An Experimental Investigation of Jatropha Biodiesel Blends in a Multi Cylinder CI Engine: Performance and Emissions Study

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1 Reserh Artile Interntionl Journl of Current Engineering nd Tehnology ISSN INPRESSCO. All Rights Reserved. Aville t An Experimentl Investigtion of Jtroph Biodiesel Blends in Multi Cylinder CI Engine: Performne nd Emissions Study Amit Pl Ȧ* Ȧ Deprtment of Mehnil Engineering, Delhi Tehnologil University, Formerly Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi-11, Indi Aepted 5 Novemer 13, Aville online 1 Deemer 13, Vol.3, No.5 (Deemer 13) Astrt There is tremendous inrese in trnsporttion tivities in reent times. Petroleum fuels re the key energy soure in Indi nd preferred s utomotive fuel. Their use hs een inresing ontinuously from 3.5 MMT (Million Metri Tons) in the yer to.3 MMT in nd out 113 MMT in 1 nd it were out 1 MMT in Petroleum sed fuels re otined from limited reserves whih re highly intense in ertin regions of the world. Therefore, those ountries tht do not hve these resoures nd fing foreign exhnge risis re looking for lterntive fuels, whih n e produed from mterils ville inside the ountry. Biodiesel is onsidered s len fuel sine it hs lmost no sulphur, no romtis nd hs out 1 % uilt in oxygen, whih helps it to urn fully. In present pper the engine performne nd exhust emissions of jtroph oil iodiesel lends, were investigted on 39 kw multi ylinder engine, in B1 to B perent lends nd ompred with the petroleum diesel fuel. The experimentl results show tht the engine power nd torque of the mixture of oil diesel fuel re lose to the vlues otined from diesel fuel nd the mounts of smoke, CO nd HC exhust emissions re lower thn those of diesel fuel, exept slight inrese of NOx emissions t higher lods. Keywords: Diesel Engine, Performne testing, Emissions, Smoke, jtroph, iodiesel 1. Introdution 1 The world is presently fing the twin prolems of fossil fuel depletion nd severe environmentl degrdtion. Hphzrd extrtion nd lvish onsumption of fossil fuels resulted in redution of underground ron resoures. The serh for lterntive fuels, whih promise melodious orreltion with sustinle development, energy preservtion, effiieny nd environmentl protetion, hs eome highly prominent in the present ontext. In the lst dede, severl reserhers hve een exmined tht vegetle oils my e proved s one suh lterntive fuel nd their potentil. Vegetle oils re renewle nd eo-friendly to the environment, nd they re free of sulphur ontent in them. This mkes vegetle fuel studies eome urrent issue mong the vrious populr investigtions. Bio-diesel hve mny dvntges over petroleum diesel fuel; produe less smoke nd prtiultes, hve high etne numer, produe lower ron monoxide nd hydroron emissions, renewle, iodegrdle nd non-toxi. In Indi, with undne of forest resoures, there re numer of other non-edile tree orne oilseeds with n estimted nnul prodution of more thn million tones, whih hve lrge potentil for mking iodiesel to supplement other onventionl soures. Biodiesel is onsidered s len fuel sine it hs *Corresponding uthor: Amit Pl lmost no sulphur, no romtis nd hs out 1 % uilt in oxygen, whih helps it to urn fully. Hel et l. () hve presented the investigtion on den hemp, non-edile vegetle oil in diesel engine for its suitility s n lternte fuel. Agrwl nd Agrwl (7) onduted experiments using vrious lends of Jtroph oil with minerl diesel to study the effet of redued lend visosity on emissions nd performne of diesel engine. The quired dt were nlyzed for vrious prmeters suh s