vk xbz gs rfkk cqtqxkzas dk opzlo VwV x;k gsa igyh ckj,slk gqvk gs fd 68 izfr'kr tuizfrfuf/k,sls gsa ftudh vk;q 35 o"kz ls emoy lr / OZdar-_mM

122 de gsa finyh budh la[;k 55 izfr'kr FkhA igys 35 o"kz ls vf/kd mez ds tuizfrfuf/k 75 izfr'kr Fks tks bl 26 ckj 32 izfr'kr jg x;sa blls ;g meehn gs fd vc jktlfkku esa iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk esa xk o ds fodkl dks xfr feysxha lanhkz xzafk lwph 1- vyrsdj vuur lnkf'ko] izkphu Hkkjrh; 'kklu i¼fr] fo'ofo ky; izdk'ku] okjk.klh] 2001 i` ekyo eatq] iapk;rhjkt lalfkkvkas ij fo/kk;h fu;a=.k] vkj-ch-,l-,- ifcy'klz] t;iqj] 2010] i` uksv&1] i` uksv&2] i` ih-'kj.k] ^izksfofuf'k;y xouzeasv vkwq n eqxyl^] ubz fnyyh] i`-144]145 m¼`r uksv&1] i` tsel VkWM ^^,uyl vkwq,.vhd;wvht vkwq jktlfkku^^ okwy;we2] dydùkk] 1984] i`- 130 ls 131 m¼`r uksv&1] i` Qk- ua- 29,], czhq Luksifll] i`- 10] jk-jkvfhkys[kkxkj] vyoja 8- ;kno dey] ns'kh fj;klrksa esa jktusfrd psruk vksj tu vkunksyu] fjrq ifcys'kul] t;iqj] 1988] i` xqirk ch-ih] xzksfk vkwq,mfefulvªs'ku bu chdkusj LVsV] jktlfkku fo'ofo ky; 'kks/k xzafk] 1959] i`- 129&131] m¼`r 'kekz jfounz] xzkeh.k LFkkuh; iz'kklu] fizuvosy ifcy'klz] t;iqj] 1985] i` 'kekz jfounz] xzkeh.k LFkkuh; iz'kklu] fizuvosy ifcy'klz] t;iqj] 1985] i` nh t;iqj foyst iapk;r,dv] nh t;iqj xtv,dlvªk vkwmhzujh] oksy;we 13, 20 twu 1945] i`- 7 m¼`r uksv&1] i` dvkfj;k lqjsunz] iapk;rhjkt lalfkk, (vrhr] orzeku vksj Hkfo";) us'kuy ifcyf'kax gkml t;iqj] ubz fnyyh] 2010 i` ekyoh;k,p-mh-] foyst iapk;r bu bf.m;k 1956] m¼`r 'kekz jfounz] xzkeh.k LFkkuh; iz'kklu] fizuvosy ifcy'klz] t;iqj] 1985] i` ehuk y{ ehukjk;. k] iapk; rhjkt rfkk tuizfrfuf/kro] n'kk,oa fn'kk fyvªsjh lfdzy ifcy'klz] t;iqj 2011] i` uksv 10] i` O;kl vk'kk] iapk;rhjkt eas efgyk, ] iksbuvj ifcy'klz] t;iqj 2012] i` fej fujatu] Hkkjr esa iapk;rhjkt] ifjcks/k ifcy'klz]t;iqj 2006] i` uksv 17] i` iapk;rhjkt dkuwu laxzg] t;iqj 1986 m¼`r uksv&2 i` 'kekz fot; dqekj] lqjukek jktlfkku esa iapk;rhjkt dk] ladfyr ;kstuk] Qjojh 2011] ;kstuk Hkou ubz fnyyh] i` prqosznh] urfkhyky] iapk;r izgjh (ikf{kd) iapk;rhjkt LOk.kZ t;urh fo'ks"kkad laldj.k] flrecj&vdvwcj 2009] i` nsfud HkkLdj] t;iqj fnukad 23 ekpz 2011] i` jktlfkku if=dk] t;iqj 25 fnlecj 2014] i` jktlfkku iapk;rhjkt (la'kks/ku) v/;kns'k 2014 (la[;kad 1)] fnukad 8@12@2014 dks tkjh vf/klwpuka 25- jktlfkku iapk;rhjkt (f}rh; la'kks/ku) v/;kns'k 2014 (la[;kad 2)] fnukad 20@12@2014 dks tkjh vf/klwpuka 26- nsfud HkkLdj] t;iqj 24 ekpz 2015] i` emoy lr / OZdar-_mM 2018

123 The Backdrop of the Socio-Cultural Movements and the Brewing Discontentment Amongst the Bhils Dr. Vijaya Lakshmi Assistant Professor, S. S. Jain Subodh P.G. (Autonomous) College, Jaipur Abstract South Western Rajasthan with its characteristic hilly region has been an amiable abode for tribes like Bhils (largest), followed by Garasias, Damors, Kathodis. Bhils are the most fascinating people and perhaps the oldest surviving inhabitants in the tribal belts of the country. The Bhils are the aboriginal inhabitants of Rajasthan residing on the Aravallis. They are a hill tribe adapted fully to the style of living which their territories demand. Under the colonial rule the tribal communities in India witnessed several changes which resulted in producing considerable strains on their social structure. It brought to the fore problems galore, opening of the tribal areas by building roads through them, introduction of a new technology of agriculture by the peasantry from the plains; the breakdown and fragmentation of the tribal society into distinct social strata, gradual 'Sanskritisation' had led to a complex socioeconomic system. The British imposed the laws passed by them on non-tribals on to the tribal communities. British design of approaching the tribals was being developed by British Anthropologists, turned administrators. Beneath the burnished cover of British administration the mind of the tribal society was actually in ferment. The new ideas and ways of life had not been accepted or rejected but they were under serious examinations. Keywords : Backdrop, Southwestern Rajasthan, Bhils, Oldest-aboriginal inhabitants, Primitiveness, Bravery, Excellence in archery, Sanskritisation, Complex socio-economic system, British administration. mongst other states of India, Rajasthan has a sizeable tribal population existing in the Aravalli Aand Vindhyan ranges. So South Western Rajasthan with its characteristic hilly region has been an amiable abode for tribes like Bhils (largest), followed by Garasias, Damors, Kathodis. Though all these tribes are housed in the southern part of Rajasthan each one is distinct from one another and have garnered attention of scholars world over. They have so much to contribute to the cultural milieu of the region. Aravallis : the oldest fold mountain of the world, having undergone various stages of erosion, span a long distance of 692 Kms in the form of alternating hills and valleys, diagonally, across the entire state of Rajasthan. The highest section of the range is between Kumbalgarh and Gogunda (Udaipur and Rajsamund Dist.) with an average elevation of nearly 1,225 mts. This zone comes under the 'Bhorat Plateau' covering the districts of Udaipur, portions of Sirohi and Dungarpur districts. Aravalli hills of the state harbour most of the forests and tribes of the state. The above mentioned tribes Shodhshree / January-March

