POST-HARVEST QUALITY OF FRESH-MARKETED TOMATOES AS A FUNCTION OF HARVEST PERIODS

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1 446 Ferreir et l. POST-HARVEST QUALITY OF FRESH-MARKETED TOMATOES AS A FUNCTION OF HARVEST PERIODS Mros Dvid Ferreir 1 ; André Toshiro Oshim Frno 2 ; Rirdo Freits Ksper 3 ; Antonio Crlos Oliveir Ferrz 1 ; Sylvio Luiz Honório 1 ; Mrelo Tvres 4 1 UNICAMP/FEAGRI - Fuldde de Engenhri Agríol, C.P Cmpins, SP - Brsil. 2 UNICAMP/FEA - Fuldde de Engenhri de Alimentos, C.P Cmpins, SP - Brsil. 3 UFSCr/CCA - Centro de Ciênis Agráris, C.P Arrs, SP - Brsil. 4 UFU - Fuldde de Mtemáti, Av. João Nves de Avil, Uerlândi, MG - Brsil. Corresponding uthor <mros.ferreir@gr.unimp.r> ABSTRACT: Losses on tomto usiness hin strt t hrvest, two-months period. At the eginning of the hrvest, fruits onentrte t the sl prt of the plnt, then in the middle, nd finlly t the top, nd undergo hnges in dimeter nd mturity indexes s hrvest progresses. The im of this work ws to evlute the impt of hndling t three different periods: (I) 1 dys, () 30 dys, nd (I) 4 dys fter the eginning of hrvest. Tomtoes were ordinrily grown nd hrvested in to moo skets, nd trnsferred to plstis oxes. Fruits were lssified ording to ripening stge nd dimeter, nd evluted for mehnil dmge nd externl defets used y hrvesting proedures. The time required for the hrvest opertion ws mesured; dmge to fruits (%) nd weight loss (%), used either in the field nd/or during the hrvesting proess, were tken into onsidertion nd relted to the finl qulity of fruit fter storge for 21 dys. The sme methodology ws used ll through the prodution nd hrvest yle. The highest % fruit dmge ourred during period, longer hrvest time thn the other two periods. Fruits not sumitted to hndling showed lower weight loss thn hndled fruits. Fruits hrvested in period nd stored for 21 dys showed higher losses due to mehnil injury. Key words: Lyopersion esulentum, losses, post-hrvest, mehnil injury QUALIDADE DO TOMATE DE MESA EM FUNÇÃO DA ÉPOCA DE COLHEITA RESUMO: As perds n dei produtiv do tomte de mes iniim-se no mpo durnte olheit, qul oorre por er de dois meses. No iniio d olheit frutos onentrm-se n prte sl d plnt, posteriormente n região medin e finlizm n prte superior. Frutos durnte o período de olheit presentm lterções qunto o diâmetro e estádio de mturidde. O ojetivo deste trlho foi vlir o efeito do mnuseio durnte olheit n qulidde do tomte de mes, ultivr Fnny pós 1, 30 e 4 dis, depois de iniid olheit. Tomtes form olhidos no sistem trdiionl, utilizndo-se de um est de mu e trnsferidos pr ixs plástis. Foi relizd um lssifição pr o estádio de mturção e diâmetro e vlição pr dnos físios e defeitos externos nos frutos olhidos. O tempo neessário pr olheit foi mensurdo. Pr vlição d qulidde dos frutos form onsiderdos: perd de peso (%), inidêni de dnos físios (%) origindos no proesso de olheit e origindos em mpo. Estes resultdos form reliondos à qulidde finl dos frutos pós rmzengem por 21 dis. A mesm metodologi foi utilizd ns três diferentes épos. Os miores vlores em dnos físios (%) otidos n etp de olheit form n segund épo, juntmente om um mior tempo pr relizção dest olheit. Ns três épos, frutos não sumetidos o mnuseio presentrm menor perd de peso. Após rmzenmento por 21 dis, frutos otidos n segund épo demonstrm miores perds devido dnos físios do que s demis épos. Plvrs-hve: Lyopersion esulentum, perds, pós-olheit, dnos físios INTRODUCTION Post-hrvest losses in hortiulturl fruit rops re minly relted to hndling, from hrvest to retil. Losses re used y mehnil injuries, indequte storge, unsuitle hndling nd trnsport, nd on-disply time in the retil mrket (CEAGESP, 2002). These losses my result in up to US$ ost inrese per kilogrm (FNP Consultori & Comério, 2001). Chnges in tomtoes qulity n e of mehnil, physiologil, or pthologil nture (Mohsenin, 1986). Mehnil injuries my use metoli nd physiologil hnges in tomtoes, leding to the pperne of either typil externl (Fluk & Hlsey, 1973; Hlsey, 19) or internl signs (Moretti et l., 1998; Srgent et l., 1992), nd ltertions in respirtory me-

