The Adjustment ability and Academic Achievement of. Adolescents of private and Government school of Sehore city.

Transcription

1 Since Mrch 2002 E duction An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 127, Vol - XIII (8), October , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No The Adjustment bility nd Acdemic Achievement of Adolescents of Privte nd Government school of Sehore city This study imed to focus on Adjustment bility nd Acdemic Achievement of Adolescents, in present globl er of science nd technology mong lerner nd technicl society both. Strting tht vriety of resources, re now ccessible, It becomes very essentil to import then knowledge bout djustment bility nd cdemic chievement, so tht they led richer nd hppy life in their own surroundings. (1) Introduction : In the current school environment techers re spending gret del of time in developing nd shrpening the bilities nd skills. It is lso importnt to understnd the psychology of students. Lerning cn be n chievement through systemtic nd concentrted efforts. The desire to lern must come from the core of person. The chllenge of eduction is to crete desire to lern nd to utilize this desire to crete sense of ction in the individul nd here comes the importnce of self-evlution skill through Adolescent Adjustment. We lern growth nd development by wy or observing. Prcticing, thinking, rethinking, experimenting nd continuously questioning our self. (2) Sttement of the study : The Adjustment bility nd Acdemic Achievement of Adolescents of privte nd Government school of Sehore city. (3) Need of the study : Adolescence is clled the ge of storm nd tension. This stge is clled the most difficult stge of life. this is the stge when the dolescent is neither child nor n dult. This is clled the ge of trnsformtion becuse severl chnges. The form of their emotionl, Socil nd morl life chnges ltogether. The chrcteristic of the childhood strts to dispper nd new chrcteristics develop in them. This is the stge in which they hve irrepressible vigor nd unprecedented energy which they cn use for their mximum development nd they cn loose everything too. Adolescence is lso clled the stge of problems becuse the boys nd girls fce the problems relted to fmily, school, helth, profession, entertinment, djustment, future, sex, etc, On the other hnd, they re lso problem to their prents, gurdins, techers, society nd ntion. As the stte of mind of n infnt is unstble, so is the cse with dolescents. Their behvior is very chngeble. Ross hs described dolescence s the repetition of infncy. The dolescents. Are very nughty like infnts. He thinks erroneously tht he is the point of ttrction for others, but is not lwys so. Like n infnt, he hs to djust with the environment round him. The difficulty in his djustment is sometimes very pinful exercise for him which mkes him nxious. Due to the problem of djustment, his behvior sometimes becomes undesirble nd uncivilized. Thus, we see tht there re mny problems tht the dolescents fce, so in the present study resercher hs considered the sme subject to studied. (4) Objectives of the study : (i) To study the significnt difference between djustment bility of boys nd girls governments school. (ii) To study the significnt difference between djustment bility of boys nd girls privte school. (5) Hypotheses : Ho1 : There is no significnt difference between djustment bility of boys nd girls governments school. Ho2 : There is no significnt difference between djustment bility of boys nd girls privte school. (6) Description of the tools Sttisticl Techniques : Smple-Sehore city ws selected for the study, the investigtor selected 50 students s smple ( govt. nd privte school).survey reserch method hs been used. Vribles of the Study : () djustment bility of students (b) cdemic chievement of students. (c) locle difference. These tools re described in s follows. Adjustment Inventory : Resercher used Adolescent Adjustment scle, which is stndrdized by smt. R. Dubey for dte collection. It consists of 80 questions including 40 positive nd 40 negtive questions. Percentile Norms : Percentile Norms were computed for both boys nd DR.BHUPENDRA SINGH Assistnt Professor (Deprtment of Eduction), Swmi Viveknd College, Sehore (Mdhy Prdesh) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (8) October

2 girls of the two (Self djustment nd der group djustment) of djustments seprting nd lso for the whole inventory. The subjects cn be clssified into 5 ctegories in ccordnce with the rw scores obtined by them on the inventory.sttisticl nlysis used in this study is t-test to mesure significnce men differences. (7) Sttisticl nlysis nd Interprettion Hypothesis wise : Hypothesis No.1 : There is no significnt difference between djustment bility of boys nd girls governments school. Tble No. 1 shown the significnce to 't' vlue between boys & girls government school in respect of their djustment bility S.No. Group No.of t Men S.D. Student vlue 1. Boys Girls level = level = 2.58 Conclusion : The Men & S.D. of Government boys re 5164 nd while the men nd S.D. of girls re nd The clculted 't' vlue is , which is less then tble vlue t 0.05 nd 0.01 level of significnce. Therefore the Hypothesis No.1 is ccepted nd there is no significnt difference between djustment bility of boys nd girls of Government school.of djustment bility of Government School. Hypothesis No.2 : There is no significnt difference between djustment bility of boys nd girls privte school. Tble No.2 shows the significnce to 't' vlue between boys & girlsof privte school in respect of their djustment bility S.No. Group No.of t Men S.D. Student vlue 1. Boys Girls level = level = 2.58 Conclusion : The men & S.D. of Privte school boys re nd 9.88 while the men nd S.D of girls re nd ,The clculted 't' vlue is , which is less then tble vlue t 0.05 nd 0.01 level of significnce. Therefore the Hypothesis No.2 is ccepted nd there is no significnt difference between djustment bility of boys nd girls of privte schools. (8) Results of the study : (i) It is found tht there is no significnt difference between djustment bility of boys nd girlsof Government school. (ii) It is found tht there is no significnt difference between djustment bility of boys nd girls of privte schools. (9) Eductionl impliction of the Study : All the individuls fce multifrious problems in their life. They re ble to solve most of them through their own efforts or through the help of their reltions nd friends.but there re mny problems, specificlly in the cse of dolescents tht continue to trouble them. For the solution of such problems the dolescents. Need ssistnce.which is provided to them through guidnce nd counseling. (10) Conclusions : After detiled study nd sttisticl nlysis of the dte following conclusions were derived. The boys students of privte school hve more djustment bility thn government school students. There is significnt different between the djustment