124 like Bhils, Garasias, Damors and Kathodias live in t h e d i s t r i c t s o f B a n swa ra, D u n garpur, Chittorgarh, Udaipur and Sirohi forming the Tribal Sub-Plan Area (TSPA) of the state. Infact the highest concentration of the tribals is seen in Banswara and Dungarpur districts (73.47% & 65.84% respectively).the total tribal population of the state is 54,74,881 which is 12.44% of the 1 total state population. Bhils are the most fascinating people and perhaps the oldest surviving inhabitants in the tribal belts of the country since their antiquity is evidenced by their extreme primitiveness. The Bhils are the aboriginal inhabitants of Rajasthan residing on the Aravallis. The earliest reference to the Bhil tribe is found in Katha sarit sagar, which is supposed to be a text dated between A.D and 600 A.D. However, there is the frequent mention of Nishad, a term that appears to be a synonym of tribal in many ancient scriptures- Ramayan, Mahabharat, Bhagwat Purana, and Manu Smriti etc. They are a hill tribe adapted fully to the style of living which their territories demand. They are known for their bravery, and excellence at archery. They have been called as 3 Vanputras (sons of forest) in Sanskrit texts as Nishadas. Their name seems to have been derived from the Dravidian word Bhil, Beel or 4 B illa which m eans b ow. According to Cambridge History of India, the word 'Bhil' seems to have been derived from the Dravidian equivalent of the word 'Villu'or 'Billu'. Since the Bhils were scarcely ever seen without a bow, they 5 came to be called as Bhils. The other names were Mairote (born of the mountain) Goind (lord of the caves) and Pal Indra (lord of the pass) for he 6 was aware of the routes and boundaries. Under the colonial rule the tribal communities in India witnessed several changes which resulted in producing considerable strains on their social structure. It brought to the fore problems galore by establishment of settlements (bhum) by peasant castes and artisans from outside, opening of the tribal areas by building roads through them, introduction of a new technology of agriculture by the peasantry from the plains; the breakdown and fragmentation of the tribal society into distinct social strata, gradual 'Sanskritisation' had led to a complex socioeconomic system. So all these changes made them offer resistance to outside stimulants. The British described these communities as 'wild tribes' and 'criminal tribes'. K.S Singh has aptly observed that in the conceptual framework d e ve l o p e d b y B r i t i s h a d m i n i s t ra t o r s, ethnographers and anthropologists, the tribal communities were treated as Noble Savages and primitive condition was described as a state of 7 Arcadian simplicity. The British attitudes towards tribal communities led to the articulation of an exceptionally negative perception about tribal life, character traits and value structure. The Bhil life was jeopordized when the whole hell was let loose upon them by 8 the Marathas and pindari raids. William Hunter in his reports to the Government has written about the inhuman treatment meted out to them. In 1818 the states of Dungarpur and Banswara and in 1819, the Panwar Rajput state of Sunth secured freedom from the galling control and ravages of the Marathas by accepting British 9 protection. They had to face ruthless cruelty by Maratha invaders who left gory scenes where ever they passed. This experience left them with bitter feelings and sowed the seeds of hatred and hostility towards non-tribals and they took to highway robberies and plundering. They even resisted the moves of the Britishers and their policy of encroaching on their territories but were subdued. The Bhils were enlisted by them in special armed corps created for them. In the treaties of 1818 A.D. with smaller states of B a n s wa ra a n d D u n g a r p u r, t h e B r i t i s h Government had reserved the right of advising them in internal administration and to extend the military assistance to suppress any internal disturbances in the state. It even adopted a deliberate military policy to reclaim the tribals by recruiting them as soldiers in the political corps and by introducing socio-economic 120 Shodhshree / January-March 2018

125 changes in the southern Rajputana states to modernize their administration. The Mewar Hill Tracts, inhabited by Bhils and Garasias, was taken under the control of the British Political Superintendent (1828) with his headquarters at Kherwara. To deal with the Bhils the Mewar Bhil Corps was raised in Mewar Hill Tract in 1840, under the command of a British of icer with cantonments at Kherwara and Kotra. This was adopted with the sole purpose of maintaining peace in the region stretching from Sirohi frontier to the extreme limits of Banswara state. Police out posts were created at selected places to keep a strict vigilance over the Bhils and to take prompt action against them in cases of disturbances or unlawful acts. The sunth state deprived the common Bhils the right to keep guns and swords, a step which was deeply resented by them and they regarded this as interference in their traditional right to carry arms. The British tribal policy created a division among the Bhils and infused discontentment in 10 the average Bhil while the evangelical and philanthropic activities of the Christian missionaries made them conscious of their socio-religious disabilities and infused among them a desire for Sanskritisation. T h e B r i t i s h g o v e r n m e n t e x p o s e d t h e superstitious beliefs of the tribals. Especially the dakan pratha (witch) an animistic belief which was both inhuman and barbarous. The evils and abuses, real and fancied of the tribals were openly spoken about. In April 1853, Captain J.C. Brooke, the Superintendent and commandant of Mewar Bhil Corps, proclaimed this practice as illegal. Similarly even the Rajput rulers prohibited it in However the belief of the Bhils in supernatural powers could not be totally shaken and it continued unabated. To add to his woes the new colonial master who was alien to the native culture added to his ever increasing problems. Outsiders were given contracts for collecting grass, wood, fruits and Mahuwa in the forests. The Bhils were not allowed to take their cattle in the forests for grazing. This atmosphere was suffocating for him, for he felt deprived of all the basic things he was enjoying over the years. This sudden seizure of his rights made him feel like a ish out of water. For the tribals who liked to live in autonomous political units having their own village life, this change was tumultuous. It was like pelting a stone in to the clear and placid waters. The British imposed the laws passed by them on non-tribals on to the tribal communities. British design of approaching the tribals was being developed by British Anthropologists, turned administrators. The introduction of the new agrarian, excise and forest policies in the state of Banswara, Dungarpur and Sunth from the th beginning of the 20 century deprived the Bhils of their ancient rights. Nobles, middlemen, Zamindars, Thakurs etc. who acted as the links between the people at large and the mighty British also played spoil sport by their inhuman exactions. Economic Causes The exaction of begar (forced labour) by the petty of icials in Sunth, Dungarpur and Banswara states was an effective instrument of oppression and exploitation of the tribals. They were subjected to greater hardships. Villages located on the main roads or near town had to bear greater burden of begar by virtue of their location. The harassment from begar was so great that villages were deserted en masse and l a n d s t h r o w n o u t o f c u l t i v a t i o n. T h e unauthorized impressments by police sepoys and petty of icials on tour were at root of this mischief. Tribals of Banswara, Dungrapur, Jhabua (central India) and other neighboring states suffered much at the hands of a new class of money lenders cum traders comprising of Baluchis, Arabs, Sindhis and Makaranis popularly known as 'vilayateer' who operated as mercenaries and money lenders. Tribals had great repugnance for vilayatees for charging high rate of interest on money and stigmatised them as in idels. Shodhshree / January-March

126 Rajputs of southern Rajputana states considered the Bhils as an 'inferior race' which their Kamdars gave currency to the idea that the 11 Bhils were professional plunderers Tribals were always perceived to be the impending danger by the rulers and Britishers alike. The Maharana of Mewar always requested the British to render military help to him. He sought their assistance in reasserting his authority over the hilly tracts. Insensitivity Towards the Tribals The early British administrators were mainly concerned with the law and order problem. They had their own prejudices against the people who occasionally revolted and looked at the problems of tribals with western standards and values. They regarded the tribals as predatory bandits. They had no time to look deep into the problem. Although later on some of them did take some interest in the tribal problem, but they were primarily interested in the ethnographical and anthropological aspects of it. Hutton has therefore, rightly remarked that in the early days of the British rule, the policy of the English administrators was detrimental to a great extent to the economic conditions of the tribes So even with their best of intentions to maintain law and order in the region and in freeing the tribals of their superstitions and inhuman behaviour their intention at every step were mistaken by the 12 tribals. They lived unhygienically and resorted to magic and incantation for the treatment of their diseases as well as those of their cattle. They expressed repugnance to the use of vaccination and allopathic medicines. As stated above the Bhils, when unable to make both the ends meet took recourse to theft and plundering. Committing of a crime did not affect his social status. Hence he had no inhibition to resort to such activities. British did not care much for a permanent solution to the tribal malady. No action was taken to implement the suggestion of Cobbe for the 13 improvement of the condition of the Bhils. According to Cobbe the primary task of the Government of these states was to induce the inhabitants, by gradually encouraging them to settle in the villages. For this, he suggested the construction of tanks at various places for securing supply of water throughout the year for irrigation, prohibition of distilling of liquor at all places except at the head quarters of the Pal under the immediate supervision of the Kamdar, e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f we e k ly m a r ke t s a n d construction of a road from Udaipur to join the road already built up from Dungrapur to Baroda. No other British of icer except Cobbe appears to have given a serious thought to this aspect of the problem. All of them ignored the maxim that the use of force against a dissatis ied community generally did not lead to a permanent solution of the problem. But instead it worked the other way round. Social Causes The maintenance of discipline in the Mewar Bhil corps created a distinct class of Bhil soldiers loyal to the British Government. They had suppressed several Bhil risings and extended un linching support to the British during the 1857 revolt. The retired sepoy appeared to be better clothed, disciplined and more prosperous than the average Bhil. This military policy of the British created social disparity and division. In the opinion of Stephen Fuchs a fertile ground f o r r e b e l l i o n e x i s t e d a m o n g t h e B h i l communities. Besides, putting them under economic pressure, attempts were made to uproot their mode of life by subjecting them to severe criticism. Even the petty of icials used abusive terms to refer to the Bhils, in their letters to the state. In the beginning the relations between the Bhils and Rajputs were cordial. But in course of time the Rajputs and Garasia chiefs considered the Bhils much inferior to them. Consequently, the tribals developed a sense of social distance from other communities and in course of time it grew into feeling of opposition. Interference in Tribal Autonomy The tribal bodies used to decide their disputes and also punish the defaulters. Through these bodies they maintained their social stability. In 122 Shodhshree / January-March 2018

