Effect of Drought Stress and Plant Density on Oil. percentage, yield and grain yield of Dragon s head. (Lallemantia Iberica Fish. et Mey.

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1 Mnusript Proessing Detils (dd/mm/yyyy) : Reeived : 1/2/14 Aepted on : 25/2/14 Pulished : 2/3/14 Effet of Drought Stress nd Plnt Density on Oil Perentge, Oil nd Grin Yield of Drgon s Hed (Lllemnti Ieri Fish. et Mey.) Pris Aghei-Ghrhorlou M.S. Student of Agronomy, Fulty of Agriulture, Triz Univ., Triz, Irn Sfr Nsrollhzdeh Asso. Prof. of Eo-Physiology, Fulty of Agriulture, Triz Univ., Triz, Irn Astrt A split-plot experiment ws onduted in rndomized omplete lok design with four replition t the Reserh Frm of the Fulty of Agriulture, University of Triz, Irn in 12 to evlute the effet of different irrigtion tretments nd plnt density on grin oil perentge, yield nd grin yield of Drgon s hed (Lllemnti ieri Fish. et Mey.). Irrigtion tretments (I 1, I 2, I 3, I 4 nd I 5 : irrigtion fter 7, 1, 1, 16 nd 19 mm evportion from lss A pn, respetively) were ssigned to min plots nd four plnt density levels (D 1, D 2, D 3 nd D 4 :,,, 5 plnt/m 2 ) were lloted to the su plots. Different plnting densities were employed y hnging plnting distnes on ultivtion rows. Oil perentge inresed with derese in irrigtion frequeny, ut grin yield deresed with drought severity. Oil perentge showed no response to plnting density. Highest grin oil yield ws hieved on I 2 tretment. Highest grin yield ws hieved under I 1 tretment, ut differene etween I 1 nd I 2 tretments ws not signifint. The gretest oil nd grin yield ws otined from plnt/m 2. Aording to the results otined, irrigtion fter 1 mmm evportion from lss A pn nd density of plnt/m 2 is the est omintion for Drgon s hed oil nd grin prodution. Keywords Irrigtion Intervl, Oil Perentge, Oil Yield, Plnting Density, Drgon s Hed. I. INTRODUCTIONN Plnts re exposed to multitude of nturl ioti nd ioti stresses. Drought is mjor ioti stress tht severely ffets food prodution worldwide. Aout one third of the world lnds re lssified s rid nd semi-rid region nd ridity is the most ommon environmentl stress nd pproximtely inludes 25% of the world lnd. Thus, irrigtion plys vitl role in growth nd yield of this rop in these regions [1]. In sheduling irrigtion progrms, methods sed on pn evportion hve widespred usge due to their simple nd esy pplition nd low ost [2]. Moreover, Clss-A pn is ommonly used in griulture due to the ft tht it is the most suitle system for determining reltionships mong plnt, wter nd limte [3]. Mny reserhes were hieved out effets of wter defiit stress nd limittion of irrigtion on phenologi, morphologi nd physiologi trits [4, 5]. Mny reserhers elieve tht mount of rop wter use determine plnt growth nd development. Menwhile plnts my injure under nonn optiml ess of wter t ny stge [6]. Drought stress severely limits growth nd development of plnts y ffeting different metoli proesses suh s CO 2 ssimiltion, oil nd protein synthesis [7]. Almost 9% of plnt dry weight is 654 resulted from CO 2 ssimiltion during photosynthesis [8]. The redution of photosynthesis under drought stress is ppered to e ssoited with disturne in iohemil retions [9]. When stomt re losed due to drought or high temperture, the ville CO 2 in interellulr spe would e redued, leding to redued eletron trnsport pity nd restrited ssimiltion potentil [1]. [11] reported tht irrigtion not only inresed the growth ut lso enhned the effiieny of pplied nutrients. Some evidenes hve indited tht stress during vegettive phse, flowering or seed filling period uses onsiderle derese in yield nd oil ontent of rops [12].