Enhancing Rice Straw Media for Growing Eggplant under Modified Climatic Conditions Using Compost and Bacterial Inoculation

Transcription

1 Nture nd Siene 2014;12(4) Enhning Rie Strw Medi for Growing Eggplnt under Modified Climti Conditions Using Compost nd teril Inoultion I. I. Sdek 1, Ftm S. Moursy 1, E.. Slem 1,. Shüh 2, M.. M. Heggi 1 1 Centrl Lortory for griulturl Climte (CLC), griulturl Reserh Center, Giz, Egypt. 2 Universities of Rostok, griulturl nd Environmentl Fulty, Deprtment Wste Mngement nd Mteril Flow dr.ihsdek@yhoo.om bstrt: Nowdys, rie strw in Egypt onsidered s the lrgest griulturl wste. Rie strw uses environmentl problems when it is burned t the fields. So, it s neessry to ondut new methods, tht re ple to ommodte ontinues prodution of pddy rie strw every yer. Rie strw usge s griulture medi is one of severl pplitions or solutions. This study vlidtes rie strw to be pproprite medi for eggplnts ultivtion, whereby the idel perentge of dded ompost to tht wste ws tested. Other tested hypothesis, using free living fixing teri (two strins) to over the nitrogen shortge in rie strw when use it s griulturl medi. Moreover, this experiment ws rried out inside net house, in order to hrterize the effet of modified limti onditions. Results showed tht, it s pplile nd profitle to use rie strw s growing medi for eggplnt. Using rie strw plus ompost ( of the overll medi volume) nd inoultes it with both zototer hroooum nd Peniillus polymyx presented the highest rop yield nd the highest profit ompred to other tested tretments. Menwhile, high ir temperture nd reltive humidity (RH %) used redution in rop yield nd in the net return. [I. I. Sdek, Ftm S. Moursy, E.. Slem,. Shüh nd M.. M. Heggi. Enhning Rie Strw Medi for Growing Eggplnt under Modified Climti Conditions Using Compost nd teril Inoultion. Nt Si 2014;12(4):8-20]. (ISSN: ). 2 Keywords: Rie strw, griulture medi, Eggplnt, Climte modifition nd Compost 1. Introdution: griulturl wstes re mong the uses of environmentl pollution. Their onversion into useful produts my meliorte the problems they use. These wstes whih inlude strw, leves nd residues from erels rops nd orn obs et. re highly underutilized in fri. Rie strw represents n importnt summer rop by-produt in Egypt. bout 5 million tons of rie strw ws produed every yer from the rie fields. No orgnized prtil use for this wste until now. Moreover, uses serious pollution when disposed by burning (bdet-sttr et l., 2008). Conerning the qulity of griulturl medi, high qulity medi to grown plnts is key determinnt ftor to estlish suessful rop prodution progrm. Medi tht provides optiml wter-holding pity, suffiient nutrients nd tht is pthogen-free results in better seedling qulity prior to trnsplnting (Evns, 1998). On the other hnd, the mjor omponents of rie strw re sili, lignin nd hemielluloses whih re not ttrtive or fvourle for soil fungi or nemtodes. t the sme time, the rw mteril rie strw is very hep, so it ould represent good substrte for sowing seeds, insted of sowing seeds in infested soil under open field onditions. Using rie strw s griulturl medi for griulture prodution is one of the proposed prtil uses. The use of ompted rie strw bles s orgni medi in open field prodution is new pproh in Egypt (bdet-sttr et l., 2008). Strw ontins NPK, (3-7 kg N, 1.5 kg P nd 15 kg K) per ton of rie strw. ut10-15 kg of N is needed for rie strw deomposition. So, shortge of N in the period of estlishment of the new rop will be ppering. This, onfirm the neessity of ontinues supplement of nitrogen. Eggplnt (Solnum melongen L.) whih belongs to Solnee fmily is n importnt vegetle rop; eggplnt hs gret growing reputtion nd is ultivted globlly. Eggplnt is vlule humn diet. In ddition, it is grown ommerilly s fresh vegetle rop; it requires long nd wrm growing seson to produe optimum yields of eggplnt nd is highly suseptible to injury due to frosts nd long periods of old tempertures (Sdek et l., 2013). Environment is the ggregte of ll externl onditions whih influene growth nd development of plnts. Generlly, rops re not profitle unless they re dpted to the region in whih they re produed (Reddy et l., 1999). mong environmentl ftors, light intensity, temperture nd reltive humidity influene rop growth nd development. Rdition onsists of 8