bility of dolescent of privte nd government school students. The girls students of privte nd government school hve more djustment bility then boys student of both schools. It indictes the vritions mong the emotions of dolescents. An dolescents period hs mny spects strength nd wekness, which my rise due to environment like fmily, peer group nd school too. It is true tht the lerning which is given during this period by techer school or prents would become very influentil nd everlsting. So it is most importnt to tke cre of dolescent by the techer during eduction period. Positive Adjustment bility of dolescent cn influence on cdemic chievement. Adjustment bility of dolescent inspires them to tke prt in co-curriculr ctivities, which increse reltedness mong them. Adolescent cn develop better djustment bility with his peer group, fmily, nd society through better chievement. The mjor thing in unity of society or our country is djustment bility. By such kind of bility socil unity will form in dolescents. An dolescent cn lern firly from his peers if he hs nice djustment bility. An djustment nd better understnding in dolescents crete good environment for group discussion nd group ctivities, Which mke esy teching lerning process. Adjustment with techers will mke sound tuning with lerning process. Thus it effects whole lerning process. An dolescent cn shre his strength, feelings nd dequtely thoughts with others it hs better djustment bility nd it provides good development nd growth to his personlity. References : (1) Azrin NH, Donohue B, Teichner GA, et l. A controlled evlution nd description of individul-cognitive problem solving nd fmily-behvior therpies in dully-dignosed conduct disordered nd substnce-dependent youth. Journl of Child nd Adolescent Substnce Abuse (2) Fulkner A, Morris B. User Involvement in Forensic Mentl Helth Reserch nd Development. Liverpool: NHS Ntionl Progrmme on Forensic Mentl Reserch nd Development; (3) Fongy P, Trget M, Cottrell D, et l. Wht Works for Whom: A Criticl Review of Tretments for Children nd Adolescents.New York: Guilford; (4) Pris, J. (2008). Tretment of Borderline Personlity Disorder: A Guide to Evidence- Bsed Prctice. New York: The Guilford Press. (5) Ptrick, C.J. (2007). Antisocil Personlity Disorder nd Psychopthy. In O'Donohue, W.T., Fowler, K.A., Lilienfeld, S.O. (Eds.).Personlity Disorders: Towrd the DSM V. Thousnd Oks: Sge Publictions. Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (8) October

3 Since Mrch 2002 E duction An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 127, Vol - XIII (8), October , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No Comprtive Study of Wrds of Employed nd Unemployed Womn With Respect to Their Eductionl Anxiety The present reserch pper dels with comprtive study of wrds of employed nd unemployed women with respect to their eductionl nxiety. The smple of 2000 wrds of Employed nd Unemployed women from 28 secondry schools distributed in 14 thshils of Amrvti District in Mhrshtr (Indi.)hs been collected using survey method. Eductionl Anxiety scle developed by reserchers.hs been used.the dt, ws nlyzed using Men, S.D., t-test. The findings of the study reveled tht Eductionl Anxiety between the wrds of employed nd unemployed women do not differ significntly. Keywords : Eductionl Anxiety, Secondry Eduction, Employed nd Unemployed Women Wrds. DR. NILIMA AMBADKAR* & DR. GEETA DEVI PATIL** Introduction : Anxiety is our body's wy of telling you tht there is something in the environment inneed of your ttention. It is bsiclly series of biochemicl chnges in your brin nd body, such s n increse in drenline (cusing your hert to bet fster) nd decresein dopmine ( brin chemicl tht helps to lock pin). High levels of nxiety cusec our body to prepre to fight or run wy Anxiety is not bd thing. It is true tht high level of nxiety interferes with concentrtion nd memory, which re criticl for cdemic success. Without nxiety, however, most of us would lck the motivtion to study for exms, write ppers,or do dily homework (especilly in clsses we find boring). A moderte mount of nxiety ctully helps cdemic performnce by creting motivtion. nxiety level is too low you my beex periencing the sme low level of cdemic performnce s student with nexcessively high nxiety level. If you find yourself flling weeks behind on your homework, spending little or no time prepring for exms,nd filing to turn in ssignments, while not feeling prticulrly motivted to chnge, you my be suffering from too little nxiety. If this is the cse, the best strtegy is to figureout how your performnce on dily coursework is relted to the gols you hve tht you. Reserches on under Eductionl Anxiety conducted in Indi nd brod hve to certin res some of the studies re reviewed bel ow Roy,Bin (1990) The study of to pprise the extent self-concet nd generl nxiety with the help of two dimemsions the nlysis relted tht boys exhibited less nxiety thn girls.chowhn Srit (1992)the study find out the nxiety of the students of the colleges of Engineering, medicle nd teching the nlysis is relted tht significnt difference existed in the nxiety of engineering nd medicl collge students in comprision to students of techer trining colleges.gupt Been (1992)the study of compre of self concept of nd level of spirtion nd nxiety the result show tht isolted nd non-isolted boys different in feeling of indegucy nd emotionl insbility. Sttement of The Problem : Comprtive Study of Wrds of Employed nd Unemployed Women With Respect to their Eductionl Anxiety Hypothesis of The Study : (1) There is no significnt difference between the Eductionl Anxiety of wrds of Employed nd Unemployed women studying in 9th clss. (2) There is no significnt difference between the Eductionl Anxiety of boys of Employed nd Unemployed women studying in 9th clss. (3) There is no significnt difference between the Eductionl Anxiety of girls of Employed nd Unemployed women studying in 9th clss. Methodology : The present reserch pper dels with comprtive study of wrds of employed nd unemployed women with respect to their eductionl nxiety. The smple of 2000 wrds of Employed nd Unemployed women from 28 secondry schools distributed in 14 thshils of Amrvti District in Mhrshtr (Indi) hs been collected using survey method. The Eductionl Anxiety Scle developed by *Assisnt Professor, S.P.B.Ed.College, Amrvti (Mhrshtr) **Rtd. Reder, Br. S.K. Wnkhde College of Eduction, Ngpur University, Ngpur (Mhrshtr) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (8) October

