Investigation Effect of Flooding and Burial Depth on Germination and Percentage of Lepyrodiclis holosteoides Fenzl

Transcription

1 ISSN No. (Print): ISSN No. (Online): Investigtion Effet of Flooding nd Buril Depth on Germintion nd Perentge of Lepyrodilis holosteoides Fenzl Seyed Mehdi Mirtheri*, Seed Vzn*, Mohmmd Ali Bghestni**, Frzd Pknejd*** nd Ghsem Tohidloo*** *Deprtment of Agronomy, Krj Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Krj, IRAN **Deprtment of Weed Reserh, Plnt Protetion Reserh Institute, Tehrn, IRAN ***Agriulture Reserh Centre, Krj Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Krj, IRAN (Corresponding uthor: Seed Vzn) (Reeived 7 April, 15, Aepted 17 June, 15) (Pulished y Reserh Trend, Wesite: ABSTRACT: Lepyrodilis is one of the most prolemti weeds in whet nd nol in severl regions of Irn. Lortory studies were onduted t lortory of deprtment of Weed Reserh, Irnin Reserh Institute for Plnt Protetion in 13. The study ws estlished on two seprte experiments sed on omplete rndomized design (CRD) with replitions. Flooding stress inluded (, 1,,,, 1 nd 3dys) nd uril depth inluded (.5, 1, 1.5,,.5, 3, 3.5,,.5, 5, 5.5,,.5 m).the results showed tht flooding stress hd signifint influene on germintion perentge nd germintion rte of Lepyrodilis. Aording to the other experiments, uril depth hd signifint influene on emergene perentge of Lepyrodilis. The results on men omprison showed tht the emergene perentge nd germintion perentge of lepyridilis deresed when uril depth nd flooding time inresed, respetively. Key words: Lepyrodilis, germintion nd emergene perentge, uril depth, flooding stress INTRODUCTION Biologil Forum An Interntionl Journl 7(1): 1-1(15) Frmers need stisftory wys to relte levels of weed infesttion to redutions in rop yields to deide whether weed ontrol is eonomil (Aldrih, 197). Knowledge of weed iology hs roused interest in the ontext of weed mngement strtegies in the reent yers (Bhowmik 1997). Eologil ftors hve een shown to ply mjor role y induing or inhiiting germintion inluding light (Bllre et l. 199), temperture (Llne et l, 3), soil wter ontent (Gummerson, 19), flooding (Pn et l, ) nd soil depth (Holm 197; Stoller nd Wx 1973). The iologil reson for depth inhiition hs not yet een fully lrified (Benv enuti, et l, 1). Previous studies suggest tht this my not only e merely due to lk of light (Benvenuti 1995), ut lso to deresing therml flutution nd inresing uril depth, s therml flutution onstitutes known germintion trigger (Ro erts nd Totterdell191). Higher plnts hve n solute requirement for oxygen for growth nd, s gses diffuse 1 times slower in wter thn in ir (Mohnty et l, ), flooding results in deresed oxygen vilility, rnging from defiieny (hypoxi) to sene (noxi) in highly redued soils (Pen et l, ). Ledyrodilis is ntive to entrl Asi, Asin minor, Russi, Irq, Irn nd Armeni (Anonymous, 13). In 1977 USDA pulition, "Eonomilly Importnt Foreign Weeds, Potentil Prolems in the United Sttes," reported tht Iepyrodilis is serious weed in Russi (Anonymous, 13). Whet fields re infested with Lepyrodilis (Zhng, 3). Benvenuti et l, (1) during reserh on weed speies, it ws reported tht the numer of seedlings nd rte of seedling emergene deresed when uril depth inresed. Brid nd Diknes reported tht flooding led to n inrese in Diodivirginin's germintion. Also Reddy nd Singh (199), reported the sme result on Bidenspilos's seeds. Very little demi ttention hs een pid to iologil properties of this weed. The mjor ojetive of this study ws therefore, to investigte the iologil intertions of Lepyrodilisholosteoides Fenzl to selet etter weed ontrol strtegies y using these results. MATERIALS AND METHODS A. Seed olletion nd storge Previous to the germintion tests, lepyridilis seeds were olleted during summer in 1 from weedy whet fields t Shhrir region, Irn. These seeds were stored in drk nd dry onditions t room temperture. B. Germintion experiments Before using the seeds in germintion tests, they were sujeted to surfe disinfetions with sodium hypohlorite (1%) y tretment in 5 minutes. Seed germintion study ws onduted sed on omplete rndomized design (CRD) with replitions for eh study (flooding stress nd uril depth) t the lortory nd greenhouse of deprtment of Weed Reserh, Irnin Reserh Institute for Plnt Protetion, Tehrn, Irn in 13.

