A Study of Visually Impaired Children and Their Parents' Attitude Towards Them

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1 Since Mrch 2002 E duction An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 122, Vol - XIII (3), My , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No A Study of Visully Impired Children nd Their Prents' Attitude Towrds Them The min objective of the pper is to identify prents' ttitude towrds their visully impired children. Over protection given by their prents my cuse hindrnce in their physicl, mentl, socil nd emotionl development. Prents should chnge their ttitude towrds these children nd help in mking them self-dependent like other children. SUDERSHAN LAL SONI Introduction : Visul impirment is regrded s the most severe nd trumtic physicl hndicp. Since most impressions re conveyed to the brin through the eyes, the visul nomlies my influence the life of the individul in physicl, mentl, socil, voctionl nd eductionl spects. In our society, the visul hndicpped hve lwys been the fvored group s compred to those with other types of hndicps.priority ws given to this group for mking socil nd eductionl provision.since specil rights nd privileges re being provided to them, they ttrct more public concern thn ny other ctegories. Wht is Visul Impirment? : People hving centrl visul cuity of 30/200 or less in the better eye with corrective glsses re considered visully impired.a visul cuity of 20/200 mens tht the person is ble to red from distnce of 20 feet, line or words which person with norml visul cn rect. The totlly blinds re born without ny visul cpcity or must hve gone blind by ccident, opertion etc. Agin, the prtilly blind cn be considered s those who hve visul cuity between 20/200 nd 20/70 or 50 in the better eye with the best corrective mens. In Indi, there re bout 0.12 million visully hndicpped children who fll in the ge of 4-15 yers. The Ntionl Commission of Techers reports tht not more thn 5% of blind re estimted to be in bout specil schools. Most of these schools re locted in the metropolitn cities nd other urbn centers. About 60% of blind children generlly live in rurl Indi. But those children remin prcticlly unnerved by eductionl fcilities. Cuses of Blindness : All the cuses of visul impirment cn be plced under three ctegories : (1) Pre-ntl cuses : Prentl period continues from the conception to birth. Reserch nlyses indicte tht use of strong drugs by pregnnt mothers, mternl mlnutrition nd unhelthy living conditions my cuse blindness. Medicl science lso revels tht brin fever, brin tumor etc. re some of the importnt cuses of visul impirment. (2) Per- ntl cuses : Some mishps like instrumentl delivery, use of nesthetic gents in delivery, premture delivery etc my lso cuse blindness. (3) Post-ntl cuses : The post- ntl cuses of visul impirment my be ccidents, infectious diseses, injuries, poisoning, generl diseses, tumors nd cncer. Objectives of The Reserch Study : (1) To identify influence of prents' ttitude on the self concept of visully impired children. (2) To estblish the reltionship between visully impired children's self concept nd their chievement. (3) To find out the reltionship between the visully impired children's perception of their fmily nd cdemic chievement. (4) To identify extent of help of their prents in different spects of visully impired children. (5) To identify the problems of visully impired children. Problems of Visully Impired Children : These children hve much kind of problems such s: (1) Poor intelligence : Reserch nlyses revel tht visully impired children hve poor IQ. They hve impirments in the explortion of their environments, concept formtion resulting in their poor performnce in the intelligence Ph.D.Scholr (Eduction), Registrtion No Drvidin University, Srinivsvnm, Kuppm (A.P) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