2 Post-hrvest qulity of tomtoes 447 tolism (Glvis Vnegs, 1987), flvor nd smell (Moretti & Srgent, 2000; Srgent et l., 1997), nd firmness (Jkmn et l., 1990; Kder et l., 1978). Physil dmges my lso signifintly ffet hemil nd physil omposition of the perirp nd loulr tissue in tomtoes. The inidene nd severity of physil, internl dmges to fruits depend on the impt energy, numer of impts, ultivr, nd ripening stge, nd is umultive during post-hrvest hndling prties (Srgent et l., 1992). Therefore, the vrious fruit hndling steps, from the field to the onsumer, must e refully oordinted nd integrted to mximize produe qulity (Srgent et l., 1992). The use of mesurements to determine internl ruising from impts hs proved suitle to evlute injuries in fruits (Chen & Yzdni, 1991; Srgent et l., 1992; Moretti et l., 1998). However, these evlutions hve een rried out in the lortory only. The im of this work ws to hrterize nd evlute the proesses urrently used for hrvesting fresh-mrketed tomtoes t 1 (I), 30 (), nd 4 (I) dys fter the eginning of hrvest, with regrd to (1) mturity stge, dimeter, physil dmges nd defets ppering during hrvest nd ultivtion, nd time required to rry out the hrvest opertion; nd (2) evlution of the influene of hrvest t different periods on qulity hrteristis of fresh-mrketed tomtoes, suh s weight loss (%), quntity of physil dmges (%), nd finl qulity fter storge for 21 dys. Bsed on this informtion, reommendtions for interventions needed to improve hrvesting system nd development of hrvesting equipment ould e issued. MATERIAL AND METHODS Tomto fruits, Fnny ultivr hrvested in Estiv Geri, Stte of São Pulo, Brzil (46 o 3 W; nd 22 o 19 S), men nnul temperture 19.6 C nd nnul preipittion of 1,6 mm, fter growing on Typi Hpludox, trditionl plnting system over moo stkes, under furrow irrigtion, sped 1.00 m etween rows nd 0.0 m etween plnts. Fruits were hrvested y n experiened hrvester to moo skets (40 m length; 2 m height; nd 20 m width) nd lter trnsferred to plsti oxes ( m length; 30 m height; nd 3 m width) whih were pled on the min plnting rrier. The hrvest of three plsti oxes ws defined s stndrd for the evlutions. The fruits were lssified in the field t three different hrvesting periods: initil (I), middle (), nd finl (I) (1, 30, nd 4 dys, respetively), in reltion to fruit dimeter, mturity stge, nd physil dmges nd defets oserved. Evlutions were mde long the three hrvesting periods t the sme ple, ut with different numers of plnts. Hrvesting oxes ontined n verge 170 fruits eh. In period I, 02 plnts were required to fill the three oxes; in period, 31 plnts; nd 130 plnts were needed in period I, refleting vritions in onentrtion of fruits per plnt during the rop yle. A digitl liper rule ws used to mesure trnsversl fruit dimeter. To evlute mturity stge nd physil dmge nd defets t hrvest time, the Norms e Pdrões de Clssifição pr Tomte de Mes (Clssifition Rules nd Stndrds for Tle Tomto) (CEAGESP, 2000) were used s referene. In reltion to defets, fruits were lssified ording to the following rting sle: (1) without physil dmge; (2) light externl surfe physil dmge; (3) serious externl physil dmge, used y insets, fruit orer, or moo oxes stkes; (4) deformed fruit; () stined fruit, showing virl disese. The time required to hrvest ws mesured using hronometers, omprising the hrvest of the three plsti oxes. To mesure the effet of hrvest periods on fruit qulity during storge smples of 40 fruits t the sld stge (CEAGESP, 2000) were tken from eh ox (replites), nd the sme numer of fruits were tken diretly from the plnt t the sme mturity stge. These fruits were trnsported to the lortory, individully wrpped in fom inside rdord pkges, nd stored t 20 o C nd 60% reltive humidity for 21 dys. Weight loss (%), externl physil dmges (%), nd finl qulity fter storge were ssessed. Weight loss ws determined y the perent reltion etween initil nd finl weight, using