4 reserches hs been used.the dt, ws nlyzed using Men, S.D., t-test. Dt Anlysis nd Interprettion : Hypothesis 1 : There is no significnt difference between the Eductionl Anxiety of wrds of Employed nd Unemployed women studying in 9th clss. Tble 1 : Eductionl Anxiety of the wrds of Employed nd Unemployed women studying in 9th Clss Vribles Eductionl Anxiety of the wrds of Employed women Eductionl Anxiety of the wrds of Unemployed women. Number of Students Men Stndrd Devisition t vlue 3.96 Level of significnce Tble 1 depicts tht the clculted 't' vlue is 3.96 which is greter thn tble vle t 0.01 level nd 0.05level of significnce. Hence the hypothesis 1 is rejected. Hence we cn sy tht there is significnt difference between the Eductionl Anxiety of the wrds of Employed n Unemployed women Studying in 9th clss. Hypothesis 2 : There is no significnt difference between the Eductionl Anxiety of boys of Employed nd Unemployed women studying in 9th clss. Tble 2 : Eductionl nxiety of the boys of Employed women nd Unemployed women of 9th Clss Vribles Eductionl Anxiety of the boys of Employed women Eductionl Anxiety of the boys of Unemployed women. Number of Students Men Stndrd Devisition t vlue 0.03 Level of significnce level of sigfience.therfore the hypothesis 3 is rejected. Hence there is significnt difference between the men scores of eductionl nxiety of the wrds of Employed nd Unemployed women. Conclusion : (1) Eductionl Anixety of the wrds of Unemployed women is greter thn the Employed Women. (2) Eductionl Anxiety of the Boys of Unemployed women nd Employed women re lso sme. (3) Eductionl Anixety of the Girls of Unemployed women is greter thn the Girls of Employed Women. References : (1) Agrwl, J.C. (1991). Eductionl Reserch nd Introduction. New Delhi : Ary Book Depot. (2) Sinh, (1967). A study of intelligence nd some personlity fctors in reltion to Acdemic Achievement of school student, In Second Survey of Reserch in Eduction, Ed. Buch, M.B. ( ), P (3) Chowhn Srit, (1992). Vlue, self-concept cretivey nd nxiety mong professionl collge students. In Fifty Survey Reserch in Eduction, Vol.-I, Ed. Buch, M.B. ( ), P (4) Gupt Been, (1992). A Comprtive study of selfconcept,level of spirtion nxiety nd scholrtic chievement. In Fifty Survey Reserch in Eduction, Vol.-I, Ed. Buch, M.B. ( ), P From the bove tble 2 is cler the clculted vlue is 0.03 which is less thn the tble vlue t 0.05 level.hence the hypothesis 2 is ccepted. There is no significnt difference between the Eductionl Anxiety of boys of Employed nd Unemployed women studying in 9th clss. Hypothesis 3 : There is no significnt difference between the Eductionl Anxiety of girls of Employed nd Unemployed women studying in 9th clss. Tble 3 : Eductionl Anxiety of the Girls of Employed nd Unemployed women studying in 9th clss Vribles Eductionl Anxiety of the Girls of Employed women Eductionl Anxiety of the Girls of Unemployed women. Number of Students Men Stndrd Devisition t vlue 5.38 Level of significnce From the bove tble 3 it is cler tht the clculted vlue 5.38 which is greter thn tble vlue t 0.01 level nd Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (8) October

5 Since Mrch 2002 E duction An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 127, Vol - XIII (8), October , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No GÛÛelej ceeoùeefcekeâ efjeåeeueùe kesâ efjeåeeefle&ùeew keâer Mew#eefCekeâ GheueefyOe hej mebjesieelcekeâ heefjhekeäjelee kesâ ØeYeeJe keâe DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew peyeuehegj veiej keâer GÛÛelej ceeoùeefcekeâ keâ#eedeew kesâ efjeåeeefle&ùeew keâer Mew#eefCekeâ GheueefyOe hej mebjesieelcekeâ heefjhekeäjelee kesâ ØeYeeJe keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ Fme keâeùe& kesâ efues peyeuehegj veiej kesâ MeemekeâerÙe SJeb Devegoeve Øeehle DeMeemekeâerÙe efjeåeeueùeew cew mes 10 efjeåeeueùeew kesâ 100 efjeåeeefle&ùeew keâes Ûegvee ieùee, efpevecew 50 Úe$e SJeb 50 Úe$eeSB nq~ Fve hej [e@.ùemejeerj efmebn SJeb [e@.censme Yeeie&Je Éeje efveefce&le mebjesieelcekeâ heefjhekeäjelee ceeheveer keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâùee ieùee lelee efjeåeeefle&ùeew keâer Mew#eefCekeâ GheueefyOe hej mebjesieelcekeâ heefjhekeäjelee kesâ ØeYeeJe keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee~ heefjceeceew heeùee ieùee efkeâ Úe$e-Úe$eeDeeW keâer Mew#eefCekeâ GheueefyOe Gvekeâer mebjesieelcekeâ heefjhekeäjelee mes yengle no lekeâ ØeYeeefJele nesleer nw SJeb Gvekeâer Mew#eefCekeâ GheueefyOe Je mebjesieelcekeâ heefjhekeäjelee kesâ ceoùe Oeveelcekeâ men-mebyeboe nw~ kegâ.deefmcelee ÛeewjefmeÙee* SJeb [e@.(ßeerceleer) efvejesefolee hee@ue** izlrkouk % jk"vª dks le`),o izxfr'khy cukus es f'k{kk dk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku gsa f'k{kk 'kkfl=;ks us vius ns'k dks fodflr ns'kks ds le{k [km+k djus ds fy, f'k{kk txr es vusd vuqlèkku fd;s gsa vkèkqfud f'k{kk ckydsfunzr f'k{kk gs] f'k{kk dk ;g Lo:Ik ckyd ij Kku ugh Fkksirk] vfirq mldh vkrfjd 'kfdr;ks dk fodkl dj mugs KkuktZu djus ds fy;s izsfjr djrk gsa ckyd dh f'k{kk ds fodkl es ifjokj] lekt rfkk fo ky; dh Hkwfedk vfr egroiw.kz gksrh gsa bugh ds okrkoj.k ds vuqlkj mles Lo; ds izfr Hkko,o losx O;Dr gksrs gsa vpns,o lldkfjr ifjos'k es ckyd dh izxfr mpp,o lrks"kizn gksrh gsa ckyd ds cksf)d fodkl es losxkred i{k dh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk gsa ekrk&firk,o f'k{kdks dk ;g ije drzo; gs fd os mugs ;FkkFkZ :i es Lohdkjs vfkkzr~ ckyd ftl :i es gs T;ks dk R;ks viuk,a vr;fèkd fu;=.k vksj neu dh vis{kk ckydks dks Lor=rk iznku djuk losxkred n`f"vdks.k ls lkfkzd fl) gksrk gs] os viuh HkkokfHkO;fDr lkeku; vksj lgt :i ls dj ikrs gsa bl izdkj ckyd Lo; ds ckjs es fcuk fdlh f>>d ds lgh&lgh lwpuk nsrs gs,o ekufld }Un dh flfkfr ls cprs gsa ckyd dh f'k{kk ij Hkh mldh losxkred flfkfr dk izr;{k,o vizr;{k :i ls izhkko im+rk gsa lqjf{kr ikfjokfjd thou,o LoLF; ifjos'k ckyd dks losxkred :i ls ifjido cukrs gs vfkkzr~ mugs vius losxks ij fu;=.k j[kuk,o lgh ifjflfkfr es mugs O;Dr djuk vkrk gsa os Øksèk] Hk;] nq%[k] fprk vkfn losxks ls xzflr ugh gksrs] oju~ foijhr,o dfbu ifjflfkfr;ks es Hkh Lo; dks <kyus dh {kerk j[krs gsa bl izdkj dh ldkjkredrk muds 'kkys; thou dks lgh fn'kk,o fodkl iznku djrh gsa losxkred :i ls ifjido gksus dh izfø;k dhkh lekir ugh gksrh] vfirq thou I;ZUr pyrh gsa bldk vfhkizk; izfrcèk ;k fu;=.k j[kuk ugh gsa ßoju~ thou thus ds fy, 'kfdr vksj lkef;z igpkurs gq, fofhkuu ifjflfkfr;ks es rkyesy csbkuk gsaþ losxks dh flfkjrk,o fu;=.k gsrq ckyd dk LokLF;] lkekftd vkffkzd Lrj] vfhkhkkodks dk n`f"vdks.k vkfn vusd dkjdks dk egroiw.kz LFkku gksrk gsa ckyd dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk Hkh mldh losxkred flfkfr dk l;qdr ifj.kke gksrh gsa vpns Hkko rfkk vkre&leeku ls tgk ckydks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk csgrj gksrh gs] ogh foqyrk ds Hkko ls og ckfèkr Hkh gksrk gsa vr% f'k{kk ds ekè;e ls ckydks dks vius fopkj,o Hkkoukvks dks vfèkdkfèkd O;Dr djus gsrq izsfjr fd;k tk lds rfkk mugs ekufld }Un dh flfkfr;ks ls cpk;k tk lds] blfy, bl {ks= es vè;;u dh vko';drk vuqhko gksrh gsa vr% gekjs 'kksèk dk fo"k; gs & ßmPprj ekè;fed d{kkvks ds fo kffkz;ks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk ij losxkred ifjidork ds izhkko dk vè;;uaþ mís'; % ¼1½ fo kffkz;ks dh losxkred ifjidork dk Lrj Kkr djuka ¼2½ fo kffkz;ks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk Kkr djuka ¼3½ fo kffkz;ks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk ij losxkred ifjidork ds izhkko dk vè;;ua *JÙeeKÙeelee, peyeuehegj heefyuekeâ keâe@uespe, peyeuehegj (ceoùeøeosme) **ØeeÛeeÙe&, peyeuehegj heefyuekeâ keâe@uespe, peyeuehegj (ceoùeøeosme) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (8) October

