Effects of Planting Date and Water Deficit on Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Flax Seed

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1 Amerin-Eursin J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 12 (7): , 2012 ISSN IDOSI Pulitio, 2012 DOI: /idosi.ejes Effets of Plnting Dte nd Wter Defiit on Quntittive nd Qulittive Trits of Flx Seed Mohmmd Mirshekri, Rez Amiri, Hmmid Irn Nezhd, Seyeed A Sdt Noori nd Omid R. Zndvkili College of Aourihn, University of Tehrn, Irn Astrt: When ere is shortge for ville wter, low irrigtion stress is one meod to mintin produtivity. Therefore, study ws onduted to determine e effet of plnting dte nd irrigtion stress on two spring vrieties of flxseed. The experiment ws onduted s strip split plot sed on rndomized omplete lok design wi ree replitio during spring 2008 in University of Tehrn College of Aourihn, Irn. The highest plnt height (60.3 m), primry rnh numers per plnt (4.46), psule numers per plnt (65.9), seed numers per psule (5.78), seed yield (1763 kg/h), iologil yield (5935 kg/h), hrvest index (29.9 ), oil perentge (41), oil yield (718 kg/h), protein yield (361 kg/h), linoleni perentge (48.4) nd linolei perentge (18.36) were otined in first sowing dte nd under full irrigtion wheres, y lter sowing dtes nd limited irrigtion stress espeilly t flowering nd grin filling stges, is hrters were redued. The most oil yield (454 kg/h) nd linolei (18.81) id perentge were otined from serende vriety, wheres Lirin vriety hd e highest oil perentge (42.25), linoleni (47.9) nd olei (24.1) ids perentge. In is study, sowing dte ws very importnt mngement tool in minimizing e negtive impt of high temperture nd moisture stress during e ritil flowering nd seed filling periods. Key words: Ftty ids Limited irrigtion Oil yield Sowing dte INTRODUCTION ultivted in lmost ll ontinents wi temperte limtes [2]. Higher growing seson tempertures n hve The world popultion is projeted to eome drmti impts on griulturl produtivity, frm stggering 8.3 illion y 2030 from out 6 illion tody, inomes nd food seurity [6]. Dely in sowing led to n whih will ggrvte food ieurity espeilly in e inrese in environmentl temperture during developing ountries [1]. The ility of griulture to reprodutive grow of rop resulting in lower seed support growing popultion hs een onern nd qulity [7]. Wter stress is oidered one of e most ontinues to e on high priority on e glol poliy importnt ftors limiting plnt performne nd yield in gend. Flxseed (Linum usittissimum L.) is e six world nd impt on grow, lef photosynesis nd lrgest oilseed rop in e world nd is one of e oldest yield flxseed [8]. The highly positive effet of irrigtion ultivted plnts. Lieed type flx is reltively short on seed onfirms e key role of supplementry irrigtion plnt whih produes mny more seondry rnhes t ritil grow stges, prtiulrly seitive to wter ompred to e fier type [2]. Flx seed, ontining stress [9]. Mny grin rops hve little yield respoe to mixture of e ftty ids, is rih in two essentil ftty wter stress during vegettive stge nd during lte ids, lph-linoleni id nd linolei id, to use flx oil reprodutive or grin fill grow stges. However, rops in food pplitio where stility is essentil [3]. re seitive to wter stress during reprodutive grow Lieed oil is used in e mnufturing of pints nd stge nd yields will e impted during is time period vrnish, oil lo nd linoleum [4]. Alough flx is [10]. Under ese onditio, optiml sowing dtes nd oidered to e ool seson rop, ir temperture supplementl irrigtion t reprodutive stges, i.e. elow 10 C in e spring my inhiit grow nd flowering nd seed filling periods ould e of gret development, whih n dely flowering [5]. Flx is mngement option to lessen e negtive spets of Corresponding Auor: Mohmmd Mirshekri, College of Aourihn, University of Tehrn, Irn. 901

2 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 12 (7): , 2012 temperture nd drought stress. Sine wter resoures in determintion. Susmples were dried t 105 C for rid nd semi rid environments re limited is study moisture determintion. Seed yield ws djusted to 9% imed to evlute e influene of irrigtion nd ree moisture ontent nd ll oer mesurements were sowing dtes on lieed. reported on dry weight sis. Twenty plnts were rndomly olleted from e entrl six rows wi edging MATERIALS AND METHODS shers (0.1m utting wid) nd e following hrteristis were reorded for eh plot; Plnt height The study ws rried out in Agriulturl Reserh (m), primry rnh numer, psule numer per plnt, Centre, University of Tehrn, Aourihn Fulty of seed numer per psule, ousnd seed weight (g), seed Agriulture, in e sou-west of Tehrn (Lt. 35, 28'; 1 1 yield (kg h ), iologil yield (kg h ), hrvest index Long. 51, 44' nd elevtion 1280 m), Irn, s strip split (%), oil perentge oil yield (kg h 1 ), protein perentge, plot sed on rndomized omplete lok design wi 1 protein yield (kg h ), linoleni, linolei, olei, steri