therml effiieny, rke speifi fuel onsumption (BSFC), smoke opity, CO, CO nd HC emissions. While operting the engine on Jtroph oil (preheted nd lends), performne nd emission prmeters were found to e very lose to minerl diesel for lower lend onentrtions. Purushothmn nd Ngrjn (9) presented work on the performne, emission nd omustion hrteristis of single ylinder, onstnt speed, diret injetion diesel engine using ornge oil s n lternte fuel nd the results re ompred with the stndrd diesel fuel opertion. Results indited tht the rke therml effiieny ws higher ompred to diesel throughout the lod spetr. Cron monoxide (CO) nd hydroron (HC) emissions were lower nd oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were higher ompred to diesel opertion. Leks nd Slvinsks () reported the omprtive enh testing results of four stroke Diesel engine when operting on net rpeseed oil methyl ester nd it s 5 %, 179

2 Amit Pl Interntionl Journl of Current Engineering nd Tehnology, Vol.3, No.5( Deemer 13) 1 %, % nd 35 % lends with Diesel fuel. The rke speifi fuel onsumption t mximum torque nd rted power found to e higher for rpseed oil y 1.7 % nd 3. % reltive to Diesel fuel. The mximum rke therml effiieny is higher for rpseed oil t higher lod. The mximum NOx emissions inrese proportionlly with the mss perent of oxygen in the io-fuel nd engine speed. The ron monoxide emissions nd visile smoke emerging from the iodiesel over ll lod nd speed rnges re lower y up to 51. % nd 13.5 % to.3 %, respetively. The ron dioxide (CO ) is slightly higher in se of iodiesel. The emissions of unurned hydrorons for ll io-fuels re reported low. In the study of Altun et l. () lend of 5 % sesme oil nd 5 % diesel fuel ws used s n lterntive fuel in diret injetion diesel engine. The experimentl results show tht the engine power nd torque of the mixture of sesme oil diesel fuel re lose to the vlues otined from diesel fuel nd the mounts of exhust emissions re lower thn those of diesel fuel. Suresh kumr et l. () presented the results of performne nd emission nlyses of n unmodified diesel engine fuelled with Pongmi Pinnt Methyl Ester (PPME) nd its lends with diesel. Engine tests were onduted to get the omprtive mesures of rke speifi fuel onsumption (BSFC), rke speifi energy onsumption (BSEC) nd emissions suh s CO, CO, HC nd NOx to evlute the ehviour of PPME nd diesel in vrying proportions. BSFC nd BSEC for ll the fuel lends nd diesel tested derese with inrese in lod. This is due to higher perentge inrese in rke power with lod s ompred to inrese in the fuel Consumption. For the lends B nd B, the BSFC is lower thn nd equl to tht of diesel respetively nd the BSEC is less thn tht of diesel t ll lods. This ould e due to the presene of dissolved oxygen in the PPME tht enles omplete omustion; engine emits more CO for diesel s ompred to PPME lends under ll loding onditions. The CO emission inresed with inrese in lod for ll lends. The lower perentge of PPME lends emits less mount of CO in omprison with diesel. Blends B nd B emit very low emissions. This is due to the ft tht iodiesel in generl is low ron fuel nd hs lower elementl ron to hydrogen rtio thn diesel fuel. HC emission dereses with inrese in lod for diesel nd it is lmost nil for ll PPME lends exept for B where some tres re seen t no lod nd full lod. The NOx emission for ll the fuels tested followed n inresing trend with respet to lod. The reson ould e the higher verge gs temperture, residene time t higher lod onditions. In n experiment on kirloskr single ylinder diesel engine with 1- % plm oil