2 tests. Some intelligence tests re mesured by degrees of informtion, knowledge or experience. But for blind children, this kind of scoring is reduced to very low level. (2) Acdemic Retrdtion : These children hve poor cdemic chievements even if they use lrge types of Brille. They re noted to be retrded by t lest one or two yers nd re found to be underchievers. Blindness is the min fctor for slower cquisition of informtion by observtion. These children hve slower reding rte nd lck concreteness in instructionl procedures. (3) Slower speech Development : Totlly blind children cnnot lern the rt of speech by imittion. The cn only lern through wht they her nd from occsionl touch observtion progress in speech development is not significnt in comprison with norml children. (4) Personlity Disorder : Personlity development includes both hereditry nd environmentl fctors. It is psychologicl orgniztion of the individul modified by his life experiences.these children experience nervous strin nd the feeling of insecurity nd frustrtion re common with them. (5) Problem in socil Adjustments : Generlly these children re looked down nd ridiculed by norml children every now nd then. They feel inferior nd ultimtely this leds to mldjustment. Some reserch workers feel tht the blind children re mldjusted in school but others refute it completely. Influence of Prents on Visully Impired Children : The influence of prents on their blind children is lwys in quite negtive mnner. Most prents hve nturl love for their children nd if the child is blind, should hve specil help to understnd his needs nd to gin more positive ttitudes towrds him, ws not once indicted. Prents' love is vitl fctor in self development, core element in the structure of self. Over protection my develop irresponsibility nd excessive strong needs for pprovl. Inconsistent discipline my led to lck of self-control. According to Doctor Wlter F. Stromer, prents should encourge their hndicpped children to be independent. They should encourge them to move out nd to tke risks. If child gets cut or bruise, they should not mke much fuss bout it. They should clen it up nd pply bnd id. Then they should go bout their business s usul. This will give the hndicpped child courge to fce the toughness of life. This is the gretest gift tht the hndicpped children cn be given. Prents should be tough s well s gentle with their hndicpped children. In the first few yers of hndicpped child's life prents should be gentle nd protective but s the time psses, prents should be somewht tough with them in order to tech them to be independent nd to fce life on their own. The prents of hndicpped children lso need help. They should lern the detchment of professionl helper. The prents of hndicpped children need to chnge their behvior in some wys. They should listen to the experts nd tke their opinion, but they must trust themselves. They should convey the impression to their children tht they mind life chllenges' nd enjoyble. Responsibility of Society : Society plys nd hs to ply n importnt role in the direction of finding solution. There is n urgent nd eqully drstic need for bringing bout n ttitudinl chnge in the society t lrge, no doubt the society hs been showing concern but the strength of concern showing people s well s the quntum of efforts continues to be disproportionte to the nture nd mgnitude of the problem. There is need to ensure shift in the societl ttitude from being compssionte to supportive one. Society is pertinently under the obligtion of extending morl support to the cuses of blindness relted solutions, prticulrly in the field of eduction. It is eduction tht my led revolutionry chnge of visully impired beings. The society hs to ensure tht the visully impired do not leg behind exclusively becuse of their visul impirment. It hs to discover the required mens provide