127 th the 19 century they were subjected to the laws of the state. Such efforts were regarded as interference in their autonomy. According to Stephen Fuchs tribal communities in India were slow in imbibing new ideas easily. They rejected elements of alien culture forced on them. The Christian missionaries began to preach among them. Consequently like other tribals of India, the Bhils were also put under severe psychological strain. Administrative infrastructure of these states was weak and inef icient. They inturn harassed the tribes and treated them with disdain. There were instances in which the sawars of the state molested Bhil women. The local of icers and their subordinates were not sympathetic to the grievances of the Bhils. The several operations of the Mewar Bhil corps against the Bhils created a feeling of resentment in them against the British of icers. It was later learnt by them that at the instance of the British, the rulers were trying to reassert their authority over them and levy taxes. The proclamations for preventing cases of witch swinging, sati, infanticide and some other practices by the rulers of the states were, in their opinion, issued 14 at the instance of the British. In those days several British of icers were strongly in favour of using force against the Bhils. In 1879 the foreign secretary of the government of India wrote.. The Bhil tracts could never be settled unless they were suppressed or punished for their unlawful activities. In his report on the Garasia and Bhil chiefs Sutherland observed that the chiefs should be induced to acknowledge the direct control of the British as it was the only power which could keep them in order and help in maintaining peace in the area. The British did not care much for a permanent solution of the malady. Although the Governor General in his letter to Metcalfe observed that the aim of employing force in the regions was to reform and reclaim the Bhils, no action was taken to implement the suggestion of Cobbe for improvement of the conditions of the tribals. Beneath the burnished cover of British administration the mind of the tribal society was actually in ferment. The new ideas and ways of life had not been accepted or rejected but they were under serious examinations. References 1. Census of India Somdev; Kathasaritsagar, Nirnay Sagar Press, Bombay, 1930, pg Hutton J.H.; Census of India, 1931, Part III,Venkatachar's Write up, pg Todd James; Travels in Western India. 5. Pratibha Jam and Sangeeta Sharma; Honour, Status and Polity, Rawat Publications, Russel and Hiralal; Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Part II, Macmillan and Company, London, 1916,pg Singh K.S.; Tribal Society in India, Manohar, New Delhi, 1985, pg Ojha; History of Dungarpur State, pg Tod James; Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan in 3 Volumes, Reprint, Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi, 1987, First Published, Brooks J.C.; History of Mewar, C.D., Louis, Baptish Mission Press, Calcutta, 1859, pg Vashishta, Vijay K.; Beneshwar Fair A Symbol of Tribal Unity Devotion and Tradition, Lok Rang, National Cultural Festival, Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur, Hutton J.H.; Census of India, Gian Publications, New Delhi. 13. Brooks J.C.; History of Mewar, C.D., Louis, Baptish Mission Press, Calcutta, 1859, pg Sutherland, in his letter to Thomson Secretary, th Government of North-Western Provinces, Agra, 30 March 1840, Foreign Department, Secret Consultantion, National Archives, New Delhi. 15. Paliwal (Dr.), D.L.; Mewar and the British, First edition, Bafna Prakashan, Jaipur, Shodhshree / January-March

128 Constraints and Suggestion of Women Beneficiaries Working under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Gurantee Act (MGNREGA) in Jodhpur District of Rajasthan Gitika Kachhawa Research Scholar, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur Dr. Lalita Vatta Research Supervisor, Rajasthan University, Jaipur Abstract Women have an ability to improve their own economic status or their family as well as the communities and which they live. Unfortunately, their contribution was neglected. Discrimination between men and women is the factor through which they unable to improve their economic status. Though Government initiate through various programmes to empower women, but cultural factors works as a barrier/ put dual burden on women. She has to do household chores to run home barrier less and work at worksite to give family economic security. She runs through dual responsibility as compare to their counterparts. The present study is an attempt to know the constraints faced by women beneficiaries of MGNREGA as well as to collect their suggestion and transfer it to policy makers to include in policies further. The result shows that they have poor support from family as family members as they also has to work. More work act as a hindrance between their motherhood and professional responsibilities. With this maximum respondents wants that MGNREGA should provides more than 100 days employment. Keywords: MGNREGA, Constraints, Empowerment, women beneficieries, Jodhpur, Worksite facilities. ost women in India work and contribute the economy, in one form or another, much of their Mwork is not documented or accounted on official statistics. Women plow fields and harvest crops while working on farms: weaver and make handicrafts while working in household industries; sell food and gather wood while working in the informal sector. Additionally, they are traditionally responsible for the daily household chores (e.g., cooking, fetching water, and looking after children). Although the cultural restrictions women face are changing, women are still not as free as men to participate in the formal economy. Women have an ability to improve their own economic status or their family as well as the communities and which they live. Unfortunately, their contribution was neglected. Discrimination between men and women is the factor through which they unable to improve their economic status. Many studies shows that discrimination is present in both paid and unpaid work and still women is only care-taker of the house. Women economic empowerment required an action to increase women participation and rights. Women are around half of the world work force. They need better job and climate which supports them, 'in financial sector' assist them to provide better livelihood security in terms of food and fuel, specifically for rural women living in vulnerable situations. Government and communities take step for upliftment of women by investing in them and remove the inequalities between men and women, so that they may remove the poverty from the country. MGNREGA is a good experiment which provide a rural employment in India. In our country after agriculture labor, for many people it is a profitable employment to fulfill their four basic needs food, shelter, clothing and 124 Shodhshree / January-March 2018

129 education. MGNREGA also gives emphasis on women' empowerment. MGNREGA empowers women by providing scope of their own earning and also spend according to their own needs. There is also increase in decision making role women in household related meters. With this it brings dual burden on women to work at home as well as on field. The present study is an attempt to know the constraints and ways to imporove the programme implementation for women. Objectives To examine the problems faced by the women at worksite and at home. To bring out the expectation of women beneficiaries from the policy makers to develop women centered policies in MGNREGA Review of Literature- Kyatanagoudar & Naganur (2014) explored the problem faced by the beneficiaries in their study conducted in Dharwad district of Karnataka and it was found that 24 percent women beneficiaries felt that there was no crèche facilities at work site and about all the respondents suggested that there should be increased wages and also government should increase the number of working days beyond 100 days per year. Saharia (2014) in his research on empowerment and employment generation of women in Chhattisgarh, identified the challenges and practices of women empowerment through MGNREGA scheme and identified following key points- The worksheet facilities are lacking, owing to which child bearing Women and women with infants do not came for work under MGNREGA. The formation of SHG's is lacking and there is absence in the management of productive assets created under MGNREGA. The question of women participation in social audit does not arise as there is no social Audit. The delay in wage payment sometimes makes the women dependent on local sahukar. The sahukars usually exploit them as they give advance / loan to them. The problem of non-availability of bank/post office near to village also involves loss of time and money. It was also observe that Rojar Sahayak was not able to complete the job cards and muster roll on time. Kumar (2015) in a study in Kurukshetra observed that MGNREGA is suffering from a number of problems and shortcomings. The amount of employment opportunity provided by the programme was limited but it was able to provide income security to the poor. MGNREGA has proved to be more beneficial for labour class as compared to farmers. There is a need to encourage the small and marginal farmers to register themselves under MGNREGA. Methodology Locale of the study was Jodhpur district of Rajasthan. As per reports available on official website of Government of Rajasthan it was observed that during the financial year the women participation rate was very high i.e. around 70 percent (nrega.raj.nic). There are ten Panchayat Samities in Jodhpur namely- Luni, Mandore, Balesar, Shergarh, Osian, Bhopal garh, Bilara, Phalodi, Bap and Bawari (Jodhpur city). Two gram panchayats from each panchayat samitee were selected keeping in view the maximum coverage of demographic area. Thus total twenty Gram Panchayats were included in final sample. For selecting the gram panchayats convenience sampling is used. Two gram panchayats from each panchayat samitee were selected for data collection. While selecting sample convenience sampling is used, 25 Shodhshree / January-March