io-diesel, Nveen nd Dhuwe () reported signifint redution in smoke level. Lpuert et l. (7) nlyzed diesel engine emissions when using iodiesel fuels s opposed to onventionl diesel fuels. The engine emissions from iodiesel nd diesel fuels re ompred, pying speil ttention to the most onerning emissions, nitri oxides nd prtiulte mtter. Some of the importnt outomes re: t prt lod opertion, no differenes in power output, sine n inrese in fuel onsumption in the se of iodiesel would ompenste its redued heting vlue. There is slight inrese of NO X with iodiesel euse of more oxygen ontent of iodiesel nd t higher temperture it leds to inrese NO x. There is shrp redution in prtiulte emissions with iodiesel s ompred to diesel fuel. CO is usully found to signifintly derese with iodiesel. A more omplete omustion used y the inresed oxygen ontent in the flme oming from the iodiesel moleules hs een pointed out s the min reson. Some reserhers worked to find the effet of visosity on emissions nd performne of diesel engine Agrwl et l. (1), Gngwr et l. () nd Choudhry et l. (). Emission prmeters suh s smoke NOx nd CO were found to hve inresed with inresing proportion of Jtroph oil in the lends ompred to diesel. They found Jtroph oil to e promising lterntive fuel for ompression ignition engines. Therml effiieny ws lower for unheted Jtroph oil ompred to heted Jtroph oil nd diesel. CO, CO, HC, nd smoke opity were slightly higher for net Jtroph oil ompred to tht of diesel, ut it were signifintly less with Jtroph nd other speie s io-diesel. These emissions were found to e lose to diesel for preheted Jtroph oil.. Experimentl setup for performne testing The setup onsists of four ylinders, four stroke, Tt Indi diesel engine onneted to eddy urrent type dynmometer for loding. The engine test setup speifitions re given in Tle 1, tul test setup is shown in Figure 1. The setup enles study of engine performne for vrious prmeters suh s torque, rke power, speifi fuel onsumption, rke therml effiieny, opity nd p-θ digrm. The min im of this experiment is to investigte the suitility nd effet on performne of lending of iodiesel with gsoline diesel fuel. Figure 1: Atul Experimentl setup. Preprtion of iodiesel lends Clorifi vlue of petroleum diesel = kj/kg. Clorifi vlue of iodiesel = 37 kj/kg. Density of petroleum diesel = kg/m 3. Density of iodiesel = 91 kg/m

3 Torque (kgm) Torque (kgm) Torque (kgm) Amit Pl Interntionl Journl of Current Engineering nd Tehnology, Vol.3, No.5( Deemer 13) Tle 1: Speifitions of the engine test setup S.No. Component Speifitions 1 Engine Tt Indi, Cylinder, Stroke, wter ooled, Power 39kW t 5 rpm, Torque 5 NM t 5 rpm, stroke 79.5mm, ore 75mm,, CR Dynmometer eddy urrent, wter ooled 3 Temperture Input RTD PT1,Rnge 1 C, trnsmitter Piezo sensor Rnge 5 PSI, 5 Air ox 7 Lod inditor Engine inditor Output ma nd, Input Thermoouple, Rnge 1 C, M S frited with orifie meter nd mnometer Digitl, Rnge -5 Kg, Supply VAC Input Piezo sensor,rnk ngle sensor, Input Piezo sensor, Communition RS 3, Crnk ngle sensor, No. No. of hnnel, Softwre Enginesoft Temperture Type RTD, PT1 nd 9 sensor Thermoouple Type K Fuel flow 1 DP trnsmitter, Rnge -5 mm trnsmitter Air flow Pressure trnsmitter, 11 trnsmitter Rnge (-) 5 mm WC Lod ell, type strin guge, 1 Lod sensor Rnge -5 Kg Tle : Desription of different lends of iodiesel Blend Amount of Amount of Clorifi vlue Resultnt Diesel (ml) Bio diesel of lend Density (ml) (kj/kg) (kg/m 3 ) Diesel B B B On this engine experiments re performed with different lends of iodiesel (pure diesel, B-1, B-, nd B-). Jtroph iodiesel