Performance of Regional Rural Banks in Rajasthan : A Study of Pre and Post Amalgamation Period

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1 Since Mrch 2002 E conomics An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 150, Vol - XV (7), September , Pge No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impct Fctor Performnce of Regionl Rurl Bnks in Rjsthn : A Study of Pre nd Post Amlgmtion Period Regionl Rurl Bnks were estblished in 1975, with bsic objective to ensure sufficient institutionl credit for griculture nd other rurl sectors. Vrious reform mesures introduced by the Govt. of Indi in consulttion with the RBI nd NABARD in the yers from to hve resulted in improvements in respect of their key performnce indictors like number of brnches, cpitl composition, deposits, lons nd dvnces, recoveries nd profitbility lso. Further, GOI initited the process of structurl consolidtion of RRBs in Sept by merging/mlgmting these bnks, sponsor bnk-wise nd cross sponsor bnks, following the recommendtions of Vys Committee II (2004). Present study ttempts to investigte whether the process of mlgmtion hs improved the performnce of RRBs. The study concentrtes only on the RRBs in the stte of Rjsthn. By nlyzing secondry dt on the bsis of compound nnul growth rtes, study concludes tht deposit mobiliztion nd credit deployment by RRBs in Rjsthn hs grown significntly fter mlgmtion. MRS. NEELAM GOENKA* & DR. ARUNA KAUSHIK** Introduction : The economy of the stte of Rjsthn is minly chrcterized by over dependence on griculture, indequte exploittion of vst nturl resources, indequte socioeconomic infrstructure. In view of the lrge incidence of rurl poverty in the stte, estblishment of RRBs hd gret importnce s these bnks were creted to cter exclusively to the credit need of the rurl poor, prticulrly mong the economiclly nd socilly mrginlized sections in the rurl res. Since their inception in 1975, RRBs in Rjsthn s well s in Indi re plying key role in the Socio-economic development by penetrting every corner of the stte. However, in response to the finncil sector reforms, initited in , nd more recently the process of mlgmtion, begn in September 2005, the structure nd the wy of opertions of these bnks hs chnged significntly. In this context, it hs become impertive to nlyze the performnce of RRBs in order to decide bout their desired role in emerging economic scenrio. Regionl Rurl Bnks in Rjsthn : An Overview of The Amlgmtion Process : In Rjsthn, first RRB ws estblished on 2nd October 1975, s one of the first five RRBs in the country. According to its geogrphicl re of opertion, the bnk ws nmed Jipur-Ngur Anchlik Grmin Bnk (sponsored by UCO Bnk) with its hed office t Jipur. In 1976, two more RRBs Mrwr Grmin Bnk nd Shekhwti Grmin Bnk were opened. By the end of 1985, the number of RRBs incresed to 14 when lst nd 14th RRB, Bikner Kshetriy Grmin Bnk ws estblished. Till the mlgmtion, there were 14 RRBs working in Rjsthn with network of 1013 brnches covering ll the districts of the Stte (s on 31st Mrch, 2005). Government of Indi initited the process of structurl consolidtion of RRBs in , s per the recommendtions of Advisory Committee on Flow of Credit to Agriculture nd Relted Activities (Vys Committee II, 2004). In order to improve the opertionl vibility of RRBs nd tke dvntge of the economics of scle, the process of mlgmtion of RRBs, sponsor Bnk-wise within stte, ws initited in September, 2005 t ll Indi level. It ws envisged tht new entities would be benefitted by hving lrger re of opertion, nd enhnced credit exposure limits nd would be ble to provide better customer services due to better infrstructure, computerized brnches, experienced workforce, common publicity nd mrketing efforts etc. The bnks would be ble to diversify their bnking opertions in better wy nd the process of mlgmtion would help in strengthening the wek RRBs s well. As result of the process of mlgmtion, number of RRBs, t ll Indi Level reduced from 196 in Mrch 2005 to 82 in Mrch 2012 during phse-i nd further to 57 in Mrch 2014, during phse-ii. As on 31st Mrch 2014, there were 57 RRBs working in Indi hving brnches, covering 642 districts throughout *Reserch Scholr nd Lecturer (Deprtmet of Economics), Government PG College, Kot (Rjsthn) **Reserch Guide nd Hed (Deprtment of Economics), Government JDB Girls PG College, Kot (Rjsthn) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XV (7) September

2 the country. In Rjsthn, first phse of mlgmtion of RRBs begn on 24th Jnury 2006, with mlgmtion of two RRBs of the stte which were, Yer Alwr Bhrtpur Anchlik Grmin Bnk (ABAGB) nd Shekhwti Grmin Bnk (SGB). Both the bnks were being sponsored by Punjb Ntionl Bnk ( PNB). By mlgmting these two entities new RRB ws formed nd ws nmed s Rjsthn Grmin Bnk (RGB) sponsored by PNB. This process of mlgmting RRBs sponsor bnk-wise within stte continued till June, 2006 in Rjsthn. At the end of June 2006, There were only 6 RRBs ( Four mlgmted nd two stndlone RRBs) working in Rjsthn s 12 out of 14 old RRBs hd been mlgmted to form 4 new RRBs. During phse-ii, this number further reduced to only 3 RRBs (2 mlgmted RRBs i.e. Brod Rjsthn Grmin Bnk ( BRGB) nd Mrudhr Grmin Bnk ( MGB) 1 stnd lone RRB i.e. Mewr Anchlik Grmin Bnk) in the stte of Rjsthn s on 31st Mrch These 3 RRBs were hving 1236 brnches covering ll the districts of Rjsthn. Around 95 percent of the totl brnches of these three RRBs were operting in rurl nd semi urbn res of the stte. Objective of The Study : (1) The objective of this pper is to nlyze the performnce of RRBs prticulrly in the Stte of Rjsthn during both pre nd post mlgmtion period. (2) To investigte whether the process of mlgmtion of RRBs initited in , hs helped to improve their performnce. (3) To mke importnt suggestions to further improve the performnce of RRBs in Rjsthn. Methodology : The performnce of RRBs in Rjsthn hs been nlyzed on the bsis of Key performnce indictors such s structurl growth cpitl composition, deposit mobiliztion, credit deployment, recovery performnce creditdeposit rtio, NPAs nd profit position. The period covered is to which is divided between premlgmtion period ( to ) nd postmlgmtion period ( to ). The study is dignostic nd explortory in nture nd mkes use of Secondry dt. The relevnt dt hs been collected minly from the dtbses of Reserve Bnk of Indi (RBI) nd Ntionl Bnk of Agriculturl nd Rurl Development (NABARD) nd other published nd unpublished literture relted to the subject. Compound nnul growth rtes hve been clculted by fitting exponentil trend line in order to nlyze the dt nd drw conclusions. Performnce of RRBs in Rjsthn : Tble-1 shows performnce of RRBs in Rjsthn on the bsis of their bsic opertions like growth of cpitl funds, deposit mobiliztion, credit deployment nd CD rtio from Tble 1 : Key Performnce Indictors of RRBs in Rjsthn (Rs. in lkhs) No. of RRBs Cpitl Funds Deposits Lons nd Advnces (O/S) to Tble depicts tht up to Mrch, 2005, totl of 14 RRBs were operting in the Stte but this number reduced to 8 in 2006 nd further to 3 RRBs in Mrch Tht cpitl funds incresed from Rs lkhs during to Rs lkhs during hving n increse of round 6 times. Compound nnul growth rte of cpitl funds ws higher in post mlgmtion period (18.46%) thn in pre-mlgmtion period (11.94%) which indictes better performnce of RRBs during post mlgmtion period. Deposit mobiliztion by the RRBs ply key-role in promoting svings nd bnking hbits mong the rurl people. It is n importnt source of funds lso for these bnks. Tble 2 revels tht totl deposits of RRBs in Rjsthn incresed from Rs lkhs in to Rs lkhs during registering n increse of round 5.86 times. Tble further shows tht growth rte of deposits ws higher during post mlgmtion period (15.74%) thn during pre-mlgmtion period (13.17%). Totl outstnding lons nd dvnces of RRBs in the stte hve incresed stedily in bsolute terms from Rs lkhs in to Rs lkhs in t compound nnul growth rte of percent. Thus, RRBs hve been successful in meeting the credit requirements of untpped sectors of the stte. They incresed t comprtively fster rte in pre-mlgmtion period (20.79%) thn in post-mlgmtion period (18.92%). Though, the rte of growth ws higher thn the rte of growth Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XV (7) September C-D Rtio CAGR Pre- Amlgmtion period Post- Amlgmtion period Totl period Note : CAGR- Compound Annul Growth Rte. Source : Reports of NABARD nd RBI.