130 beneficiaries from each gram Sabha were selected (from the list of beneficiaries, as made available by Gram Panchayats). Thus total final sample for data collection was 500 women beneficiaries. Interview schedule was developed for collecting data which was having two section ie constraints faced by women (classified under three categories viz personal and family, worksite constraints and operational constraints) and personal views and suggestions of women beneficiaries for policy makers regarding the better implementation of MGNREGA. Results and Discussion This section describe I following sub heads: 1. C o n s t r a i n t s f a c e d b y w o m e n beneficiaries a b c Personal Constraints Operational Constraints Work Site Constraints 2. Suggestions for better conduction of programme 1. C o n s t r a i n t s f a c e d b y w o m e n beneficiaries Present study attempts to explore constraints faced by the respondents and those were discussed under the sub heads viz personal and family constraints, work site constraints and operational constraints for beneficiaries. a. Personal Constraints Data in table 1 depicts the personal and family constraints faced by the beneficiaries of the programme. These were too much work load and non-cooperation from family members (98%) neglection of domestic work (96%) and unability to deliver proper care to their children (95%). Garg (2008) revealed that after joining MGNREGA most of the respondents (97%) were facing family problem like children left uncared and domestic work neglected whereas Upadhyay(2000) stated that beneficiaries who failed to received any support from family members to join were MPS respectively. Table-1 Distribution of Respondents on the Basis of Personal & Family Constraints n=500 S. No. Personal & Family Constraints No of Respondents (%) 1. To much work load in family 492(98.4%) 2. Non cooperation from family members 490(98%) 3. Domestic work neglected 480(96%) 4. Children left uncared 475(95%) 5. Cattle care activities not attended properly 0 Further data depicts the personal and family constraints faced by the beneficiaries of the programme. These were too much work load and non-cooperation from family members (98%) neglection of domestic work (96%) and unability to deliver proper care to their children (95%). Garg (2008) revealed that after joining MGNREGA most of the respondents (97%) were facing family problem like children left uncared and domestic work neglected whereas Upadhyay(2000) stated that beneficiaries who failed to received any support from family members to join were MPS respectively. During working season when they go for work they leave their young children and livestock early in the morning and came back tired in the evening. Leaving the house for employment requires extra time and energy and sometimes they take stress of going to new place and worried about their young children leaving in the house. b. Operational Constraints With regard to operational constraints (table 2) no employment allowances were provided in 126 Shodhshree / January-March 2018

131 case of delay in job was the major constraints (100%) faced by all the respondents of the programme though as per the act there was a provision of unemployment allowances, if job were not provided within 15 days of work. Table2 Distribution of Respondents on the Basis of Operational Constraints S. No. Operational Constraints No of Respondents (%) 1. Unemployment allowance not provides in 500(100%) case of delay in job 2. Other than BPL families registered under MGNREGA 10(2%) 3. Unable to availed 100 days of employment according to 238 (47.6%) the Act. 4. Wages not provided according to Act Delay in work payment - 6. Difference in wages - n=500 Further the table depicts that 47 percent of the beneficiaries reported that they were unable to avail the benefit of 100 days of employment according to the act because of lack of family support, taboos and family work load. Very few respondents (2%) mentioned that other than BPL families also registered in MGNREGA. This is due to lack of transparency as the relatives of the sarpanch and the rich people and land holders were registered in a large number and the people below poverty line were not registered. Kyatanagoudar & Naganur(2014) in a study on problem faced under MGNREGA in Dharwad district Karnataka highlighted that only 5 percent of the beneficiaries were mentioned that they had not been paid unemployment allowances whenever work was not available to them. The other constraints like delay in work payment and difference in wages were not reported by anyone of the respondents. c. Work Site Constraints The National Rural Employment Guarantee act states that the facilities of safe drinking water, shades for children and periods of rest, first aid b o x s h a l l b e p r o v i d e d a t t h e w o r k site (MGNREGA 2005). But at what extent these facilities are provided is a matter of concern, so the present section will give a light about constraints related to worksite facilities. Table-3 Distribution of Respondents on the Basis of Work Site Constraints S. No. Worksite Constraints No of Respondents (%) 1. Lack of safe drinking water 260(52%) 2. Lack of crèche facility 500(100%) 3. Exgratia payment not given after injury 500(100%) 4. No shade for rest period 261(52%) 5. No extra facilities for women 261(52%) n=500 Data in table 3 depicts all the respondents (100%) reported that no ex- gratia payment was given for injury at the worksite as there was a provision of amount Rs 25000/- in the scheme. According to FORCES (2009), women do not take their children to the work site because there is no proper baby crèche at the site. Lack of crèche was another major constraints (100%) faced by the beneficiaries MGNREGA states that in case number of children below the age of six years accompanying the women working at any site is five or more provisions shall be made to depute Shodhshree / January-March

132 one of such women worker to look after such children (paragraph 28,schedule IIof NREGA) Further depicts that almost half of the respondents (52%) were reported regarding no shade facility or no extra facilities were given to women. Kyatanagoudar & Naganur (2014) identified that 33 percent of beneficiaries felt that there was not sufficient work site facilities provided by panchayat and 29 percent women beneficiaries said that there were no crèche facilities at work site. Dreeze (2006) specified from her study on the problems of women under MGNREGA in Rajasthan, that there were no medical or child care facilities were present. 2 Suggestions for better conduction of programme Data in Table 4 depicts the suggestions given by respondents for improving the MGNREGA. All the respondents (100%) reported that availability of employment of 100 days should be increased, wages should be increased and provision of unemployment allowances should be properly enacted. Further the table depicts that all the respondents mentioned that enrolment of real beneficiaries should be done and corruption should be eliminated from the programme, whereas 57 percent of the respondents suggested that adequate facilities must be provided to every beneficiaries at the work site.the scheme is successful in benefitting the weaker section of society included women. Due to MGNREGA women were empowered in terms of money and decision making. One of the major obstacle relates to employment generation were 100 days of employment were quite low. MGNREGA work should be made available throughout the year. Table-4 Distribution of respondents according to suggestions for better conduction of MGNREGA. S.No. Item No of Respondents (%) 1 More availability of employment 500(100%) 2 High wages for work 459(99%) 3 more facilities at the work site 267(57%) 4 Provision of unemployment allowances 500(100%) 5 Corruption should be eliminated 500(100%) n=500 A work shop conducted by UNIFEM in 2009 stressed that instead of putting women to hard physical labour, provisions should be made at MGNREGA for skilled and semi skilled amenities like artisanal work, weaving and so on. As in most of the families their family member not permitted to join MGNREGA, if the programme is skill based then maximum participation is possible. In this way these women have been successful in challenging patriarchal norms. The constraints limited the rural women accessibility towards achieving the benefits to improve the socio economic condition of rural people below poverty line, a smooth path way is necessary for gaining the maximum no of benefits. Thus to achieve the goal for programme government must plan some policy which will be for proper implementation of programme. Conclusion- Though MGNREGA is a great initiative by Government of India and it proved to be one of the strong step towards women empowerment. It gives them identity in social, economic and family sphere too. But with this it contribute to heavy work load on women both at home and work place. They tired so much that sometimes their kids too ignored. So it is must to have working crèche facility at every MGNREGA cite so that they can work freely without having the guilt to ignorance of their children. 128 Shodhshree / January-March 2018

133 References 1. Drèze, J. (2006). India's National Employment Guarantee inaction. The Hindu, September Garg,S.( 2008). Economic Impact of National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme on Women. M.Sc. Thesis, Unpublished. Mahrana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur(c.f Tiwari, N., and Upadhyay, R.2012) 3 Forum for Crèche and Child Care Services (FORCES). (2009). Women in MGNREGA:Issues of child care, Case Studies from Rajasthan and Uttarpradesh. 4 Kumar,K.(2015). Implementation of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005: A Comparative Study of Kurukshetra and Sirsa Districts. Doctor of Philosophy in D e p a r t m e n t o f P u b l i c Ad m i n i s t ration, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. 5 Kyatanagoudar.S., & Naganur,S.(2014). Assets created, problems faced and suggestions given by rural people under National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) International Journal of Farm Sciences 4(4), Saharia, R.P. (2014). MGNREGA: Empowerment of women through employment generation (A Case study of Chhattisgarh).International Journal Reviews and Research in social Science,2(2), UNIFEM Workshop.( 2009). Engendering MGNREGA: Women's Empowerment through Guaranteed Employment. Institute for Human Development. 8 Upadhyay, R.(2000). Comparative Study of Knowledge Attitude and Impact of DWCRA programme on Tribal and Nontribal Beneficiaries of Udaipur District, Rajasthan. Ph.D. (Agri) Thesis submitted to Rajasthan Agriculture University, Bikaner, Rajasthan. (c.f Tiwari, Neha., and Upadhyay, R.2012). Shodhshree / January-March