2 In lortory prt of the experiment, 5 seeds were pled on filter pper in 9-m petri dish in progrmmed germintor t /1, (drk : light) nd C temperture regimes with 7 levels of flooding stress y distilled wter (, 1,,,, 1 nd 3 dys). In greenhouse prt of this study, 13 levels of uril depth(,.5, 1, 1.5,,.5, 3, 3.5,,.5, 5, 5.5, nd.5m) were used. In this prt, weed seeds were sown in pods(1 seed per plsti pod of 1 m dimeters) then were pled in greenhouse in nturl light thermo period of 5/15, respetively. The soil, used in this study hd lom-ly texture. Finl germinted seeds (visul pperne of the rdile of t lest 1 mm) (Dordo et l, 9) ws reorded s germintion perentge fter 15 dys. Germintion perentge ws determined sed on this eqution: GP = Σn/ N 1 Where, n is the numer of germinted seeds t eh ounting nd N is the totl seeds in eh tretment. The sme eqution ws used to determine the emergene perentge. Germintion rte (GR), def ined s the reltionship etween the numer of germinted seeds nd the germintion time (González -Zertuhe nd Orozo- Segovi, 199), nd lulted y this eqution (Vlerio et l, 7): GR=Σ (ni) / t Where ni is the numer of seeds germinted per dy, nd t is the germintion time from seeding to the germintion of the lst seed (GR ws mesured eh dy for three dys). Mirtheri, Vzn, Bghestni, Pknejd nd Tohidloo 11 C. Sttistil nlysis Dt nlysis ws done y ANOVA in order to determine the sttistil signifine of the dt nd ws followed y the Dunn test when pproprite using SAS (9.1) softwre nd non -liner regression proedures outlined y Sigm plot softwre (1.5). Before sttistil nlysis, ll dt were pssed normlity test nd were trnsformed were needed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Flooding stress The results in ANOVA tle (Tle 1) show tht flooding hd signifint influene on germintion perentge nd germintion rte of Lepyrodilis. Compring the mens of these trits lso revels tht there were signifint differenes etweenthe mens in different flooding-times (Fig. 1 nd ). Aording to these results, seeds of lepyrodilis showed tolerne to flooding stress for dys, ut muh flooding-time led to meningful derese in germintion perentge nd germintion rte. Flooding during germintion redued survivl (Ismil, et l. ) euse under noxi, rohydrte tolism shifts from eroi to neroi pthwys for generting ATP for growth nd mintenne proesses. However, ATP prodution is 1-fold less effiient in this proess thn in eroi respirtion (Greenwy nd Setter, 199). The results of regression nlysis showed tht inresing the floodingtime led to derese in germintion perentge nd germintion rte with non-liner pttern (Fig. 3 nd ). Tle 1: Anlysis of vrine of the effet of flooding on germintion perentge nd germintion rte of Lepyrodilis. Tretment Flooding Error **Signifint t 1% proility df 1 Men Squre Germintion perentge 3.95** 93.9 Germintion rte 9.** 1.95 Tle : Anlysis of vrine of the effet of uril depth on emergene perentge, fresh nd dry weight of Lepyrodilis. Tretment df Men Squre Emergene perentge Dry weight Fresh weight Buril depth **.1** 1359 Error **Signifint t 1% proility B. Buril depth Aording to the nlysis of vrine results (Tle ) uril depth hd signifint influene on the emergene perentge of Lepyrodilis. Men omprisons showed tht there were signifint differenes etween emergene perentges in different uril depths (Fig. 5). Bsed on these results, there ws meningful differene etween emergene perentge in 1 nd 1.5 m uril depth nd 5 nd 5.5 m uril depth. These results showed tht emergene perentge deresed when uril depth inresed. Aording to the results of regression model (Fig. ), there ws n inrese in emergene perentge when uril depth inresed from.5m to 1 nd 1.5 m nd then deresed with more uril depth.