3 of deposits during both the periods. The RRBs were conceived to develop rurl economy by providing credit nd other fcilities for the purpose of development of griculture, trde nd other productive ctivities to the trgeted people. The credit-deposit rtio of these bnks indictes the cretion of credit out of the deposits mobilized by them. It is evident from the tble bove tht CD rtio of RRBs in Rjsthn incresed from percent during to percent in Thus there hs been consistent nd significnt growth in the context of credit-deposit rtio of these bnks. Though the growth rte (CAGR) of CD rtio ws higher during pre-mlgmtion period (6.60%) thn during post-mlgmtion period (2.76%). Recovery Performce, NPAs nd Profit Position : Tble-2 presents the performnce of RRBs in Rjsthn on the bsis of their recovery position nd gross NPA Position. Tble revels tht overll recovery performnce of RRBs in Rjsthn hs improved stedily in the stte during both pre nd postmlgmtion periods. RRBs were hving round 90 percent recovery in June, Though, the compound nnul growth rte of recovery % of RRBs in Rjsthn ws higher during pre-mlgmtion period (3.38%) thn during post-mlgmtion period (0.16%). Tble further revels tht gross NPAs s percentge to totl lons nd dvnces of RRBs in Rjsthn decresed during the pre-mlgmtion period nd showed negtive CAGR (9.38 Tble 2 : Recovery Performnce, NPA Position nd Profits of RRBs (Rs. in lkhs) Yer Recovery % (June Position) Gross NPA % Net Profit CAGR Pre- Amlgmt ion period Post Amlgmt ion period Totl period Note : CAGR- Compound Annul Growth Rte. Source : Reports of NABARD nd RBI. %) during tht period. During post-mlgmtion period the process of the reduction of the level of gross NPA (%) continued till but it incresed therefter nd showed positive compound nnul growth rte of 1.12 percent during the period. It shows tht RRBs in the stte still need to improve their NPA position. Tble further revels tht the RRBs in Rjsthn s whole hve been mking profits throughout the period of study. Their profits were Rs lkhs during nd incresed to Rs lkhs during showing n increse of round 9.33 times. Growth rte of profits ws lower during post- mlgmtion period (10.27%) thn tht in pre-mlgmtion period (33.31%). Conclusion : In the present study, n ttempt hs been mde to nlyze performnce of RRBs in Rjsthn during pre nd post mlgmtion period on the bsis of their structurl growth, growth of cpitl funds, nd mobiliztion of deposits, credit deployment, C-D rtio, recovery performnce, NPA position, productivity performnce nd profits. The performnce of RRBs in Rjsthn hs improved during postmlgmtion period. Though the number of RRBs decresed, the totl number of brnches hs incresed during this period. Totl cpitl funds hve lso been incresed significntly fter the mlgmtion took plce in due to the continuous cpitl support by the Government. While nlyzing the compound nnul growth rtes during pre nd post mlgmtion periods it becomes cler tht RRBs need to tke corrective steps to rise the CD rtio of the bnks. The process of mlgmtion hs not been beneficil in improving the recovery position, NPA position nd Profits of RRBs in the stte s the compound nnul growth rtes remined lower during post mlgmtion period. Though, in bsolute terms they hve shown remrkble performnces. The process of mlgmtion lone is not sufficient in improving the performnce of these bnks. Other policy inititives by the Government re lso needed. Necessry steps should be tken by bnk mngement to improve CD rtio nd NPA position of these bnks. In the present competitive environment RRBs need to concentrte on fst nd qulittive bnking services. The findings my be of considerble use of rurl bnks nd policy mkers in the re of bnking performnce evlution. References : (1) Agrwl, R.K., 1991; Evlution of the Working of RRBs : A Study of Prthm Bnk of Rmpur nd Mordbd Districts of UP., Mittl Publictions, New Delhi. (2) Bernsek,A. nd Stnfield, Jmes Ronld, 1997; Grmeen Bnk s Progressive Institutionl Adjustment, Journl of Economic Issues, Vol.31,No.2, June, P (3) Berg, S.A.; Forsund, F.R.; Hjlmrsson, L. nd Souminen, M., 1993; Bnking Efficiency in Nordic Countries, Journl of Bnking nd Finnce, Vol. 17, (4) Bhrgv, Prdeep, ; Bnk Credit for Rurl Poor : A Pilot Study of Regionl Rurl Bnk Opertion in Ngur District, Rjsthn, Working Pper, Institute of Development Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XV (7) September

4 Studies,Jipur, (5) Bhtt, N nd Y.S. P. Thort, 2001; Indi's Rurl Bnks : The Institutionl Dimension of Reforms, Journl of Microfinnce, Vol.3(1). (6) Gupt,Dr.S.K.,1996; Profitbility nd Regionl Rurl Bnks, Kurukshetr,Vol.XLIV,No.10,July, (7) Kumr, Sunil, 1990; Regionl Rurl Bnks nd Rurl Development, Deep nd Deep Publictions, New Delhi. (8) Krm Pl nd Jsvir Singh,2006; Efficiency of Regionl Rurl Bnks (RRBs) in Indi A Conventionl Anlysis, JIMS- 8M, Indin Journls.com. (9) Mishr, B., 2006; The Performnce of Regionl Rurl Bnks (RRBs) in Indi : Hs Pst Anything to Suggest for Future?, Reserve Bnk of Indi Occsionl Ppers, 27(1) RBI, Mumbi. (10) Prin A.K. 1995; Regionl Rurl Bnks nd Rurl Development, Arihnt Publishing House, Jipur. (11) Professor Dilip Khnkhoje nd Dr. Milind Sthye, 2008; Efficiency of Rurl Bnks : The Cse of Indi. Interntionl Business Reserch-CCSE, Vol-1,No.2. (12) RBI, 2004, Mjor recommendtions of vrious committees / working groups on Regionl Rurl Bnks, vilble t http : //rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/pdfs/78971.pdf ccessed on 8 Nov (13) Singh H.K., 1992; Opertionl Efficiency of Shekhwti Grmin Bnk of Rjsthn, A thesis submitted to the University of Rjsthn for the degree of Ph. D. (14) Singh, R.P. nd K. Sthees Bbu, 1996; Performnce nd Prospects of Regionl Rurl Bnks-An pprisl, Kurukshetr, Vol. XLIV, No. 10..,July (15) Vrde, vrsh S. nd Singh Smpt P., 1982; Profitbility Performnce of Regionl Rurl Bnks, Prjnn, Vol. XI, No. 4, Oct.-Dec., (16) Vys, M.R. 1991; Finncil Performnce of Rurl Bnks, Arihnt Publishers,Jipur. (17) Wdhw, Chrn D., 1980; Rurl Bnks for Rurl Development : An Anlysis of the Working of RRBs in Indi With Two Cse Studies, the Mcmilln Co.,Bomby. Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XV (7) September