134 An Analysis of National Pension Scheme 2004 : A Study of Some Selected Enterprises in Rajasthan with special Reference to Kota District Ankur Jain Research Scholar, Career Point University, Kota Dr. Kapil Dev Sharma Vice-Principal, Kota Commerce College, Kota Abstract Government has introduced a new pension scheme called National Pension Scheme w.e.f All such employees who are recruited after 2004 into central or state government services will be under this scheme. With respect to Rajasthan, state government has also implemented NPS 2004 for its employees who are recruited after by issuing a memorandum on and abolished Rajasthan Civil Services Pension rules, 1996.This article explores the implementation and adoption of NPS 2004 by some selected enterprises of Rajasthan especially in and around the Kota city. The researcher has tried to find out how effectively NPS is introduced into these organisations. Employees and Employers reaction towards its rules and policies. Its adoption is beneficial for both or not. Governments mandate decisions are successful or a complete failure. The study also compares the NPS with other pension schemes available in the market. The researcher used exploratory research method and made a survey by interviewing employees and employers regarding NPS into there organisation. Keywords : National Pension Scheme, Rajasthan Government, PFRDA, Employees, Retirement. ew Pension Scheme have been made in applicable on Government servants appointed in civil Nservices of the state on or after The new pension system is based on defined contributions. The system is mandatory for new recruits to the Central Government service (except the armed forces). Government of Rajasthan introduced NPS for State Government employees/ Panchayat Samities/ Zila Parishad/ State autonomous bodies appointed on or after The monthly contribution is 10 percent of the Pay and DA to be paid by the employee and matching contribution by the state Government. The contributions and returns there on would be deposited in a non - withdrawable pension account. The SIPF Department is maintaining the scheme as interim arrangement till transfer of data to PFRDA. Individuals can normally exit at or after age 60 years from the pension system. At exit, the individual would be required to invest at least 40 percent of pension wealth to purchase an annuity. In case of Government employees, the annuity should provide for pension for the lifetime of the employee and his dependent parents and his spouse at the time of retirement. The individual would receive a lump-sum of the remaining pension wealth, which the subscriber would be free to utilize in any manner. Individuals would have the flexibility to leave the pension system prior to age 60. However, in this case, the 130 Shodhshree / January-March 2018

135 mandatory annuitisation would be 80% of the pension wealth. State Insurance & Provident Department is the State Nodal Agency for execution of New Pension Scheme in Rajasthan. The Department has been maintaining records for the above scheme. After notification by Government of Rajasthan on regarding adoption of NPS Architecture (PFRDA) in to, agreements have been signed by Director SIPF with National Securities Depository Ltd. (NSDL as central record keeping agency) and NPS Trust. Unique & Portable Permanent Retirement Account Number (PRAN) will be issued to all Rajasthan Government servants on whom above scheme is applicable. Pension system is envisaged to be based on two types of sub-accounts created for individual subscribers: Tier-I non-withdrawable pension account, and Tier-II withdraw able savings account. (Note: Currently only Tier-I non-withdrawable pension account has been started by PFRDA. Except for All India Service officers) NSDL (CRA) will serve for record keeping; reconciliation; netting and funds transfer; interconnectivity and access to PFRDA, pension fund managers (PFMs) to choose from which will offer different categories of schemes. At present choice of PFMs has not been provided. The participating entities (PFMs, CRA etc.) would give out easily understood information about past performance & regular NAVs, so that the individual would able to make informed choices about which scheme to choose. The Government of India in exercise of their executive powers adopted `National Pension System' (NPS) based on defined contributions in respect of all new entrants to Central Government services, excepting the Armed Forces, with effect from 1st January Most of the State Governments have since notified a similar pension system for their new entrants. PFRDA has also made NPS available to all citizens of India, with effect from 1st May 2009 on a voluntary basis. In pursuance to PFRDA's commitment to make available an avenue for saving for old age to all sections of society, PFRDA has now launched a separate model to provide NPS to the employees of corporate entities, including PSUs since December This model is titled "NPS - Corporate Sector Model". PFRDA is the regulator for the NPS. PFRDA is responsible for appointment of various intermediaries in the system such as Central Record Keeping Agency (CRA), Pension Funds, Custodians, NPS Trustee Bank, etc. PFRDA monitors the performance of the various intermediaries. PFRDA provides regulatory guidance to the PFMs for investment of funds received under NPS. It shall also ensure that all s t a k e h o l d e r s c o m p l y w i t h t h e guidelines/regulations issued by PFRDA from time to time. Objectives Keeping all research points in mind the study undertaken was aimed to accomplish the following objectives: To portrait the implementation of NPS in Government Organizations. To e va l u a t e t h e d i f f e re n c e i n performance of Tier I & Tier II Scheme of National Pension Scheme To examine the functioning of NPS across sample organizations. To examine the pros and cons of NPS. To analyze the progress of NPS in Central as well as State government organization. To examine the profile of the sample organizations. To examine the behavior of the sample respondents towards NPS. To compare the performance of National Pension Scheme 2004 with o t h e r p r o f e s s i o n a l ly m a n a g e d retirement plans. Shodhshree / January-March

136 To analyze the differentiating factors of National Pension Scheme and other Employee Provident Fund/ General Provident Fund available for Public Sector Enterprises. To analyze the attitude of Government towards National Pension Scheme To offer suggestions to improve into the features of the National Pension Scheme. Research Tools and Techniques of Research Primary and secondary data obtained during the study were considered as the basis of the completion of study through research paradigm and methods in research strategy planned and designed. Our research methodology is comprised of survey and questionnaire. Survey helped in getting knowledge for NPS 2004 and accordingly questionnaire was prepared for the employees and managers of all levels. Benefits to Corporate by Contribution P l a t f o r m t o c o - c o n t r i b u t e f o r employees' pension Saving expenses incurred on selfadministration of pension function (viz. record keeping, investment, annuity etc.) Corporate may exercise choice of PFM for its employees or leave the option to employees for selecting PFMs for themselves. Can claim tax benefits for the amount contributed towards pension of St employees. From 1 April 2012 up to 10% of the salary (Basic & DA) of employer's contribution can be deducted as "Business Expense" from their Profit & Loss Account. Benefits to Subscriber by Contribution Cheapest investment product with better growth options through long term market linked saving. Provide choice of various funds with a flexible investment pattern. Individual Retirement Account for record keeping at individual level ensures portability across geographies and employment. Platform to monitor and manage investment to meet subscriber's diverse financial goals. Employees as well as employer's contribution to the account of employee is eligible for tax exemption as per the Income Tax Act 1961 as amended from time to time. As per finance bill the employee contribution to NPS up to 10% Basic + DA is allowable deduction under section 80 CCD(1) with in overall limit of Rs. 1Lacs. The employer's contribution to NPS up to 10% Basic + DA is allowed deduction under Section 80 CCD (2) and excluded from the limit of Rs. 1 Lacs. Offers Tier II account which is voluntary savings facility with anytime liquidity / withdrawal option. Efficient Grievance Management through CRA website, Call Center, e mail or postal mail. Routine / quarterly disclosure of the funds helps subscriber to achieve better fund management. Auto choice options for those who do not have the required knowledge to manage their investment. Release of daily NAV by PFMs to ensure subscriber can take informed decisions. An option to remain invested even after your retirement. 132 Shodhshree / January-March 2018

137 Types of NPS accounts The New Pension Scheme structurally consists of three types of accounts: Tier I Account : Under this account, subscribers cannot withdraw funds before they retire. It is compulsory for all government employees to invest or direct 10% of their salary into this account. It is the basic NPS account which does not allow premature withdrawals unless the member has completed 15 term years. These withdrawals are repayable advances and are allowed only in case of an emergency. However, Tier 1 account holders are eligible for partial withdrawals on of 25 years. Tier 1 accounts of government employees are subjected to investments in government and corporate bonds, while that of other citizens are invested in fixed deposits and liquid funds as well. Tier II Account : Under this account, subscribers are free to invest funds as well as withdraw funds as per their convenience. However, a subscriber must possess a Tier I account in order to open a Tier II account. Tier 2 accounts were launched by the government in the year 2009 and it offers greater flexibility than Tier 1 accounts. Here the account holders can withdraw their amount without any withdrawal charges or penalty. Tier 2 offers the investor an option to invest either in government bonds, fixed income instruments, or equity funds. It also allows transfer of money to Tier 1 accounts. Unlike Tier 1 accounts, NPS Tier 2 accounts does not have locking periods and are not exempted from tax under section 80 C of Income Tax Act. Swavalamban Account : In this account the Indian government contributes a sum of Rs 1,000 every year over the initial four years. The purpose of this account is to provide encouragement for workers of poor economic standing. Swavalamban Yojna was a financial inclusion scheme for the economically backward sections of the society. It was applicable to all employees in the unorganized sector of employment. For Swavalamban accounts, government made contributions of Rs.1000 for the first four years after enrollment. Swavalamban Yojna is replaced by Atal Pension Yojna. Eligibility Criteria For National Pension Scheme: The NPS is open to all Indian citizens, regardless of whether they are residents or NRIs. However, the following eligibility criteria should be met: The subscriber is required to be at least 18 years of age and not more than 60 years of age at the time of submitting his or her application to the POP The subscriber should adhere to the KYC rules and conditions laid out in the registration form The following individuals are not eligible to avail of the NPS Individuals who are not of sound mind Individuals who already hold accounts with NPS previously An un-discharged insolvent These individuals include any of the following: Individuals Employed with the Central Government Any individual newly employed with the Central Government as well as Central Autonomous Bodies is eligible to join the NPS provided they have commenced service on the 1st of January 2004 or any time after. Individuals Employed with the State Government Individuals employed with State Governments as well as State Autonomous Bodies, but who have commenced service following the notification date set by their respective State Governments, are eligible to join the NPS. Corporates Corporates can opt to subscribe to the NPS and have the option to choose a Pension Fund Manager as per their requirements. This allows for flexible choice of investments and the additional benefit of deciding the amount of Shodhshree / January-March