much needed resources nd thereby mke eduction effectively ccessible to them. Conclusion : On the bsis of the findings of the present study we cn conclude tht prentl influence ffects very much on the self concept of visully impired children. The prents should let the child know tht they hve confidence in him nd re proud of him nd lso tht the whole fmily loves him nd needs him. He is lso to be llowed to do things by himself. This would foster in him sense of independence nd self confidence. Prents, techers nd friends must be sympthetic towrds these children. They must show much ffection nd dhesiveness. They must keep in mind tht these children should not feel inferior in nywy. Prents should mke specil rrngements for their studies. They should be imprted such type of eduction tht they my ern themselves. References : (1) Aderson, J.P (1940) A study of the Reltionship Between Certin Aspects of Prentl Behvior nd Attitude & The Behvior of Junior High School Pupils Tech Coil. (2) Advni L. (1995) Mutul Perception of the Blind nd the Sighted. (3) Aichhorn, A. (1935) Wy Wrd Youth, New York: Viking Press (4) Btemn, B. (1962) 'Sighted Children's Perceptions of Blind Children's Abilities', Exceptionl Children. (5) Mni, M.N.G (1995) Attitude towrds Blindness in Indi: A Complex Socil Process Outlook, April. Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

3 ds l k k Ms +k l u d r j u Since Mrch 2002 egkrek xk /kh ds vkffkzd fopkjks dk vkt ds lnhkz es lokzf/kd egro gsa mugksus vkffkzd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dks usfrdrk rfkk ekuoh;rk ls tksm+k lkfk gh inkfkzoknh vfkz'kkl= dh ctk; vkreoknh vfkz'kkl= dh dyiuk dh gsa xk /khth dk thou,o n'kzu,d,slh ekuoh; ewy;ks ij vk/kkfjr gksa xk /kh dk vkffkzd fopkj thou ds lokzxh.k fodkl dh Hkkouk ls izfjr gsa mudk ekuuk Fkk fd vkffkzd iz.kkyh,slh gksuh pkfg,a fd izr;sd O;fDr dks dk;z djus dk volj izkir gksuk pkfg, rkfd og oks le; dh vkthfodk LokfHkeku iwozd izkir dj lds bl vkn'kz dks rhkh izkir fd;k tk ldrk gs tcfd ewyhkwr vko';drk lc dqn oslk gh feyuk pkfg, tslk fd izñfr iznrr gok vksj ikuh llkk/kuks ds U;kl leer forj.k dk my?ku djus dk ifj.kke gh lekt es fofhkuu vkffkzd,o lkekftd Lrjks dks tue nsrk gsa egkrek xk /kh ds mijksdr fpuru dk dchj nkl th ds }kjk dgh xbz ckr,o nksgks ds voyksdu ls Hkh rro feyrk gsa xå /ku] xt/ku] ckt/ku vksj jru /ku [;kfra to vkos lrks"k /ku] yo /ku /kwfj lekuaa vfkkzr~ dchj nklth,sls lekt dh dyiuk djrs gs tgkw lhkh vius lkef;z ds vuqlkj Je djs vksj mugs mudh vko';drkuqlkj /ku feysa dchj nkl th dgrs gsa mnj lekrk vu; ys] 'kjhj lekrk phja vf/kd gh lxzg u djs] rkdk uke QdhjA vfkkzr~ vr;f/kd lifrr ds lp; dchj nkl th us Hkh mfpr ugh ekuk mugks us vfrfjdr lifrr dks lekt es forj.k dj nsuk gh mfpr ekuk gsa vksj dgk Hkh gs fd tks ty ck<+s uko es]?kj es ck<+s nkea E duction An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 122, Vol - XIII (3), My , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No efjeåeeefle&ùeew keâer Mew#eefCekeâ GheueefyOeÙeeW hej efjeefyeve meeceeefpekeâ-deeefle&keâ mlej keâe ØeYeeJe Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew efjeåeeefle&ùeew keâer Mew#eefCekeâ GheueefyOeÙeeW hej efjeefyeve meeceeefpekeâ-deeefle&keâ mlej kesâ ØeYeeJe keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ DeOÙeÙeve mes mhe neslee nw efkeâ cenelcee ieeboeer kesâ DeeefLe&keâ efjeûeejew keâe Deepe kesâ meboye& cew mejee&efoekeâ cenlje nw~ GvneWves DeeefLe&keâ efjekeâeme keâer DeJeOeejCee keâes veweflekeâlee mes peesì[e SJeb ØeÙeeme efkeâùee keâer meceepe kesâ efjeefyeve meeceeefpekeâ, DeeefLe&keâ mlej keâe yeûûeew keâer Mew#eefCekeâ GheueefyOeÙeeW hej keâesf& ØeYeeJe ve heì[s, Fme nsleg GvneWves efme#ee keâes yegefveùeeoer efme#ee mes peesì[e, hejbleg YeejleerÙe heefjjesme cew cenelcee ieeboeerpeer keâe ØeÙeeme ßes jne, ßes lece ve nes mekeâe~ heefjceecemje he efjeefyeve meeceeefpekeâ-deeefle&keâ mlej hej efjeåeeefle&ùeew keâer Mew#eefCekeâ GheueefyOeÙeeW cew DevegmebOeeve keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee ØelÙeeefmele ngf&~ MeesOekeâlee& Éeje efjeefyeve meeceeefpekeâ- DeeefLe&keâ mlej hej efjeåeeefle&ùeew keâer Mew#eefCekeâ GheueefyOeÙeeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ [e@.jepesme heec[s* SJeb megveeruekegâceej veeceosje** nksuks gkfk myhfp,] ;gh lekuks dkeaa mijksdr nksgks ls Li"V gksrk gs fd lekt dks fofhkuu lkekftd vkffkzd Lrj es cvus ls jksdus dk lkfkzd iz;kl gh ekuoh; losnukvks dk lppk vknj djuk gsa egkrek xk /kh th dk fpru Hkh bl fn'kk es ehy dk irfkj lkfor gqvk ijurq vktknh ds ckn lkekftd vkffkzd Lrjks dk l/kkj.k Loeso gh tkjh gsa tks ekuork ds fy,,d Hk;ko; flfkfr dh vksj vxzlj dj jgk gsa bu Lrjks dk izhkko fo kffkz;ks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfc/k ij Hkh im+rk gsa 'ks{kf.kd miyfc/k dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd % fofhkuu lkekftd vkffkzd Lrj ij fo kffkz;ks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfc/k;ks dks izhkkfor djus okys dkjd fueu gs % vkffkzd dkjd % ¼1½ ifjokj ij vkffkzd ldv % Hkjr dh vf/kdk'k tu l[;k e/;e oxz ;k fueu lkekftd vkffkzd Lrj ds vrxzr vkrh gsa bl oxz es thou ;kiu djus okys yksxks dks viuh ewyhkwr vko';drkvks dh iwfrz gsrq fujrj vkffkzd ldv ls tw>rk im+rk gsa QyLo:i ijfokj es miflfkr fo kffkz;ks dks Hkh vkffkzd ldv dks de djus gsrq lg;ksx djuk gksrk gs vksj os viuh i<+kbz es de le; ns ikrs gsa ¼2½ xzkeh.k ifjos'k % Hkkjr dh 75 izfr'kr tu l[;k xzkeks es okl djrh gsa vr% os yksx fdlh u fdlh izdkj Ñf"k dk;z ls gh tqms gsa tgk Je dh vf/kd vko';drk imrh gsa fo kffkz;ks dh Hkh Jenku djuk imrk gsa ¼3½ tul[;k o`f) % tu l[;k es o`f) izr;sd ifjokj es vkffkzd ldv dh flfkfr dks tue nsrh gsa QyLo:i ifjokj *JÙeeKÙeelee, jepùe efje%eeve efme#ee mebmleeve, peyeuehegj (ceoùeøeosme) **ØeefMe#eCeeLee, Sce.S[d. (efje%eeve), jepùe efje%eeve efme#ee mebmleeve, peyeuehegj (ceoùeøeosme) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

4 ds lnl; lozizfke vkffkzd ldv ls mhkjus ds iz;ru djrs gsa ¼4½ ifjokj dk 'ksf{kd okrkoj.k % xzkeh.k ifjos'k es vkt Hkh yksx ;rks vuim+ gs ;k mudh 'ksf{k.kd ;ksx;rk cgqr de gsa ;s yksx i<kbz dks de egkro nsrs gsa ¼5½ fo ky; dh nwjh % fofhkuu Lrj dh 'kkykvks tsls izkfkfed 'kkyk ek/;fed 'kkyk] mpprj 'kkykvks dh xzke ls vf/kd nwjh gksus ij Hkh cppks dks mu 'kkykvks es xzdeh.k ifjos'k es yksx Hkstus ij ijgst djrs gsa QyLo:i efgyk f'k{kk dk Lrj de gsa ¼6½ iqlrdks dk vkhkko % vkffkzd lel;k ls tw>rk ifjokj lozizfke ewyhwr vo';drkvks dh iwfrz gsrq [kpz djrk gsa cppks dh i<+kbz gsrq [kpz ckn esa ¼7½ vpns ol=ks dk vkhkko % fo kffkz;ks dks vpns ol=ks dk vkhkko jgrk gsa QyLo:Ik os 'kkykvks es tkus ls fgpdrs gsa lkekftd dkj.k % ¼1½ tkfrxr dqjhfr;k % lekt es tkfrxr dqjhfr;ks dk QSyko cgqr vf/kd gs] ftlds dkj.k ifjokj ds lnl;ks dks vu; tkfr ds yksxks ds leidz es vkus ls nwj j[kk tkrk gsa QyLo:i muds vkilh vuqhkoks dk Qk;nk fo kffkz;ks dks ugh fey ikrka ¼2½ ifjos'k % lkekftd okrkoj.k ;k rks vui<+ gs ;k de f'kf{kr gs vr% fo kfkhz;ks dks mrre 'ks{kf.kd okrkoj.k dk vkhkko jgrk gsa QyLo:i fo kffkz;ks dks mfpr ekxz n'kzu ugh feyrka euksoskkfud dkj.k % mijksdr lelr dkj.kks ds QyLo:i xjhc fo kkffkz;ks ds eu es ghu Hkkouk?kj dj tkrh gsa QyLo:i fo kfkhz viuk iw.kz le; v/;;iu gsrq ugh ns ikrk vksj 'ks{kf.kd miyfc/k de izkir gksrh gsa 'kklu }kjk iz;kl % 'kklu }kjk fujrj iz;kl fd;s tkrs gs fd lekt ds vkffkzd lkekftd Lrjks fo kfkhz;ks ij u ims+] bl gsrq ljdkj us yxkrkj iz;kl fd;s gs vksj dj jgh gs & ¼1½ izr;sd Lrj dh uohu 'kkykvks dks [kksy jgh gsa ¼2½ fofhkuu izdkj dh Nk=o`fRr forj.ka ¼3½ iqlrd forj.ka ¼4½ x.kos'k forj.ka ¼5½ lkbzfdy forj.ka ¼6½ Nk=kokl [kksyuka ¼7½ izks<+ f'k{kk dks c<koka ¼8½ vu; vkffkzd lgk;rka mn~ns'; % 'kgjh,o xzkeh.k fo ky;ks es v/;;ujr fo kffkz;ks ds lkekftd vkffkzd Lrj dk mudh 'ks{kf.kd miyfc/k;ks ij i<+us okys izhkko dk v/;;ua ifjdyiuk % 'kgjh,o