nd ree replites during spring The tretments plmiti ids perentge. Seeds were reshed y hnd omprised four limited irrigtion: norml irrigtion (I 0) -2 nd weight of seed (g m ) ws reorded. Plots were during e growing period (I 0: irrigtion fter 60 mm hrvested t mturity nd seeds were dried to uniform evportion from lss A pn) s ontrol, limited moisture ontent for h t C. Oil ontent ws irrigtion fter 150 mm evportion from stem elongtion determined using nuler mgneti resonne [11]. To (I 1), flowering (I ) 2 nd grin filling (I ) 3 just for one estimte protein ontent, nitrogen onentrtion ws irrigtion intervl nd ree sowing dtes (20 April, 10 determined using Tehnionutonlyzer [12]. A ftor My nd 30 My) s min plots nd vriety t two of 5.46 ws used to onvert nitrogen into rude protein levels (Lirin nd Serende) s suplots. Soil moisture ontent [13]. Seed smples were tken for totl ftty id determined grvimetrilly using ugers. All tretments nlyses. Totl ftty id ontent ws nlyzed y using were irrigted wi equl mount for eh time, whih ws meod modified y Wu et.l. [14]. In is meod seed mesured wi e help of 15 m rot Prshll flume smples were soked in 2 ml of 2% sulphuri id in dry fixed in e irrigtion hnnel. The dt for dy leng (h), menol for 16 h t room temperture, followed y 80 min temperture ( C), reltive humidity (%) nd preipittion of heting t 90 0C to onvert e ftty ids into meyl (mm) were otined from Vrmin meteorologil derivtives (FAMEs). Meyl heptdenote (17:0-ME) susttion (Fig. 1). Vrmin is loted in e entrl ws dded s n internl stndrd. The FAMEs were regio of Irn nd hs men nnul temperture of 27 C extrted in 2 ml wter nd 3 ml hexne nd en nd verge rinfll of 170mm. Soil smples were tken determined y gs liquid hromtogrphy (GLC). The (0-30 m) efore sowing nd soil nlysis results showed ftty id meyl ester omposition ws nlyzed y t it ws silty lom in texture wi ph of 7.28, ontined using Vrin 3400 gs hromtogrphy equipped wi 0.75% orgni mtter; totl nitrogen of 0.09 ppm, Supelovx-10 fused sli pillry olumn (30 m x 0.25 µm ssumle phosphorus of 4.8 ppm, exhngele film ikness). The olumn s initil temperture ws kept potssium of 390 ppm wi no slinity prolems t 160 C for 15 min so t in is temperture n inrese (E.C. = 1.8 ds.m 1 ). On e sis of soil nlysis, 40 kg ould our t e rte of 5 C min-1. The tempertures of h ure, 40 kg h mmonium phosphte nd 20 kg h e injetor nd e dedetor (FID) were 240 C nd potssium sulfte fertilizer were pplied to e site nd 280 C, respetively. The rrier gs ws nitrogen wi hrrowed efore seeded preprtion. Nitrogen ws 1 flow rte of 1-2 ml min. Split rtio ws djusted to 30 ml pplied in two pplitio s split; hlf efore sowing min 1. The injeted volume of e smple ws 1 µl. Ftty nd e remining hlf ws pplied top dressed t flower- ids were identified y retention time reltive to t of 2 ud-visiility stge. The re of eh plot ws 10 m n uenti stndrd. The FAMEs were identified y oisting of eight rows, 5 m long nd 25 m prt. Seeds ompring e retention times wi ose of e stndrds. were sown 4 m prt t out 2-3 m dep. A 1.0-m lley Ftty id ontent ws omputed s weight perentge of ws left round eh plot. Plots were over seeded nd e totl ftty ids y using e GC re ounts for susequently inned to finl plnt deity of out 100 vrious FAMEs. Anlysis of vrines of dt for eh -2 plnts m t seedling stge. Weeds were ontrolled y ttriute nd omined nlysis of e split plot desig 1 o Triflurlin (2.5 L h ) s pre plnt nd y hnd s in two yers were omputed using e SAS omputer needed. Seed yields were tken t mturity y hrvesting progrm [15]. F test in omined nlysis of e e enter two rows of eh plot for seed yield experiments ws rried out using expeted vlues of e 902

3 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 12 (7): , 2012 Fig. 1: Amient temperture, rinfll nd reltive humidity during flxseed growing seson of 2008 in Vrmin. men squres whih yer nd replition were ssigned s yield nd perentge, protein yield, linoleni nd linolei rndom vriles nd sowing dte nd limited irrigtion ids perentge of flx seed quired in e first sowing were oidered s fixed vriles. The Dunn's multiple dte git e lowest vlues of ese trits reorded rnge tests t 5% level of proility ws used to test from lst sowing dte (Tle 2). In e lst sowing dte signifint min effets. The MSTAT-C softwre pkge protein perentge, olei, steri nd plmiti ids ws used to test signifint intertion effets etween perentge inresed sttistilly. tretments [16]. Aumulted growing degree dys (GDD) were lulted y summing e dily degree dy vlues Effet of Vriety: The nlysis of vrines reveled ( C) otined y dding e mximum nd minimum signifint differenes etween o vrieties for ll tempertures for e dy, dividing y two nd sutrting flxseed trits (Tle 1). Serende produed more primry e se temperture, whih for flx seed is 5 C (Tle 4). rnhes pre plnt, psules numer per plnt, seed The oeffiient of liner regression eqution etween e numer per psule, hrvest