138 funds to be directed to the different asset classes on offer. Features of National Pension Scheme The salient features of the National Pension Scheme are: The National Pension Scheme offers transparency to the subscriber and is a low cost investment option. Subscribers have the advantage of choosing their own pension fund schemes where they will be aware of how the investment is doing on a routine basis. The NPS application process is extremely simple since the subscriber only has to open up an account at the respective nodal office and acquire a PRAN Since employees are allocated unique PRANs, they will be identified by the same PRAN all over the country, regardless of which part of India they are in. Subscribers can access details pertaining to the NPS online The NPS offers its subscribers a wide range of options to choose from, which include Pension Fund Managers, Funds to allocate their money to and Customer services providers among others. The NPS also give subscribers the flexibility to switch between fund managers and investment options Should the subscriber choose, he or she can change the contribution amount as well as the contribution frequency at will The NPS is a low cost investment option with extremely low fund management charges Tax Treatment Employee Without NPS (Section 80 C) With NPS 80 CCD (2) Basic salary Rs. 10 lakh Rs. 10 lakh Special allowance Rs 2 lakh Rs 1 lakh NPS Nil Rs. 1 lakh Total income Rs. 12 lakh Rs. 12 lakh Deduction Rs. 1 lakh Rs. 2 lakh Taxable income Rs. 11 lakh Rs. 10 lakh Tax Rs. 1.6 lakh Rs. 1.3 lakh Tax paid (% Salary) 13.33% 10.8% 134 Shodhshree / January-March 2018

139 Comparison of the New Pension Scheme with other National Pension Schemes NPS vs. Atal Pension Yojna National Pension Scheme Minimum age for enrollment: 18 years Maximum age for enrollment: 60 years The minimum contribution for tier1 and tier2 NPS accounts are Rs.6000 p.a and Rs.2000 p.a respectively No limit on maximum contribution There is no limit on maximum pension amount received NPS subscribers can opt out of the scheme by wi thdrawing 20% of the accumulated amount as a lump sum and the remaining as a series of annual sums Contributions up to Rs.1,50,000 are exempted under the Income Tax Act Atal Pension Yojna Minimum age for enrollment: 18 years Maximum age for enrollment: 40 years The amount to be contributed depends purely on the individual's age at the ti me of opting for the plan The maximum limit is determined based on individuals age The maximum pension limit of Rs.5000 Cannot opt of the scheme before attaining 60 years of age Contributions are fully exem pt under Section 80C and Section 80CCD of the Income Tax Act NPS vs. PPF National Pension Scheme NPS offers tax benefits up to Rs.1.5 lakhs under section 80CCD (1) of the Income Tax Act and up to Rs.50,000 under section 80CCD(1B) Employer contributions are eligible for tax benefits Allows partial withdrawals subject to stringent conditions Does not provide loan facility Provides you an option to invest in equities and government bonds Premature closure of account is possible NRIs can invest in NPS Public Provident Fund Offers tax benefits up to Rs.1.5 lakhs under section 80C of the Income Tax Act Not applicable to PPF funds Very few restrictions are imposed o n partial withdrawals You can apply for loans against your accrued PPF balance Provides only the announced interest rates for the fiscal year Cannot close the account before maturity, i.e. 15 years from the date of enrollment As per the rules, NRIs cannot enroll for PPF scheme NPS vs. EPF National Pension Scheme NPS is a voluntary scheme that allows one to contribute any amount above Rs.6000 a year for Tier I and Rs.2000 a year for Tier II You can select your fund manager from the organizations listed by PFRDA Voluntary contributions are made by subscribers at any chosen time period Interest rate depends purely on your choice of fund manager and asset allocation Employee Provident Fund EPF is compulsory for all employees in the organized sector with an income of above Rs.15,000 per month All EPF accounts are managed by the EPFO 12% of the employee contribution is matched with 12% of the employer contribution Interest rates are announced each year by the Finance Ministry in consultation with the EPF trustees Shodhshree / January-March

140 Research Findings Pension schemes in India are increasing by realizing its need in the society and engaging in various social activities. Pension schemes is expanding rapidly in the Indian economy. A successfully implemented NPS for government corporates as well as for private corporates has clearly exhibit its importance and made a significant difference in the society and improve the quality of life. Employees under NPS scheme feels secured and expecting a good return after their retirement. Many pension schemes other than NPS are available into the market. As per the changing market scenario peoples are opting for more than one pension schemes, so that, they can contribute to make better plant to live in. During our study it is found that NPS is the most trusted and taken treatment among pension plans. Conclusion People nowadays are more concerned about their future living. To secure their future they are choosing several pension plans available into the market. Government has also launched National Pension Scheme 2004 for his employees. NPS is applicable in central as well as in state. The employees who were recruited after 01 January 2004 are eligible to avail this scheme. Under this, a fixed percentage of amount is deducted from employee salary and same amount is deposited from employer side into his NPS account. Employees are satisfied with this scheme and expecting good future returns. People are also using Atal pension yojna, SBI life, PPF etc schemes to get tax benefit as well as long term benefits. All other schemes are optional, but NPS is compulsory in government for both central and state level employees. The conclusions are drawn on the basis of the data collection via questionnaire, personal interviewing and hypothesis testing. The researcher at the end suggests further areas of study to be pursued by future researchers. References 1. GoswamiRanade, (2001) Indian Pension System: Problem and Prognosis. Indian Institute of Management,Banglore pp Ajay Shah. (2006) Indian pension reform: A sustainable and scalable approach. In David A. Kelly, Ramkishan S. Rajan, and Gillian H. L. Goh, editors, Managing globalization: Lessons from China and India, chapter 7. World Scientific. 3. Dave Surendra (2006) Indian Pension Reform: A case study in complex Institutional Change. CMIE, Bombay. 4. Bhatt, Gita (1996), Reforming Pension Systems: A n I d e a W h o s e T i m e H a s C o m e?, Economic and Political Weekly, June 22, Shah, Ajay, (2000), Issues in Pension System Reform in India, Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Research, Mumbai, India. 6. PFRDA (2005): Preliminary Draft Regulations (September 2005) Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (Registration of I n termediaries) R EGULAT I O N S, (01/04/2011). 7. PFRDA (2009): NPS Handbook. pfrda.org.in/ writereaddata /linkimages /Manua l% 20 Part _ pdf (22/03/2011). Websites Shodhshree / January-March 2018