[13]oserved tht nol yield in Montn inresed with higher vilility of wter, ut hd lower men oil ontent. Under dry lnd onditions, [14] reported tht severe drought deresed oil nd inresed protein ontent of rpe seed. [15] oserved wter stress deresed oil yield of sfflower. [16] showed tht drought stress deresed oil perentge from to 24% in sunflower. Plnt density is n importnt ftor in determining the seed yield [17]. The optimiztion of this ftor n led to higher yield in the rop y fvorly ffeting the sorption of nutrients nd exposure of the plnt to the light. In ft, the yield of plnt is the result of the ompetition within nd outside of the plnt on the environmentl ftors nd the mximum yield will e otined when, this ompetition hs deresed nd the plnt hs the mximum using of these environmentl ftors. Aording to the results of study of [18], plntdensity no hd signifint effet on oil perent, ut inrese in density signifintly inresed oil yield. [19]showed tht the mximum oil yield nd oil perentge were otined from the highest plnt popultion. Inresing of oil perentge under higher plnt popultion is relted to lower husk perent. Drgon s hed (Lllemnti ieri Fish. et Mey.) is n nnul her tht elongs to Lmiee fmily nd spreds in southwestern Asi nd Europe []. It grows well in rid zones nd requires light well-drined soil [21]. Drgon s hed is vlule speies, i.e. ll plnt prts (leves or seeds) n e eonomilly used [22]. However, it is minly ultivted for its seeds tht ontin out % oil with iodi index etween 163 nd 3. These seeds re used trditionlly s stimulnt, diureti nd expetornt s well s in food [23]. A etter understnding of the effets of irrigtion frequeny nd plnting density on lol nd negleted rops n help to determine optiml irrigtion sheduling. It is expeted tht good mngement nd doption of

2 suitle prties will improve the wter onservtion nd result in more effiient rop prodution under oth rin fed nd irrigted onditions [24]. A question tht lso needs to e resolved is if different plnt popultions re relevnt ftors determining the finl rop yield under different irrigtion frequenies. In this study, we investigted the response of Drgon s hed oil yield to irrigtion frequeny nd plnting density. II. MATERIALS Site desription nd experimentl design The field experiment ws onduted in 12 t the Reserh Frm of the University of Triz, Irn (ltitude 38 5_N, longitude 46 17_E, ltitude 136 m ove se level). The limte of reserh re is hrterized y men nnul preipittion of 285 mm, men nnul temperture of 1 C, men nnul mximum temperture of 16.6 C nd men nnul minimum temperture of 4.2 C. The experiment ws rrnged s split plot design with four replitions. Irrigtion tretments (I 1, I 2, I 3, I 4 nd I 5 : irrigtion fter 7, 1, 1, 16 nd 19 mm evportion from lss A pn, respetively) were ssigned to min plots nd four plnt density levels (D 1, D 2, D 3 nd D 4 :,,, 5 plnt/ m 2 ) were lloted to the su plots. All plots were irrigted immeditely fter sowing. Irrigtion tretments were pplied fter seedling estlishment. Hnd weeding of the experimentl re ws performed s required. Mesurement of trits To determine of grin yield n re equl to 1 m 2 ws hrvested from middle prt of eh plot onsidering mrginl effet. Hrvested plnts were dried in 25 C nd under shdow nd ir flow, nd then grins were seprted from their remins y threshing. Seed oil ontent ws determined ording to A.O.A.C. [25] using soxhlet pprtus nd diethyl ether s solvent. Oil yield were lulted vi multiply oil perentge x grin yield. Sttistil nlysis Sttistil nlysis of the dt ws performed with MSTAT-C softwre. Dunn multiple rnge test ws pplied to ompre mens of eh trit t 5% proility. Oil perentge III. RESULTS Plnt density hd no signifint effet on the grin oil perentge, wheres grin oil perentge signifintly ffeted y irrigtion tretments (Tle 1). Mximum oil perentge (.63) ws otined from I 4 tretment, nd the minimum (26.19) otined from I 1 tretment, respetively (Fig. 1). Oil perentge ws inresed, s the severity of wter defiit inresed. In ontrst, the oil perentge of grins inresed y inresing wter limittion. Similr results were reported for (Nigell stiv