index, oil yield, protein yield trits men s e dependent vriles nd grow degree nd perentge, linolei, steri nd plmiti ids dy of ll e grow seson of flx seed s e perentge ompred to Lirin vriety ut mximum oil independent vrile re lulted y SAS. perentge, linoleni nd olei ids perentge otined from Lirin (Tle 2). RESULTS Intertion effet of sowing dte nd limited irrigtion stress: The intertion effet etween sowing dtes nd Effet of Irrigtion Levels: All flx seed trits were irrigtion levels ws signifint for seed numers per signifintly ffeted y limited irrigtion stress in e psule, seed yield, iologil yield, hrvest index, protein nlysis of vrines, exept numer of primry rnhes perentge nd yield, oil perentge, linoleni, linolei nd pre plnt (Tle 1). The highest plnt height, numer of olei ids perentge (Tle 1). The highest vlue of primry rnhes pre plnt, psules numer per seed numers per psule, seed yield, iologil yield, plnt, seed numers per psule, seed yield, iologil hrvest index, protein yield, oil perentge, linoleni nd yield, hrvest index, oil yield nd perentge, protein linolei ids perentge ws quired for April 20 yield, linoleni nd linolei ids perentge of sowing dtes y ontrol irrigtion tretment, while more flxseed were otined from ontrol irrigtion tretment, protein nd olei ids perentges otined in limited while limited irrigtion stress during flowering nd seed irrigtion stress during grin filling on My 30 sowing filling stges resulted in lowest ese trits, dte (Fig. 2). respetively (Tle 2). Limited irrigtion stress during flowering hd e highest ousnd seed weight Intertion Effet of Vriety nd Limited Irrigtion ompred to oer irrigtion tretments while, more Stress: Vriety irrigtion intertion effet ws protein perentge, olei, steri nd plmiti id signifint for ousnd seed weight, iologil yield, oil perentge otined from limited irrigtion stress t seed nd protein yields (Tle 1). The est oil nd protein yield filling stge (Tle 2). ws otined from Serende vriety under norml irrigtion t ll grow stges git e lowest vlue Effet of Sowing Dte: Sowing dtes hd signifint quired under limited irrigtion stress t flowering nd effet on ll flxseed trits (Tle 1). The highest plnt grin filling stges of flx seed (Fig. 3). The highest height, numer of primry rnhes pre plnt, psules ousnd seed weight nd iologil yield reorded for numer per plnt, seed numer per psule, ousnd Lirin vriety y norml irrigtion t ll grow stges of seed weight, seed yield, iologil yield, hrvest index, oil flxseed. 903

4 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 12 (7): , 2012 Tle 1: Anlysis vrine for e effet of limited irrigtion stress, sowing dtes nd vriety on two spring vrieties of flxseed (r=3). Plnt Primry Cpsule Seed Thousnd Seed Biologil Hrvest height rnh numers numers seed yield yield index Protein S.O.V d.f (m) numer per plnt per psule weight (g) (kg/h) (kg/h) (%) (%) Blok I E T E I T E C I C T C I T C E Protein yield Oil Oil yield Linoleni Linolei Olei Steri Plmiti S.O.V D.f (kg/h) (%) (kg/h) id (%) id (%) id (%) id (%) id (%) Blok I E T E I T E C I C T C I T C E p = 0.05; p = 0.01; : non signifint; D.f: degrees of freedom; I: Limited irrigtion stress tretments; T: Sowing dte tretments; C: Vriety tretments. Tle 2: Dunn s men omprison test results for e effet of limited irrigtion stress, sowing dtes nd vriety (±SE) on flxseed. Plnt height Primry rnhes Cpsule numers Seed numers Thousnd seed Seed yield Tretments (m) numer per plnt per psule weight (gr) (kg/h) Irrigtion levels (I) I0 58.2± ± ± ± ± ±67.8 I1 53.6± ± ± ± ± ±76.9 I2 55.7± ±0.1 d 31.4± ± ±0.15 d 784±77.8 I ± ± ± ±0.13 d 3.39± ±79.6 Sowing dte levels (T) T1 57.9± ± ± ± ± ±62 T2 56± ± ± ± ± ±69 T3 54.3±0.48 4± ± ± ± ±71 Vriety levels (C) C1 58.7± ± ± ± ± ±69.7 C2 53.4± ± ± ± ± ±

5 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 12 (7): , 2012 Tle 2: Continue Biologil Hrvest Protein yield Oil yield yield (kg/h) index (%) Protein (%) (kg/h) Oil (%) (kg/h) Irrigtion levels (I) I0 5624± ± ± ± ± ±27.8 I1 4988± ± ± ± ± ±31 I2 d 4374±115 d 17.5± ±0.73 d 168± ± ±32.3 I3 4524± ± ± ± ± ±31 Sowing dte levels (T) T1 5315± ± ± ± ± ±24.2 T2 5022± ± ± ± ± ±26.7 T3 4296± ± ± ± ± ±27.8 Vriety levels (C) C1 5042± ±1 20.1± ± ± ±30.6 C2 4714± ± ± ± ± ±28.5 Linoleni id (%) Linolei id (%) Olei id (%) Steri id (%) Plmiti id (%) Irrigtion levels (I) I ± ± ± ± ±0.05 I ± ± ± ± ±0.056 I ± ± ± ± ±0.057 I ± ± ± ± ±0.04 Sowing dte levels (T) T ± ± ±0.18 5± ±0.04 T ± ± ± ± ±0.03 T3 45.5± ± ± ± ±0.02 Vriety levels (C) C1 47.9± ± ± ± ±0.04 C2 45.9± ± ± ± ±0.02 Men of eh group in olum of eh tretment wi similr letters re not signifintly different (Dunn 5%). I : Norml irrigtion t ll grow stges; 0 I : Limited irrigtion stress t stem elongtion stge; I : Limited irrigtion stress t flowering stge; I : Limited irrigtion stress t grin filling stge; T : April; T : 10 My; T :30 My; C : Lirin C : Serende Tle 3: Correltion oeffiients for e effet of limited irrigtion stress, sowing dtes nd vriety on two spring vrieties of flxseed (r=3). Plnt height 1.00 Primry rnhes Plnt Primry Cpsules Seeds Thousnd Seed Biologil Hrvest height rnhes per plnt per psule seed weight yield Trits yield index Cpsules per plnt Seeds per psule Thousnd seed weight Seed yield Biologil yield Hrvest index Trits Protein (%) Oil (%) Protein yield Oil yield Linoleni id Linolei id Olei id Steri id Plmiti id Protein (%) 1.00 Oil (%) Protein yield Oil yield Linoleni Linolei Olei Steri Plmiti p= 0.05; p =