141 Rejuvenation of Drvayavati River : An Analysis Towards Land Development and Water Management Bhagyashri Research Scholar, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Amla Kumari Research Scholar, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Abstract Increase in the population and rapid industrialization has resulted in overexploitation of groundwater in the city of Jaipur. There is absence of major perennial water bodies which can meet the requirement of the city for drinking and industrial use. The rate of extraction of groundwater far exceeds the rate of recharge. Under such circumstances, it is necessary to devise ways and methods to augment and replenish the water resources. The local people in the buffer zone those living in-line and the passersby from the streets around Nallah are suffering from the obnoxious smell and are subjected to various health hazards. Any built up construction whether residential or non-residential is obstructing the flow of water and if any obstruction is allowed to live or exist in the Nallah ROW, will put the risk of floods in the region. There has been iniquitous farming practiced from the contaminated water resulting into illness and diseases harming the immunity of the local market buyers where the vegetables of such farms are sold. Key Words :Drvayavati River, Land Development,Water Management. ravyavati River was the active river of Jaipur. It once had great aesthetic and nutritional value for Dthe development of flora and fauna. Reportedly, in the 1981 floods washed away a number of barrages and embankments along the river, and thereafter massive encroachments have come up in the catchment areas and on the banks of the river. This has not only reduced the width of the river, but also polluted it to the extent that the stretch of the river and has been in the last few decades reduced to Nallah, and now the river is referred to as Amanishah Nallah. Presently it is in very bad conditions with large parts of the river bed is encroached, and the river has become a dumping ground for untreated pollution of the city emanating obnoxious smell throughout its length. Sewer water of urban areas of Jaipur, and the industrial effluents of the textile dyeing and printing industries from the Sanganer are discharged without any treatment into the river. Most of the sewage from the city was discharged directly into the 25 km long Amanishah Nallah, which acted as a natural drain running from the North- West to South. While flowing, the Nallah collects storm and waste water from Naharika Nallah, Ambabari, Sanganer. Further, it collects storm and waste water from Jawahar Nallah after flowing for about 35 km and ultimately discharges into Dhund River. Total length of Nallah (Phase I) from chainage km to its confluence with Dhund river i.e. chainage km is km. The lower part of the river is being reportedly used for cultivation, and there have been deep public concern over the toxicity of the vegetables irrigated with polluted river water containing both human and industrial waste. Shodhshree / January-March

142 Fig. 1: Dravyavati River (Present scenario) Objectives of the Study Hypothesis Methodology To analyze the land use and land cover in the study area with geospatial techniques and to assess the impact of deterioration of water resources on health. M e a s u re s to re j uve n a te t h e Dravyavati river for the development and water management of the city. Dravayvati river becomes a Nallah because of land encroachment. Water pollution is a big issue in this area which is generated by dying industries in Sanganer. Dravayvati river if rejuvenated, can become a big sources of water availability for both drinking and irrigation purposes. In this study we are going to use both the methodologies inductive and deductive. Primary data will be collected through questionnaire and sampling. Samples of vegetables and water are collected and examined. Secondary data and maps will be collected from the Jaipur Development Authority Rajasthan and from various NGOs which are working in this field. Remotely Sensed Data --From Resourcesat-2 LISS IV Data are used and all these data in this work have been supplied by National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad, India. For assessment of LULC in the study area satellite images of the study area were collected based on the availability of the data from the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad. Land Use and Land Cover of the Study Area The study area is demarcated as per catchment of Dravyavati river eventually culminatlly into Dhund river. The study area lies between 26 44'30" N to 27 00'00" N latitudes and 75 44'00"E and75 57'40"E longitudes. The entire stretch of Dravyavati river is traced physically using Global Positioning System (GPS). The base map of the study area was prepared considering the Survey of India toposheet 45N/13 (1:50,000 scale) and remote sensing images and is presented in Figure1. The base map covers Dravyavati and Dhund rivers, transportation details and major settlements. 138 Shodhshree / January-March 2018

143 Amanishah Nallah is passing through the centre of Jaipur city and in this area the land use change is high and competitive. For the determination of land use change, LULC (land use land cover) map were prepared. The classified Satellite data is divided into eight different categories named as vegetation, built up, agriculture, deciduous forest, scrub forest, scrub land, water body and open land. A water body is any significant accumulation of water, generally on earth surface. The term water most often refers to large accumulations of water, such as pond, Lake, Oceans, Sea, and rivers but in this research Amanishah Nallah drainage is falling in the study area. Therefore, accumulation of water of this drainage system is mapped in this research and termed as water category in classification. In this research vegetation includes assemblages of plant species, cultivated land and the ground cover by grass and shrubs. Built-up area is a term used primarily in urban planning, real estate development, building design and the construction industry. In this built up category all the residential, commercial and industrial settlement is included. Open land that is undeveloped (has no buildings or other built structures) and is accessible to the public. Figure 2: Land Use Land Cover Map Showing Both Phase of Amanisha Nallah Temporal Changes In Land Use and Land Cover The classified images of the years 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014 indicate the following Inventory of areas (per cent under different classes of LULC): Shodhshree / January-March

144 Table 1: Temporal changes in land use and land cover Classified images of Dravyavati river catchment during 2000 to 2014 indicated that built up and vegetation/plantation are the main classes of LULC in the study area (Figure 2). Fig.-3: Comparison of LULC classes in Dravyavati river catchment as per post monsoon classified images of (a) October 31, 2000; (b) October 10, 2005; (c) December 19, 2010; and (d) October 23/ November 16, Shodhshree / January-March 2018

145 The percentage occupancy by built-up has been increased drastically from 21.5% to 33.4% in the study area during 2000 to In contrast to this, considerable decrease in agriculture land (20.7% to 12.1%) and open land (21.5% to 8.6%), and an increase in the area covered by vegetation/plantation (22.9% to 33.5%) was observed. Based on the identified road features and plots in the image analysis it appeared that agriculture land has been changed into vegetation/plantation which is further converted to built-up. The area under water body is slightly decreased from 0.6% to 0.4% during 2000 to The area under deciduous forest class of LULC has remained more or less same (6.6% to 6.5%). However, there is a small decrease (3.5% to 3.2%) in the scrub forest area Coverage. Marginal change could also be observed in the scrub land area coverage over the period from 2000 to Conversion of open land into built-up has led to a considerable decrease in the open land from (21.5% to 8.6%). After supervised classification, study area covering majorly vegetation & plantation and built-up area. Figure-3 Land use Map along Amanishah Nallah of Jaipur City and this is very clearly visible that there is enormous increase in built area of Jaipur city during this period. The Nallah is passing from the middle of the data as 2km buffer is created along the Nallah. It is visible that lots of settlement is increased during 2005 to 2015 in the form residential, Industrial and Commercial as also verified by physical using GPS. The government has made an assessment of illegal buildings in a nine km stretch of the 40 km nullah so far. As far as the centre line of the Nallah is concerned, the government is following the Malviya National Institute of Technology map prepared in 2010 to decide the width of the catchment area and identify the encroachment. use along the Amanishah Nallah. This survey had target to find out encroachment took place in the form of builtup and cultivation along the Nallah. The data indicate that there is considerable increase in amount of cultivation and also built up. The survey data is shown in Table1. The data collected from different location along the Nallah and cross verified with LULC data of 2000, 2005, 2010, and This indicates that there is increase in encroachment along the Nallah. From this analysis one can conclude that there is a vast increase in built area but change in vegetation may depend on weather and local conditions of Jaipur. Survey has been conducted to assess the change in land. Therefore, it is important for authorities to take action to control the encroachment otherwise it will affect the urban environment of city. It is evident that if we are able to clear the path of this nullah, the rain water can be drained effortlessly and Jaipur city need not face flooding. The encroachment now become a menace for the city and the Nallah is converted into a bane. Water Resource Assesment The city population is expected to reach lakhs by 2025, thus the water requirements works out as following: Shodhshree / January-March

146 The total water requirement of the city for 2025 in 1170 MLD. The Existing supply to the city is 362 MLD as follows: Ground water table is depleting due to over exploitation (>60%). Quality of water supply is deteriorating day by day. Proposed coverage 2025 for Bisalpur Project: Population lakh Water Demand: 961 MLD Proposed supply: 820 MLD Out of the total 1170MLD demand 820 MLD is to be met by Bisalpur Project and tube wells etc. Rest of the demand shall be met by Isarda dam and Chambal dam for which detailed study is being done by PHED. Efforts are being made by PHED for augmenting water from Isarda dam. To increase the potential of ground water and fulfill the demand of water supply in coming years Construction of Anicut for surface run off on Amanishah Nallah can be a large measure to be undertaken. Water Pollution Various industries discharge waste effluents in Amanishah Nala but non-point sources of these effluents, discharged by the following industries like: ball bearings, bottling of LPG, ceramics, pottery, dyeing and printing, edible oil, electronic items, general engineering and manufacturing, granite slabs and tiles, handmade paper, handicraft items, hawai chappals, household electrical appliances, iodized salt, marble statues, marble tiles and slabs, moulded plastic components for electronics, PVC cables, PVC doors, tablets and capsules, washing soap, woollen carpet, re-fined vegetable oil, vanaspati ghee, automobiles, chemicals, consumable, engineering, electrical, food products, minerals, packing, and other miscellaneous categories, were taken into consideration. All the wastes from domestic, municipal and industries are discharged in Amanishah Nala, which is the largest element of drainage system of this city and covers the whole city. The farmers for growing vegetables and other crops use water from some parts of Amanishah Nala. This direct use of the wastewater by the farmers necessitates evaluation of the quality of the water to determine the effects on the fertility of the soil and quality of the vegetables grown on it. Although, application of sewage effluents was reported to be beneficial in increasing crop yield and reducing fertilizer requirement13, but some other studies showed that metals like Cu, Cd, Cr enter in the food chain through their application in soil and this ultimately causes health concern. The baseline scenario for the wastewater flowing in the Nallah is very critical. Majorly all the parameters are exceeding the prescribed limits. E coli and coliform are also detected in the Nallah water. This also confirms the threatening situation of Nallah, and discharge of untreated wastewater into the Nallah. This waste water causes many problems including ground water pollution and adverse effects on agricultural products, animals and health of the people. The waste water from industries when disposed into the surrounding water bodies percolates into the ground water and poses a major threat to the ground water quality. Industrial effluents 142 Shodhshree / January-March 2018