fruits from oth origins (field nd hrvest), every three dys, from the hrvest dy to the end of the 21-dy storge period. The externl res orresponding to physil dmge were delimited using lk permnent mrker, fruits eing mrked two dys fter hrvest. Bsed on the Norms e Pdrões de Clssifição (Clssifition Rules nd Stndrds) (CEAGESP, 2000), physil dmges were identified nd divided in two tegories: those used during rop yle nd those resulting from the hrvest proess. Physil dmges used in the field re those derived from rsion ginst moo stkes nd tying tpe, insets ttks, nd physiologil nd nutritionl disorders. Physil dmges resulting from the hrvesting proess were identified s those derived from ompression of the fruits ginst the hrvesting sket nd/or plsti ox, impt of the fruit when flling into the plsti ox nd/or hrvesting sket, fingernil mrkings or fingerprints, nd ompression of the fruits pedunle ginst eh other. After delimiting the res orresponding to physil dmges, the mrkings were trnsferred onto tissue pper, individulized y fruit. A plnimeter (Keuffel & Esser Co.) ws used to mesure the res. The mesured res were ompred with the totl surfe of the fruit,

3 448 Ferreir et l. onsidering the fruit s sphere (Mohsenin, 1986), nd using the following formul: externl re of the fruit = R 2 (R = rdius), with the result expressed s perentge. To mesure finl qulity fter storge for 21 dys, fruits were evluted sed on the following sle: (0) fruit suitle for onsumption; (1) disrded euse of surfe physil dmge; (2) disrded euse of serious externl physil dmge; (3) disrded euse of physil dmge nd ssoited rotten res; (4) disrded euse of rottenness; () disrded euse of exessive wter loss. The omprisons etween different hrvest periods for dt on weight loss nd physil dmges in the plnt nd in the field were mde sed on Student s t test (α = 0.0) The proportions-differene sttistil test (Buss & Morettin, 2002) ws used to ompre qulity evlution fter storge, y ompring hrvest periods nd fruits sumitted or not to the hrvest stge. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the mturity stge hrteriztion of fruits t hrvest, higher onentrtion (62.39%) of fruits t stge 2 (sld) ws oserved in the seond hrvesting period, differently from the other periods, with vlues of 48.80% (period I) nd 26.28% (period I) (Figure 1). However, high onentrtion of fruits (ove 2%) t the green stge ourred in ll hrvesting periods. However, fruits hrvested t the green stge ould e unripe, ompromising the qulity of the finl produt (Climn et l., 2003). In the lst hrvesting period (I), onsiderle onentrtion of fruits t stge 3 (olored, 30.%) nd 4 (red,.67%) ws reorded. Tomtoes t more dvned mturity stges re more sensitive to physil dmges thn t the green stge (Hlsey, 19). These mturity stge differenes ould e relted to temperture vritions in the field, sine the optiml temperture rnge to promote synthesis of the pigment lyopene, responsile for the intense-red olor of fruits is 24 o C-28 o C (Melo, 1993). However, during the riny period (spring-summer), with high Perentge of fruits (%) Mturtion stges Period I Period Period I Figure 1 - Mturtion stges found during evlution t the plsti ox hrvest stge (men of 20 fruits). Stge 1: green; stge 2: sld; stge 3: olored; stge 4: red (CEAGESP, 2000). temperture nd humidity, more serious phytosnitry prolems my our, resulting in lower produtivity nd low fruit qulity (Sediym et l., 2003). The highest men tempertures in the field ourred in period I, nd ould hve influened mturity stge. In periods I nd, the men tempertures registered were 28.2 o C (mximum) nd 14.6 o C (minimum). In period I, the verge mximum temperture ws 33 o C, with men minimum temperture 19. o C. In period I there ws higher onentrtion (3.43%) of fruits with smller dimeter (0-60 mm), nd smller proportion (13.2%) of fruits with greter dimeters (70-80 mm), when ompred with the other periods (Figure 2). Fruits with smller dimeters re more frequent in the lst hrvesting period, possily euse