L.) [26], rosemry [27]nd Clendul [28]. Also, [18] in sfflower nd [29] in pumpkin showed tht the inrese in plnt density hd no signifint effet on grin oil perentge, whih onfirms the results of the urrentstudy. However, [] nd [31] reported the inrese in grin oil perentge t lower nd upper densities respetively. Grin yield Irrigtion regime nd plnt density hve signifint effets (P.1) on the grin yield of Drgon s hed (Tle 1). Mens omprison indited tht the mximum grin yield (158.1 g/m 2 ) produed y I 1 followed y I 2 (irrigtion t 7 nd 1 mm evportion from lss A pn, respetively) (Fig. 2), ut differene etween I 1 nd I 2 tretments ws not signifint. The minimum yield (5.1 g/m 2 ) used y I 5 tretment (irrigtion t 19 mm evportion from lss A pn) (Fig. 4). The lowest yield of seed (11.5 g/m 2 ) ws otined from D 1 ( plnt/m 2 ), inresed y inresing plnt density nd gve mximum vlue (123 g/m 2 ) t D 3 ( plnt/m 2 ). After tht, dense plnting (5 plnt/m 2 ) led to deresed yield euse of ompetition (Fig. 3). Previous results lerly indited tht ny hnge in the mount of irrigtion wter in optimum ondition redues the yield of MtririreutitL. ndfumripurpure [32]. Wter defiit redues plnt photosynthesis y losing stomt, deresing lef re, stomt grvity, hloroplst nd protoplst hydrtion, nd protein nd hlorophyll synthesis. However, reduing of photosyntte trnsport umultes the produts in leves results in diminution in photosynthesis, limiting growth nd rop yield [7]. Optimum plnting density is key to hieve mximum rop prodution espeilly when wter is limiting ftor. Yield redution, however, reported y ny hnges in plnt density ompred with optiml one [33]. If plnt density is too high, the deresee in the vilility of wter per plnt genertes mrked fll in yield per plnt tht is not offset y the inrese in the numer of plnts [34]. Tle 1. Anlysis of vrine of seleted prmeters of Drgon s hed ffeted y irrigtion nd plnt density tretments. S.O.V df Men Squre Grin yield Oil perentge Oil yield Hrvest index Blok Irrigtion ** 45.98** ** Error Plnt density ** ** ** Intertion Error Ns=Non signifint; * nd ** = Signifint t 5% nd 1% proility level, respetively. 655

3 31 Grin oil perentge (%) d Irrigtion tretments Fig.1. seffet of different irrigtion tretments (I 1, I 2, I 3, I 4 nd I 5 : irrigtion fter 7, 1, 1, 16 nd 19 mm evportion from lss A pn, respetively) on grin oil perentge of Drgon s hed (Different letters indite signifint differene t p.5) Grin yield (g/m2) d I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 Irrigtion tretments Fig.2. Effet of different irrigtion tretments (I 1, I 2, I 3, I 4 nd I 5 : irrigtion fter 7, 1, 1, 16 nd 19 mm evportion from lss A pn, respetively) on grin yield of Drgon s hed (Different letters indite signifint differene t p.5). Oil yield Anlysis of vrine of the dt indited tht, the grin An inrese in oil yield ws oserved underi 2 tretment, oil yield of Drgon s hed ws signifintly ffeted y ut derese ourred with drought severity. Our results irrigtion tretments nd plnt density (P<.1), ut showed tht grin yieldgrdully deresed s irrigtion intertion of irrigtion nd plnt density ws not limited more from I 1 to I 5, however grin oil perentge signifint for this trit (Tle 1). Mximum oil yield signifintlyinresed in this ondition.given results n (41.94 g/m 2 ) ws otined from I 2 ; Irrigtion t 1 mm e sid tht derese of oil yield in I 3 nd I 4 tretments evportion from lss A pn, nd the minimum oil yield were due to deresing of grin yield. Therefore irrigtion (14.2 g/m 2 ) otined from irrigtion t 19 mm (I 5 ) fter 1 mm evportion from lss A pn, is suitle evportion from lss A pn, respetively (Fig. 4). The irrigtion tretment for hving lne etween oil mximum oil yield (34.32 g/m 2 ) otined from D 3 ( perentge nd grin yield tht led to the highest grin oil plnt/m 2 ), deresed with ny hnges in density, so tht yield. There re vrious studiess on the effets of irrigtion the minimum one (28.39 g/m 2 ) ws otined from D 1 ( intervls on prodution of grin oil in different rops. plnt/m 2 ) (Fig. 5). Severe drought stress redued oil yield of sfflower [15] ompred to optimum irrigtion ondition. The reson for 656