5 Since Mrch 2002 E conomics An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 150, Vol - XV (7), September , Pge No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impct Fctor Socio-Economic Profile of Punjb with reference to Scheduled Cste Punjb is counted mong the most economiclly sound stte in Indi with improved bsic infrstructure instlled t grssroots level. In the yer , the per cpit income t constnt price ( ) ws mesured t Rs , which hs gone up to, Rs in the yer 2007, when viewed in term of current prices it incresed to Rs wheres it ws only Rs Mjority of the people employed in griculture or ssocited ctivities. Punjb hs not only cquired the sttus of self-sufficient in food grin but lso provide surplus food grin to centrl gencies to mitigte the food crisis in country. RAM GOPAL Punjb stte comprises 1.53 percent of totl re of country nd constitutes nerly percent of its totl popultion. Punjb is smll stte of Indi but right from the dy of independence with its hrdworking popultion nd chunk of fertile lnd it hs been riding high on the pth of growth nd development. It hs mde mjor strides in griculture s well s industril sectors in terms of growth nd prosperity. In terms of per cpit income, the stte enjoys respectble position mong other mjor Sttes of Union of Indi. Geogrphiclly the stte is divided into four divisions constituting 50,362 Sq.kms. re in totl. The whole stte is mde up of villges, 143 towns, 141 blocks, 76 subtehsil nd 77 Tehsil. Socio-economic prmeters bout Sttes hve been described in tble 3.1. It is reflected from the tble tht popultion of stte hs surged from 2.02 crore in 1991 to 2.43 crore in the yer Decennil growth rte of popultion hs come down to percent in 2001 which ws reported to be per cent in It is noteworthy tht the popultion growth rte of Indi hs been found to be in decline from 23.9 per cent during to 21.4 per cent during However, in the cse of Punjb it incresed from per cent in to per cent during the time period of Popultion density hs tken n ccretion of 484 per sq. km. in 2001 from 403 per sq.km. In the yer Sex rtio lso followed the opposite pttern i.e. it hs incresed to 876 femle per 1000 mles in 2001 from 865 femles per 1000 mles in In term of sex rtio tody Punjb comprises 26rnk in Indi which is mtter of serious concern when compred with other growth oriented sttes of Indi. The percent popultion residing in rurl Punjb while per cent popultion dwelling in urbn Punjb in In the field of eduction, the stte of Punjb hs Socio-Economic Profile of the Stte s whole Sr. Percentges nd Vribles No figures 1. Totl Popultion 2.43 Crores 2. Density of Popultion (per sq. km.) 484 (2001) 3. Sex Rtio (per thousnd mles) 876 (2001) 4. Urbn Popultion Rurl Popultion Litercy Rte (Totl) Mle Femle Eductionl Institutions (Totl) (2006) 8. Number of techers in recognized schools 1,29, Helth Centre (Totl) 2750 (2007) Per Cpit Income: ) At Constnt Prices b) At current Prices Food Grins Production (Rbi &Khrif) Per Cpit Consumption of electricity 30158(t price) (t current price) thousnd metric tones. 968 K.W.H Dt Source : Sttisticl Abstrct of Punjb estblished its full worthiness since the independence. This hs been proved from the dt vilble on litercy rte 69.7% in Mle litercy rte ws 75.2 per cent wheres, femle litercy rte 63.4 per cent in the stte in Eduction institutions in stte hs incresed to in 2006 from 9841 Lecturer in Economics, G.S.S.S. Dongr Ahir, Dist. Mhendrgrh Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XV (7) September

6 in Number of techers in Government uthorized school hs tken flow of in 2001 from in High schools, middle schools nd primry school exist in the rdius of 2.00 Kms., 1.6 Kms. And 1.13 Kms. respectively in the stte. Helth prmeters define the overll well-being of ny ntion. Greter the helth infrstructure more will be the qulity of Humn resource of ny stte. The Government of Punjb is following sme pth nd endevoring towrds providing bsic helth infrstructure to its hrdworking popultion. To develop, promote nd expnd helthcre services continues steps hve been in process throughout, since the independence. Punjb is counted mong the most economiclly sound stte in Indi with improved bsic infrstructure instlled t grssroots level. In the yer , the per cpit income t constnt price ( ) ws mesured t Rs , which hs gone up to, Rs in the yer 2007, when viewed in term of current prices it incresed to Rs wheres it ws only Rs Mjority of the people employed in griculture or ssocited ctivities. Punjb hs not only cquired the sttus of self-sufficient in food grin but lso provide surplus food grin to centrl gencies to mitigte the food crisis in country. Profile of Scheduled Cste's Fetures in Punjb : Those who were 'ex-untouchble' were put into the ctegory of Scheduled Cstes for the first time s per the Governments of Indi Act Moving forwrd British Government in April, 1936 stted Government of Indi tht certin cstes tht erlier hd been declred s depressed clsses be put under the ctegory of 'Scheduled Cstes' from now. This ws done under the order 'Scheduled Cstes Order, 1936'. After independence efforts were intensified to upgrde the living stndrd of so clled 'scheduled cstes', nd lso provided protection under vrious provisions of constitution of Indi. Article 341 of constitution of Indi specified 37 groups s scheduled cstes in PunjbStte(Appendix-I). Popultion of such group is constituting per cent of totl popultion, s reflected in 2001 census. Scheduled cstes people living s urbn nd rurl popultion ws found to be per cent nd per cent respectively. However the figures were per cent nd per cent for generl popultion vlidting tht the scheduled cstes were more concentrted in rurl res thn urbn res. Literry rte for the scheduled cstes ws formed to be per cent wheres for the cse of totl popultion it ws found to be 69.7 per cent. The lether workers nd scvengers re more economiclly sound thn other Scheduled Cstes but t the sme time re plced t the bottom of socil hierrchy in society, even they re better off thn mny other scheduled cstes in terms of living prmeters. They re more wre politiclly nd hve sound representtion t vrious forums. The stte of Punjb is devoid of ny Scheduled Tribe community. Lndlessness is rmpnt mong scheduled cstes people nd re forced to indulge in other mens of erning livelihood. Trditionl occuption hve been left by most of them on being ostrcized nd hve shifted to other nontrditionl occuption. Therefore, their hs been rise in strength of dily wge erner nd lbour clss. As found per census 2001, per cent Scheduled Cstes re griculturl lbourers, 3.27 per cent involved in cultivting lnd while the rest of these people i.e per cent re employed in newly opened job opportunity for them like business, trnsport, construction mining, bking, Government job etc. Those doing regulr job re residing in urbn re. Those who cultivte lnd hve very little lnd holing nd ct s lnd croppers, lbourers employed in griculture nd other low pying chep works. Most of them re more pronounced rurl pockets of stte suffering from socil s well s economicl deprivtion nd disbilities. Growth of Popultion : The pttern of totl nd scheduled cstes popultion in Indi since 1971 hs been described in tble below. Totl popultion of Indi in 1971 ws crore tht increses up crore in 1981, crores in 1991 nd ws Yer Totl nd Scheduled Csts Popultion of Indi Totl Popultion of Indi (In Crores) reported crores for the yer The behviour of vrition ws 24.80, 24.66, nd per cent respectively during the decdes of , , nd The tble projects tht the percentge vrition in terms of decde hs fllen successively. In 1971 number of people living s scheduled cstes where lkh, tht went up to lkhs for the yer In 2001 totl number of scheduled cstes people were lkhs s evident. Percentge vrition in terms of decdes ws reported to be 22.72, 32.44, nd respectively in the time period of , , , Totl popultion in terms of decdl percentge ws found to decrese. References : Decennil % vrition of Totl Popultion (1) Chndids, R., 1969, How Close to Equlity is Scheduled Cstes. Economic nd Politicl Weekly, Vol.4, No.24, pp (2) Ghurye, G.S., 1950, Cste nd Clss in Indi, The Populr Book Depot, Bomby. (3) Hllen, G.C., 1999, Problem of Snskritiztion mong Scheduled Cstes, Indin Journl of Socil Reserch, Vol. 40(2), p Scheduled Cstes Popultion (In Crores) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XV (7) September Decennil % vrition of SC Popultion Dt Source : Census of Indi 1991series 1 Finl Popultion Tbles Pper-2 of Census of Indi, specil Tble for Scheduled Cstes nd Scheduled tribes 1971,1981, 1991 & 2001

7 + Since Mrch 2002 ifjp; % izlrqr 'kks/k v/;;u es N0x0 ds jktuknxko ftys ds tutkrh; fodkl[k.m ekuiqj,o xsj&tutkrh; fodkl[k.m Mks xjx<+ ds vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks,o xsj tutkfr;ks es iztuurk njks dk rqyukred fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gsa 'kks/k v/;;u ls Li"V izrhr gksrk gs fd xzkeh.k lekt ds tutkfr; ifjokjks es iztuurk nj vis{kkd`r vf/kd vkdh xbz gs A bu tutkrh; ifjokjks es vf/kd iztuurk nj dk izeq[k dkj.k bu oxks Z es lk{kjrk dh deh] tutkrh; {ks=ks es cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvks dk vhkko] tsls & LoPN is;ty] f'k{kk] LoPN vkokl] fpfdrlk lqfo/kk dk vhkko] iksf"vd vkgkj dk vhkko,o vk; dk LFkk;h tfj;k u gksuk vkfn gsa v/;;u ds mn~ns'; % ¼1½ vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks,o xsj tutkfr;ks es iztuurk njks dk rqyukred vrj Kkr djuka ¼2½ tutkrh; oxksz es f'k{kk dk Lrj,o iztuurk njks es lglecu/k Kkr djuka ¼3½ vk; ds Lrj es o`f) ls iztuurk njks es ifjorzu izhkko dks Kkr djuka 'kks/k ifjdyiuk % ¼1½ vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks es xsj&tutkfr;ks dh rqyuk es iztuurk nj vf/kd ikbz tkrh gsa ¼2½ f'k{kk ds Lrj es o`f) ds lkfk iztuurk njks es deh vkrh gsa ¼3½ vk; ds Lrj es o`f) ds lkfk iztuurk njks es deh vkrh gsa vkdm+ks dk lzksr,o v/;;u fof/k % 'kks/k v/;;u gsrq ftys ds nksuks fodkl[k.m ls rhu&rhu xzke dk p;u dj E conomics An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 150, Vol - XV (7), September , Pge No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impct Fctor DevegmetefÛele pevepeeefleùeew SJeb iewj-pevepeeefleùeew cew Øepevevelee ojew keâe legueveelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve (Ú.ie.kesâ jepeveeboieebje efpeues kesâ [ewiejieì{ lelee ceevehegj efjekeâemekec[ kesâ efjemes<e meboye& cew) ÙeÅeefhe efkeâmeer Yeer osme keâe DeeefLe&keâ efjekeâeme SJeb meeceeefpekeâ efjekeâeme Gme osme keâer ßece Meefòeâ hej efveye&j keâjlee nw~ ßece Meefòeâ Glheeove keâe cenljehetce& SJeb meef eâùe meeoeve nw~ Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew meceepe kesâ oes ØecegKe Jeie& Devegmetefle pevepeeefleùeew SJeb iewj-pevepeeefleùeew cew Øepevevelee ojew keâe legueveelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve keâj pevepeeefleùeew cew heeùes peeves Jeeues GÛÛe Øepevevelee oj kesâ keâejceew SJeb Gvekesâ efveoeve kesâ GheeÙe Øemlegle efkeâs ies nq~ kegbâpeer Meyo : pevemebkùee, Øepevevelee oj, pevepeeleerùe SJeb iewj pevepeeleerùe, efme#ee keâe mlej, DeeÙe keâe mlej, men-mecyeboe iegceebkeâ, mecyeejùe efjeyeüce~ jepet jece keâessûes* SJeb [e@.deej.sve.efmebn** izkfkfed vkdms lxzfgr fd, x, gsa 'kks/k gsrq p;fur izr;sd xzke ls 50 ifjokj ls vkdm+s izkir dj dqy 300 vkdm+s,df=r fd, x, gsa bu nksuks lkekftd oxksz ls izkir vkdm+ks dks fofhkuu vk/kkjks ij tsls & f'k{kk dk Lrj] vk; dk Lrj] tutkrh;,o xsj&tutkrh; ds vuqlkj oxhzdj.k,o lkj.kh;u dj fo'ys"k.k,o rqyukred :i ls iztuurk nj dh izo`frr dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gsa v/;;u {ks= % 'kks/k v/;;u gsrq vkdm+ s lxzg.k ds fy, N0x0 ds