6 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 12 (7): , 2012 Tle 4: Flxseed growing period (Durtion) under different tretments of sowing dtes nd limited irrigtion stress in T1 T2 T Lirin I0 I1 I2 I3 I0 I1 I2 I3 I0 I1 I2 I3 Durtion(Dy) GDD ( Cdy) Serende Durtion(Dy) GDD( Cdy) Tle 5: Regression reltiohip etween grow degree dy nd some quntittive trits of flxseed during growing seson (pooled vlues for o vrieties). Primry Cpsules Seed numers Trits rnhes numer numer per plnt per psule Seed yield Biologil yield Oil yield Protein yield R Fig. 2: Dunn s men omprison test for e intertion effets of sowing dtes nd limited irrigtion stress (±SE) on some of flxseed trits. Men of eh tretment wi similr letters re not signifintly different (Dunn 5%). I 0: Norml irrigtion t ll grow stges; I 1: Limited irrigtion stress t stem elongtion stge; I 2: Limited irrigtion stress t flowering stge; I 3: Limited irrigtion stress t grin filling stge; T 1: 20 April; T 2: 10 My; T 3: 30 My. 906

7 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 12 (7): , 2012 Fig. 3: Dunn s men omprison test for e intertion effets vriety nd limited irrigtion stress (±SE) on some of flxseed trits. Men of eh tretment wi similr letters re not signifintly different (Dunn 5%). I 0: Norml irrigtion t ll grow stges; I 1: Limited irrigtion stress t stem elongtion stge; I 2: Limited irrigtion stress t flowering stge; I 3: Limited irrigtion stress t grin filling stge; C 1: Lirin; C 2: Serende. Fig. 4: Dunn s men omprison test for e intertion effets of vriety nd sowing dte (±SE) on some of flxseed trits. Men of eh tretment wi similr letters re not signifintly different (Dunn 5%). T 1: 20 April; T 2: 10 My; T 3: 30 My; C 1: Lirin; C 2: Serende. Fig. 5: Regression reltiohip etween grow dy degree wi hrvest index, linoleie nd oleie ids of flxseed during growing seson (pooled vlues for o vrieties). 907

8 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 12 (7): , 2012 Intertion Effet of Vriety nd Sowing Dte: DISCUSSION The intertiion effet etween vriety nd irrigtion tretments on plnt height, ousnd seed weight, protein Plnt Height: In is study, plnt height signifintly yield, oil perentge, olei nd plmiti ids perentge differed under different irrigtion nd sowing dte were signifint (Tle 1). Lirin vriety in e first sowing tretments. This result ould e explined y differenes produed e highest vlues for plnt height, ousnd in e weer onditio nd supplementry irrigtion seed weight nd oil perentge, while e minimum of from stem elongtion stge to lte grin distriution ese trits were oserved from Serende vriety in e (Fig. 1, 4). Our results re in greement wi ose lst sowing dte (Fig. 4). The highest protein yield otined y Snkri [17], who found t humidity nd otined from serende in e first sowing dte wheres, temperture differenes used wide vrition etween e minimum otined y lirin in e lst sowing dte. flxseed ultivrs for men plnt height. Ahlwt & Lirin in e lst sowing produed e most olei id Gngih [18] noted t limited irrigtion stress during perentge while, e highest plmiti id perentge e grow stges redued e plnt height. Wi delyed oserved y serende in e first sowing dte. sowing, high temperture hste e development, shorte e durtion nd redues e grow per dy Correltion Anlysis Between Flxseed Trits: The from sowing to hrvest us redues plnt height (Tle orreltion oeffiient (r) of seed yield wi yield 4, 2). In oer reports, wter nd temperture stress hve omponents were highly signifint nd positive. Highly een shown to redue plnt height in lieed [19] y signifint nd positive orreltion ws noted in seed inresing respirtory losses. yield wi numer of psules plnt, seed numer per psule, iologil yield nd hrvest index (Tle 3). Primry Brnhes Numer: Delying in sowing nd Correltion nlysis of reltio mong ftty ids, oil nd wter stress, led to derese numer of primry rnhes protein perentge of lieed oil is reported in Tle 4. per plnt (Tle 2). Numer of primry rnhes per plnt The dt indited t olei id ontent hd is genetilly ontrolled hrteristi [20] however signifintly negtive orreltion wi linolei id plnting geometry my hve resonle effet on e wheres steri id hd signifintly positive development of rnhes [21]. Rhimi et l. [221] reported orreltion wi plmiti id git negtive t high temperture redued e numer of tillers, orreltion wi linoleni id. Oil perentge hd euse