4 redution of oil yield with inresing severe drought stress ws reduing grin yield nd oil perentge due to wter defiit [35]. Similr results were reported for soyen [36] nd sunflower [37]. Grin yield (g/m2) D1 D2 D3 D4 Plnt density Fig.3. Effet of different plnt density levels (D 1, D 2, D 3 nd D 4 :,,, 5 plnt/ m 2 ) on grin yield of Drgon s hed (Different letters indite signifint differene t p.5) Oil yield (g/m2) d Fig.4. Effet of different irrigtion tretments (I 1, I 2, I 3, I 4 nd I 5 : irrigtion fter 7, 1, 1, 16 nd 19 mm evportion from lss A pn, respetively) on oil yield of Drgon s hed (Different letters indite signifint differene t p.5). Optimum plnting density is key to hieve mximum rop prodution espeilly when wter is limiting ftor. Our results showed tht differene for grin yield ws otined t the plnting density of D 3 ( plnts/m 2 ) ompred to the three other plnting densities (, nd 5 plnts/m 2 ), lso different plnting density did not show ny effet on oil perentge, therefore the highest oil yield (34.32 g/m 2 ) ws otined t plnting density of plnt/m2, while the lowest oil yield (28.39 g/m 2 ) ws otined t the plnting density of plnt/m 2. [19] reported tht inresing of oil yield t high densities due to the inrese grin yield t optimum irrigtion. Also [18] Irrigtion tretments 657 showed tht the highest density with optimum irrigtion ondition is onsiderly etter thn other ses with respet to the oil yield prodution. Present result is in greement with the investigtion of [38] on Sunflowernd [29] on pumpkin. Hrvest index Anlysis of vrine showed signifint effets of plnt density on the grin hrvest index, ut intertion of irrigtion nd plnt density ws not signifint for this trit (Tle 1). The mximum mount of hrvest index (33.63 %) ws otined from D 3 tretment nd inresing or deresing the plnt density, used the reduing in the

5 mount of hrvest index (Fig. 6). Hrvest index redution, however, reported y ny hnges in plnt density ompred with optiml one [33, 39]. The highest hrvest index in Germn hmomile ws reported for optiml plnt densities in different ondition []. 35 Oil yield (g/m2) Plnt density Fig.5. Effet of different plnt density levels (D 1, D 2, D 3 nd D 4 :,,, 5 plnt/ m 2 ) on oil yield of Drgon s hed (Different letters indite signifint differene t p.5) Hrvest index (%) Plnt density Fig.6. Effet of different plnt density levels (D 1, D 2, D 3 nd D 4 :,,, 5 plnt/ m 2 ) on grin hrvest index of Drgon s hed (Different letters indite signifint differene t p..5). IV. CONCLUSION REFERENCES In the present investigtion, theree ws not found sttistilly differene etween irrigtion fter 7 mm [1] D. Mrtin, J. Broklin, nd V. Wilmes, Operting rules for defiit irrigtion mngement, Amerin Journl of Soiety of evportion nd 1 mm evportion in oil nd grin Agriulture, 1989, 22: yield, wheres highest oil yield ws hieved on I 2 [2] G. S. Stnhill, Is the Clss-An evportion pn still the most (irrigtion fter 1 mm evportion from lss A pn) prtil nd urte meteorologil method for determining tretment. Thus, irrigtion fter 1 mm evportion irrigtion Wter requirement, Journl of Agriulture nd Meteorology 2, 112: reommended s the est irrigtion intervl for the semi- tht plnt density [3] U. Kennn, F. Killi, C. Genogln, nd H. Merdun, Effet of rid regions. On the other hnd, it seemss of plnt/m 2 irrigtion frequeny nd mount on wter use effiieny nd is most suitle for oil nd grin yield of yield of sesme (Sesmumindium) under field ondition, Field Drgon s hed. Crops Reserh, 7, 11: [4] A. T. Goksoy, A. Demir, Z. Turn, nd N. Dgustu, Responses 658

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