6 ifjdyiuk, % ¼1½ Nk= o Nk=kvks dh losxkred ifjidork es dksbz lkfkzd vurj ugh gksrka ¼2½ Nk= o Nk=kvks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk es dksbz lkfkzd vurj ugh gksrka ¼3½ Nk= o Nk=kvks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk,o losxkred ifjidork ds eè; èkukred lglcèk gksxka 'kksèk fofèk % izlrqr 'kksèk dk;z es lel;k ds vè;;u gsrq los Z{k.k fofèk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gsa U;kn'kZ,o lhekdu % 'kksèkdk;z gsrq tcyiqj uxj ds lelr 'kkldh;,o vuqnku izkir v'kkldh; mpprj ekè;fed fgunh ekè;e fo ky;ks es ls 10 fo ky;ks dk p;u fd;k x;k] ftles ls ym+dks dh 5,o ym+fd;ks dh 5 'kkykvks dks ykwvjh fofèk ls pquk x;ka bu p;fur 'kkykvks es ls izr;sd 'kkyk ds d{kk 11oh ds 10 fo kffkz;ks dks vkèkkj ekudj mudk ykwvjh fofèk ls p;u dj dqy 100 fo kffkz;ks dks U;kn'kZ Lo:i fy;k x;k] ftles 50 Nk= o 50 Nk=k, gsa midj.k % ifjdyiukvks ds ijh{k.k gsrq vko';d midj.k es izekihñr losxkred ifjidork ekiuh ¼MkW- ;'kohj flg,o egs'k HkkxZo }kjk fufezr½,o 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk gsrq 10oh d{kk ds fo ky; vfhkys[k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;ka iznùkks dk oxhzdj.k,o fo'ys"k.k % rkfydk Øekd 1 % Nk= o Nk=kvks dh losxkred ifjidork izkirkdks ds eè;eku vurj dh lkfkzdrk l[;k eè;eku ekud Økfrd fopyu vuqikr Nk= Nk=k eè;eku dk vrj lkfkzdrk dk Lrj.05=1.96 lkfkzd vrj ugh gsa rkfydk Øekd 1 ls Li"V gs fd izkirkdks dk eè;eku Øe'k% 93-1 o 94-5 gsa ekud fopyu 25 o 30-8 gs rfkk eè;eku ds vurj }kjk izkir Økfrd vuqikr 0-25 gs tks lkfkzdrk Lrj 0-05 ds eku 1-96 ls de gs tks ;g n'kkzrk gs fd Nk=&Nk=kvks dh losxkred ifjidork es lkfkzd vrj ugh gsa vfkkzr~ losxkred ifjidork dk xq.k Nk=&Nk=kvks es yxhkx leku gsa vr% ifjdyiuk & 1 ß Nk= o Nk=kvks dh losxkred ifjidork es dksbz lkfkzd vurj ugh gksrkþ] lr; fl) gksrh gsa rkfydk Øekd 2 % ßNk= o Nk=kvks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk ds izkirkdks ds eè;eku vurj dh lkfkzdrkþ l[;k eè;eku ekud Økfrd fopyu vuqikr Nk= Nk=k eè;eku dk vrj lkfkzdrk dk Lrj.05=1.96 lkfkzd vrj ugh gsa rkfydk Øekd 2 ls Li"V gs fd Nk= o Nk=kvks ds izkirkdks dk eè;eku Øe'k% 72-7 o 69-7 gsa ekud fopyu 8-36 o 9-7 gs rfkk eè;eku dk vurj 3 gsa eè;eku ds vrj }kjk izkir Økfrd vuqikr 1-65 gs] tks lkfkzdrk Lrj 0-05 ds eku 1-96 ls de gs] tks ;g n'kkzrk gs fd Nk= o Nk=kvks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk es dksbz lkfkzd vurj ugh gsa vr% ifjdyiuk dzekd 2&^^Nk= o Nk=kvks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfc/k es dksbz lkfkzd vrj ugh gksrk**] lr; fl) gksrh gsa rkfydk Øekd & 3 % lglcèk xq.kkd dk fo'ys"k.k Nk= o Nk=kvks dh 'ks{kf.kd 1 miyfcèk o losxkred ifjidork 0-54 ds eè; lglcèk xq.kkd rkfydk Øekd 3 ls Li"V gs fd Nk= o Nk=kvks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk,o losxkred ifjidork es lglcèk xq.kkd -54 gs] tks ;g n'kkzrk gs fd Nk=&Nk=kvks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk,o losxkred ifjidork ds eè; èkukred lkeku; lglcèk gsa vr% ifjdyiuk 3 ßNk= o Nk=kvks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk o losxkred ifjdyiuk ds eè; èkukred lglcèk gksxkþ] lr; fl) gksrh gsa fu"d"kz % ¼1½ Nk= o Nk=kvks ds losxkred ifjidork xq.k es dksbz lkfkzd vrj ugh ik;k x;k vfkkzr~ ;g xq.k Nk=&Nk=kvks es yxhkx leku gsa cky;kolfkk ls ysdj r:.kkolfkk rd euq"; vius thou es vusd losxks ls ifjfpr gksrk gsa fd'kksj o fd'kksfj;ks es lokzfèkd losxkred 'kfdr fd'kksjkolfkk es leku :i ls izokfgr gksrh gsa u;s vuqhko c<+us ds lkfk muds losxkred i{k es l'kksèku gks ldrk gs] ijurq fd'kksjkolfkk es mudk lkspus&le>us dk <x yxhkx leku gksrk gsa ¼2½ Nk= o Nk=kvks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk es dksbz lkfkzd vurj ugh ik;k x;k] ; fi ym+ds rfkk ym+fd;ks ds lekthdj.k es fhkuurk gksrh gs rfkkfi bldk izhkko mudh Ldwy miyfcèk ij im+rk gs] ijurq lkeku;r% 'ks{kf.kd ;ksx;rk es dksbz fyx Hksn ugh ik;k tkrka ¼3½ Nk= o Nk=kvks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk o losxkred ifjidork es èkukred lkeku; lglcèk ik;k x;k vfkkzr~ fo kffkz;ks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk,o losxkred ifjidork,d&nwljs dks ldkjkred :i ls izhkkfor djrs gsa ifjokj] fo ky;,o lekt dk LoLF; okrkoj.k fd'kksjks o fd'kksfj;ks dks losxkred :i ls ifjido cukrk gs vfkkzr~ mues thou thus dh 'kfdr o lkef;z igpkurs gq, fofhkuu ifjflfkfr;ks es rkyesy cukus ds xq.k dh o`f) gksrh gs] ftlls mudh 'ks{kf.kd miyfcèk csgrj curh gsa lnhkz % ¼1½ xsjsv] gsujh bz- ¼1962½] ßf'k{kk euksfokku es lkf[;dhþ] dy;k.kh ifcy'klza ¼2½ exy] MkW-,l- ds-] Jherh exy 'kqhkzk ¼2005½] ßfo kfkhz fodkl,o f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfø;kþ] yk;y cqd fmiksa ¼3½ ekfkqj] MkW-,l-,l- ¼2010½] ßf'k{kk euksfokkuþ] fouksn iqlrd efnj] vkxjka ¼4½ ukxj ohuw] jktiwr vk'kk flg ¼2012½] ßcky fodklþ] vxzoky ifcyds'kula ¼5½ ikbd ih- Mh-] exy,lds- ¼2013½] ßvfèkxedrkZ dk fodkl,o f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfø;kþ] vxzoky ifcyds'kula ¼6½ ljhu,o ljhu ¼2007½] ß'kSf{kd vuqlèkku fofèk;k Þ] fouksn iqlrd efnj] vkxjka Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (8) October

7 Since Mrch 2002 E duction An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 127, Vol - XIII (8), October , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No ceeoùeefcekeâ mlej hej keâchùetšj efme#ee kesâ Øeefle efjeåeeefle&ùeew keâer DeefYeJe=efòe keâe DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e keâe GösMÙe ceoùeøeosme ceeoùeefcekeâ efme#ee cec[ue SJeb kesâvõerùe efme#ee cec[ue kesâ efjeåeeefle&ùeew keâer keâchùetšj efme#ee kesâ Øeefle DeefYeJe=efòe %eele keâjvee nw~ Fme DeOÙeÙeve nsleg Yeesheeue Menj kesâ ceeoùeefcekeâ efjeåeeueùeew kesâ 8JeeR kesâ efjeåeeefle&ùeew keâe ÛeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee Lee~ DeefYeJe=efòe kesâ DeOÙeÙeve kesâ efues ØeMveeJeueer GhekeâjCe kesâ he cew ØeÙeesie efkeâùee ieùee Lee~ DeOÙeÙeve cew heeùee ieùee efkeâ ceeoùeefcekeâ efme#ee cec[ue kesâ efjeåeeefle&ùeew keâer Dehes#ee kesâvõerùe efme#ee cec[ue kesâ efjeåeeefle&ùeew keâer keâchùetšj efme#ee kesâ Øeefle DeefYeJe=efòe DeefOekeâ heef& ief&~ Úe$eeW keâes je ^erùe hee"dùeûeùee& 2005 kesâ Deveg he keâchùetšj efme#ee keâe DeOÙeeheve keâjles ngs keâchùetšj kesâ GheÙeesie keâe DeefOekeâeefOekeâ GheueyOe keâjvee GefÛele nesiee~ ßeerceleer Deefvelee Mecee& izlrkouk % vkt dk ;qx fo'ks"k ;ksx;rk dk ;qx gsa fdlh Hkh {ks= es O;fDr dks viuk LFkku cukus ds fy, ml LFkku fo'ks"k ds lc/k es fo'ks"k ;ksx;rk izkir djuh vko';d gsa fo'ks"k ;ksx;rk dks izkir djus ds fy, f'k{kk gh,dek= lk/ku gs tks bl y{; rd ig qpkus es lgk;rk djrh gsa f'k{kk ds }kjk euq"; vius vurfuzfgr mu 'kfdr;ks dks fodflr djrk gs ftuls ;g lqyrk izkir djus es lgk;rk ysrk gssa ekuo fodkl ds bfrgkl ij n`f"vikr djus ij Kkr