xzkeh.k fo ky;ks es v/;;ujr fo kffkz;ks ds lkekftd vkffkzd Lrj dk mudh 'ks{kf.kd miyfc/k;ks ij im+us okys izhkko es dksbz lkfkzd vurj ugh gsa 'kks/k fof/k % 'kks/kdrkz }kjk bl vuql/kku gsrq losz{k.k vuql/kku fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gsa U;kn'kZ % 'kk/kdrkz }kjk lc/kh vuql/kku gsrq pkj xzkeh.k rfkk pkj 'kgjh fo kffkz;ks es v/;;ujr 320 fo kffkz;ks dk p;u fd;k x;k gsa iz;qdr midj.k % ¼1½ vkffkzd lkekftd Lrj ijh{k.k gsrq euksoskkfud Jh-,y-,u- nqcs }kjk fufekzr ijh{k.k dk mi;ksx fd;k x;ka ¼2½ LofufeZr 'ks{kf.kd miyfc/k ijh{k.ka xzkq Øekd 1 % 'kgjh,o xzkeh.k fo kffkz;ks es v/;;ujr~ fo kffkz;ks ds lkekftd vkffkzd Lrjks ij mudh 'ksf{kd miyfc/k;ks lc/kh ifj.kke ifj.kke % rkfydk Øekd 01 % 'kgjh xzeh.k fo ky;ks es v/;;ujr fo kffkz;ks ds lkekftd vkffkzd Lrj ij mudh 'ks{kf.kd miyfc/k lc/kh vkdm+s izlj.k oxksz dk Lor=rk e/;eku F L=ksr ;ksx SS vfkz df oxz ms vuqikr Between Group s Within group s ds lkfkzdrk Lrj ij fu/kkzfjr F dk eku ¾ ds lkfkzdrk Lrj ij fu/kkzfjr F dk eku ¾ 3-08 Between Group's df = 5 rfkk Within Group's df = 314 ij 0-01 o 0-05 ds lkfkzdrk Lrj ij fu/kkzfjr eku Øe'k% 2-25 o 3-08 gs] tcfd x.kuk ls izkir eku nksuks Lrjks ij fu/kkzfjr eku ls cgqr vf/kd gsa vr% ifjdyiuk veku; gksrh gs Li"V gs fd lhkh lewgks es lkfkzd vurj gsa fu"d"kz % ¼1½ mpp lkekftd Lrj ds xzkeh.k fo kfkhz;ks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfc/k;ks 'kgjh fo kffkz;ks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfc/k;ks ls de izkir gqbza ¼2½ lkeku; lkekftd Lrj,o fueu lkekftd Lrj ds xzkeh.k fo kfzzzfkz;ks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfc/;ks bugh Lrjks ij ckgjh fo kffkz;ks dh vis{kk vf/kd gsa lkfk gh ckydks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfc/k;ks Js"B izkir gqbz gsa lq>ko % 'kklu }kjk fd;s x;s iz;klh dh xfr dks rhoz fd;k tk; lkfk gh le; le; ij leh{kk fueu Lrj ¼xzke,o okmz Lrj½ ij dh tk;s] rkfd lkekftd vkffkzd Lrjks dk fo kffkz;ks dh 'ks{kf.kd miyfc/k;ks ij udkjkred izhkko u im+ ldsa lnhkz % ¼1½ dchj xzfkkoyh] Mk- oklqnso 'kj.k vxzokya ¼2½ egkrek xk /kh] esjs liuks dk Hkkjr] uothou izdk'ku vgenkckna ¼3½ JhokLro Mh-,u ¼2003½] lkf[;dh;,o ekiu &uohu LkLdj.k& Jh fouksn iqlrd efnj jkxs; jk?ko ekxkz] vkxjk&2- ¼4½ ikbd ih- Mh ¼2006½] f'k{kk euksfokku&26okw lldj.k& Jh fouksn iqlrd efnj jkxs; jk?ko ekxkz] vkxjk&2- ¼5½ lwn ts ds ¼2007½] fokku f'k{k.k & prqfkz lldj.k & Jh fouksn iqlrd efnj jkxs; jk?ko ekxkz] vkxjk &2- Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

5 Since Mrch 2002 E duction An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 122, Vol - XIII (3), My , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No melevee efpeues kesâ Decejheešve efjekeâemekec[ cew nef& mketâue mlej hej yeeefuekeâe efme#ee keâe meceer#eelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew melevee efpeues kesâ Decejheešve efjekeâemekec[ cew nef&mketâue mlej hej yeeefuekeâe efme#ee keâe meceer#eelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ DeOÙeÙeve mes mhe neslee nw efkeâ MeesOe#es$e kesâ MeeemekeâerÙe nef&mketâue/neùej meskesâc[^er efjeåeeueùeew cew Mewef#ekeâ JeeleeJejCe cew Deekeâ<e&Ce keâer keâceer nw~ #es$e kesâ «eeceerce DebÛeueeW kesâ DeefYeYeeJekeâeW cew Yeer Deheveer heg$eer keâes GÛÛe efme#ee osves kesâ Øeefle ceeveefmekeâlee keâe DeYeeJe nw~ efjeåeeueùeew cew ØeYeeJeer efme#ece keâer keâceer kesâ keâejce efje<eùejemleg keâer peefšuelee mhe vener nes heeleer, FmeefueS keâef"ve efje<eùeew kesâ Øeefle efûe lelee Fvekesâ menpe DeefOeiece cew keâceer nw~ Ùen keâceer nef&mketâue kesâ hejer#ee heefjceece cew Yeer ØeYeeJe [eue jner nw~ Fve mecemùeedeew keâes otj keâjves kesâ efues meeceeefpekeâ lelee ØeMeemeefvekeâ oesveew ner mlejew hej ØeÙeeme keâjves keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nw~ ekuork ds fodkl ds fy, O;fDr dk f'kf{kr gksuk ije vko';d gsa blh mìs'; dks ysdj fo'o es f'k{kk dks euq"; dh ewy&hkwr