jktuknxko ftys ds nks fodkl[k.m dk p;u fd;k x;k] ftles vuqlwfpr tutkfr fodkl [k.m ekuiqj,o xsj tutkfr ¼lkekU; oxz½ fodkl [k.m ds fy, Mksxjx<+ dk p;u fd;k x;k gsa vuqlwfpr tkfr cgqy fodkl [k.m ekuiqj jktuknxko ftyk eq[;ky; ls yxhkx 100 fdeh dh nwjh ij nf{k.k fn'kk es flfkr gsa tgk 80 izfr'kr tutkrh; lekt fuokljr gs] tcfd xsj tutkfr ¼lkekU; cgwy oxz½ fodkl[k.m Mksxjx<+ jktuknxko ftyk eq[;ky; ls yxhkx 40 fdeh- dh nwjh ij if'pe fn'kk es flfkr gs] tgk yxhkx 75 izfr'kr xsj tutkrh; lkeku; oxz fuokl djrs gsa lkf[;dh rduhdh,o fo'ys"k.k % izlrqr 'kks/k v/;;u es tutkfr;ks,o xsj&tutkfr;ks es iztuurk njks dk rqyukred v/;;u f'k{kk,o iztuurk njks es lglecu/k rfkk vk; ds Lrj,o iztuurk ds e/; lec/kks ds fo'ys"k.k gsrq dkbz&oxz ijh{k.k] lglec/k] izrhixeu,o ek/; vkfn lkf[;dh midj.kks ¼rduhdh½ dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gsa 'kwu; ifjdyiuk % vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks es xsj tutkfr;ks dh rqyuk es iztuurk nj vf/kd ugh ik;h tkrh gsa *meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (DeLe&MeeŒe efjeyeeie), MeemekeâerÙe vesn mveelekeâesòej ceneefjeåeeueùe, [ewiejieì{ (ÚòeermeieÌ{) **ØeeÛeeÙe&, MeemekeâerÙe efoefijepeùe mveelekeâesòej ceneefjeåeeueùe, jepeveeboieebje (ÚòeermeieÌ{) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XV (7) September

8 rkfydk Øekd 1 lkekftd oxz iztuurk fooj.k efgykvks dh tfuer l[;k cppks dh ;ksx l[;k vuqlwfpr tutkfr fo-[k-ekuiqj xsj&tutkfr fo-[k-mksxjx< lzksr % izkfkfed led ldyua mi;qzdrkuqlkj dkbz&oxz ijh{k.k dh x.kuk ds vk/kkj ij 5 izfr'kr lkfkzdrk Lrj ij 1 d.f. ds fy, x 2 dk ifjdfyr ewy; 4-5 gs] tks lkj.kh ewy; ls vf/kd gsa vr% gekjh 'kwu; ifjdyiuk vlr; fl) ik;k tkrk gs fd vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks es xsj tutkfr;ks dh rqyuk es iztuurk nj vf/kd ugh gksrh gsa vr% dgk tk ldrk gs fd vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks,o mpp iztuurk es?kfu"b lec/k gsa vfkkzr~ vuqlwpfr tutkfr;ks es iztuurk nj xsj&tutkfr;ks dh rqyuk es vf/kd ik;h tkrh gsa ¼2½ ifjdyikuk Øekd 2 % f'k{kk ds Lrj,o iztuurk nj es _.kkred lc/k gksrk gsa rkfydk 2 % f'k{kk dk Lrj,o vkslr tue nj f'k{kk dk Lrj ¼dksM½ vkslr iztuu nj fuj{kj izkfkfed f k{kk ek/;fed f k{kk gkbzldwy gk;j lsds.mjh Lukrd LukrdksRrj lzksr % izkfkfed led ldyua ¼1½ f'k{kk dk Lrj,o vkslr tue nj es lglecu/k r = ¼2½ lglecu/k dk lehkko; fohkze (P.E.) = mijksdrkuqlkj lglecu/k xq.kkd vius lehkko; fohkze (P.E.) ds 6 xquk vf/kd gsa vfkkzr (r = > P.E x 6) nksuks Jsf.k;ks es vfkkzr~ f'k{kk dk izturk nj ds lkfk egroiw.kz _.kkred lglecu/k gsa vr% lr; dgk tk ldrk gs fd f'k{kk dk Lrj,o iztuu nj es egroiw.kz,o _.kkred lglecu/k gsa f'k{kk ds Lrj es c<+ksrjh ds lkfk&lkfk iztuurk nj es deh vkrh gsa rkfydk 3 vk; dk Lrj vkslr tue nj 2000 :- rd :- rd :- rd :- rd :- rd :- rd :- rd 1-5 lzksr % izkfkfed led ldyua ¼3½ ifjdyiuk Øekd 3 % vk; ds Lrj,o iztuurk nj es _.kkred lecu/k gksrk gsa mijksdrkuqlkj vk; ds Lrj,o iztuurk nj es (r) = mpp Lrj dk _.kkred lglecu/k gsa lglecu/k xq.kkd (r) = vius lehkko;fohkze ¼0-005½ ds N% xquk ¼0-03½ ls vf/kd gsa vr% nksuks Jsf.k;ks vk; dk Lrj,o vkslr iztuu nj es egroiw.kz lglecu/k gs rfkk _.kkred lglec/k gsa vfkkzr~ (r) > P.E.6 xquk ls ;k (r) = > P.E 6 = (0.03) lsa vr% ;g ifjdyiuk lgh fl) gksrh gs fd vk; ds Lrj es c<+ksrjh ds lkfk&lkfk iztuurk nj es deh vkrh gsa fu"d"kz,o lq>ko % ¼1½ vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks es xsj tutkfr;ks dh rqyuk es iztuurk nj vf/kd gksrh gsa bldk izeq[k dkj.k tutkfr;ks es fookg dh vk;q de gksuk] lk{kjrk nj de gksuk]?kksj xjhch] LokLF; lqfo/kkvks dk vhkko] d`f"k,d ek= O;olk;] vk/kqfudrk,o uxjhdj.k ds izhkko ls ofpr gksuk vkfn ik, x, gsa ¼2½ 'kks/k v/;;u ls ;g Hkh fu"d"kz izkir gqvk gs fd tutkfr;ks ds 'ks{kf.kd Lrj es lq/kkj ds ifj.kkelo:i muds iztuurk nj es mrrjksrrj deh vkbz gsa vr% ;g dguk T;knk izklfxd gksxk fd f'k{kk ds Lrj,o iztuurk nj es cgqr?kfu"b lglecu/k ik;k x;k gsa ;g rf; lglecu/k xq.kkd,o lehkko; fohkze ijh{k.k ls fl) gksrk gsa lq>ko % ¼1½ vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks ds mpp iztuurk nj es deh ykus gsrq muds f'k{kk Lrj es o`f)]?kksj xjhch nwj djus gsrq jkstxkj ds volj] tutkrh; {ks=ks es LokLF; lqfo/kkvks dk folrkj,o ;krk;kr] lpkj lqfo/kkvks dk folrkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,a bl izdkj tutkfr; oxz ns'k ds fodkl es lghkkxh cus xs,o lekt dh eq[; /kkjk ls tqm+ ldsxsa ¼2½ 'kklu }kjk nh tkus okyh lkekftd lqj{kk dk folrkj fd;k tk,a lkekftd lqj{kk ds vrxzr o`)kolfkk is 'ku es o`f)] fu%'kqyd LokLF; lqfo/kk dk folrkj] vkokl lqfo/kk vkfn miyc/k djk;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls tutkrh; oxksz ds mpp iztuurk nj dks fu;f=r fd;k tk ldsa lnhkz % (1) Gold Stein, J. R. & Cssidy, T. (1797) : A cohort model of fertility post ponement, The sttisticl study of Humn Popultion A publiction of the popultion ssocition of Amric. Vol. 50, No. 5, Oct (2) A. Gisis W. Single Rusutom (1821) : Child bering postponment nd child well being : A complex nd vried Reltionship? The sttisticl study of Humn Popultion A publiction of the popultion ssocition of Amric. Vol. 50, No. 5, Oct (3) E. O. Annt, Gssmn pine C. Gibson Dvis (2015) : Community Wide Job loss Teenge Fertility : Evidence from North cousolin - The sttisticl study of Humn Popultion, A publiction of the popultion ssocition of Amric. Vol. 50, No. 5, Oct (4) Gorm S. & Potn, D. (2005) : Does prentl cousent for birth control Affect underge pregnncy rtes? The sttisticl study of Humn Popultion A publiction of the popultion ssocition of Amric. Vol. 50, No. 5, Oct ¼5½ fejk] MkW- t;izdk'k % tukfddh] lkfgr; Hkou ifcyds'ku] vkxjka Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XV (7) September