3 Benvenuti nd Mhi (1) during study on effets of seed uril depth on seedling emergene rte of weed speies reported tht depth-medited inhiition sigmoidl (polynomil regression) in ll speies. Mirtheri, Vzn, Bghestni, Pknejd nd Tohidloo 1 In ddition, the numer of seedlings nd rte of seedling emergene deresed when depth of uril inresed. Soil omption n diretly ffet seeds y limiting germintion (Perej nd Stniforth195) or even y induing dormny (Terpstr 1995). Germintion perentge (%) Flooding tine (dys) Germintion rte (seed/dy) Flooding time (dys) Fig. 1nd. The effet of flooding time on germintion perentge nd germintion rte of Lepyrodilis. Germintion perentge (%) 1 1 Y= *EXP(-.71*x) R =.7 Flooding time (dys) Germintion rte (seeds/dy) Y=11.53 *EXP(-.75*x) R =.95 Flooding time (dys) Fig. 3nd.The model of non-liner regression of flooding time on germintion perentge nd germintion rte of Lepyrodilis. Emergene perentge (%) Buril depth (m) Fig. 5. The effet of uril depth on emergene perentge of Lepyrodilis

4 Emergene perentge (%) 1 1 Mirtheri, Vzn, Bghestni, Pknejd nd Tohidloo 13 Y= 95.37*EXP(-.5*((L1-1.95)/3.973)^) Buril depth (m) Fig.. The model of non-liner regression of uril depth on emergene perentge of Lepyrodilis Weight (g) 1 1 Dry weight Wet weight Buril depth (m) Fig. 7. The effet of uril depth on fresh nd dry seedling weight of Lepyrodilis. Our study showed tht uril depth of m nd more, leds to muh derese in emergene perentge. The sme results were otined in seedling fresh nd dry weight (Fig. 7). Bsed on the results, uril depth of m nd more leds to derese in seedling fresh nd dry weight. CONCLUSION Aording to this study, we n sy tht seeds of lepyrodilis n e tolernt towrds flooding stress for dys ut muh flooding-time, leds to less germintion ility. Therefore in region with enough wter resoures, this method (flooding) n e n effetive mnging wy to ontrol of lepyrodilis. Also we found tht inresing uril depth leds to derese in emergene perentge of lepyridilis seedling. Bsed on these results, this weed n e mnged y urying seeds elow the mximum depth of emergene using deep tillge nd susequently only using shllow tillge to void ringing k the seeds on to the soil surfe.

5 Further reserh is required to determine the impt of uril depth, due to different tillge systems, on seed nk nd seed emergene. REFERENCES Aldrih RJ. (197). Prediting rop yield redutions from weeds. Weed Tehnology, Benvenuti S. (1995). Soil light penetrtion nd dormny of Jimsonweed ( Dtur strmonium) seeds. Weed Siene.3, Bhowmik PC. (1997). Weed iology: importne to weed mngement. Weed Siene.5, Greenwy H, Setter TL. (199). Is there neroi metolism in sumerged rie plnts? A view point. In: Singh VP, Singh RK, Singh BB, Zeigler RS, editors. Physiology of stress tolerne in rie. Mnil, Philippines: Nrendr Dev University of Agriulture nd Tehnology nd Interntionl Rie Reserh Institute; Gummerson RJ. (19). The effet of onstnt tempertures nd osmoti potentil on the germintion of sugr eet. Journl of Experimentl Botny,37, Ismil A M, Ell ES, Vergr GV, Mkill DJ. (9). Mehnisms ssoited with tolerne to flooding during germintion nd erly seedling growth in rie ( Oryz stiv). Annls of Botny,13(), Mirtheri, Vzn, Bghestni, Pknejd nd Tohidloo 1 Leln ML, Cloutier DC, Stewrt K, Hmel C. (3). The use of therml time to model ommon lmsqurters ( Chenopodium lum) seedling emergene in orn. Weed Siene.51, Mohnty H, Mllik S, Grover A. (). Prospets of improving flooding tolerne in lowlnd rie vrieties y onventionl reeding nd geneti engineering. Current Siene.7, Prej MR, Stniforth DW. (195). Seed-soil hrteristis in reltion to weed seed germintion. Weed Siene. 33, Peñ-Fronters JT, Villloos MC, Bltzr AM, Mer FE, Ismil AM, Johnson DE. (9). Adpttion to flooding in uplnd nd lowlnd eotypes of Cyperus rotundus, troulesome sedge weed of rie: tuer morphology nd rohydrte metolism. Annls of otny, 13(), Roerts EH. Totterdell, S. (191). Seed dormny in Rumex speies in response to environmentl ftors. Plnt, Cell nd Environment., 97-1.Benvenuti S, Mhi M, Miele S. (1). Quntittive nlysis of emergene of seedlings from uried weed seeds with inresing soil depth. Weed Siene. 9, Terpstr R. (1995). Dormny of seeds of shepherd's purse in lternting wet nd dry, ompressed ggregted soil: lortory experiment. Journl Applied Eology, 3, 3-.