gksrk gs fd ekou fodkl ds lkfk&lkfk gh rduhdh dk fodkl Hkh gksrk jgk gsa rduhfd dk fodkl&øe ^igfu;s^ ds vfo"dkj ls izkjehk gqvk vksj esdsfud Økfr] vks ksfxd Økfr] de;wfuds'ku ;qx] dei;wvj ;qx ls xqtjrk gqvk] vkt fmthvy ;qx ess izos'k dj pqdk gsa orzeku lekt es fokku o rduhdh fodkl pjeksrd"kz ij gsa lekt dk izr;sd {ks= vkt fokku o rduhdh ds cnyko es xfr eglwl dj jgk gsa dei;wvj o VsyhdE;wfuds'ku ds tqm+ko ls lwpuk,o lpkyu {ks= es,d Økfr lh vk xbz gsa ifj.kkelo:i fo'o ds izr;sd O;fDr ds fnekx ls HkkSxksfyd lhek, yqir gksrh tk jgh gsa vkt ds cnyrs ifjos'k es lwpuk rduhdh dh vko';drk,o fodkl dk;zøeks es mldk Kku vkt fo'o ds izr;sd O;fDr ds fy;s vko';d gks x;k gssa fdlh Hkh rduhd ds vfo"dkj ds lkfk&lkfk mldk lqy lpkyu Hkh mruk gh vko';d gsa izkphu ;qx es Kku dks rhu Lo:i es fohkkftr fd;k tkrk Fkk& ;=] r=] e=a orzeku es ;= dk LFkku dei;wvj gkmzos;j us fy;k gsa ;= dks pykus gsrq vko';d lqfu;ksftr O;oLFkk dks r= dgk tkrk Fkk] vkt r= dk LFkku lkw Vos;j us fy;k gsa ;= vksj r= nksuks gh flf) e= ij fuhkzj djrh Fkh] tks ;= vksj r= ds lpkyu ds fy;s vko';d Kku dks dgk tkrk Fkk] orzeku le; es og LFkku dei;wvj f'k{kk us fy;k gsa vr% orzeku ;qx es vkdkj ys jgh lwpuk rduhd dh lqyrk vkt dei;wvj ds }kjk dqn gh feuvks es iwjk dj fy;k tkrk gsa bldh fo'ks"krk, gh bldk egro gsa ;g dk;z dks os/krk] fo'oluh;rk,o fcuk xyrh fd;s 'kh?kzrk ls iwjk dj ysrk gsa vr% bldk Kku j[kus okys O;fDr dk O;fDrRo fuf'pr gh vis{kkd`r mpp Lrj dk ekuk tk ldrk gsa lekt ds ifjorzu es mhkjrh vko';drkvks dh iwfrz gsrq f'k{kk ls egroiw.kz vis{kk, j[kh tkrh gs] pwfd f'k{kk lekt dk egroiw.kz vfhkdj.k gs vr% f'k{kk es gks jgs cnykoks dk] fo ky;] v/;kid o Nk= rhuks ij lh/kk izhkko im+rk gsa orzeku ;qx es mdr rhuks vk;keks ij dei;wvj f'k{kk vko';d gks tkrh gsa fo ky; es dei;wvj f'k{kk ds fø;kuo;u dk izeq[k mn~ns'; Hkfo"; ds lwpuk rduhd ;qdr lekt ds fy;s xq.korrk ;qdr llk/ku rs;kj djuk gsa fo ky; es dei;wvj f'k{kk dk fodkl fo ky; es lsokjr dei;wvj f'k{kd dh xq.korrk ij fuhkzj gsa f'k{kdks dks Hkh fo ky; es dei;wvj f'k{kk es lqyrkiwozd lpkyu,o d{kk&d{k es v/;kiu&vf/kxe dh izfø;k es vljnk;d mi;ksx gsrq rs;kj djuk vko';d gs vr% dei;wvj f'k{kk dh egrrk le>rs gq, f'k{kk llfkkvks o vfhkdj.kks dk ;g mrrnkf;ro gs fd og lsokjr f'k{kdks dks dei;wvj f'k{kk miyc/k djk;sa ;wusldks ¼1996½ us izr;sd jk"vª dh ljdkj ls f'k{kdks dh xq.korrk es lq/kkj djus ij cy nsus dh vis{kk j[kh gs] ftl es f'k{kk dks fuf'pr {ks= es rduhdh tkx:drk o f'k{kk dh vljdkjdrk ij vf/kd cy nsus ds funsz'k fn;s x;s gsa v/;kid f'k{kk es dei;wvj f'k{kk ds egro dks le>rs gq, jk"vh; 'ksf{kd vuqlu/kku vksj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn }kjk us'kuy lsuvj QkWj jepeerje ieeboeer keâe@uespe, Yeesheeue (ceoùeøeosme) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (8) October

8 dei;wvj,t;wds'ku dk izkjehk fd;k x;k ftles lsokjr f'k{kdks dks dei;wvj f'k{kk nh tkrh gsa ljdkj }kjk izkstsdv fo k ds vurxzrk dei;wvj f'k{kk f'k{kdks dks miyc/k djkbz tkrh gs,o ikb~;øe vk/kkfjr lkw Vos;j ds fuekz.k fd;s tkrs gsa mn~ns'; % ¼1½ e/;izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my,o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my ls lc} fo ky;ks es v/;;ujr fo kffkz;ks dh dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frrk Kkr djuka ¼2½ e/;izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my,o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my ls lc} fo ky;ks es v/;;ujr ckydks ds e/; dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr Kkr djuka ¼3½ e/;izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks,o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks dh dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frrk Kkr djuka ¼4½ e/;izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my ds ckydks,o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my ds ckfydkvks dh dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr Kkr djuka ¼5½ e/;izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks,o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my ds ckydks dh dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frrk Kkr djuka 'kks/k ifjdyiuk, % ¼1½ e/;izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my,o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.myk ds fo kffkz;ks dh dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr es dksbz lkfkzd vurj ugh gsa ¼2½ e/;izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my ds ckydks,o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.myk ds ckydks ds e/; dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frrk es dksbz lkfkzd vurj ugh gsa ¼3½ e/;izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks,o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.myk dh ckfydkvks dh dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frrk es dksbz lkfkzd vurj ugh gsa ¼4½ e/;izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my ds ckfydks,o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.myk dh ckfydkvks dh dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr es dksbz lkfkzd vurj ugh gsa ¼5½ e/;izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks,o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.myk ds ckydks dh dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr es dksbz lkfkzd vurj ugh gsa v/;;u fof/k % izlrqr 'kks/k dk;z es los Z{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx gqvk gsa v/;;u gsrq Hkksiky 'kkgiqjk {ks= ds ^^ek/;fed fo ky;ks ds d{kk 8 oh dks p;fur fd;k x;k Fkk** U;kn'kZ ds :i es dqy 120 fo/kkffkz;ks dks fy;k x;k FkkA e/;izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my ls lc) fo ky;ks ds 60,o dsunzh; f'k{kk emy ls lc}fo ky;ks ds 60 fo kffkz;ks dks fy;k x;k FkkA bl 'kks/k es midj.k ds fy, LofufeZr iz'ukoyh cukbz x;h FkhA izlrqr 'kks/k dk;z es izkjfhkd fo ky; ds d{kk 8 oh es v/;;ujr fo kffkz;ks dks dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`ùkh ds v/;;u dh tkudkjh izkir djus ds fy, iz'uokyh midj.k ds :i es iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA fo'ys"k.k,o O;k[;k % izlrqr 'kks/k es ifjdyiukvks dk iq"vhdj.k ^Vh&ijh{k.k* dh lgk;rk ls fd;k x;k fo'ys"k.k ifjdyiukvks ds vuqlkj fueufyf[kr fcunqvks es fd;k x;k A ifjdyiuk 01 % e/;izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my ds fo kffkz;ks o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my ds fo kffkz;ks dh dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr es lkfkzd vrj ugh gsa rkfydk 1-1 % dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr ds Vh&eku dk fo'ys"k.k Ø- fo?kky; lewg l[;k e/;eku ekud 0-05 Lrj fopyu Vh&eku ij lkfkzdrk CBSE lc) fo ky;ks ds fo kfkhz 3-04 lkfkzd gs MPBSE ls lc) fo ky;ks ds fo kfkhz rkfydk 1-1 ls Li"V gksrk gs fd dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my ds fo kffkz;ks dk e/;eku 34-53,o ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my ds fo kffkz;ks dk e/;eku gs rfkk ^Vh* dk eku 0-05 lkfkzdrk Lrj ij df 118 ij 3-04 izkir gqvk tks fd 0-05 ij lkfkzd gsa vr% ge dg ldrs gs fd ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my ds fo kffkz;ks dh vis{kk dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my ds fo kffkz;ks dh dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frrk vf/kd ikbz xbz gsa ifjdyiuk 02 % e/;izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my ds ckydks o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my ds ckydks ds e/; dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr es lkfkzd vrj ugh gsa rkfydk 1-2 % dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr ds Vh&eku dk fo'ys"k.k Ø- fo?kky; lewg l[;k e/;eku ekud 0-05 fopyu Vh&eku Lrj ij lkfkzdrk 1-2- CBSE ds ckyd MPBSE ds lkfkzd ugh gs ckyd rkfydk 1-2 ls Li"V gksrk gs fd dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my dk e/;eku 17-5,o ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my dk e/;eku 16-7 izkir gqvk rfkk ^Vh* dk eku 0-05 lkfkzdrk Lrj ij df 58 ij 3-04 gs] tks fd 0-05 ij vlkfkzd gsa vr% ge dg ldrs gs fd ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my ds ckydks dh dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my ds ckydks dh dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr es lekurk gsa ifjdyiuk 03 % e/;izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks ds e/; dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr es lkfkzd vurj ugh gsa rkfydk 1-3 % dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr ds Vh&eku dk fo'ys"k.k 0-05 ekud Ø- fo?kky; lewg l[;k e/;eku fopyu Vh&eku Lrj ij lkfkzdrk CBSE dh ckfydk, 3-06 lkfkzd gs MPBSE 2- dh ckfydk, Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (8) October

9 rkfydk 1-3 ls Li"V gs fd dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks dk e/;eku 17-03,o ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks dk e/;eku izkirk gqvka Vh &eku 0-05 lkfkzdrk Lrj ij,o df 58 ij 3-06 izkir gqvk tks fd 0-05 ij lkfkzd gsa vr% ge dg ldrs gs fd ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks dh vis{kk dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks dh dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr vf/kd ikbz xbza ifjdyiuk 04 % e/;izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my ds ckydks o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks ds e/; dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr es lkfkzd vrj ugh gsa rkfydk 1-4 % dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr ds Vh&eku dk fo'ys"k.k 0-05 fo?kky; ekud Vh& Ø- l[;k e/;eku Lrj ij lewg fopyu eku lkfkzdrk CBSE ds ckyd 0-66 lkfkzd gs MPBSE 2- d ckyd mijksdr rkfydk 1-4 ls Li"V gs fd dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks dk e/;eku 17-03,o ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my ds ckydks dk e/;eku 16-7 izkir gqvk rfkk Vh eku 0-05 lkfkzdrk Lrj ij 0-66 izkir gqvk tks fd 0-05 ij lkfkzd gsa vr% ge dg ldrs gs fd ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my ds ckydks dh vis{kk dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks dh dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr vf/kd gsa ifjdyiuk 05 % e/;izns'k ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my ds ckydks ds e/; dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr es lkfkzd vrj ugh gsa rkfydk 1-5 % dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr ds Vh&eku dk fo'ys"k.k Ø fo?kky; lewg CBSE ds ckyd MPBSE dh ckfydk l[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu Vh& eku 0-05 Lrj ij lkfkzdrk 3-00 lkfkzd gs mijksdr rkfydk 1-5 ls Li"V gs fd dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my ds ckydks dk e/;eku 17-5,o ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks dk e/;eku izkir gqvk rfkk Vh&eku lkfkzdrk Lrj ij 3-00 izkir gqvk tks fd 0-05 ij lkfkzd gsa vr% dg ldrs gs fd ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks dh vis{kk dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my ds ckydks dh dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`frr vf/kd ikbz xbz gsa 'kks/k fu"d"kz % ¼1½ Ekk/;fed f'k{kke.my ds fo kffkz;ks dh vis{kk dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my ds fo kffkz;ks dh dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr vfhko`fr vf/kd ikbz xbza ¼2½ ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my,o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my ds ckydks es dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr lkfkzd vurj ugh gsa ¼3½ ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my,o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks es dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr lkfkzd vurj gsa ¼4½ ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my ds ckyd,o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks es dei;wvj f'k{kk ds izfr lkfkzd vurj gsa ¼5½ ek/;fed f'k{kk e.my dh ckfydkvks o dsunzh; f'k{kk e.my ds ckydks es lkfkzd vurj gsa lq>ko % ¼1½ fo ky;ks ds fy, jk"vªh; ikb~;p;z dh :ijs[kk& ¼2005½ ds vuqlkj uohu ikb~;øe dk fuekz.k fd;k tk;sa ¼2½ ikb~;øe es {ks=h;,o xzkeh.k fo kffkz;ks dh vko';drkvks dk fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tk,a ¼3½ izr;sd fo"k; dk v/;kiu dk;z dei;wvj ds ek/;e ls fd, tkus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,a ¼4½ dei;wvj ijh{kk ds ikb~;øe es fo kffkz;ks ds mez,o Lrj dk fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tk,a ¼5½ izr;sd fo ky;ks es izf'kf{kr dei;wvj f'k{kd dh fu;fer fu;qfdr dh tk,a ¼6½ f'k{kdks dks le; ij vko';drk vk/kkfjr izf'k{k.k fn;k tk,a ¼7½ lhkh fo"k;ks es f'k{kdks dks dei;wvj dk iz;ksx djrs gq, v/;kiu dk;z djus gsrq izsfjr fd;k tk,a ¼8½ dei;wvj d{k dk vk/kqfudhdj.k fd;k tk,a ¼9½ izr;sd fo ky; es dei;wvj iz;ksx'kkyk ds fy,,d dei;wvj lgk;d fu;qdr fd;k tk,a lnhkz % ¼1½ HkVukxj] lqjs'k ¼1979½- 'ksf{kd vuql/kku fodkl] ifcyds'ku gkml izkbosv fyfevsm] vkxjka ¼2½ xksiky] gseur dqekj ¼2002½- dei;qvj fokku f'k{k.k] lw;kz ifcysd'ku] fudv xouzesuv dkyst] esjba ¼3½ dfiy],p-ds- ¼2007½- lkf[;dh ds ewyrro] fouksn iqlrd efunj] vkxjka ¼4½ iky] gljkt ¼2004½- 'ksf{kd 'kks/k] e/;izns'k fgunh xzufk vdkneh] johunzukfk Bkdqj ekxz] ckukxxk] HkksikyA ¼5½ f=ikbh] yky cpu ¼2006½- euksoskkfud vuql/kku i)fr] HkkxZo cqd gkål] vkxjka ¼6½ mik/;;k;] vkyksd,o flg] uhjt ¼2002½- dei;wvj f'k{kk] fouksn iqlrd efnj] vkxjka Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (8) October