9 Since Mrch 2002 E conomics An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 150, Vol - XV (7), September , Pge No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impct Fctor mjeemlùe, efme#ee Je hees<ece mes mecyebefoele «eeceerce ceefnueedeew keâer peeie keâlee keâe DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew mjeemlùe, efme#ee Je hees<ece mes mecyebefoele «eeceerce ceefnueedeew keâer peeie keâlee keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ mjemle jnvee Deepe keâer pe jle nw, Deepe nj JÙeefòeâ keâes keâesf&-ve-keâesf& Meejerefjkeâ mecemùee nw~ Oeve keâceeves keâer FÛÚe lees meyeer jkeles nq, uesefkeâve Fme Oeve keâes keâceeves kesâ efues ncew mjemle jnvee Deefle-DeeJeMÙekeâ nw, DeLee&led mjeemlùe nw lees Oeve nw, mjeemlùe vener nw, lees Oeve vener keâceeùee pee mekeâlee nw~ Ùen Yeer meûe nw efkeâ mjemle JÙeefòeâ Deheveer lelee Deheves heefjjeej SJeb je ^ kesâ efjekeâeme cew yesnlej heefjceece os mekeâlee nw, pees Skeâ mjemle DeeefLe&keâ efjekeâeme keâer Deesj ues pee mekeâlee nw~ mjemle ueesie ner je ^ kesâ ue#ùeew cew Dehevee Ùeesieoeve os heeles nq~ mjeemlùe kesâ #es$e cew veerefle efvecee&leedeew Je jepeveereflekeâ FÛÚe Meefòeâ cew leeuecesue mleeefhele keâjvee Deefle DeeJeMÙekeâ nw, leyeer Skeâ mjemle Yeejle keâe efvecee&ce nes mekesâiee~ kegâ.ieeùe$eer efmevne* SJeb [e@.deevebo kegâceej efjeõekeâcee&**,d jk"vª ds ukxfjdks dk LoLFk gksuk vkffkzd fodkl] le`f) vksj LFkkf;Ro ds fy, csgn t:jh gs] D;ksfd,d LoLFk vksj lkef;z tu leqnk; gh vpnh mrikndrk es lg;ksx djrk gs ifj.kke Lo:i lekos'kh fodkl gksrk gsa vkt iwjs Hkkjr dh vko';drk tuleqnk; dk LoLFk jguk vfr vko';d gs] rhkh,d LoLFk vkffkzd fodkl dh dyiuk fd;k tk ldrk gsa LoLFk vkffkzd fodkl ds fy, ljdkjh ;kstuk dh vko';drk gs] ftldk nkf;ro ljdkj dk gsa ljdkj vius ns"kokfl;ks ds LokLF; ds fy, lrr~ iz;kl dj jgs gsa fodkl dh izfø;k es ljdkjh ;kstukvks dk egroiw.kz Hkwfedk gksrh gs] tgk izr;sd ns'kokfl;ks es leqfpr,o fpfdrlk lqfo/kk miyc/k djkuk ljdkj dk izeq[k drzo; gsa LokLF; dh n`f"v ls leiw.kz efgyk tkfr ds LokLF; dks /;ku nsuk vfr vko';d gsa vkt xk oks es vfkkzr~ xzkeh.k efgykvks dh flfkfr es mruh lq/kkj ugh vk;k] ftruk fd vkuk pkfg,a dkj.k Hkkjr es izfr O;fDr vkslru dsyksjh [kir xzkeh.k {ks=ks es 2400 dsyksjh es ls [kir dsyksjh 2233 rfkk 'kgjks ds fy, dsyksjh 2200 gs] ftles [kir 2206 dsyksjh gsa 'kgjh o xzkeh.k es vurj dsyksjh [kir ls Li"V fn[k jgk gsa 2400 o 2200 dsyksjh [kir ds uhps okys O;fDr;ks dks xjhch js[kk ls uhps j[kk x;k gs] vfkkzr~ vhkh Hkh xzkeh.k {ks=ks es yksxks dks mfpr dsyksjh ugh fey ik jgh gsa ;gh ugh ns'k ds 40 izfr'kr cppks o 60 izfr'kr efgykvks es dbz egroiw.kz iks"kd rroks dh deh gs] tks muds cksf)d,o 'kkjhfjd fodkl es xgjk vlj Mky jgk gsa tcfd LoLFk efgyk gh LoLFk f'k'kq dks tue ns ldrh gs] vr% blds foijhr dqiksf"kr efgyk dqiksf"kr f'k'kq dks tue nsxh] ftlls dqiksf"kr ekuo pø pyrk gh jgsxk] tks vkffkzd fodkl ds fy,,d pquksrh dk fo"k; gsa fodkl djus ds fy, efgyk tuuh ds LokLF; ij /;ku nsuk cgqr gh vko";d gsa uho dk lgh cu tkus ls izpqj Hkkoh ykhk izkir gksrs gs] ;g dfku gky es bz,q, osf'od fuxjkuh fjiksvz 2015 lcds fy, f'k{kk] miyfc/k;ks,o pquksfr;ks ds ljk'k es mfyyf[kr gsa,d vksj 'ksf{kd thou es 'ks'kodkyhu f'k{kk ;kuh iwoz izkfkfed f'k{kk ds egrrk dh vksj ldsr djrk gs] ogh nwljh vksj cppks ds LokLF; dh egrrk dks Hkh ntz djrk gsa cppks es dqiks"k.k muds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld fodkl dks izhkkfor djrk gsa fodkl'khy ns'kks es dqiks'k.k ds dkj.k yxhkx 14 djksm+ 70 yk[k NksVs cppks dk mfpr 'kkjhfjd vksj ekufld fodkl ugh gksrka fo'ohkj es cppks dh 45 izfr'kr eksrks dk dkj.k i;kzir iks"k.k dk u feyuk gsa vxj cppks dks iks"k.k ugh feyrk gs] rks os xhkhj :i ls chekj gks tkrs gs] ftldk dkj.k dqiks"k.k gs] tks cppks dks eksr dh vksj vxzlj djrk gsa fo'o Lrj ij gj o"kz 60 gtkj ls vf/kd xhkzorh efgykvks dh e`r;q vk;ju dh deh ds dkj.k gksrh gsa blh izdkj xhkzorh efgykvks es vk;ju dh deh ls gj lky 2-5 yk[k ¼<kbZ yk[k½ f'k'kqvks es tue ds le; dksbz u dksbz fod`fr gks tkrh gsa vk;ju dh deh dh otg ls xhkzorh efgykvks dk 'kjhj detksj gks tkrk gs] ftlds ifj.kkelo:i muds xhkz es iy jgs f'k'kq dk fodkl Hkh izhkkfor gksrk gsa blls efgyk vksj mlds cpps ds chekj gksus ;k e`r;q dk f'kdkj gksus dh vk'kdk c<+ tkrh gsa lu~ 1983 ds jk"vªh; LokLF; uhfr ds elksns dks vxhdkj djus ds lkfk gh lcdk LokLF; dh?kks"k.kk ds uhfrxr funsz'k Hkkjr ljdkj dh?kksf"kr uhfr cu xbza LoLFk jk"vª dk okfnr ifj.kke gsrq gj o"kz ctvh; [kpz c<+kus dh ekx [km+h dj Hkkjr *MeesOeeLee, JÙee.(hebÛee.) DeLe&MeeŒe, Mee.G.cee.efJe.,meeWÌ{, efpeuee-yescesleje (ÚòeermeieÌ{) **MeesOe-efveoxMekeâ, MeemekeâerÙe keâuee SJeb JeeefCepÙe ceneefjeåeeueùe, yeesjer, ogie& (ÚòeermeieÌ{) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XV (7) September

10 ds LokLF; {ks= us uhfr fuekzrkvks ds fy, lnso cm+h pquksfr;k izlrqr dh gsa lcds fy, LokLF; lsok lqyhk djkus ds ldyi ds rgr~ ljdkj vktknh ds ckn ls gh iz;kljr~ gsa vktknh ds iwoz gh Hkksjs lfefr us lcds fy, LokLF; dh flqkfj'k dh FkhA lu~ 1958 es,-,y- eqny;kj lfefr us LokLF; lsokvks ds iquzxbu,o ftyk vlirkyks dks etcwr djus dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA lu~ 1988 es vyekvh?kks"k.kk es Hkh fo'o Lrj ij lcds fy, LokLF; dh dyiuk dh xbz FkhA l;qdr jk"vª l?k dk fodkl y{; 2000 es Hkh f'k'kq e`r;q nj es deh ykus] ekr`ro LokLF;,o xhkhj chekfj;ks ds fu;=.k dk y{; fu/kkzfjr fd;k x;k gsa 11 oh ipo"khz; ;kstuk ¼2007&12½ es LokLF; dks lqn`<+ djus ds mn~ns'; ls ;kstuk cuk;h xbz] LokLF; iz.kkfy;ks dks lqn`<+ cukus dk izeq[k ek/;e jk"vªh; xzkeh.k LokLF; fe'ku FkkA ftldk vc jk"vªh; 'kgjh LokLF; fe'ku ds lkfk foy; dj fn;k x;k vksj bldk uke jk"vªh; LokLF; fe'ku j[k fn;k x;k gsa LokLF; jkt; dk fo"k; gs] ysfdu ;g Li"V gs fd jkt;ks dks dfbukb;ks ls fuivus vksj viuh LokLF; iz.kkfy;ks dks lqn`<+ cukus ds fy, forrh;,o ospkfjd nksuks izdkj ls dsfunz; lgk;rk dh t:jr jkt; ljdkj dks gs] blfy, dsunz ljdkj okf"kzd ;kstuk es jkt; dks /;ku nsrs gq, ;kstuk dk dk;kzuo;u djrs gsa T;knkrj jkt;ks us u;s&u;s uokpkjks dks pquk gs] mues,d 9]00]000 lkeqnkf;d LokLF; Lo; lsfo;ks vk'kk dk dk;zcy rs;kj djuk rfkk lkoztfud LokLF; lsokvks dks tu leqnk; rd igq pkus vksj mudk ;ksxnku c<+kus dh fn'kk es rfkk LokLF; f'k{kk ds {ks= es cgqr cm+k ;ksxnku fn;k gsa jk"vªh; LokLF; fe'ku dk vu; egroiw.kz ;ksxnku 1]78]000 LokLF; dfez;ks dks lkoztfud