e period etween esis nd senesene ws positive orreltion wi linoleni id nd signifintly urtiled y reltively higher temperture. negtive orreltion wi protein perentge. Olei id hd signifintly positive orreltion wi plmiti nd Cpsule Numers per Plnt: The sowing dtes identified steri ids ut negtive orreltion wi protein nd oil optimum psule numer per plnt quired y full yields. irrigtion on April sowing dte (Tle 2). The lowest psule numers ws oserved wi lter flowering my Regression Anlysis Between Grow Degree Dy e due to temperture effet on pollintion, ovry (GDD) nd e Flxseed Trits: The reltiohip etween survivl in delyed sowing dtes. These results ffirmed grow degree dy (GDD) (x) nd e flxseed trits (Y) y Ford [23]. Lieed is suseptile to wter stress t e ws signifint for primry rnh numer per plnt, seedling stge, t flowering nd during erly seed psule numer per plnt, seed numer per psule, seed development [24]. It ppers t wter stress hmpered yield, iologil yield, hrvest index, oil nd protein yield, flowering nd redued e proility of developing linoleie nd oleie ids perentge in pooled vlues for flower to pod nd its ourrene during flowering nd pod lirin nd serende vrieties (Tle 5, Fig. 5). A regression formtion resulted in pod ortion [25]. nlysis reveled t flxseed trits were inresing wi e inrese of GDD. The highest vlue of GDD ws Seed Numers per Cpsule: At is study ws produed reorded in e first sowing dte ompred to seond nd mximum seed numer per psule wi full irrigtion ird sowing dte of flxseed in e o vrieties. when sown on April 20 nd on My 10 sowing (Tle 2, The results reveled t durtion (dys) for e mturity Fig. 2). These results ffirmed y Prsd nd Shrm [26]. of flxseed y norml irrigtion were highest nd redued Flowering ws e most seitive stge to wter stress, wi limited irrigtion stress t stem elongtion, flowering proly due to suseptiility of pollen development, nd grin filling stges (Tle 4). nesis nd fertiliztion led to lower seed yield [27]. 908

9 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 12 (7): , 2012 Thousnd Seed Weight: Men ousnd seed weight & Zimmermn (1967), who found e minimum hrvest depended on sowing dte nd ultivr, s o ftors index t higher temperture. Results show higher interted signifintly wi irrigtion levels (Fig. 2, 3 4). hrvest index y full irrigtion (Tle 2, Fig. 2). Results of Thousnd seed weight losely relted to green is study is in greement wi e findings of Pndey et photosyneti re whih is respoile for l [32] who stted e reson of hrvest index redution rohydrte formtion, grin filling nd finl grin yield. t severe drought stress is e higher seitivity of Results show higher seed yield under full irrigtion reprodution grow to undesirle onditio in (Tle 2, Fig. 2, 3). This inrese in yield ould e sried ompred to genertive grow. to fvorle moisture onditio resulting from irrigtio t ritil phenologil stges of initition of flowering Protein Perentge nd Yield: The hnges of protein nd seed filling. Suh finding oisted in wi results of perentge in e present study were proly dependent Ahlwt & Gngih [18] nd Rhimi & et l [22]. on e intertion of ese hrters wi environmentl For spring- dely sown seed flxseed, ere is less ftors suh s wter supply nd high temperture during possiility of ompetion due to e shortened seed filling stges flxseed (Fig. 2, 3, 4). These results vegettive phse, however, e derese in men seed ffirmed y [33]. Growing onditio nd rop weight in e present study slightly ws ompeted for mngement prties lso influene protein perentge y n inrese in e numer of psules per plnt. [34]. The lower protein yield otined in My 9 nd espeilly My 30 sowing dtes (Tle 2, Fig. 4) ould e Seed Yield: Seed yield ws e mximum in first sowing due to higher tempertures, whih ourred during e dte nd deresed wi delyed sowing dtes (Tle 2, seed filling period t resulted in redution of seed yield. Fig. 2, 3) whih my e due to high temperture effet on Sowing dte is mjor determinnt of seed qulity nd pollintion, ovry survivl or seed development. Sowing quntity [35]. Wter defiit during flowering nd seed dte nd irrigtion studies wi flxseed identified filling stges redued protein yield (Fig. 2, 3). Singh [36] mximum seed yield from n erly sowing wi stted t is ehvior might e srile to yield supplementry irrigtion from flowering to lte grin fill potentil nd e intertion of ese hrters wi [28]. This inrese in yield ould e sried to fvorle environmentl ftors suh s wter supply. moisture onditio resulting from irrigtio t ritil phenologil stges of initition of flowering nd seed Oil Perentge nd Yield: Climti onditio ould e filling. A similr inrese in yield wi irrigtion ws lso oidered s determining ftor for oil perentge nd reported y Husin et l [29]. yield. In dely sowing, e redution of oil perentge nd yield (Tle 2, Fig. 4) ws due to unfvorle weer Biologil Yield: The results showed t e optimum onditio (Fig. 1). This my e due to t inresed