Annual Legumes to Complement Warm-Season Perennial Grass Forage Systems in North Florida
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1 Annul Legumes to Complement Wrm-Seson Perennil Grss Forge Systems in North Florid Jmie Foster 1 Adegol Adesogn Jeffrey Crter Lynn Sollenerger Roert Myer Ann Blount This study indited tht owpe nd soyen re promising qulity forges for hy nd hylge prodution in North Florid Summry This study determined the herge mss, lef-tostem rtio, nd nutritive vlue of soyen [Glyine mx (L.) Merr.], owpe [Vign unguiult (L.) Wlp.], nd pigeonpe [Cjnus jn (L.) Millsp.] grown in North Florid. Forges were grown in eh of four loks in three yr nd hrvested iweekly until the reommended mturity stge. Herge mss of the forges inresed through the growing seson, nd t the respetive mturity stges soyen (3.8 tons dry mtter (DM)/) nd pigeonpe (3.9 tons DM/) hd greter herge mss thn owpe (2.3 tons DM/). Lef-to-stem rtio deresed with mturity fter slight initil inrese in ll forges. At hrvest, pigeonpe ontined 12% rude protein (CP; DM sis) nd 35% in vitro true DM digestiility (IVTD), soyen ontined 18% CP nd 73% IVTD, nd owpe ontined 19% CP nd 69% IVTD. Soyen nd owpe hve potentil to provide high qulity forge to livestok in North Florid. Introdution In Florid nd muh of the Southern USA, higrss [Psplum nottum Flügge] nd ermudgrss [Cynodon dtylon (L.) Pers.] re the min psture forges. However, their vilility for winter grzing is limited nd their digestiility nd CP onentrtion re often insuffiient for growing nd ltting ttle in mid-to-lte fll. Wrm-seson legumes n provide the needed supplementry nutrients, nd when stored s hy or hylge, they n e fed in the winter to supplement stored nd stokpiled grsses. The inresing osts of fuel nd fertilizer hve mde suh legumes more ttrtive to produers nd neessitted evlution of their yield nd nutritive vlue. The ojetive of this study ws to ompre the herge mss, hemil omposition, IVTD, nd lef-to-stem rtio of owpe (v. Iron ly ), soyen (v. Pioneer 97B52 ) nd pigeonpe (v. GA-2 ). Mterils nd Methods In eh of three yr, owpe, soyen, nd pigeonpe were grown t the North Florid Reserh nd Edution Center in Mrinn, FL. Eh legume ws grown on replited plot within eh of four loks. The field ws prepred y plowing nd fertilizing with P nd K to soil test reommendtion. Immeditely prior to plnting, seeds were inoulted with the pproprite rhizoi nd drilled t 50 l/ nd 6-in row sping. Plnting dtes for yr one (2005) nd two (2007) were 9 nd 10 My, respetively. Duplite forge smples were tken from eh plot with mehnil lippers from 0.2-m 2 re nd hrvested to 2-in stule height fter Florid Beef Report
2 plnts rehed pproximtely 11 in height. Smpling ontinued every 2 weeks until hrvest t the following reommended mturity stges: pods egn to turn yellow for owpe (Twidwell et l., 2002), pod setting for pigeonpe (Le Houérou, 2006), nd stge R6 (full size seed in pods t one of the four uppermost nodes nd ompletely unrolled leves) for soyen (Sheffer et l., 2001). Lef-to-stem rtio ws mesured on duplite smples from eh plot fter removl of leves t the node. Smples were ground nd nlyzed for CP, neutrl detergent fier (NDF), nd IVTD. Eonomis of produing these forges ws ompred to tht for perennil nd nnul penut forge using models of Hewitt (2006) nd Prevtt (2008). Sttistil Anlyses The experimentl design ws rndomized omplete lok. Dt were nlyzed s repeted mesures with PROC MIXED (SAS Inst. In., Cry, NC). The model inluded yr, forge speies, week fter plnting (WAP), lok nd the intertions. Signifine ws delred t P < Results nd Disussion Herge Mss nd Lef-to-stem Rtio There were no yr or yr forge speies intertions therefore results shown re mens ross yr. Figure 1 shows the herge mss for eh legume through the growing seson. Pigeonpe rehed the reommended hrvest stge t 14 WAP, wheres soyen nd owpe rehed their reommended hrvest stges t 16 nd 20 weeks per plnting, respetively. At the reommended mturity stge, soyen nd pigeonpe hd greter herge mss thn owpe. Figure 2 shows tht lef-to-stem rtio deresed with mturity fter slight initil inrese in ll forges. From 10 to 14 WAP, the lef-to-stem rtio of owpe ws greter thn those of pigeonpe nd soyen, whih were similr. Herge mss nd lef-to-stem rtio differenes mong the speies re due to morphologil nd physiologil differenes. Iron ly owpe is viney, low growing plnt with lrge leves nd n indeterminte growth hit; therefore, it ontinued to produe new folige fter flowering nd leves did not senese s soon s the other speies. The soyen ultivr used in this experiment ws lte mturing (VII), with upright, tll (1.5 to 2.0 m) growth nd the proportion of lef delined through mturity t R7 stge. Pigeonpe is tree-like legume tht grows tll nd hs woody min stem, nd its smll leves egin to senese t 9 WAP. Pigeonpe nd soyen hd greter herge mss thn owpe euse of their upright growth hit nd thiker stems whih supported