were prepred in our IC Engines lortory. These lends re prepred in quntity of liter eh y mixing required quntity of iodiesel in petroleum diesel. There desription of iodiesel lends is shown in Tle. 3. Result nd disussions on performne testing Vrition of Torque v/s Engine Speed Figure shows the vrition of torque with speed for pure diesel nd iodiesel lends of jtroph iodiesel. Vrition of torque for different lends nd pure diesel t prtiulr engine speed is within very nrrow rnge. In se of oth iodiesel lends nd pure diesel, initilly the torque rises shrply with inrese in engine speed up to 5 rpm. Between speed 5 to rpm the vrition or torque with speed remin lmost onstnt. Further inrese in speed uses derese in torque. The pttern is lmost sme for ll lends. At initil speed iodiesel hve more torque espeilly jtroph iodiesel hs more torque. Almost similr pttern hs otined for ll perentge of lends. Figure : Comprison of Torque v/s Speed for different iodiesel lends of Jtroph oil Vrition of Brke Power v/s Speed diesel JB 1 diesel JB diesel JB The vrition of rke power vs. speed for oth lends in omprison to pure diesel is shown in Figure 3. The Brke Power inreses proportionlly to engine speed in the rnge of to rpm. In this speed rnge vrition of rke power is etween -3 kw. For more thn rpm there is flututing vrition in rke power mong the iodiesel lends. The vrition of rke power is lmost negligile for ll types of lends nd pure diesel for upto engine rpm. Between to 5 rpm iodiesel lends re hving slightly higher rke power s ompred to pure diesel. At initil speed rek power otined is more in se of iodiesel. Exept initil speed thum iodiesel hs more power ompre to jtroph iodiesel. 1791

4 Brke power (kw) Brke power (kw) Brke power (kw) Amit Pl Interntionl Journl of Current Engineering nd Tehnology, Vol.3, No.5( Deemer 13) diesel JB1 rnge thn pure diesel with ll lends. Biodiesel lend of % shows muh higher effiieny thn diesel fuel. 1 5 diesel JB 1 1 diesel JB 5 diesel JB diesel JB diesel JB 1 5 Engine speed Figure 3: Comprison of Brke Power v/s Speed for different iodiesel lends of Jtroph oil Brke Therml Effiieny v/s Speed Figure shows omprison of Brke therml effiieny vs. speed for different iodiesel lends of jtroph oil in omprison to diesel respetively. The mximum vlue of rke therml effiieny for ll lends & pure diesel is t rpm. For ll lends of oth oils vrition of rke therml effiieny is higher s ompred to pure diesel for wide rnge of engine speed. The mximum therml effiieny is hieved y using JB- lend is round.9 % t rpm whih is 5 % higher s ompred to pure diesel. The rke therml effiieny is lmost onstnt etween rpm rnge of to, nd it dereses shrply with further inrese in rpm nd with inrese in perentge of iodiesel lending the rke therml effiieny inrese for wide rnge of engine rpm. Jtroph oil exhiits omprtively higher effiieny for ll speed Figure : Brke Therml Effiieny v/s Speed for different iodiesel lends of Jtroph oil Smoke Opity v/s. Speed To understnd the pollution spet of iodiesel the vrition of opity vs. speed re shown in Figure 5. The smoke opity vlue for pure diesel is slightly higher s ompred to ll type of lends for wide rnge of engine rpm. For ll iodiesel lends the opity vlue inreses from 1 to % etween the speed rnges of to 35 rpm. There is no signifint hnge in opity vlue for ove rpm engine speed. The trend regrding vrition of opity with respet to speed is lmost similr for ll type of lends nd further the vrition of opity vlue of different lend t prtiulr rpm is lmost 179