the loss in plnt vigor, ommon phenomenon t the end of the tomto rop yle. In period I, 4.92% of the fruits did not show ny type of physil dmge, followed y 24.30% in period I nd 21.30% in period (Figure 3). However, greter onentrtion of light physil dmges (2.86%) ourred in period, differently from period I (31.29%) nd period I (27.43%). This greter inrese in physil dmges ws lter deteted in the lortory. There ws higher perentge (14.70%) of serious dmges in pe- Perentge of fruits (%) < >80 Fruit dimeter (mm) Period I Period Period I Figure 2 - Dimeter of fruits evluted t the hrvest stge (men of 20 fruits). Perentge of fruits (%) Physil dmge nd defets during hrvest Period I Period Period I Figure 3 - Evlution for physil dmge during hrvest in tomto fruits. The rting sle dopted ws (1) without physil dmge; (2) light externl surfe physil dmge; (3) serious externl physil dmge, used y insets, fruit orer, or y the moo stke; (4) deformed fruit; () stined fruit, showing virus disese.

4 Post-hrvest qulity of tomtoes 449 Tle 1 - Evlution for physil dmge used in the field nd during hrvest on ultivr Fnny tomto fruits, during three periods: 1 (Stge I), 30 (Stge ), nd 4 dys (Stge I) fter the eginning of hrvest. Perentge of Dmge - Hrvest periods I I.46 Comprisons I I Mens from plots Coeffiient of vrition in plots Comprisons mde sed on Student s t test (P < 0.0) Physil Field C. V. Perentge of Physil Dmge - Hrvest C. V. (%) I n. s I n. s n. s riod I, used minly y insets, followed y period I (12.70%) nd period (6.31%). An inrese in the perentge of deformed fruits during the rop yle ws oserved, with vlues of 1.09% in period I, 7.62% in period, nd.2% in period I. An inrese in the inidene of virl diseses during the rop yle ws lso oserved. Initilly, the presene of inset dmge ws not deteted in period I; however, 14% inrese ourred in period, rehing 26.29% in period I. The longer plnt remined exposed to field onditions, the higher the perentge of plnts ttked y virus diseses (Lopes et l., 2003). An inrese in the perentge of physil dmges in the field ws oserved during lortory evlutions (Tle 1). Those dmges ourred during rop development, used in generl y the tpe used to tie the plnts, nd y moo stkes nd insets. The highest perentge of inidene of physil dmge ws found during period I, nd the lowest ws found in period I. This higher inidene of physil dmges the end ould e relted to longer exposure of the fruits during period I. The highest inidene of physil dmge reorded t the hrvest stge ourred during period (30 dys fter the eginning of hrvest), eing different from those in period I (4 dys), ut not differing from those in the first period (1 dys) (Tle 1). Vritions in the perentge of inidene of physil dmge ourred in the field nd t hrvest (Srgent et l., 1999). A desirle trit for tomtoes with indeterminte growth hit, used preferentilly for fresh mrket onsumption, is to egin fruit ripening from the se of the plnt towrd the end stem (Climn et l., 2003). During hrvest in period, onsidered n intermedite stge, those higher vlues of physil dmge ould refer to the existene of fruits t higher onentrtion in the middle prt of the plnt, ut lso t the se nd top regions. Therefore, when under tht sitution, the fruit ws more exposed to impt fores t hrvest. More time ws spent t hrvest in period (Tle 2), in spite of smller numer o plnts required to fill the three oxes in omprison with period I, onfirming the previous ssertion. Tle 2 - Time required to hrvest three plsti oxes per ultivr Fnny tomto rop, t three hrvest stges: 1 (Period I), 30 (Period ), nd 4 dys (Period I) fter the eginning of hrvest. Period I I I I Hrvest periods P lnt C.V. Time to hrvest Tle 3 - Weight loss etween tomtoes sumitted to the hrvesting proess nd tomtoes removed from the plnt fter storge for 1 dys t room temperture in three periods: 1 (I), 30 (), nd 4 dys (I) fter the eginning of hrvest. H rvest C.V % Numer of plnts 23' 02 36' 31 18' 130 Signifin e I I Tretment mens. Coeffiient of vrition in plots. Comprisons mde sed on Student s t test (P < 0.0). Non-hndled fruits showed smller weight loss thn the ones tht were hndled (Tle 3). Although signifint, this weight loss differene ws smll, in some ses smller thn 0.