sowing dte ws from e seond hlf of April to My10 temperture nd wter stress during seed filling ws sowing dte (Tle 2, Fig. 2). This result in gree wi mjor use of redued oil perentge nd yield. Similr results of [30]. In omprison, iologil yield under results hve een reported y Grsid [30] nd Silv [37]. limited irrigtion stress t flowering nd seed filling stges Experiments rried out in ontrolled onditio showed ws signifintly lower n oer irrigtion tretments t high tempertures during e ripening phse redue (Tle 2, Fig. 2, 3). These results ffirmed y Ev [31]. oil yield nd qulity of flxseed [38]. In e present study, It ppers t wter stress hmpered flowering nd wter stress used redution in e oil perentge of redued e proility of developing flower to psule o ultivrs (Tle 2, Fig. 2), whih is in greement wi nd its ourrene during flowering nd psule formtion e results of Sosulski & Gore [39] for lieed. The est oil resulted in psule ortion nd erefore produe more yield ws otined from full irrigtion tretment followed yield nd iologil yield. y limited irrigtion stress t stem elongtion stge (Tle 2, Fig. 3, 4). This inrese in yield ould e sried to Hrvest Index: Hrvest index ws e mximum in first fvorle moisture onditio resulting from irrigtio t sowing dte nd deresed wi delyed sowing dtes ritil phonologil stges of initition of flowering nd (Tle 2) euse e grin formtion stges oinided seed filling. It ppers t wter stress hmpered wi fvorle lower temperture, while y lte-sowing flowering nd redued e proility of developing dte flxseed suffered severely from het stress during flower to psule nd its ourrene during grin formtion led to norml development nd poor flowering nd psule formtion resulted in psule prodution. These results oinide wi finding of Dying ortion [25]. 909

10 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 12 (7): , 2012 Ftty Aids: The hnges in ftty ids omposition in orreltion of psule numer per plnt nd seed numer e present study were proly due to e effet of wter per psule wi seed yield. These findings orrespond defiits nd high tempertures during e seed-filling wi results of Alrehtsen & Dying [51], who found period wi lte sowing nd drought tretments. higher psule numer per plnt nd seed numer per Temperture is generlly oidered to e e most ritil psule inrese seed yield. Rd et l. [52] reported t limti ftor ffeting qulity [40]. Cool limti ere were positive orreltion etween seed yield nd onditio dely e mturity of e flxseed nd us seed weight nd iologil yield. This study lso proved provide longer period for oil nd ftty id synesis t ere is positive nd losely orreltion etween [41]. The results of present study showed derese in hrvest index nd seed yield under onditio limited linoleni id perentge during e lst sowing dte irrigtion stress. These results gree wi finding of (Tle 2, Fig. 2). These results oinide wi finding of Bldini & Vnnozzi [53]. Strong negtive orreltion ws [42,43], who reported high temperture during seed oserved etween oil nd protein perentge in seeds, development deresed linolei nd linoleni id in is result is in greement wi e finding of Dwivedi et severl oilseed rops. Cnvin [44] reported t e ftty l 1990). The inverse reltiohip etween olei nd id ompositio of e oilseed rpe, sunflower nd flx linolei id were reported y Prveen [54]. Besides, depended on temperture, when e plnts were grown linoleni id hd signifintly positive orreltion wi under lortory onditio, while sfflower nd stor oil perentge nd signifintly negtive orreltion wi oils were not ffeted. The perentge of olei, steri nd protein perentge. This reltiohip might e due to plmiti ids vried inversely wi e linoleni id environmentl ftors, espeilly temperture during e perentge. Steri nd olei ids inresed while linolei period of seed development nd mturtion. Limited nd linoleni ids deresed y low irrigtion stress irrigtion stress during flowering or psule-filling stges (Tle 2, Fig. 3). This results in oisted wi finding of my fvor inresed protein perentge nd erey Green [42] nd Wolf et l [45]. The olei/linolei rtio ws deresing oil perentge [55]. inresed due to wter stress t different grow stges nd mximum inrese ws oserved t e reprodutive Regression Anlysis Between Grow Degree Dy stge (Tle 2, Fig. 2, 4). Wter stress during e grin (GDD) nd e Flxseed Trits: Dely in sowing nd filling period used signifint inrese in e limited irrigtion stress led to more rpid development of olei/linolei rtio in high olei genotypes of sunflowers flxseed, deresed e dys from emergene to flowering [46]. This effet of high temperture nd wter stresses on nd to physiologil mturity, durtion of flowering nd olei nd linolei ids perentge my e ttriuted to seed filling nd deresed e opportunity of flxseed to e tivity of e enzyme?12 desturse [46,47]. In reover (Tle 4). Dy leng nd photoperiod re lso ontrst, Unger [48] found very little differenes in importnt ftors respoile for e different grow