147 were collected from the various sampling locations in and around Amanishah Nallah, Sanganer Area. The area consists of alluvial plains, hillocks and pediments. Quaternary alluvium and quartzite are water bearing formation. Pre-monsoon depth to water level (May-2011) is 7.08 to m bgl and Postmonsoon depth to water level (Nov.-2011) 4.15 to m bgl. Pre-monsoon water level is rise to 0.04 m/year and trend ( ) is fall to 0.34 m/year. As per geologists, Amanishah Nallah can also become a major source of ground water conservation but, the area is categorized as Notified zone as per the Guidelines/ Criteria for Evaluation of Proposals/ Requests for ground water abstraction with effect from by CGWA. Ground water zones like Sanganer, Jhotwara and Amber are n o t i f i e d a s p e r C G W B g u i d e l i n e s, 2012.Groundwater in the area occurs both in unconsolidated Quaternary formations and consolidated formations of Bhilwara and Delhi Super Groups and also Post Delhi Granites. In greater part of the district, alluvial deposits comprising of mainly fine sand and silt serve as potential aquifers in addition to gravel zones as encountered at Sanganer, Ambabari, Bajaj Nagar (Jaipur city) and Shahpura, Dhanauta, Nayan, Kalyanpur, Mohana and Chandalai. Groundwater at shallow depth occurs under water table condition and under semi-confined conditions at depth. Talus and scree deposits at foothills form potential aquifer at places including Banskho in Bassi block and parts of Amber, Jamwa Ramgarh and Govindgarh blocks. Movement of groundwater in these hard rocks is controlled by size, continuity and interconnectivity of weathered and fractured parts and other secondary porosities. Amanishah Nallah and Its Consevation Land Use Plan-2025 Following planning policies and principles have been adopted while preparing the land use plan to conserve Amanishah Nallah: Environmental Measures Conservation of Nadi/Nallah/Water bodies and control on encroachment. Plantation along all Nadi/Nallah to be given top priority. Conservation and protection of all Existing Water Bodies and Creation of New Water Bodies for Environmental improvement and water harvesting. Regeneration of old water bodies and conservation of water catchment area for effective water shed management. A proper drainage plan to be worked out looking to the natural drainage, without disturbing natural flow for the existing city and the future growth areas. All the proposed parks /Open spaces /playgrounds to be developed and prevented from encroachment. Special Area Measures: 1. To take up detailed development plans for concern areas like Amanishah Nalah, Sanganer unorganized Industrial area on Muhana road. 2. Power Generation and Distribution Plan. 3. Solid Waste Management Plan and Drainage Plan. Conclusion and Recommondations Increase in the population and rapid i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n h a s r e s u l t e d i n overexploitation of groundwater in the city of Jaipur. There is absence of major perennial water bodies which can meet the requirement of the city for drinking and industrial use. The rate of extraction of groundwater far exceeds the rate of recharge. Under such circumstances, it is necessary to devise ways and methods to augment and replenish the water resources. The local people in the buffer zone those living in-line and the passersby from the streets around Nallah are suffering from the obnoxious smell and are subjected to various health Shodhshree / January-March

148 hazards. Any built up construction whether residential or non-residential is obstructing the flow of water and if any obstruction is allowed to live or exist in the Nallah ROW, will put the risk of floods in the region. There has been iniquitous farming practiced from the contaminated water resulting into illness and diseases harming the immunity of the local market buyers where the vegetables of such farms are sold. Above discussed issues made the Nallah a bane from a boon. For removal of encroachments on river sides and develops the river front it is required to take various measures as suggested below: Removal of encroachment to take various measures to develop, detailed project shall be prepared. Complete ban on disposal of untreated waste in the river should be imposed. Planned efforts to be made to check the accelerated run-off and movement of silt from surrounding degraded hills and gully erosion prone areas. Further encroachments of younger flood plain of river should not be allowed by putting a wire fence and construction of training parapet wall with a service lane (traverse road) and green belt of plantations all along. The gully erosion areas in Amer hills need to be revegetated and existing dams and reservoirs along the river be revived/ desilted and few more dams/ reservoirs be made by constructing dykes / small dams / reservoirs. Shifting of textile tie and dye industry from Sanganer to other appropriate site as per PCB norms. Water harvesting through abandoned dug wells, dug cum bore wells and bore wells to revive and rejuvenate the river system. The institutions like 'water parliament' should be encouraged. Green belt plantations of trees and green recreation walkways need to be developed on both sides of the rivers to protect it from encroachments. This will ensure prevention of loss of life, p r o p e r t y a n d g r o u n d w a t e r contamination by industrial and sewage waste disposal. Controlled agricultural activity in the form of growing vegetables/ cash crops and flowers may also be allowed in the Nallah bed to meet the growing demand of these commodities and depleting ground water table. Amanisha Nala from area west of Kishenbag, and South-East of Sanganer, passes through city area and is densely populated. It is vulnerable track for consequent damages of seasonal and rare flash flooding. The active channel course in this segment of Amanishah nala must be cleaned from any human e n c r o a c h m e n t s a n d f r e q u e n t desiltation of Nala should be carried out for natural unobstructed flow of drainage water. Watershed management should be improved and general public shall be educated about watershed problems and their remedies. These measures would ensure free flow of clean water in the river with increase green cover and it will also add to scenic beauty, provide fresh air to its citizens and will augment ground water recharge in the region. It is also likely to act as added tourist attraction and vibrant lifeline for Jaipur Region. JDA has adopted many policies and planning with environmental and special area measures in land use plan 2025.In this scenario the rejuvenation project of Dravyavati is a ray of hope. As this project is projected there is solution of all the above discussed problems lies in it. 144 Shodhshree / January-March 2018

149 This is the picture which have both the present and the future picture of Amanishah Nallah which will be rejuvnaated as drawayavatii river in near future or till oct This project if implemented in the same manner as it discussed will change the scenario of Jaipur city. References 1. Assessment of the Encroachment along Amanishah Nallah- A Case Study of Jaipur City, Afro - Asian International Conference on Science, Engineering & Technology, AAICSET Analytical Study of Heavy Metals of Industrial Effluents at Jaipur, Rajasthan (India), Vijendra Singh and C. P. Singh Chandel 3. Chauhan S.S. and D.S. Chauhan, Ecological Restoration and Desertification Control in the Thar Desert of India, Proceedings of the International Conference on Environment and Resource Management, Nagpur, India (2000). 4. Jangir, J.P., Alka Sharma, M.P. Singh Sengar and C.M. Gupta, Studies in Quality of Water in and around Jaipur. Part IV, Indian J. Environmental Protection, 10 (7), , Sharma, D.K., J.P. Jangir, C.P.S. Chandel and C.M. Gupta, Studies in Quality of Water in and around Jaipur. Part IJ. Indian Water Works Association, (1988). 6. Narwal R.P., A.P. Gupta, A. Singh and S.P.S. Karwasra, Composition of Some City Waste Waters and Their Effect on Soil Characteristics, Ann. Biol., 9, (1993). 7. Project: Rejuvenation of Amanishah Nallah including Area Development (Phase I), promoter: Jaipur Development Authority 8. Monitoring of Heavy Metal in Textile Waste Water of Sanganer, Jaipur (Rajasthan) Jaishree and T.I.Khan Indira Gandhi centre for H.E.E.P.S., University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 9. Sharma, S, Sharma, S, Sharma, KP, Singh, PK, Rathore, GS, Soni, P, Grover, R, Sharma, A and Sharma, K(2005) Anthropogenic threats to biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems of India: A review of potential risk of the most common pollutants. Indian Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol 9 pp Shodhshree / January-March