10 Since Mrch 2002 E duction An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 127, Vol - XIII (8), October , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No Ûeslevee-efJekeâeme, cetuùe-efme#ee kesâ heefjøes#ùe cew ceeveje efjekeâeme keâe ceveesefje%eeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew Ûeslevee-efJekeâeme, cetuùe-efme#ee kesâ heefjøes#ùe cew ceeveje efjekeâeme kesâ ceveesefje%eeve keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ ceoùemle ome&ve DeeOeeefjle Ûeslevee efjekeâeme cetuùe efme#ee keâe DeOÙeÙeve SJeb DeOÙeeheve keâjjeeves mes %eele ngdee efkeâ ceeveje kesâ ceve kesâ efje%eeve DeLee&led ceveesefje%eeve keâes mecepeves keâe Deemeeve mejue lejerkeâe FmeceW efoùee ieùee nw, efpemes ØelÙeskeâ ceeveje mecepe mekeâlee nw~ Ûeens Jen efmeef#ele nes Ùee DeefMeef#ele~ efme#ee keâe GösMÙe Ssmee %eeve GheueyOe keâjevee nw, efpememes JÙeefòeâ mjeùeb cew meceeoeeefvele nes, heefjjeej cew leeuecesue Je mece=efæhetje&keâ peervee nes SJeb meceepe cew efyevee YeÙe kesâ peervee mebyeje nes pees, Øeke=âefle cew meblegueve ØeceeefCele nes~ Fme lejn efme#ee JÙeJemLee Ssmeer nes, pees ceeveje kesâ Meejerefjkeâ SJeb ceeveefmekeâ oesveew DeeJeMÙekeâleeDeeW keâes hetje keâjves keâe %eeve ceeveje peeefle keâes os hees~ ceeveje efjekeâefmele ceeveje leye nw, peye Gvekeâe Mejerj mjemle nes Je ceeveefmekeâ he mes Jen mjeùeb meceeoeeefvele nes~ izlrqr 'kks/k es psruk fodkl ^^ewy; f'k{kk^^ ds izdk'k es ekuo fodkl dk euksfokku ds Lo:Ik dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gsa ekuo dh nks gh vko';drk gs] 'kkjhfjd,o ekuflda 'kkjhfjd vko';drk dh iwfrz ds fy, /ku ds ek/;e ls lqfo/kk lk/kuks dh iwfrz gks tkrh gs] ysfdu ekufld vko';drk dh iwfrz lqfo/kk lk/kuks ds <sj yx tkus ij Hkh ugh gksrh gsa psruk fodkl vk/kkfjr ewy; f'k{kk ls ekuo dh lelr ekufld t:jr dks iwjk djus dk Lo:Ik iznku djrk gsa ekuo thou es Lo; dks o nwljs O;fDr] ifjokj] lekt,o izd`fr liw.kz dks le>us,o mrlo iwozd thus dk lgh le> dk vk/kkj iznku djrk gs blfy, ;g ekuo ds psruk ds fodkl dk euksfokku gsa psruk¾lkkfu;rk] Kku] fokku] foosd liuurka f'k{kk dk ewy mìs'; tho psruk ls ekuo psruk es xq.kkred ifjorzu gh gsa psruk fodkl lkozhkkse O;oLFkk ds vfkz es gs rfkk ewy; f'k{kk v[k.m lekt ds vfkz es gsa bl izdkj psruk fodkl ewy; f'k{kk iwozd v[k.m lekt lkozhkkse O;oLFkk ¼olq/kSo dqvqecde½ ds lkdkj gksus dk jklrk iz'klr gksrk gsa /kjrh ij vf/kdk'k lel;k, tho psruk leiuu Hkzfer ds vkpj.k ds dkj.k gh gsa tho psruk vfkkzr tkuojks ds ln`'; thuka ekuo psruk vfkkzr ekuo,o izd`fr ds lkfk rkyesy vfkok lrqyu iwozd thuka ^^e/;lfk n'kzu^^ vk/kkfjr psruk fodkl ewy; f'k{kk ds izsj.kk L=ksr Jh,- ukxjkt th] vejd.vd] e-iz- ds ek/;e ls ekuo lfgr izd`fr dh lelr bdkb;k,o muds ijlij lc/kks dk rdziw.kz fof/k ls v/;;u djkuk liuuk gks ik;k gs],o blh vk/kkj ij ekuo,o izd`fr rfkk muds vrzlc/kks dks f'k{kk fof/k ls le>uk,o O;ogkj es thdj izekf.kr djuk lhko gks ik;k gsa Pksruk fodkl ewy; f'k{kk dh vko';drk,o Lo:i % f'k{kk dsoy jkstxkj ds fy, gks ;k mrlo iwozd thus ds efnvee ÛeeJeÌ[e fy, gks \ vfhkhkkod,o ;qokvks dh LoHkkfod lgefr ;gh gs fd os vius thou ds egroiw.kz 20&25 o"kz f'k{kk es yxkdj thou ds gj vk;ke dks lqyrk iwozd th ld s vfkkzr ekuo vksj ekuo ds chp,o ekuo o izd`fr ds lkfk rkyesy] lrqyu iwozd th ldsa bl vk'k; dh iwfrz ds fy, ekuoh; ewy;ks ds f'k{k.k dh vko';drk eglwl dh tkrh jgh gsa ewy; f'k{kk dks ijeijkxr lnhkksz es ^djks u djks^^ vfkok ^^pkfg,^^ vkfn mins'kks ds :Ik es ns[kk tkrk gsa fokku f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls ;qokvks es rdz dk i;kzir fodkl gqvk gs o vklfkk vfkkzr chuk tkus eku ysus dh izo`frr es dkqh deh vk;h gsa,sls es thouksi;ksxh f'k{kk ds Lo:Ik ij fpuru dh vko';drk gsa orzeku es O;fDrxr] ikfjokfjd] lkekftd] jk"vªh;,o vurjkz"vªh; flfkfr;ks dks lexzrk es le>dj vk/kqfud f'k{kk es v/kwjsiu dks igpkudj mls iwjk djus dh vko';drk gsa f'k{kk dk mìs'; izr;sd O;fDr es Lo; es fo'okl gks] gj?kj ifjokj es le`f) dk Hkko,o lekt es vhk;rk dk ekgksy gks,o izd`fr es lrqyu dks izekf.kr djuk gks rhkh f'k{kk nsus dk mìs'; iwjk gksrk gs blls de es ugha ekuo }kjk ekuo ds euksfokku dks le> ikuk lhko gks vfkkzr LOk; dks o nwljks dks le> ikuk gks ik;sa lek/kku dsls\ tho psruk ls ekuo psruk es løe.k % ewy; lkozhkkse gksrs gsa ekuo Hkh,d izkd`frd bdkbz gsa mldk Hkh,d fuf'pr izkd`frd vkpj.k gs] ftlls og Lo; rìr gksrk gs,o izd`fr es lrqyu dh fujrjrk vfkkzr O;oLFkk lqfuf'pr gksrh gsa ekuo ds vykok 'ks"k lhkh bdkb;ks dk vkpj.k izkd`frd fof/k ls fu;f=r gs] ysfdu ekuo dk vkpj.k ^le>^ ls fu;f=r gsa ^Ekkuo psruk^ iwozd gh ekuo ^le>nkj^ gksdj lkozhkkse ekuo ewy;ks es thrk gs] vfkkzr~ vijk/k eqdr gks ikrk gsa,slk thdj gh meneùekeâ DeOÙeeefhekeâe-cetuÙe efme#ee SJeb ceveesjew%eeefvekeâ hejeceme&oe$eer, ceeveefjekeâer SJeb meeceeefpekeâ efje%eeve efjeyeeie, je ^erùe ØeewÅeesefiekeâer mebmleeve, jeùehegj (ÚòeermeieÌ{) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (8) October

11 gj ekuo rìr gks ikrk gsa f'k{kk&lldkj iwozd gh lhkh le>nkj gks ldrs gs A ;gh gs psruk fodkl vk/kkfjr ewy; f'k{kk dk Lo:IkA e/;lfk n'kzu vk/kkfjr psruk fodkl ewy; f'k{kk dk v/;;u djus,o v/;kiu djkus ls eq>s ;g Kkr gqvk fd ekuo ds eu ds fokku vfkkzr euksfokku dks le>us dk vklku ljy rjhdk bles fn;k x;k gs] ftls izr;sd ekuo le> ldrk gsa pkgs og f'kf{kr gks ;k vf'kf{kra liw.kz /kjrh ds fodkl dks ge rdfudh miyc/krk] lqfo/kk lk/kuks ds <sj ls ekirs gs rc le> es vkrk gs fd fdl ns'k es fdruk fodkl gqvk gs] ysfdu ekuo dks ns[kus ij vxj ge dgs fd ekuo dk fodkl gqvk gs ;k ugha rc ge ^og dslk th jgk gs^ ds vk/kkj ij eki ldrs gs] tsls og lq[kiwozd th jgk gs ;k my>u] ruko] }Un] v'kkfr ds lkfk th jgk gsa ekuo vxj lel;k ds lkfk th jgk gs] vfkkzr~ ekuo dk fodkl ugh gqvk gs] vfkkzr~ ekuo ds psruk dk fodkl ugh gqvk gsa lgh le> ds thuk gksus ij gh LOk; dks le>uk] nwljks dks le>uk lhko gs] mlls de es ugha ek ds xhkz ls ysdj tue rd,o tue ls e`r;q rd lhkh volfkk es psruk fodkl ewy; f'k{kk dh ckr dh tk ldrh gs] ftlls gj ekuo 'kkjhfjd,o ekufld nksuks Lrj ls dsls fodflr gks ldrs gs] tku ldsa gj volfkk,,d&nwljs ds iwjd jgsxh,o izekf.kr gks xha ekuo fodkl vfkkzr~ ekuo ds psruk dk fodkl vfkkzr ekufld fodkl dk izek.k ekuoh;rk iw.kz vkpj.k iwozd thuk gh gsa 'kkjhfjd fodkl 'kjhj LokLF; ds vfkz es izekf.kr gs,o ekufld fodkl psruk ¼thou½ dk fodkl Lo; es lek/kku] ifjokj es le`f)] lekt es vhk;rk,o izd`fr es lrqyu ds vfkz es izekf.kr gksxka 'kjhj dh mrifrr rd dk Øe fodkl gs,o mlds vkxs psruk dk fodkl tkx`fr Øe tkx`fr gsa bl fo"k; ij e/;lfk n'kzu lgvflrrokn ds izdkl es,-ukxjkt th }kjk ^^psruk fodkl ewy; f'k{kk^^ ds uke ls liw.kz dks cgqr vpns ls v/;;u djkrs gs] ftldk v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk gs,o liw.kz dks le> dj thus es ijeijk es izekf.kr fd;k tk ldrk gsa fodkl ;k fouk'k\ % vk/kqfud f'k{kk ls gqbz cm+h miyfc/k ds :Ik es ekuo tkfr es rdz dk fodkl,o rduhdh Kku ds ek/;e ls nwjlpkj o vu; lk/kuks dk miyc/k gksuk gsa lhkh ldkjkred miyfc/k;ks dk LkEeku djrs gq, dqn xhkhj ifjflfkfr;k tks izpfyr thou 'ksyh dk vfhkuu vx gks x;h gs] tsls ¼1½ O;fDr es?kqvu] ¼2½ ifjokj es VwVu ¼3½ lekt es fo?kvu ¼vkrdokn o udlyokn½] ¼4½ izd`fr es iznw"k.k ¼Xykscy okfezx½] ¼5½ ijek.kq es fo[k.mu ¼ijek.kq ;q}½ vkfn lel;k, lkspus ds fy, foo'k djrh gs fd ge fodkl dh vksj tk jgs gs ;k fouk'k dh vksj\ ;g Hkh fopkj.kh; rf; gs fd Xykscy okfez x o ijek.kq ;q) tslh izy;dkjh lel;kvks ds fy, vf'kf{kr lekt ftkeesnkj gs ;k mpp f'k{kk leiuu yksx\ fodflr ekuo fdls dgsxs ftlds gksus ls liw.kz lrqfyr] lq[kh] le`) gks mls ;k vlrqfyr vfuf'pr gks mls\ bu lc ij iqu% fopkj djus dh vko';drk gs fd fodflr ekuo fdls dgsxs\ ¼1½ vkthou /ku vftzr djus ds lqy iz;klks ds ckn Hkh D;k ge vkffkzd vlqj{kk ds Hkko ls eqdr gks ik jgs gs \ ¼2½ fdlh Hkh,d ikfjokfjd lc/k es vkthou D;k ge,slk th ik jgs gs tslk ge thuk pkgrs gs\ ¼3½ cppks dks miykc/k