olei/linolei rtios in sunflower under different wter ehvior of grin flxseed (Fig. 1). Shortening of e regimes. The differenes in e results of e two studies growing yle derese e mount of rdition my e due to e imposition of drought t different interepted during e growing seson nd us totl dry grow stges. Ftty id omposition ws different in mtter t hrvest [38]. Stresses imposed t lter stge of lirin nd serende ultivrs (Tle 2). In oisted wi development redued sink size, shorten e durtion of our result Connor nd Sdrs [49] reported t ftty id seed filling nd deresed e opportunity of rop to omposition differs etween ultivrs due to hnges in reover. There ws positive liner reltiohip etween environmentl onditio. The olei/linolei rtio GDD nd ll of flxseed studied trits (Tle 5, Fig. 5). inresed due to wter stress t different grow stges These results re in oistent wi e findings of nd nd mximum inrese ws oserved t e reprodutive Bremner & Rdley [56] nd Turner [57]. stge. These results re not in greement wi finding of Bldini et l [50] who t reported e sturted ftty CONCLUSION id ontents (plmiti id nd steri id) in sunflower did not vry under different wter regimes. In summry, it is onluded t wter stress during lieed reprodutive grow stges prtiulrly flowering Correltion Anlysis Between Flxseed Trits: The nd psule formtion is ritil period t leds to results (Tle 3) show t e positive respoe yield of deresed most of flxseed trits. Our results reveled t flxseed to irrigtion ws due to e signifint positive for lieed prodution, sowing in erly April is preferle 910

11 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 12 (7): , 2012 in Irn entrl regio. The results of e present study 13. The United Ntio University, 1980, Anlytil my e helpful for e reommendtion of optimum meods for e determintion of nitrogen nd mino sowing dte nd limited irrigtion stress for spring lieed ids in foods. In: P.L. in similr limti onditio. 14. Wu, J., J.R. Jmes, D.W. Dooner nd J. Browse, A mutnt of ridopsis defiient in e elongtion REFERENCES of plmiti id. Plnt Physio., 2: SAS Ititute, The SAS System for Windows, 1. FAO World griulture 2030: min findings. Relese The SAS It. Cry, NC. Aville online t fo. org/ english/ 16. Mstt, C., MSTAT-C, A Miroomputer newsroom/ news/ 2002/7833-en. html, Food nd Progrm for e Design, Arrngement nd Anlysis Agriulture Orgniztion, Rome, Itly. of Agronomi Reserh Experiments.Mihign Stte 2. Gill, K.S., Lieed. Indin Counil of University. Agriulturl Reserh, New Delhi, Indi. 17. Snkri, H.S., Lieed (Linum usittissimum L.) 3. Green, A.G. nd D.R. Mrshll, Vrition for oil Cultivrs nd Breeding Lines s Stem Biomss quntity nd qulity in flxseed. Aust. J. Agri. Res., Produers. J. Crop. Si., 184: (4): Ahlwt, I.P.S. nd B. Gngih, Effet of 4. Htim, M. nd G.Q. Asi, Oil Seed Crops. In: onfigurtion nd irrigtion on sole nd lieed Crop Prodution. Ntionl Book Foundtion, (Linum usittissimum) interropped hikpe Islmd. pp: (Cire rtietinum). Indin. J. Agri. Si., 80(3): Gust, L.V., B.J. O Connor nd R.S. Bhtty, Tiver, N.S. nd R.F. Willims, Studies on e Flx (Linum usittissimum L) respoes to hilling flx plnt. 2 The effet of rtifiil drought on grow nd het stress on flowering nd seed yield. Cn. J. nd oil prodution in lieed vriety. Aust. J. Exp. Plnt. Si., 77: Biol. Med. Si., 20: Bttisti, D.S. nd R. Nylor, Historil wrnings 20. Vender, C., L. Ntrelli, C. Mestrii nd D. Cremhi, of future food ieurity wi unpreedented Effet of husndry prties on some sesonl het. Si., 323: iologil nd gronomi hrteristis of lieed 7. Greven, M.M., B.A. MKenzie, J.G. Hmpton, ultivr. Terre Sole. 50: M.J. Hill, J.R. Sedole nd G.D. Hill, Ftors 21. Singh, D.N., Heritility nd geneti dvne ffeting seed qulity in dwrf Frenh en in lieed (Linum usittissimum L.). J. Res. Birs. (Phseolus vulgris L.) efore hrvest mturity. Agri. Univ., 13: Seed. Si. Tehnol., 32: Rhimi, M.M., G. Normohmmdi nd 8. Dutt, H.K., D.S. Rm Mohn Ro nd H. Singh, A. Aeinehnd, The effet of plnting dte nd Respoe of lieed (Linum usittissimum L.) nitrogen on yield nd yield omponents of lieed, to irrigtion nd nitrogen. Indin J. Agron., 40: 130- (Linum usittissimum L.) Ford, J.H., Influene of time of flowering on 9. Dun, J.K., Oilseeds Proessing Chpter D11 in seed development of flx. Crop. Si., 4: Gri nd Oilseeds, Hndling, Mrketing, 24. Mrtin, J.H., W.H. Leonrd nd D.L. Stmp, Proessing, Cndin Interntionl Gri Ititute, In: Priniples of Field Crop Prodution (3rd Ed.), Winnipeg, Four Edition. 11: 891. Mmilln, New York, pp: Kimer, D.S. nd D.I. MGregor, Brssi 10. Shneeklo, J., T. Buder nd N. Hen, Oilseeds: Prodution nd utiliztion. 1st Ed. CAB Limited Irrigtion Mngement: Priniple nd Interntionl. Oxon UK, pp: 394. Prties. Colordo Stte University Exteion. 26. Prsd, B.N. nd N.N. Shrm, Note on e 11. Jmunn, R., S.M. Rju nd P.S. Brde, optimum seeding dte nd irrigtion level for lieed Anlysis of oil ontent of groundnuts y Nuler (Linum usittissimum L.). Indin. J. Agri. Res., Mgneti Resonne Spetrometry. J. Si. Food. 19(3): Agri., 36: Frji, A., N. Lttifi, A. Soltni nd A.H. Shirni-rd, 12. Singh, U. nd R. Jmunn, Evlution of Seed yield nd wter use effiieny of nol rpid meods for e estimtion of protein in (Brssi npus) s ffeted y high temperture Chikpe (Cier rietinum L.). J. Si. Food. Agri., stress nd supplementl irrigtion. Agri. Wter. 31: Mnge., 96:

12 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 12 (7): , Lisson, S.N. nd N.J. Mendhm, Effet of plnt 40. Mgnoon, W.G. nd R.B. Ceon, Ftty id deity, sowing dte nd irrigtion on e yield omposition oil flx ultivr. Cn. J. Plnt. Si., of fire hemp (Cnnis stiv) nd flx 41: (Linum usittissimum). Deprtment of Agriulturl 41. Plevi, D., Reent dvnes in e Siene, University of Tsmni, Hort, Tsmni, ultivtion of mediinl plnts. At. Hort., Austrli. 208: Husin, K., S.D. Duey nd R.L. Srivstv, Impt of irrigtion nd nutrients on lieed (Linum usittissimum L). Advnes in Plnt. Si., 42. Green, A.G., Amutnt genotype of flx ontining very lw levels of linoleni id in its oil. Plnt. Si., 66: (2): Golomek, S.D., R. Sridhr nd U. Singh, Grsid, A., Sowing time effets on e Effet of soil temperture on e seed omposition of development, yield nd oil of flxseed in semi rid ree Spnish ultivrs of groundnut (Arhis tropil. Aust. J. Prod. Agri., 23: hypoge L.). J. Agri. Food Chem., 43: Ev, L., Crop evolution, dpttion nd 44. Cnvin, D.T., The Effet of Temperture on e yield. Cmridge University Press, Cmridge. Oil Content nd Ftty Aid Composition of e Oils 32. Pndey, R.K., J.W. Mrnville nd A. Admon, from Severl Oil Seed Crops, Cndin Journl of Tropil whet respoe to irrigtion nd nitrogen in Bot., 43: Shelin environment. I. Grin yield, yield 45. Wolf, R.B., J.F. Cvi, R. Kleimn nd L.T. Blk, omponents nd wter use effiieny. Eur. J. Agron Effet of temperture on soyen seed Am., 15(2): oitituents: oil, protein, moisture, ftty Aids, 33. Dwived, S.L., R. Jmunn, S.N.K. Nigm, mino ids. J. Am. Oil. Chem. So., 59: Bldini, M., R. Giovnrdi nd G.P. Vnnozzi, K. Rghun nd G.V.C. Nghushnm, Effets of different wter vilility on ftty id Relitiohip of seed mss to oil nd protein omposition of e oil in stndrd nd high olei ontents in penut (Arhis hypoge L.). Penut sunflower hyrids, in Proeedings of 15 Si., 17: Interntionl Sunflower Conferene, pp: Dwivedi, S.L., S.N. Nigm, P. Surhmnym, 47. Browse, J. nd C.R. Slk, The effets of R. Jmunn, G.V.C. Nghushnm, temperture nd oxygen on e rtes of ftty id P.M. Reddy, K. Rghun nd D. MDonld, synesis nd olete desturtion in sfflower Effet of folir diseses ontrol y Chlorolonil on (Crmus tintorius L.) seed. Biology himiet pod yield nd qulity hrteristis of Biophysil At., 753: onfetionery groundnuts (Arhis hypoge L.). J. 48. Unger, P.W., Time nd frequeny of irrigtion Si. Food. Agri., 63: effets on sunflower prodution nd wter use. Soil. 35. Cstillo, A.G., J.G. Hmpton nd P. Cooler, Si. So. Am. J., 46: Effet of sowing dte nd hrvest timing on seed 49. Connor, D.J. nd V.O. Sdrs, Physiology of vigour in grden pe (Pisum stivum L.). New yield expression in sunflower. Field. Crops. Res., Zelnd. J. Crop. Hort. Si., 22: : Silv, R., Effet of plnting dte nd 50. Bldini, M., R. Giovnrdi, S. Thmsei nd plnning distne on grow of flxseed. Agron. J., G.P. Vnnozzi, Effets of wter regimes on ftty 136: id umultion nd finl ftty id omposition in 37. Singh, P., Influene of wter defiits on e oil of stndrd nd high olei sunflower hyrids. phenology, grow nd dry mtter llotion in Itl. J. Agron., 6: hikpe (Cier rietinum). Field. Crops. Res., 28: Alrehtsen, R.S. nd C.D. Dying, Influene of seeding rte upon nd oil yield nd eir 38. Dying, C.D. nd D.C. Zimmermn, omponents in flx. Crop. Si., 13: Temperture effets on flx (Linum usittissimum L.) grow, seed prodution nd oil qulity in ontrolled environments. Crop, Si., 5: Rd, A.H.S., A.R. Vlddi nd J. Dneshin, Wter defiit stress effet t filling seed stges of repeseed. The seond interntionl onferene on 39. Sosulski, F.W. nd R.F. Gore, The effet of photoperiod nd temperture on e hrteristis of flxseed oil. Cn. J. Plnt. Si., 44: integrted pprohes to sustin nd improve plnt prodution under drought stress. Rome, Itly. pp:

13 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 12 (7): , Bldini, M. nd G. Vnnozzi, Agronomi nd 56. Bremner, P.M. nd R.W. Rdley, Studies in Physiologil ssessment of genotypi vrition for sesme gronomy. 2. The effet of vriety nd time drought resistne in sunflower genotypes otined of plnting on grow, development nd yield. J. from wild. Popultion Agri. Med. Agri. Si., 66: Prveen, B., C.V.S. Srinivs nd G. Ngrj, Turner, N.C., Agronomi option for improving Qulity of some Indin sunflower genotypes nd rinfll use effiieny of rops in drylnd frming utiliztion of kes in snk foods. HELIA. 23: systems. J. Exp. Bot., 55: Nel, A., Effet of wter stress during grin filling on seed yield nd qulity hpter 7.Uneversity of Pretori. 913