2 Nture nd Siene 2014;12(4) different wve-lengths of light, in whih the visible portion is useful for rop growth; ultr-violet nd infrred rditions re not benefiil for rop growth, s they hnge moleulr levels whih led to ellulr disorgniztion. Temperture is the mjor regultor of development proesses. Higher tempertures hve more dverse influene on net photosynthesis thn lower tempertures leding to deresed prodution of photosynthesis ove ertin temperture (Reddy et l., 1999). Temperture n be ontrolled nd regulted under proteted onditions; better growth of plnts might be expeted under proteted ulture. Reltive humidity inreses vilility of net energy for rop growth nd improves survivl of rops under moisture stress onditions. Reltive humidity redues evportion loss from plnts whih led to optimum utiliztion of nutrients. It lso mintins turgidity of ells whih is useful in enzyme tivity leding to higher yield (Reddy et l., 1999). The objetives of the experiment were: 1. Evlute the possibilities of using rie strw s griulture medi for eggplnt ultivtion insted of eggplnt ultivtion on infested soil field. 2. Determined most suitle perentge of ompost should be dded to rie strw. 3. Determined the most effetive strin fixing nitrogen teri for supplementl the nitrogen for rie strw. 4. Study effet of modified limti onditions on the growth nd yield of eggplnt grown in rie strw medi. 2. Mteril nd Methods: The study investigtion ws rried out in Dokki Proteted Cultivtion Experimentl site, griulturl Reserh Center (RC), Ministry of griulture nd Lnd Relmtion. net house ws used; the min frme ws steel struture, the net house dimension 5 x 17 x 4.5 meter. White plsti inset proof net ws used to over the shde net. Seedlings of eggplnt (ldi Vrity) were trnsplnted on 5/3/2012 nd 10/3/2013. Twenty litter pots filled with hopped rie strw whih ws ompted by hnd were used in this experiment. Two ftors nd them intertion were tested in this investigtion. First tested ftor ws dding ompost in the growth medi. Chrteristis of both used rie strw nd ompost were shown in Tle (). Three perentges were tested, nd of the overll growth medi volume. Seond ftor ws teril inoultion. Two strins of free living nitrogen fixing teri were used to inoulte plnts i.e, zototer hroooum nd Peniillus polymyx. Strins were used s follow to rete four tretments: (1) zototer, (2) Peniillus, (3) mixed teril inoultion (zototer + Peniillus) nd (4) (ontrol) non-inoulted growth medi. Eh pot ontin one plnt is inoulted three times per seson. First inoultion ws dd fter trnsplnting diretly, seond time ws dd on flowering stge nd the third ws done fter the first hrvest. Eh plnt reeived 5 ml of inoulting solution. Strins were bought s solution from Mirobil Resoures Centre (MIRCEN), Fulty of griulture in Shms University. Tle (): Chrteristis of used ompost nd rie strw. Chrteristi Compost Rie strw ulk density * (g/m3) Moisture ontent(%) EC (1:10) (ds/m) ph (1:10) Orgni mtter (%) Orgni Crbon(%) Totl N (%) Totl P (%) Totl K (%) sh (%) Chemilly ville, mg.kg -1 N 986 monil 28 ppm P 474 * K 465 * C/N rtio 17: :1 C/N rtio: rbon /nitrogen rtio Nitrte 6 ppm Two medi were used in mirobiologil determintion. First, nutrient gr medium (Jobs nd Gerstein, 1960): This medium ws used to determine the totl teril ount. It hs the following omponents (g/l): Peptone = 5.0, eef extrt = 3.0, gr = 20 nd Tp wter = 1000 ml. ph of the medium equl 7.0. Seond, Soil extrt gr medium (Clrk, 1965): This medium ws used to determine the densities of spore forming teri. It hs the following omponents (g/l): Peptone = 5.0, Soil extrt = 250 ml, gr = 20 nd Tp wter = 750 ml. ph of the medium equl 7.0. Following mirobiologil prmeters were determined in the rhizosphere nd soil prt round roots: - Totl teril ounts, were determined by plte ount method on nutrient gr medium with 9