vko';drk es 'kkfey fd;k x;k gsa lhkh ns'kks us vius ;gk ds lfo/kku es lekurk ds vk/kkj ij O;fDr dks f'kf{kr djus ds fy;s ldyi ikfjr djus ds dk;z djuk izkjehk fd;ka gekjs ns'k dks bfrgkl fo'o ds,d izkphure bfrgkl dh dksfv es vkrk gsa osfnd dkyhu ;qx es gekjs ns'k es xq: es L=h f'k{kk nsus dk Jhx.ks'k gqvka cks) dkyhu ;qx es egkrek cq) us fl=;ks dks l?k es izos'k nsus dh vuqefr nsdj L=h f'k{kk dks,d u;k vk;ke fn;ka eqflye dky es dqn misf{kr jgus ds i'pkr vxzsth 'kklu dky es vk;z lekt] czeg lekt tsls lekt lq/kkjd llfkkvks us L=h f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;ka ftlls lu~ 1917 ds e/; L=h f'k{kk ds fodkl es rsth vkbza Lor=rk izkfir ds i'pkr~ fl=;ks ds lkekftd rfkk 'ksf{kd flfkfr es vusd ØkfUrdkjh ifjorzu gq,a vkkurk] ijrq=rk] :f<+okfnrk rfkk vlgk;rk c/kuks ls eqdr gksdj fl=;k vkt leeku dk thou th jgh gsa Hkkjrh; lfo/kku dh /kkjk 45 ds vuqlkj 6&14 vk;q oxz ds lhkh ckyd ckfydkvks dks fu%'kqyd izkfkfed f'k{kk nsus dk ldyi fy;k x;k ftlds vk/kkj ij fofhkuu iz;klks ds i'pkr~ yxhkx 50 o"kksz es izkfkfed Lrj ij ldy ckyd] ckfydkvks dk ukekdu lqfuf'pr gks ldka blds i'pkr lozf'k{kk vfhk;ku ds rgr d{kk 1 ls 8 rd vfkkzr izkjfehkd Lrj dh f'k{kk es ukekdu fd;k x;ka orzeku le; es gkbz Ldwy Lrj rd ldy ukekdu ds iz;kl fd;s tk jgs gsa e/;izns'k es jhok lhkkx 'ksf{kd n`f"vdks.k ls vis{kkd`r finm+k lhkkx gs] fo'ks"kdj ckfydkvks vksj efgykvks dh mpp [e@.efveefoe Megkeäuee* SJeb [e@.efjepeùe kegâceej Megkeäuee** 'ksf{kd Lrj ij f'k{kk xzg.k djus dh flfkfr cgqr lrks"ktud ugh gsa jhok lhkkx ds vurxzr lruk ftys es vejikvu fodkl [k.m es izkjfehkd Lrj ds i'pkr~ gkbzldwy Lrj ij fo'ks"kdj ckfydkvks 'ksf{kd flfkfr dh ds oklrfod flfkfr dk v/;;u rfkk mles okfpnr lq/kkj gsrq lq>ko nsus ds fy, 'kks/k fd;k x;ka ftlds 'ksf{kd txr es dkqh mikns;rk dh vuqhkwfr dh xbza mìs'; % ¼1½ lruk ftys ds vejikvu fodkl[k.m es gkbzldwy Lrj ij ckfydk f'k{kk dks oklrfod flfkfr Kku djuka ¼2½ ukekdu dh lel;k rfkk izksrlkgu ;kstukvks ds ifj.kke dh tkudkjh izkir djuka ¼3½ 'kks/k v/;;u }kjk Kkr dh xbz oklrfod flfkfr es lq/kkj gsrq lq>ko nsuka ifjdyiuk, % ¼1½ lruk ftys ds vejikvu fodkl [k.m ds gkbzldwy Lrj ij ukekfdr ckyd rfkk ckfydkvks dh vuqikfrd l[;k es dksbz lkfkzd vurj ugh gsa ¼2½ lruk ftys ds vejikvu fodkl [k.m ds 'kgjh,o xzkeh.k {ks= ds gkbzldwy Lrj ij ukekfdr ckfydkvks dh vuqikfrd l[;k es dksbz lkfkzd vurj ugh gsa ¼3½ bl {ks= ds 'kgjh rfkk xzkeh.k nksuks gh vpyks ds gkbzldwy Lrj ds fo ky;ks es vk/;;ujr Nk=kvks ds miyfc/k Lrj es dksbz lkfkzd vurj ugh gsa 'kks/k ds U;kn'kZ % lruk ftys ds vejikvu fodkl [k.m ds vurxzr lelr 'kkldh; m- ek/;fed fo ky; ¼10½,o 'kkldh; gkbzldwy ¼14½ mues inlfk izkpk;z vfkok izhkkjh llfkk izeq[k] gkbzldwy Lrj ij *DeefleefLe efjeéeve (yeer.s[.efjeyeeie) DeJeOesMe Øeleehe efmebn efjeõeefjeåeeueùe, jerjee (ceoùeøeosme) **DeJekeâeMe Øeehle DeeÛeeÙe&, MeemekeâerÙe efme#ee ceneefjeåeeueùe, jerjee (ceoùeøeosme) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

6 s v/;;ujr 20&20 ckfydk, dqy 480 ckfydk,] vfhkhkkod] 4 vf/kdkjh 40&40,slh ckfydk, ] ftugksus gkbzldwy ;k gk;j lsds.mªh Lrj iw.kz fd, fcuk f'k{kk chp es NksM+ nh gks rfkk 40,slh ckfydk, ] ftugksus gkbzldwy Lrj ij izos'k u fy;k gks] 'kks/k U;kn'kZ ds vx cuk, x, gsa 'kks/k fof/k % 'kks/k v/;;u gsrq los Z{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gsa 'kks/k midj.k % 'kks/k midj.k ds fy, lk{kkrdkj izi=] iz'ukoyh izi=] iz'ukoyh i=d rfkk vf/kxe ijh{k.k i=d dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gsa ifj.kke rfkk fo'ys"k.k % rkfydk Øekd 1-1 % vejikvu fodkl [k.m d 'kkldh; gkbz Ldwy Lrj ij v/;;ujr ckfydkvks ds muds fo ky; ds okrkoj.k ds izfr :fp lc/kh flfkfr Øekd :fp dk Lrj ckfydk l[;k izfr'kr 1- 'kwu; % 2- lkeku; % 3- Lrjh; % 4- vkd"kzd % 5- fo'ks"k vd"kzd % dqy ;ksx % mijksdrk rkfydk ds vuqlkj 15-83% ckfydk;s vius fo ky; ds okrkoj.k dks vkd"kzd rfkk 3-54% ckfydk, fo'ks"k vkd"kzd ekurh gs] 'ks"k dk dfku bl Ik{k ds mrlkgtud ugh