iz.kkyh ls tksm+uk gsa 18]000 ls T;knk,Ecqyslks dh O;oLFkk dh xbza orzeku es LokLF; ds fy, /ku dh O;oLFkk djuk] LokLF; lsok miyc/k djkus dk izeq[k?kvd gsa Hkkjr es ljdkj lkoztfud LokLF; lsok iz.kkyh dk lpkyu eq[;r% Lo; djrh gs] ftlls e/;e,o fueu oxks Z ds fy, LokLF; lsok egxh gks pqdh gsa xjhc yksxks ds igq p ds ckgj gs] blfy, ljdkj izkfkfed LokLF; lsok lq/kkjus ds iz;kl es ctvh; vkcvu j[kk tkrk gsa nqfu;k dh uksoh cm+h vfkzo;olfkk lxbu }kjk tkjh gsyfk ds;j fllve dh jsfdx es 190 ns'kks dh lwph es Hkkjr dk LFkku 112 ok gsa gky gh es eksnh ljdkj }kjk is'k fd, x, vke ctv es 9-5 izfr'kr dh ekewyh o`f) djrs gq, LokLF; ds fy, 39] djksm+ :i;s dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gsa lkoztfud LokLF; r= dks csgrj cuk, tkus dh ctk; uhfr vk;ksx dh e'kk gs fd chek vk/kkfjr ekwmy viukrs gq, xjhc ifjokj ds fy, LokLF; chek ;kstuk dh jkf'k 30 gtkj ls c<+kdj 1 yk[k,o bues cqtqxz lnl;ks gsrq vfrfjdr 30 gtkj dk izko/kku] iz/kkue=h tu vks"kf/k ;kstuk ds rgr iwjs ns'k es 3]000 tsusfjd nok LVksj [kksyus vksj gj ftys es Mk;fyfll lsuvj [kksyus dh ljdkj dh ;kstuk gsa Hkkjr ljdkj xzkeh.k LokLF; lc/kh ;kstuk dk fuekz.k dj egroiw.kz LokLF; ;kstuk lc/kh fodkl dh ;kstuk, fueufyf[kr gs % ¼1½ Lo'kfDr ;kstuk ¼1998&99½ % efgykvks es LokLF; f'k{kk izf'k{k.k,o l`tu dh xfrfof/k;ks ds }kjk budh {kerkvks es o`f) djuk vksj thou dh xq.korrk es lq/kkj djuka ¼2½ fd'kksjh 'kfdr ;kstuk ¼2000&01½ % 11 ls 18 o"kz vk;q fd'kksjh ckfydkvks dks gksus okys 'kkjhfjd] ekufld cnykoks ds lc/k es tkudkjh nsuka fd'kksfj;ks dks Lo; ds LokLF;] iks"k.k,o LoPNrk ds lc/k es tkx:d rfkk vkrefuhkzj cukuka ¼3½ thou Hkkjrh efgyk ¼2002&03½ % 15 ls 18 o"kz vk;q oxz ds efgykvks dks xhkhj chekfj;ks,o muds gksus okys f'k'kqvks ds tuetkr fod`fr ¼vix½ gksus dh n'kk es mugs lqj{kk iznku djuka ¼4½ ounsekrje~ ;kstuk ¼2003&04½ % xhkzorh efgykvks dks futh vlirkyks dh lgk;rk ls izr;sd ekg fu%'kqyd bzykt rfkk vfr vko';d nok, miyc/k djokuka ¼5½ tuuh lqj{kk ;kstuk ¼2003&04½ % xhkzorh efgykvks dks LokLF; dsunzks es ith;u ds ckn ls ysdj f'k'kq tue rd lhkh vfuok;z vko';d fpfdrlk lqfo/kk, miyc/k djkuk,o uotkr f'k'kq ds tue ij,deq'r udn vkffkzd lgk;rk iznku djuka ¼6½ vk'kk ;kstuk % lhkh xzkeh.k {ks=ks es eku;rk izkir lkekftd LokLF; dk;zdrkz ny ds ek/;e ls?kj&?kj tkdj efgykvks vksj f'k'kqvks dks LokLF; lc/kh tkudkjh o lsok, miyc/k djkuka ¼7½ vu; ;kstuk % jktho xk /kh jk"vªh; f'k'kq ns[khkky dsunz ;kstuk] jk"vªh; xzkeh.k LokLF; fe'ku 2005] fe'ku bunz/kuq"k ;kstuk] egrkjh tru ;kstuk vkfn izeq[k gsa izlrqr v/;;u dk mn~ns'; % LokLF;] f'k{kk o iks"k.k ls lcf/kr xzkeh.k efgykvks dh tkx:drk Kkr djuka v/;;u i)fr % izlrqr 'kks/k i= izkfkfed vkdm+ks ¼rF;ks½ ij vk/kkfjr gsa U;kn'kZ % izlrqr v/;;u es csesrjk ftyk ds 400 vkxuckm+h dk;zdrkzvks dk p;u fd;k x;k gsa rkfydk 01 % vius o vius ifjokj ds LokLF; ds izfr tkx:drk dk v/;;u Øekd mrrjnkrkvks dk tokc vko`frr izfr'kr 1 gk ugh ;kx Rkkfydk 01 es miyc/k vkdm+ks ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gs fd xzkeh.k efgykvks ls iwnk x;k fd vki LokLF; ds izfr fdruk tkx:d gks\ izfr'kr efgyk mrrjnkrkvks dk tokc gs gk ] LokLF; ds izfr tkx:d gsa fdurq izfr'kr mrrjnkrkvks dk er ugh gs] vfkkzr~ LokLF; ds izfr tkx:drk dk vhkko ik;k x;k gsa rkfydk 2] tgk xzkeh.k efgykvks ds LokLF; dh n`f"v ls ljdkj dh ;kstukvks ds rgr xhkzorh] f'k'kqorh efgykvks o fd'kksfj;ks dks iks'k.k vkgkj iznku fd;k tkrk gsa ftlls dqiks"k.k dks nwj fd;k tk ldsa Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XV (7) September

11 rkfydk 02 % vkxuckm+h dsunz }kjk iks"k.k vkgkj es xhkzorh efgykvks dks fdl izdkj dk vkgkj iznku fd;k tkrk gs \ Øekd mrrjnkrkvks dk tokc vko`frr izfr'kr 1 nfy;k jmh Vw bv pkoy jmh Vw bzv & pkoy vu; vkgkj ¼yM~Mw]ewx] 5 Hkhxk puk] QYyhnkuk] xqm+ vkfn½ ;kx Rkfydk 02 ls Li"V gks jgk gs fd xhkzorh efgykvks nh tkus okyh iks"k.k vkgkj 0-25 izfr'kr mrrjnkrkvks dk tokc nfy;k fn;k tkrk gsa izfr'kr mrrjnkrkvks dk tokc jsmh Vw bzv vkgkj iznku fd;k tkrk gsa xhkzorh efgykvks dks 0-25 izfr'kr mrrjnkrkvks }kjk tokc pkoy iznku fd;k tkrk gsa 3-75 izfr'kr mrrjnkrkvks }kjk jsmh Vw bzv vksj pkoy nksuks izdkj dk vkgkj iznku fd;k tkrk gsa 2-50 izfr'kr mrrjnkrkvks dk tokc vu; vkgkj fn;k tkrk gsa tsls & ym~mw] ewx] QYyhnkuk] xqm+] jsmh Vw bzv] eqjkz] ued vkfna vr% vkxuckm+h dsunzks ds }kjk xhkzorh efgykvks dks lcls vf/kd izfr'kr jsmh Vw bzv fn;k tkrk gsa rkfydk 03 % Ekgrkjh okgu ;kstuk 102 ds vkus ls f'k'kq o ekr`ro e`r;qnj es deh vk;h gs Øekd mrrjnkrkvks dk tokc vko`frr izfr'kr 1 gk vkf'kd Ugh ;kx rkfydk 03 es miyc/k vkdm+ks ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gs fd xzkeh.k efgyk mrrjnkrkvks ls izfr'kr efgyk dk tokc gk es vk;k gs] bldk eryc gs fd egrkjh ;kstuk ls f'k'kq o ekr`ro e`r;qnj es deh vk;h gsa 20 izfr'kr efgyk mrrjnkrkvks dk tokc vkf'kd :i ls egrkjh ;kstuk ls f'k'kq e`r;q o ekr`ro e`r;qnj es deh vk;h gsa 11 izfr'kr efgyk mrrjnkrkvks dk tokc gs fd f'k'kq e`r;q o ekr`ro e`r;qnj es deh ugh vk;h gsa Ysfdu rkfydk dks Li"V :i ls v/;;u djds ns[kk x;k] lcls vf/kd efgyk mrrjnkrkvks us gk dgk] ftles ekr`ro o f'k'kq e`r;qnj es deh vk;h gsa Rkfydk 04 % vkxuckm+h dsunz es xhkzorh efgykvks dks vk;ju dh xksyh nh tkrh gs Øekd vk;ju xksyh vko`frr izfr'kr 1-2- gk ¼ vkxuckm+h dsunz }kjk fn;k tkrk gs ½ fpfdrlk fohkkx LokLF; dk;zdrkz ;ksx iks"k.k vkgkj dh deh ls xhkzorh efgyk o cppks es vk;ju dh deh ls [kwu dh deh ik;h tkrh gs] tks xhkhj chekfj;ks dks fue=.k nsus dk dke djrk gsa [kwu dh deh dks nwj djus ds fy, ljdkjh ;kstuk ds rgr vk'kk dk;zdrkz o vkxuckm+h nksuks ds lg;ksx ls vk;ju dh xksyh iznku dh tkrh gsa rkfydk 04 es 87 izfr'kr mrrjnkrkvks dk tokc vk;ju dh xksyh vkxuckm+h dk;zdrkz }kjk fn;k tkrk gsa 13 izfr'kr vk;ju dh xksyh fpfdrlk fohkkx ds LokLF; dk;zdrkz }kjk fn;k tkrk gsa xhkzorh efgyk o cppks ess [kwu dh deh o dqiks"k.k dks nwj fd, tkus dk vpnk lk/ku gsa vk;ju dh xksyh ftlls xhkzorh efgyk o cppks dks LokLF; j[kk tk ldrk gsa rkfydk 05 % vkxuckm+h dsunzks }kjk fd'kksjh ckfydk izf'k{k.k iznku fd;k tkrk gs fd'kkfj;k dk LokLF; Øekd vko`frr izfr'kr dh tkudkjh 1 gk