3 Nture nd Siene 2014;12(4) inubtion t 30 ºC for 48h (Jobs nd Gerstein, 1960). b- Count of spore forming teri, were rried out by plting on soil extrt gr medium fter heting the seril dilutions t tempertures 80 ºC for 15 minutes with inubtion t 30 C for 48h (Clrk, 1965). Totl nd spore forming teril before strt the experiments were mesured, dt ws illustrted in Tle (1). Dt regrding vegettive growth nd rop yield were olleted s follow: plnt height (m), number of leves, stem dimeter (m) nd hlorophyll reding (SPDE) were mesures fter 30, 60 nd 90 dys from trnsplnting. Moreover, plnt fresh nd dry weights (g) were mesured t the end of eh growing seson. In ddition, fruits weight (g/plnt) nd number were ount during ll over the seson. Mximum nd minimum ir tempertures nd verge reltive humidity (RH%) nd rdition were reorded dily inside nd outside the net house by using digitl thermo/hygrometer rt.no / (Produed by TF, Germny). The results were lulted nd presented s n verge of every 10 dys (Figures 1, 2 nd 3). ll tretments were rrnged in split plot design; perentges of ompost were rrnged in the min plot nd teril strins were rrnged in sub min plot. Obtined dt were sttistilly nlyzed using the nlysis of vrine method. Dunn's multiple rnge tests t 5% level of probility ws used to ompre mens of the tretments. Finlly, eonomi inditors were used to provide eonomi nd environmentl evlution for this experiment. Tle (1): Totl teril nd spores former ounts for ompost nd rie strw before mixed together (one dy before trnsplnting). Totl teril ount Totl spores ount Compost Rie strw Compost Rie strw 89 x x x x Results: 3-1 Climti dt ir temperture Illustrted dt in Figure (1) showed mximum nd minimum ir temperture inside nd outside the net house t Dokki site during sesons 2012 nd oth mximum nd minimum ir temperture were lower inside the net house ompred to outside. The mentioned redution results due to pplition of the sreen net. These results re in greement with those reported by Willits (2001), Hsni et l. (2006), Coelho et l. (2006), rtzns nd Kitts (2006) nd Teitel et l. (2008), EL-Syed (2009) nd li (2010). Moreover, it s noted from dt in Figure (1) tht, mximum nd minimum ir temperture ws slightly higher during 2013 ompred to Suh inrement in the mesured ir temperture ws ler through the periods from the dy 21 to 30, 51 to 60, 71 to 90 dys fter trnsplnting Reltive humidity ording to the presented dt in Figure (2), verge reltive humidity (RH %) reorded the highest vlues outside the net house ompred to inside. This mens, tht the used sreen net redued verge reltive humidity t Dokki site during 2012 nd 2013 sesons. These results were in greement with Delfine et l. (2000) nd El-Syed (2009). lso Nimje nd Shym (1993) observed tht the reltive humidity ws higher inside the greenhouse thn in the open field whih influened growth nd yield Rdition Mesured rdition (Mj/m 2 ) deresed under net house onditions ompred with the sme mesurement outside the net house, during both studied sesons of 2012 nd 2013 (Figure 3). These results re in hrmony with those of Sndri et l. (2003) nd El-Syed (2009) Summry of 3-1 From the overll illustrted results, however, inside or outside the net house, limti ondition refleted on the performne of eggplnts. This result ws ler in fruit yield/plnt espeilly through different sesons. When studying limti ondition during the first seson ompred to the seond seson, it is noted tht mximum nd minimum ir temperture, verge reltive humidity nd rdition were higher in the seond seson thn in the first seson. Climti ondition nd its refletion on the performne of both vegettive nd rop yield ws found by others, Johkn et l. (2011) nd Rjsekr et l. (2013). Moreover, Rmesh nd rumugm (2010), Gnesn (2004), reported tht, men weekly temperture during summer nd winter seson were higher under open field thn in the shde net house. The lower temperture inresed plnt height, number of brnhes, intermodl length, verge fruit weight nd yield per plnt were higher inside the shde net house thn in the open field ondition. 10