egxh ls egxh f'k{kk nsus ds ckn Hkh D;k ge lqfuf'pr :Ik ls dg ldrs gs fd Hkfo"; es muds lkfk lc/k e/kqj jgsxs\ ¼4½ fodkl'khy ns'k ;k fodflr ekuo fdls dgsxs\ O;oLFkk lgt ik p vk;keks dk Li"V cks/k % O;oLFkk lgt ik p vk;keks dk Li"V cks/k fd'kksjkolfkk,o izks<+kolfkk rd gks tkus ls ekuo Lo; es lek/kku] ifjokj es le`f)] lekt es vhk;rk,o izd`fr es lrqyu ds lkfk iwozd thrk gqvk utj vk;sxka cky;kolfkk es ifjokj lc/k,o izd`fr ls lc/k dk Kku cppks dks djk;k tk ldrk gsa bu ik p vk;keks es thuk gh tkx`r ekuo dk izek.k gsa ¼1½ f'k{kk&lldkj O;oLFkk% f'k{kk fujrj lq[k ls thus dh le>] O;oLFkk dh le>a Lo; ls ysdj liw.kz vflrro dh O;oLFkk dh le>a l Ldkj& lgh thuk gh lldkj gsa ¼2½ mriknu&dk;z O;oLFkk % mriknu izd`fr ds lkfk Je iwozd dk;z vko';d olrqvks dh izkfir ds fy,a dk;z& izd`fr o ekuo dks uqdlku igqpk;s fcuk fd;k x;k Je gh dk;z gsa ¼3½ LokLF;&l;e O;oLFkk % LokLF; 'kjhj es gksrk gs] Lk;e Lo; es gksrk gsa Lk;e&'kjhj dh vko';drk vksj lnqi;ksx dk Kku gksuka ¼4½ fofue;&dks'k O;oLFkk % fofue; LoLFk ekuo ijijk gsrq ykhk&gkfu eqdr fofue; iz.kkyha ¼5½ U;k;&lqj{kk O;oLFkk % U;k; tgk nksuks i{k lrq"v gs] ogk U;k; gsa Lkqj{kk&lnqi;ksx gh lqj{kk gsa f'k{kk dk mìs'; %,slk Kku miyc/k djkuk gs] ftlls O;fDr LOk; es lek/kkfur gks] ifjokj es rkyesy o le`f) iwozd thuk gks,o lekt es fcuk Hk; ds thuk lhko gks tk;s] izd`fr es lrqyu izekf.kr gksa bl rjg f'k{kk O;oLFkk,slh gks tks ekuo ds 'kkjhfjd o ekufld nksuks vko';drk dks iwjk djus dk Kku ekuo tkfr dks ns ik;sa ekuo fodflr ekuo rc gs] tc mudk 'kjhj LoLFk gks o ekufld :Ik ls og LOk; lek/kkfur gks LOk; o LkHkh ds lkfk lhkh vk;keks es rkyesy iwozd thrk gksa lnhkz % ¼1½ jketh JhokLro,o vu;1993] vk/kqfud fodklkred euksfokkua ¼2½ izks-yky cppu f=ikbh,o lq"kek ik.ms;] 2009] ekuo fodkl dk euksfokkua ¼3½,-ukxjkt]1998] lek/kukred HkkSfrdoknA ¼4½,-ukxjkt] 1998] ekuo lpsrukoknh euksfokkua ¼5½,-ukxjkt] 2002] vkorzu'khy vfkz'kkl=a ¼6½,-ukxjkt] 2003] ekuo O;ogkj n'kzua Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (8) October

12 Since Mrch 2002 uotkr f'k'kq vlgk; o vlkekftd gksrk gs] ijurq tsls&tsls og cm+k gksrk tkrk gs ml ij vius vklikl ds okrkoj.k dk izhkko im+rk pyk tkrk gs vksj 'kus% 'kus% og izks<+ O;fDr;ks ds nkf;ùoks dks fuhkkus gsrq rs;kj gks tkrk gsa ckyd lekt dk,d mùkjnk;h lnl; cu lds] mles bl izdkj ds oknuh; ifjorzu gsrq O;ofLFkr f'k{kk dh ije vko';drk gksrh gs] blfy, izr;sd jk"vª vius lkekftd o vkffkzd fodkl gsrq ukxfjdks dh mfpr f'k{kk ds nkf;ùo dks ogu djrk gsa dsunz es f'k{kk lc?kh nkf;ùoks dks fuhkkus dk dk;z eq[; rksj ij ekuo llk/ku fodkl e=ky; }kjk fd;k tkrk gsa dsunzh; fo ky; lxbu] ekuo llk/ku fodkl e=ky; ds vrxzr lpkfyr,d Lok;kÙk'kklh o iw.kzr% foùk iksf"kr llfkku gsa lxbu Hkkjr ljdkj ekuo llk/ku fodkl e=ky; }kjk cukbz xbz dsunzh; fo ky;ks dh ;kstuk dks iz'kkflr djrk gsa bldh,d f=lrjh; izc/ku ljpuk gs ftldk eq[;ky; ubz fnyyh es gsa ns'k,o fons'k es Q+Sys gq, dsunzh; fo ky;ks ds lelr izc/ku gsrq {ks=h; dk;kzy;ks dh LFkkiuk dh xbz gs ¼f'k{kk lfgrk] 2006½A ¼1½ bu fo ky;ks dh LFkkiuk dk eq[; mn~ns'; dsunz ljdkj ds LFkkukrj.kh; dezpkfj;ks ds cppks dh f'k{kk es ck/kk mriuu dj u gks,o mugs,d leku ikb~óøe o f'k{kk iznku djus gsrq dh xbz FkhA ;s lgf'k{kk dh O;oLFkk okys lkekftd fo ky; gsa lhkh dsunzh; fo ky; dsunzh; ek/;fed cksmz ls lc) gs,o lhch-,l-bz- }kjk Lohd`r ikb~óøe bu fo ky;ks es ykxw gksrk gsa dsunzh; fo ky;ks dh c<+rh yksdfiz;rk ds ifj.kkelo:i orzeku es dsunzh; fo ky;ks dh l[;k 1090 rd igqp x;h gs ¼okf"kZd fjiksvz] 2013½A ¼2½ o"kz 2013 es dsunzh; fo ky; lxbu us viuh Lo.kZ t;rh eukbz gs ¼fgUnqLrku 2013½A ¼3½ bldh foùkh; O;oLFkk dk nkf;ùo ekuo llk/ku fodkl E duction An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 127, Vol - XIII (8), October , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No kesâvõerùe efjeåeeueùe eâceebkeâ 1 Yeesheeue cew keâ#ee omejeer cew DeOÙeÙevejle efjeåeeefle&ùeew keâer Mewef#ekeâ GheueefyOeÙeeW hej Mewef#ekeâ ueeiele kesâ ØeYeeJe keâe DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew kesâvõerùe efjeåeeueùe eâceebkeâ 1 Yeesheeue cew keâ#ee omejeer cew DeOÙeÙevejle efjeåeeefle&ùeew keâer Mewef#ekeâ GheueefyOeÙeeW hej Mewef#ekeâ ueeiele kesâ ØeYeeJe keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ kesâvõerùe efjeåeeueùe, kesâvõ mejkeâej Éeje efjeòe heesef<ele mebmleeve nw~ efjeåeeueùeew cew efjeåeeefle&ùeew mes veececee$e keâe Megukeâ efueùee peelee nw, Fme efmleefle cew Ùen peevevee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw efkeâ Fve efjeåeeueùeew cew pees Mewef#ekeâ ueeiele Dee jner nw, Gmekeâe keäùee Mewef#ekeâ Øeefleheâue Ùee ueeye Øeehle nes jne nw~ DeOÙeÙeve nsleg DeebkeâÌ[eW keâe mebkeâueve eféleerùekeâ ŒeesleeW Éeje efkeâùee ieùee nw~ efve<keâ<e& he cew heeùee ieùee efkeâ ueeiele kesâ heefjceecemje he Øeehle Úe$e keâewmeue Je Gòece Mewef#ekeâ GheueefyOe ner Fmekeâe Øeefleheâue nw~ Fve efjeåeeueùeew hej pees Yeer JÙeÙe nes jne nw, Fmekesâ SJepe cew keâeheâer no lekeâ Ùes efjeåeeueùe Deheves oeefùeljeew keâes hetje keâj jns nq~ DeleSJe efme#ee kesâ #es$e cew Fme Øekeâej keâer ieefle efveoee&jkeâ mebmleedeew keâer mleehevee hej yeue efoùee peevee ÛeeefnS~ megveerlee meesveer MeesOeeLee, yejkeâleguuee efjeõeefjeåeeueùe, Yeesheeue (ceoùeøeosme) e=ky; ij gsa fodkl e=ky; }kjk vuqnku jkf'k dsunzh; fo ky; lxbu ds eq[;ky; es Hksth tkrh gs] rri'pkr~ l;qdr vk;qdr foùk dh lgk;rk ls vuqnku jkf'k {ks=h; dk;kzy;ks dks Hksth tkrh gsa bu fo ky;ks es fo kffkz;ks ls f'k{kk 'kqyd ukeek= dks fy;k tkrk gs ; fi ;g /kujkf'k iwoz dh vis{kk vc c<+k nh xbz gs] rfkkfi vu; ifcyd Ldwyks dh rqyuk es ;g cgqr de gsa dsunzh; fo ky;ks ds oklrfod Lo:i dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, leiw.kz foùkh; nkf;ùo o vf/kdkj dsunz ljdkj ij jgrk gsa f'k{kk ds eq[; y{;ks dh izkfir ds mn~ns'; ls fo ky; Lrj dh f'k{kk dh lrr~ leh{kk djus o mldks v ru cuk;s j[kus dh vko';drk gsa vkt tul[;k o`f),o f'k{kk ds o`gn izpkj&izlkj gksus ls,o fo ky;ks es ukekdu nj es o`f) gksus ls f'k{kk O;oLFkk es,d cm+h /kujkf'k dh ekx dh tkus yxh gsa fdlh Hkh f'k{kk llfkk ds lpkyu o lj{k.k es tks Hkh /ku yxrk gs og ykxr gsa f'k{kk dh izhkkfork dks tkuus ds fy, ykxr dk fo'ys"k.k vko';d gksrk gsa fo'ks"kdj dsunzh; fo ky;ks tslh llfkkvks ij ftues f'k{kk 'kqyd de fy;k tkrk gs rc ;g tkuuk vko';d gs fd bruk foùkh; Hkkj ljdkj }kjk ogu fd, tkus ds,ot+ es D;k mruk izfrqy Hkh izkir gks jgk gs ftruh mugs meehn FkhA ljdkj bu fo ky;ks dks iksf"kr djds ykhk dh flfkfr es gs ;k gkfu dha ;g tkuus dh ftkklk es gh v/;;u dh vko';drk dh tm+ fufgr gsa oklro es f'k{kk tsls egùoiw.kz fo"k; ij O;; 'kcn dh vis{kk fuos'k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,a mpp f'k{kk es ykxr ykhk v/;;u djus ij ik;k x;k fd f'k{kk ds ykhk lkekftd {ks=ks dh vis{kk futh {ks=ks es vf/kd gs ¼ifMr] 1999½A ¼4½ dsunzh; o uoksn; fo ky;ks es O;; dh tkus okyh ykxr es ifj.kkelo:i izkir gksus okys izfrqy ;k ykhk dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij ik;k fd ykhk ds LFkku ij izkir Nk= d+ks'ky gh v/;;u dk fu"d"kz jgk Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (8) October