5 Smoke opity (%) Smoke opity (%) Smoke opity (%) Amit Pl Interntionl Journl of Current Engineering nd Tehnology, Vol.3, No.5( Deemer 13) negligile. Exept initil speed opity of iodiesel lends hve less vlue thn diesel oil. This is due to etter omustion property of iodiesel Figure 5: Comprison of Opity v/s Speed for different iodiesel lends of Jtroph oil. Conlusions diesel JB 1 diesel JB diesel JB From the engine performne testing it n e onluded tht the performne prmeters nd emission hrteristis for iodiesel (jtroph) re etter results thn the diesel oil. In this work performne of iodiesel is ompred y the prmeters like rke power, torque, rke therml effiieny, speifi fuel onsumption nd emission re hrterized y opity mesurement. Some dvntges otined for iodiesel re: At low speed more torque is otined for iodiesel nd torque lmost onstnt for wide rnge of speed for oth diesel nd iodiesel lends. Mximum torque otined for jtroph oil is 7.5 kg-m t 5 rpm nd mximum perentge inrese in torque is % more thn the diesel oil whih is otined for % lend t rpm. More rke power is otined t initil speed nd it is nerly onstnt for 5 to rpm. The mximum rke power hieved is 35 kw t 5 rpm for iodiesel lend of 1%. Mximum perentge inrese otined for iodiesel of % lend is 3.5% t rpm. Exept t strting speed more rke therml effiieny hs otined for higher speeds. For 1% lend of iodiesel there is not muh differene in diesel nd iodiesel. For higher lend iodiesel hs muh etter effiieny thn diesel oil. Mximum rke therml effiieny inresed is 1.9% for iodiesel t rpm. Lower vlue of opity hs otined for iodiesel thn diesel oil t higher speeds. Mximum redution in opity otined is out 35 % for iodiesel. Referenes Ministry of Petroleume nd Nturle Gs, Government of Indi, New Delhi,(Eonomi Division) report, Bsi Sttistis on Indin Petroleum & Nturl Gs, 11-1, Aville t www. Aessed on : PM O. D., Hel, V. K., Reddy nd K Rjgopl,. Performne hrteristis of diesel engine den hemp oil. Fuel 5, Deepk Agrwl nd Avinsh Kumr Agrwl, 7, Performne nd Emissions Chrteristis of Jtroph Oil (Preheted And Blends) in A Diret Injetion Compression Ignition Engine, Applied Therml Engineering; 7: pp K Purushothmn, nd G Ngrjn, 9, Performne, Emission nd Comustion Chrteristis of Compression Ignition Engine Operting on Net Ornge Oil. Renewle Energy; 3 pp 5. Leks Gvidons nd Slvinsks Stsys,, The Effet of Rpeseed Oil Methyl Ester on Diret Injetion Diesel Engine Performne nd Exhust Emissions, Energy Conversion nd Mngement; 7: pp Altun Sehmus, Bulut Husmettin nd Oner Cengiz,, The Comprison of Engine Performne nd Exhust Emission Chrteristis of Sesme Oil Diesel Fuel Mixture with Diesel Fuel in A Diret Injetion Diesel Engine, Renewle Energy;33 pp Suresh Kumr.R Velrj, R Gneshn, Performne nd Exhust Emission Chrteristis of C I Engine Fuelled with Pongmi Pinnt Methyl Ester (PPME) nd its Blends with Diesel. Renewle Energy; 33: pp 9. Nveen kumr nd Ahy Dhuwe, (). Fuelling n Agriulturl Diesel Engine with Derivtives of Plm Oil, SAE Interntionl, Pper no Lpuert Mgin, Otvio Arms nd Jose Rodriguez, Effet of Biodiesel Fuels on Diesel Engine Emissions. Progress in Energy nd Comustion Siene ; 3: pp19 3. Avinsh Agrwl, nd L M Ds, 1, Biodiesel Development nd Chrteriztion for Use s A Fuel in C. I. Engine, Journl of Engineering for Gs Turines nd Power ASME trnstion; 13, numer pp -7. Hrish Kumr Gngwr, nd Avinsh Kumr Agrwl,, Emission nd Comustion Chrteristis of Vegetle Oil Blends in n Indiret Ignition Trnsporttion Engine, SAE Interntionl; Pper no. --3 S Choudhury, P K Bose., Jtroph derived Biodiesel nd its Suitility s C. I. Engine Fuel, SAE Interntionl; pper no