4 Nture nd Siene 2014; 12(4) Figure 1: Mximum nd minimum ir temperture in Celsius inside nd outside the net house t Dokki site during 2012 nd 2013 sesonss (egin of Mrh until end of My). 3-2 Eggplnt vegettion nd rop yield Plnt height Its enle to disussed performne of eggplnts plnt height s ffeted by perentge of ompost in rie strw medi, type of teril inoultion nd intertion ws illustrted in Tle (2). fter 30 dys from trnsplnting the highest signifint plnt height ws found in plnts grown in rie strw medi ontining ompost, followed by plnts grown in rie strw medi with ompost during the first seson. Moreover, during the seond seson plnts tht were grown in medi with ompost were signifintly the highest, followed by plnts grown in medi with ompost. Moreover, lowest signifint vlue of plnt height ws found in plnts tht grown in rie strw medi with ompost followed by those grown in medi ontining ompost. fter 60 nd 90 dys from trnsplnting dte, performne of eggplnt plnt height present ler trend during both studied sesons. Dt in Tle (2) showed tht, the highest signifint plnt height pper s result of dding high perentge of ompost to the growing medi (). lso, the lowest plnt height ppers to be result for the low perentge of () ompost in rie strw medi. In ddition, the plnt height ws signifintly ffeted by teril inoultion. zototer used 11

5 Nture nd Siene 2014; 12(4) signifintly the highest vlue of plnt height, while, plnts were not inoulted (ontrol) reordedd the lowest signifint vlue of plnt height. The mentioned performne of plnt height s result for using teril inoultion ws true fter 30, 60 nd 90 dys from trnsplnting t both growing sesons. Moreover, there ws no signifint differene between plnts tht inoulted with peniillus, mixed inoultion (zototer + peniillus) nd without inoultion (ontrol). Conerning to intertion between perentge of ompost nd teril inoultion, the highest plnt height ws obviously found when ompost interted with zototer. Hene, the lowest vlue of plnt height ws deteted in plnts ffeted by intertion between ompost nd without teril inoultion ( ontrol) during the two studied sesons Number of leves Dt in Tle (3) mke it possible to study performne of eggplnt s number of leves s ffeted by perentge of ompost in rie strw medi, teril inoultion nd tretments intertion. Number of leves fter 30 dys from trnsplnting dte ws not ffeted signifintly by the perentge of ompost in rie strw medi in both sesons. However, trend of results weree obvious fter 60 nd 90 dys from trnsplnting dte, the highest signifint number of leves ws found in plnts grown in rie strw medi ontined ompost nd the lowest ws reorded in plnts with the perentge of ompost (). Conluded trend ws lmost true during both sesons. Figure 2: verge reltivee humidity (%) inside nd outside the net house t Dokki site during 2012 nd Tle (2): Effet of ompost perentge in rie strw medi, teril inoultion nd the intertions tretments on plnt height (m) fter 30, 60 nd 90dys from trnsplnting dte during 2012 nd otoz. Penib. Mixed Control otoz. Penib. Mixed Control First seson 30 dys fter trnsplnting Seond seson b de de ef d g d:f f C C :e b fg de C g g ef 60 dys fter trnsplnting : f :e b:d d:f f ef b:d b:d d d:f : b:d : dys fter trnsplnting : e de e : e e : : : 12