greter herge mss. Nutritive Vlue The CP onentrtion of eh forge deresed through the growing seson (Figure 3). Between 8 WAP nd the respetive reommended hrvest stges, owpe hd the gretest CP onentrtion, wheres soyen hd greter CP onentrtion thn pigeonpe from 10 WAP to the reommended hrvest stge for pigeonpe. Pigeonpe hd greter NDF onentrtion thn the other legumes etween 10 nd 14 WAP, nd soyen hd greter NDF onentrtion thn owpe etween 8 nd 14 WAP. The IVTD of nnul legumes deresed with mturity in pigeonpe nd owpe, ut the rte nd extent of the derese ws greter in pigeonpe. From 8 to 14 WAP, owpe hd the gretest IVTD, followed y soyen. Soyen nd owpe hve more potentil s forges for ruminnts thn pigeonpe. Cowpe is promising energy nd protein supplement ut the herge mss is reltively low. The greter herge mss nd high energy nd protein onentrtion of soyen mkes it idel for produing lrge quntities of qulity hy or hylge. Pigeonpe is only reommended for grzing ttle or storge s hy or hylge if it is less thn 8 WAP. Eonomis Estlishment of perennil penut is more expensive thn estlishment of the other legumes; however, the nnul mintenne ost of the seeded legumes is greter euse they re plnted eh yr (Tle 1). Cowpe produed the lest herge mss (Tle 1) nd therefore hd the lest net present vlue fter 20 yr (Tle 2). Perennil penut is the est long term investment, ut the other legumes will produe erlier returns on the investment Florid Beef Report
3 Literture Cited Hewitt, Le Houérou, Prevtt, Sheffer et l Agron. J. 93:99. Twidwell et l S. Dkot Stte Univ. Cirulr Jmie Foster, Former Grdute Student; Adeol Adesogn, Assoite Professor, UF/IFAS, Deprtment of Animl Sienes, Ginesville, Florid; nd Jeffery Crter, Former Assistnt Professor; Bo Myer, Professor; Ann Blount, Professor, UF/IFAS, North Florid Reserh nd Edution Center, Mrinn; Florid Lynn Sollenerger, Professor, UF/IFAS, Agronomy Deprtment Florid Beef Report
4 Tle 1. Costs of produing perennil penut (v. Florigrze ), nnul penut (v. Florid MDR 98 ), owpe (v. Iron ly ), pigeonpe (v. GA-2 ), nd soyen (v. Pioneer 97B52 ) forge, hy, or hylge prodution in 2006 Forge Seed or sprig ost, $ Seed or sprig rte/ Initil estlishment ost 1, $/ Annul mintenne ost 2, $/ Herge mss, tons DM 3 //yr No. of les/ /yr 4 Cost of hy ling 5, $//yr Cost of Hylge ling 6, $//yr Perennil penut Annul penut 3.00/u 80 u /l 18 l Cowpe 0.88/l 50 kg Pigeonpe 2.00/l 50 kg Soyen 0.88/kg 50 kg Inludes seed, fertilizer (290 l/ rtio of N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O), 1,600 l/ lime, heriide, mhinery, lor, nd estimted interest on monetry investment 2 Inludes seed for owpe, pigeonpe nd soyen, fertilizer (290 kg/h rtio of N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O), heriide, mhinery, lor, nd estimted interest on monetry investment, ut not lime euse it should e required every 2 to 3 yr 3 Dry mtter (DM) 4 Estimted from smll (300 l) round les utilized 5 Estimted from $14.00 hrge per le for twine, mhinery, nd lor 6 Estimted from $11.00 hrge per le for twine, plsti wrp, mhinery, nd lor Equtions from Hewitt, 2006 nd Prevtt, 2008 Tle 2. Net present vlue summry for perennil penut (v. Florigrze ), nnul penut (v. Florid MDR 98 ), owpe (v. Iron ly ), pigeonpe (v. GA-2 ), nd soyen (v. Pioneer 97B52 ) forge, hy, or hylge prodution over 20-yr horizon Hy prodution net Hylge prodution net Forge present vlue 1, $/ present vlue 1, $/ Perennil penut 3,728 4,596 Annul penut 3,292 4,068 Jmie Foster Cowpe 576 1,064 Adegol Adesogn Pigeonpe 2,664 Jeffrey Crter 3,520 Soyen 3,076 Lynn Sollenerger 3,892 Estimted rte of return fter 20-yr using the vlue Roert of inome Myer nd expense tody. The greter the numer, the greter the return on investment fter 20-yr. Ann Blount Expenses inluded 7% interest rte nd $80 liming (1,600 kg/h) in lternte yrs; profit inluded $37 vlue of 300 l round le Florid Beef Report
5 Figure 1. Chnges in herge mss (tons dry mtter (DM)/) of owpe, pigeonpe nd soyen Mens t eh week fter plnting without ommon supersript letter differ (P < 0.05). Stndrd error of the men = 0.42 tons DM/ Herge mss (tons DM/) Pigeonpe Soyen Cowpe 0 Weeks fter plnting Figure 2. Lef-to-stem rtio of owpe, pigeonpe, nd soyen Mens t eh week fter plnting without ommon supersript letter differ (P < 0.05). Stndrd error of the men = 0.05 Lef-to-stem rtio Pigeonpe Soyen Cowpe Weeks fter plnting Florid Beef Report
6 Figure 3. Whole plnt rude protein (CP) nd neutrl detergent fier (NDF) onentrtions (dry mtter (DM) sis) nd in vitro true DM digestiility (IVTD) of owpe, pigeonpe, nd soyen Mens t eh week fter plnting without ommon supersript letter differ (P < 0.05). Stndrd errors of the mens for CP, NDF, nd IVTD were 14, 18, nd 17, respetively. ) ) CP (% DM) NDF (% DM) ) IVTD (%) Weeks fter plnting Pigeonpe Soyen Cowpe Weeks fter plnting Weeks fter plnting Florid Beef Report
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