gsa rkfydk Øekd 1-2 % ckfydkvks dh fo"k; fo'ks"k ds izfr :fp lec/kh tkudkjh Øekd fo"k; ckfydkvks dh lkfk izfr'kr dk vfhker 1- fgunh % 2- vxzsth % 3- lld`r % 4- lkekftd fokku % 5- xf.kr % 6- fokku % vf/kdk'k ckfydk, vxzsth rfkk xf.kr fo"k;ks ds v/;;u rfkk vf/kxe es de :fp iznf'kzr dj jgh gsa rkfydk Øekd 1-3 % ckfydkvks ds fdlh fo"k; ds dfbu@v:fp gksus lec/kh dkj.k dh tkudkjh Øekd v:fp dk Lrj Nk= vfhker izfr'kr l[;k 1 fo"k; dk vf/kd dfbu gksuk % 2 fo"k; dk lgt le> u vkuk % 3 fo"k; f'k{kd ds }kjk fo"k; % olrq dks Li"V u dj ikuk 4 fo"k; f'k{kd dk vhkko % 5 fo"k; f'k{k.k es lgk;d % lkekfxz;ks dk iz;ksx u fd;k tkuk dqy ;ksx & % ckfydkvks dk dqn fo"k;ks es :fp ds vhkko dk izeq[k dkj.k mugs ml fo"k; dk dfbu yxuk@lgt le> u vk ikuk izrhr gksrk gsa fo"k; f'k{kdks dh deh rfkk mues fo"k; f'k{k.k dh n{krk dks'ky dks iw.kz :i ls fodflr u gks ikuk dk dkj.k Hkh v:fp dk dkjd lhko gsa rkfydk Øekd 1-4 % U;kn'kZ gsrq p;fur ckfydkvks ls muds mppre f'k{kkxzg.k djus dh flfkfr lec/kh tkudkjh Øekd v:fp dk Lrj Nk= vfhker izfr'kr l[;k 1- gkbz Ldwy % 2- gk;j lsds.mªh % 3- Lukrd % 4- LukrdksÙkj % 5- dqn dg ugh ldrs % dqy ;ksx % mijksdr rkfydk Øekd 1-4 ds voyksdu ls Li"V gksrk gs fd yxhkx 60% ckfydk, ek= gk;j lsds.mªh Lrj rd gh f'k{kk izkir djuk pkgrh gs] yxhkx 9% ckfydkvks us bl iz'u ds lec/k es vukhkkrk izdv dh gsa fu"d"kz % 'kks/k {ks= ds 'kkldh; gkbz Ldwy@gk;j lsds.mªh fo ky;ks es 'ksf{kd okrkoj.k es vkd"kzd dh deh gsa {ks= ds xzkeh.k vpyks ds vfhkhkkodks es Hkh viuh iq=h dks mppf'k{kk nsus ds izfr ekufldrk dk vhkko gsa fo ky;ks es izhkkoh f'k{k.k ds deh ds dkj.k fo"k; olrq dh tfvyrk Li"V ugh gks ikrh blfy;s dfbu fo"k;ks ds izfr :fp rfkk buds lgt vf/kxe e deh gsa ;g deh gkbzldwy ds ijh{kk ifj.kke es izhkko Mky jgh gsa lq>ko % mijksdr lel;k dks nwj djus ds fy;s lekftd rfkk 'kklu nksuks gh Lrjks es iz;kl djuk gksxka lunhkz % ¼1½ 'ksf{kd vuql/kku ds ewy rro % lqf[k;k,o eygks=ka ¼2½ Hkkjrh; f'k{kd dk bfrgkl,o lel;k, % MkW- d.kz flga ¼3½ Hkkjrh; lfo/kku vksj 'kklu %,l-ih- oekza ¼4½ ftyk lk[;dh; iqflrdk] ftyk lruk ¼5½ jk"vªh; ek/;fed f'k{kk vfhk;ku dk;kzy; lruk ¼e-iz½ dh foofj.kdka Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

7 Since Mrch 2002 E duction An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 122, Vol - XIII (3), My , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No GÛÛelej ceeoùeefcekeâ mlej kesâ efme#ekeâ SJeb efmeef#ekeâedeew keâer me=peveelcekeâlee SJeb Gvekeâer DeOÙeeheve DeefYeJe=efòe keâe legueveelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew GÛÛelej ceeoùeefcekeâ mlej kesâ efme#ekeâ SJeb efmeef#ekeâedeew keâer me=peveelcekeâlee SJeb Gvekeâer DeOÙeeheve DeefYeJe=efòe keâe legueveelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ DeOÙeÙeve nsleg ØeoòeeW keâe mebkeâueve ÙeeÂefÛÚkeâ efjeefoe Éeje efkeâùee ieùee lelee efjemues<ece kesâ efues meebefkùekeâer lekeâveerkeâ kesâ he cew ceoùeceeve, ceevekeâ efjeûeueve SJeb šer hejer#ece keâe GheÙeesie efkeâùee ieùee~ DeOÙeÙeve kesâ efve<keâ<e& Øeehle nesles nq efkeâ, GÛÛelej ceeoùeefcekeâ mlej kesâ efme#ekeâ SJeb efmeef#ekeâedeew keâer me=peveelcekeâlee cew meele&keâ Deblej vener nw SJeb GÛÛelej ceeoùeefcekeâ mlej kesâ efme#ekeâ SJeb efmeef#ekeâedeew keâer DeOÙeeheve DeefYeJe=efòe cew meele&keâ Deblej vener nw~ f'k{kk,d vuojr~ izfø;k gs] ftlls ckyd dh lelr 'kfdr;ks dk iw.kz :i ls fodkl gksrk gsa dksbz Hkh jk"vª ml le; rd lgh <x ls muufr ugh dj ldrk tc rd fd ogk dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk lqlxfbr,o O;ofLFkr u gksa f'k{kd bles vge~ Hkwfedk fuhkkrk gs vfkkzr f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk L=ksr f'k{kd dh {kerk gsa vkt dk izfr;ksfxrk iw.kz llkj,o lel;k ;qdr lekt l`tu'khy eflr"d pkgrk gsa blfy, izr;sd {ks= es l`tukredrk dh vko';drk gsa gekjs ns'k es lel;k,s bruh tfvy gs fd bu lel;kvks dks Lo; lqy>k ikuk dfbu gksrk gs bl dk;z dks f'k{kd vius v/;kiu }kjk dj ldrk gsa Mhgku ds vuqlkj