vkf'kd Ugh ;kx rkfydk 05 es miyc/k vkdm+ks ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gs fd izfr'kr mrrjnkrkvks dk tokc gk] fd'kksfj;ks dks LokLF; dh tkudkjh nh tkrh gsa 5-0 izfr'kr mrrjnkrkvks dk tokc vkf'kd :i ls fd'kksjhvks dks LokLF; dh tkudkjh nh tkrh gsa 2-25 izfr'kr mrrjnkrkvks dk tokc ugh es FkkA fu"d"kz % LoLFk jguk vkt dh t:jr gs vkt gj O;fDr dks dksbz u dksbz 'kkjhfjd lel;k gsa /ku dekus dh bpnk rks lhkh j[krs gs] ysfdu bl /ku dks dekus ds fy, ges LoLFk jguk vfr vko';d gs] vfkkzr~ LokLF; gs rks /ku gs] LokLF; ugh gs rks /ku dkek;k ugh tk ldrk gsa ;g Hkh lp gs fd LoLFk O;fDr viuh rfkk vius ifjokj,o jk"vª ds fodkl es csgrj ifj.kke ns ldrk gs] tks,d LoLFk vkffkzd fodkl dh vksj ys tk ldrk gsa LoLFk yksx gh jk"vª ds y{;ks es vius ;ksxnku ns ikrs gsa vr% LokLF; o vkffkzd fodkl ds fy, ges leiw.kz efgyk tkfr dks tkx:d gksuk t:jh gsa ljdkjh ;kstuk dk ykhk mbkus ds fy, ges tkx:d gksuk im+ sxk] vksj lkfk gh LokLF; {ks= ds uhfr&fuekzrkvks o jktuhfrk bpnk 'kfdr es rkyesy LFkkfir djuk vfr vko';d gs] rhkh,d LoLFk Hkkjr dk fuekz.k gks ldsxka lnhkz % ¼1½ ;kstuk] Qjojh ¼2½ Ekfgyk,o cky fodkl ¼NRrhlx<+ 'kklu½a ¼3½ fo'o csda ¼4½ uohkkjr] lekpkj i=] jfookj] 13 ekpz ¼5½ e/;izns'k lkekftd fokku vuqlu/kku tuzy] tqykbz&fnlecj ¼6½ uohkkjr] lekpkj i=] 29 ekpz 2016] exyokja Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XV (7) September

12 Since Mrch 2002 izlrkouk % Hkkjr,d fodkl'khy ns'k,o fo'o dh rsth ls mhkjrh gqbz vfkzo;olfkk gsa bldk ldy?kjsyw mrikn 1-73 fvªfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj gks x;k gsa ;g,f'k;k dh rhljh le`) rfkk fo'o dk lkrok le`+) ns'k gksus ds ckotwn Hkh xjhch,o vlekurk dh c<+rh [kkbz ns'k ds fy, vfhk'kki gsa Hkkjr es tul[;k o`f) dh nj rhozrk ls c<+ jgh gs] ftlls csjkstxkjh dh nj c<+ jgh gsa bldk dkj.k ;g gs fd ns'k es miyc/k izkd`frd llk/kuks,o ekuoh; llk/kuks dk leqfpr fonksgu ugh gks ikuk gsa Hkkjr d`f"k iz/kku,o xk oks dk ns'k gsa tgk 121 djksm+ tul[;k fuokl djrh gs] tks iwjs fo'o dk 17-5 izfr'kr gsa ns'k es dqy tul[;k dk izfr'kr tul[;k xk oks es fuokl djrh gs] ftuds thodksiktzu dk eq[; L=ksr d`f"k gsa d`f"k dks ns'k,o jkt; dk lcls cm+k fu;ksdrk dgk tkrk gs] ftldh ldy?kjsyw mrikn es fgllsnkjh 14-6 izfr'kr gs] tks ns'k ds lekos'kh fodkl dk l'kdr ek/;e gsa xk oks es vf/kdk'kr% Hkwfeghu etnwj] y?kq,o lhekr d`"kd] c/kqvk etnwj,o lekt ds detksj oxz ds O;fDr gksrs gs] ftldh vkffkzd flfkfr cgqr n;uh; gksrh gsa rduhdh Kku,o jkstxkj ds vhkko es xjhch ls tq>rs gs vksj thou dh cqfu;knh vko';drkvks dks iwjk ugh dj ikrs gsa ;kstuk vk;ksx us crk;k fd 2011&12 es ns'k es xjhch dk vuqikr 29-5 izfr'kr gsa bl izdkj xzkeh.k {ks= es xjhch dk vuqikr 30-9 izfr'kr,o 'kgjh {ks= es 26-4 izfr'kr gsa NRrhlx<+ es xjhch dk vuqikr 2011&12 es 47-9 izfr'kr gsa bl izdkj xzkeh.k {ks= es xjhch dk vuqikr 49-2 izfr'kr,o 'kgjh {ks= es 43-7 izfr'kr gs] tks ns'k es lcls vf/kd gs] ogh xksok,slk jkt; gs] tgk xjhch dk vuqikr lcls de 6-3 izfr'kr gsa ¼fo'ks"kK lfefr] lh- jxjktu½a E conomics An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 150, Vol - XV (7), September , Pge No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impct Fctor ÚòeermeieÌ{ cew «eeceerce iejerye heefjjeejew keâer meeceeefpekeâ-deeefle&keâ efmleefle keâe efjemues<eceelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve (yeueewoeyeepeej efpeues kesâ meboye& cew) Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew ÚòeermeieÌ{ cew «eeceerce iejerye heefjjeejew keâer meeceeefpekeâ-deeefle&keâ efmleefle keâe efjemues<eceelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve, yeueewoeyeepeej efpeues kesâ efjemes<e meboye& cew efkeâùee ieùee nw~ osme cew kegâue pevemebkùee keâe ØeefleMele pevemebkùee ieebjeew cew efvejeeme keâjleer nw, efpevekesâ peerefjekeâesheepe&ve keâe cegkùe Œeesle ke=âef<e nw~ iejeryeer Skeâ Ssmeer efmleefle nw, efpemecew meblees<epevekeâ iegpej-yemej keâjves kesâ efues DeJemejeW keâe DeYeeJe neslee nw, Ùener ceeveje iejeryeer keâer DeJeOeejCee nw~ iejeryeer keâes totj keâjves kesâ efues iejeryeew keâer eâùe Meefòeâ cew Je=efæ keâjvee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw Deewj FmeceW Je=efæ leyeer nesieer, peye DeLe&JÙeJemLee cew cepeotjeriele ceow lelee ke=âef<eiele JemlegDeeW keâe Glheeove yeì{eùee peesiee~ «eeceerce #es$eew cew efme#ee SJeb jespeieej kesâ meeoeveew keâe efjekeâeme efkeâùee peevee ÛeeefnS~ kegbâpeer Meyo : iejeryeer, Demeceevelee, DeeefLe&keâ efjekeâeme~ DeesceØekeâeMe yeiesue v/;;u dk mn~ns'; % ¼1½ U;kn'kZ xzkeh.k xjhc ifjokjks es vk; dh flfkfr dk v/;;u djuka ¼2½ U;kn'kZ xzkeh.k ifjokjks es xjhch dk rqyukred dk v/;;u djuka 'kks/k ifjdyiuk, % izlrqr 'kks/k ds vurxzr bl ifjdyiuk dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gs fd xzkeh.k xjhc ifjokjks dh vk; es o`f) gqbz,o xjhch es deh vk;h gsa 'kks/k izfof/k % ¼1½ vkdm+ks dk ldyu % izlrkfor v/;;u izkfkfed led ij vk/kkfjr gsa ¼2½ 'kks/k izjpuk % ;g 'kks/k cgqlrjh; nso fun'kzu ij vk/kkfjr gsa cyksnk ctkj ftyk 6 fodkl[k.m es fohkdr gsa bu N% fodkl[k.mks es nks fodkl[k.m es ls nks&nks xzke dk p;u fd;k x;k gs] tks fd dqy 4 xzke gsa U;kn'kZ xzke es ifjokjks dh l[;k dk p;u cyksnkcktkj ftyk lkf[;dh; iqflrdk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gs] tks U;kn'kZ 4 xzkeks es dqy ifjokjks dh l[;k 1501 gsa bu ifjokjks es ls [kk kuu jk'ku dkmz ds vk/kkj ij dqy 1286 ifjokjks dk p;u fd;k x;k gs] tks fd eq[;r% lhekr,o y?kq d`"kd ifjokj gsa izr;sd xzkeks es dqy [kk kuu jk'ku ifjokjks dk 10 izfr'kr fun'kz fy;k x;k gsa bl izdkj dqy 1286 [kk kuu jk'ku dkmz ifjokjks dk 10 izfr'kr fun'kz ds vk/kkj ij 129 ifjokjks dk p;u fd;k x;k gsa U;kn"kZ ifjokjks es xzkeh.k xjhch dk ekiu % lh- jxjktu lehfr ds vuqlkj ¼2014 dh fjikszv½ izfr O;fDr izfrfnu mihkksx O;; ¾ 32 :- izfr O;fDr ekfld mihkksx O;; ¾ 972 :- vkslr 5 lnl; izfr ifjokj ekfld mihkksx O;; ¾ ¾ 4860 : - MeesOeeLee, DeLe&MeeŒe DeOÙeÙeveMeeuee, heb.jefjemebkeâj Megkeäue efjeõeefjeåeeueùe, jeùehegj (ÚòeermeieÌ{) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XV (7) September