%. Exessive hndling used fruit stress, whih ould e relted to n inrese in the metoli tivity of fruits, thus explining their greter weight loss (Glvis Vnegs, 1987). Weight loss mesurements were done only t the hrvest stge, nd vlues inresed until the produt rehed the onsumer. Weight loss is umultive long post-hrvest, nd my e s high s 7% in the trditionl system, mesured from the hrvest stge until retil (Ferreir et l., 2003). In the evlution for finl qulity fter storge for 21 dys, onsiderle perentges of fruits suitle for

5 40 Ferreir et l. Tle 4 - Evlution for the qulity of fruits hrvested diretly in the field fter storge for 21 dys t temperture of 20 o C. Perentge (%) Hrvest periods I I Comprisons I I I I I I Sle from 0-, onsidering (0) fruit suitle for onsumption; (1) disrded euse of surfe physil dmge (2) disrded euse of externl physil dmge; (3) disrded euse of physil dmge nd ssoited rottenness; (4) disrded euse of rottenness; () disrded euse of exessive wter loss. Comprisons mde using the proportions differene test (Buss & Morettin, 2002), where proility vlues (z) lower thn 0.0 () indite tht the differene etween proportions is signifint, nd proility vlues (z) higher thn 0.0 indite tht the differene etween proportions is non-signifint (). Tle - Evlution for qulity of fruits fter storge for 21 dys t temperture of 20 o C, sed on sle from 0-, onsidering (0) fruit suitle for onsumption; (1) disrded euse of surfe physil dmge; (2) disrded euse of serious externl physil dmge; (3) disrded euse of physil dmge nd rot in ssoition; (4) disrded euse of rot; () disrded euse of wter loss (dry). onsumption were oserved in fruits removed diretly from the plnt (Tle 4), with vlues of 7, 70, nd 0% for periods I,, nd I, respetively. This high perentge of fruits suitle for onsumption ould lso hve een relted to the ft tht the produt ws not hndled, in ddition to the use of ultivr Fnny, known for its extended shelf life. Period I showed the highest perentge of fruits disrded for serious physil dmge (42.%), differently from the other periods; this vlue ould lso e relted to greter exposure of plnts to ultivtion. This sitution is totlly different in hrvested fruits fter storge for 21 dys. The numer of fruits suitle for onsumption ws higher in period I (7.0%), when ompred with periods (40.83%) nd I (42.02%) (Tle ); differenes n e noted etween the first period nd the others, ut not etween the seond nd third periods. A higher numer of fruits disrded for serious externl physil dmge ws oserved in period (38.3%), eing superior to periods I (30.26%) nd I (6.67%). These dmges re in generl used y ompression inside the hrvest oxes or in the plsti skets, nd re in greement with those dignosed y me- Hrvest periods I I I I I I I I Proility vlues (z) lower thn 0.0 indite tht the differene etween proportions is signifint (Buss & Morettin, 2002). surement of the externl re using plnimeter (Tle 1), where the higher inidene of physil dmge lso ourred in period. However, the numer of fruits disrded y rottenness ssoited or not to physil dmge ws higher in period I. CONCLUSION The field stnds out s potentil soure of physil dmges nd, s the rop develops, the inidene of physil dmges eomes inresingly higher. The min soures of physil dmges re relted to indequte tying nd stking, eoming worse during ultivtion s sprys, prunings, shoot trimmings, et. re performed. Greter re during mngement prties nd the pplition of pproprite tehnology my redue losses. To derese the inidene of physil dmges nd onsequent losses they use, simple mesures ould e dopted, suh s the use of wheelrrows for trnsporttion. Providing trining for employees is neessity. The use of proteting gloves nd greter re in hndling my gretly influene the redution in posthrvest losses.