l`tukredrk og xq.k gs tks uohu rfkk okfnr olrq ds mriknu dh vksj vkd`"v djs ;g uohu mriknu liw.kz lekt vfkok dsoy mriknd O;fDr ds fy, uohu gks ldrk gsa vfhko`frr os izo`frr;k gs ftuds }kjk,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh ifjflfkfr ds gksus ij,d fo'ks"k <x ls dk;z fd;k tkrk gsa iky ¼2004½ us ewd cf/kj fo kffkz;ks dh cqf),o l`tukredrk ds e/; lg&lec/k dk v/;;u fd;k vksj ik;k fd ewdcf/kj fo kffkz;ks dh cqf),o l`tukredrk ds e/; vyi& lec/k gs vfkkzr~ nksuks dh cqf),o l`tukredrk ds e/; lkfkzd lg&lec/k gsa kegâ.efovesme "ekegâj* SJeb ßeerceleer meboùee pewve** Ø- pj lewg l[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu v/;;u ds mn~ns'; % ¼1½ f'k{kd,o f'kf{kdkvks dh l`tukredrk dk rqyukred v/;;u djuka ¼2½ f'k{kd,o f'kf{kdkvks dh v/;kiu vfhko`frr dk rqyukred v/;;u djuka ifjdyiuk, % ¼1½ mppùkj ek/;fed Lrj ds f'k{kd,o f'kf{kdkvks dh l`tukredrk es dksbz lkfkzd vrj ugh gsa ¼2½ mppùkj ek/;fed Lrj ds f'k{kd,o f'kf{kdkvks ds v/;kiu vfhko`frr es lkfkzd vrj ugh gsa U;kn'kZ % izlrqr 'kks/k gsrq Hkksiky 'kgj ds mpprj ek/;fed Lrj ds 50 f'k{kd,o 50 f'kf{kdkvks dk p;u fd;k x;ka midj.k % ¼1½ l`tukred fpuru dks ekius ds fy, okdj esgnh }kjk fufezr eksf[kd ijh{k.k dk mi;ksx fd;k x;ka ¼2½ v/;kiu vfhko`frr dks ekius ds fy,,l-ih- vkgywokfy;k }kjk fufezr midj.k dk mi;ksx fd;k x;ka rkfydk 01 % mppùkj ek/;fed fo ky; ds f'k{kd,o f'kf{kdkvks dh l`tukredrk dk rqyukred v/;;u ds ^Vh* ifj.kke 1- l`tukredrk f k{kd l`tukredrk f kf{kdk,s lkfkzdrk Lrj 0-01 ¾ 2-63 Ekkud =qfv eqdrk k Vh ifj.kke lkfkzdrk Lrj lkfkzd vurj ugh gsa *meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (efme#ee mebkeâeùe), jepeerje ieeboeer ceneefjeåeeueùe, jeùemesve (ceoùeøeosme) **JÙeeKÙeelee, GÛÛe DeOÙeÙeve efme#ee mebmleeve, Yeesheeue (ceoùeøeosme) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My

8 rkfydk 02 % mppùkj ek/;fed Lrj ds f'k{kd,o f'kf{kdkvks dh v/;kiu vfhko`fùk dk rqyukred v/;;u ds ^Vh* ifj.kke Ø- pj lewg l[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu Ekkud =qfv eqdrk k Vh ifj.kke lkfkzdrk Lrj 1- v/;kiu f k{kd vfhko`fùk v/;kiu f kf{kdk,s lkfkzd vurj gs vfhko`fùk lkfkzdrk Lrj 0-01 ¾ 2-63 iznùk ldyu,o fo'ys"k.k fof/k % iznùkks dk ldyu ;kn`fpnd fof/k }kjk fd;k x;k rfkk fo'ys"k.k ds fy, lkf[;dh rduhd ds :i es e/;eku] ekud fopyu,o ^Vh* ijh{k.k dk mi;ksx fd;k x;ka xzkq % 01 O;k[;k % rkfydk 01 dks ns[kus ls Li"V gksrk gs fd ^Vh* dk ifjdfyr eku 0-26 gs tks fd 0-01 lkfkzdrk Lrj ij ^Vh* ds lkj.kh eku 2-63 ls de gs] vfkkzr lkfkzd vurj ugh gsa vr% ifjdyiuk Lohd`r dh tkrh gsa f'kf{kdkvks dk e/;eku f'k{kdks ds e/;eku ls vf/kd gsa,slk ekuk tk ldrk gs fd f'kf{kdkvks dh l`tukredrk] f'k{kdks dh vis{kk vf/kd gsa ¼2½ mppùkj ek/;fed Lrj ds f'k{kd,o f'kf{kdkvks dh v/;kiu vfhko`frr es lkfkzd vrj gsa lq>ko % ¼1½ ;g v/;;u Hkksiky 'kgj ds 'kkldh;,o v'kkldh; mppùkj ek/;fed Lrj ds fo ky;ks rd gh lhfer gsa blds U;kn'kZ es iw.kz e-iz- vksj leiw.kz Hkkjr ds f'k{kdks dks lfeefyr fd;k tk ldrk gsa ¼2½ fo"k;kuqlkj 'ksf{kd vfhko`frr,o 'ksf{kd izhkko'khyrk ds lc/k ij Hkh v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk gsa lunhkz % ¼1½ vxzoky] l/;k] ¼2005½ % f'k{kk euksfokku] fot; izdk'ku efnj okjk.klh&1- ¼2½ dfiy],p-ds- ¼2006½ % vuql/kku fof/k;k ] tlv cqdla ¼3½ xsjsv gsujh] f'k{kk,o euksfokku es lkf[;dh] dy;k.kh ifcy'klz ubz fnyyha ¼4½ tks'kh] /kut; ¼2003½ % fo ky;ks es usfrd ewy;ks dh f'k{kk dk Lo:i Hkkjrh; vk/kqfud f'k{kk],u-lh-bz-vkj-vh-] ubz fnyyh] i`- Ø- 52&54- ¼5½ ekfkqj,l-,l- % f'k{kk euksfokku] fouksn iqlrd efnj vkxjk&2- xzkq % 02 O;k[;k % rkfydk 02 ds ns[kus ls Li"V gksrk gs fd ^Vh* dk ifjdfyr eku 3-4 gs tks fd lkfkzdrk Lrj 0-01 ij ^Vh* ds rkfydk eku 2-63 ls vf/kd gs vr% ifjdyiuk vlohd`r dh tkrh gs vfkkzr~ f'k{kd,o f'kf{kdkvks dh v/;kiu vfhko`fùk es lkfkzd vrj gsa 'kks/k fu"d"kz % ¼1½ mppùkj ek/;fed Lrj ds f'k{kd,o f'kf{kdkvks dh l`tukredrk es lkfkzd vrj ugh gsa Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (3) My