6 Post-hrvest qulity of tomtoes 41 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Fundção de Ampro à Pesquis do Estdo de São Pulo, FAPESP, nd to the owner nd employees of the MALLMANN Co., Mogi-Guçu, SP, Brzil. REFERENCES BUSSAB, W.O.; MORETTIN, P. Esttísti ási..ed. São Pulo: Ed. Sriv, p. CALIMAN, F.R.B.; SILVA, D.J.H.; SEDIYAMA, M.A.N. Tomte pr mes: olheit, lssifição e emlgem. Informe Agropeuário, v.24, p , CEAGESP. Clssifição de tomte. Progrm Horti&Fruti. São Pulo, p. CEAGESP. Dig não o desperdíio. Disponível em: < Aessoem: 1 jul CHEN, P.; YAZDANI, R. Predition of pple ruising due to impt on different surfes. Trnstions of the ASAE, v.34, p , FERREIRA, M.D.; FRANCO, T.O.A.; FERRAZ, A.C.O.; CORTEZ, L.A.B.; CAMARGO, G.G.T.; SHU, A.T. Qulidde do tomte de mes v. Déor em diferentes etps n pós-olheit em sistem trdiionl utilizndo-se ix K. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE OLERICULTURA, 43., Reife, Anis. Reife: Soiedde de Oleriultur do Brsil, FLUCK, R.C.; HALSEY, L.H. Impt fores nd tomto ruising. Florid Agriulturl Experiment Sttion Journl Series, n. 9, p , FNP Consultori & Comério. Agrinul Anuário d Agriultur Brsileir, São Pulo, p. GALVIS-VANEGAS, J.A. Fisiologi pós-olheit de tomte (Lyopersion esulentum Mill) ultivr Ângel. Cmpins: UNICAMP, FEA, p. (Dissertção Mestrdo). HALSEY, L.H. Preliminry studies of ruising of turning nd pink tomtoes used y hndling prties. Proeedings of the Florid Stte Hortiulturl Soiety, v.68, p , 19. JACKMAN, R.L.; MARANGONI, A.G.; STANLEY, D.W. Mesurement of tomto fruit firmness. HortSiene, v.2, p , KADER, A.A.; MORRIS, L.L.; CHEN, P. Evlution of two ojetive methods nd sujetive rting sle for mesuring tomto fruit firmness. Journl of the Amerin Soiety for Hortiulturl Siene, v.3, p.70-73, LOPES, C.A.; REIS, A.; ÁVILA, A.C. Prinipis doençs do tomte pr mes usds por fungos, téris e vírus. Informe Agropeuário, v.24, p.66-78, MELO, P.C.T. Efeitos dversos de ftores mientis n produção de tomte. Informe Ténio Asgrow, p.1-6, MOHSENIN, N.N. Physil properties of plnt nd niml mterils. New York: Gordon Beh Siene Pulishers, v.1, 841p. MORETTI, C.L.; SARGENT, S.A. Alterção de sor e rom em tomtes usdo por impto. Sienti Agriol, v.7, p , MORETTI, C.L.; SARGENT, S.A.; HUBER, D.J.; GALBO, A.G.; PUSCHMANN, R. Chemil omposition nd physil properties of perirp, loule, nd plentl tissues of tomtoes with internl ruising. Journl of the Amerin Soiety for Hortiulturl Siene, v.123, p , SARGENT, S.A.; BRECHT, J.K.; ZOELLNER, J.J. Sensitivity of tomtoes t mture-green nd reker ripeness stges to internl ruising. Journl of the Amerin Soiety for Hortiulturl Siene, v.117, p , SARGENT, S.A.; MAUL, F.S.; MORETTI, C.L.; SIMS, C.A. Hrvest mturity, storge temperture nd internl ruising ffet tomto flvor. Proeedings of the Florid Tomto Institute, v.2, p.22-24, SARGENT, S.A.; RITENOUR, M.A.; BRECHT, J.K. Hndling, ooling nd snittion tehniques for mintining post-hrvest qulity. Ginesville: University of Florid, Sienes, p. SEDIYAMA, M.A.N.; FONTES, P.C.R.; SILVA, D.J.H. Prátis ulturis dequds o tomteiro. Informe Agropeuário, v.24, p.19-2, Reeived Otoer 21, 2003 Aepted August 2, 200