6 Nture nd Siene 2014; 12(4) Figure 3: Rdition (Mj/m 2 ) inside nd outside the net house t Dokki site during 2012 nd Highlighting on the effet of teril inoultion in the performne of eggplnts number of leves, lrge number of leves ws reorded in plnts tht inoulted with zototer followed by mixed teril inoultion with signifint different between them fter 30 dys from trnsplnting dte. Signifint differenes were not found fter 60 nd 90 dys from trnsplnting dte. Moreover, the lowest number of leves ws reorded in plnts tht not inoulted (ontrol). The sme trend of resultss ws found in sesons of 2012 nd Fousing on intertion between perentge of ompost in the ultivtion medi nd teril inoultion, it s obvious tht, fter 30 dys from trnsplnting dte, intertions between ompost nd zototer nd intertion between ompost nd zototer, reorded the highest signifint number of leves followed by the intertion between ompost nd zototer. No signifint different ws found between the mentioned three highest signifint intertions. The most negtivee intertion ws found between ompost nd without teril inoultion (ontrol). In ddition, fter 60 nd 90 dys from trnsplnting intertion between ompost nd zototer reorded the highest signifint number of leves. Moreover, the intertion tht uses the lowest number of leves ws intertion between ompost nd withoutt teril inoultion (ontrol). Trend of the effet of intertion between perentge of ompost in the growing medi nd teril inoultion ws held true for the two sesons 2012 nd Tle (3): Effet of ompost perentge in rie strw medi, teril inoultion nd both intertions on number of leves 30, 60 nd 90 dys from trnsplnting during 2012 nd otoz. Penib. Mixed Control otoz. Penib. Mixed Control First seson 30 dys fter trnsplnting Seond seson b b de e b:d d b b dys fter trnsplnting 80.00e C 62.65de de :e de g e g de b b f b f e ef C C 90 dys fter trnsplnting 91.25f C 66.60de g e fg h de d f 64.33C d fg g de e b ef g de b e C C

7 Nture nd Siene 2014;12(4) Eggplnt stem dimeter Eggplnts stem dimeter ffeted signifintly by perentge of ompost in the ultivtion medi, teril inoultion nd both intertions stted in (Tle 4). fter 30 dys from trnsplnting dte the highest vlue of stem dimeter ws signifintly reorded in plnts tht grown in medi ontining of ompost, but, the lowest stem dimeter ws found in plnts tht grown in medi ontining of ompost. This trend of results ws sme in both studied sesons. Hene, fter 60 nd 90 dys from trnsplnting no signifint effet ws reorded regrding different perentge of ompost tht ws dded. The sme trend ws obvious during both studied sesons. Tested teril inoultion does not hve signifint effet on egg plnts stems dimeter fter 30 nd 90 dys from trnsplnting dte in both studied sesons. signifint effet for teril inoultion ws ler fter 60 dys from trnsplnting dte in the both studied sesons, plnts tht were not inoulted (ontrol) nd those inoulted with zototer reorded the highest signifint vlues of stem dimeter. In ddition, no signifint different ws found between both mentioned tretments during both studied sesons. Conerning effet of the intertion between perentge of ompost dded in the ultivtion medi nd teril inoultion, the obtined results showed different trend through the growing sesons of the experiment. fter 30 dys from trnsplnting dte, the highest vlue of stem dimeter ws found when ompost interted with mixed teril inoultion. Moreover, fter 60 nd 90 dys from trnsplnting dte, intertion between ompost nd without teril inoultion (ontrol) gve the thikest stem dimeter. The sme trend ws found in both sesons Chlorophyll Studying refully dt in Tle (5) mke it possible to onlude tht nether different tested perentge of ompost in the growing medi with ompost (10, 20 nd ), nor teril inoultion (zototer, peniillus, mix. nd ontrol) does not ffeted signifintly on hlorophyll ontent, however, fter 30, 60 or 90 dys from trnsplnting dte in the two studied sesons. Intertion between perentges of ompost in the ultivtion medi nd teril inoultion enhne signifint effet in eggplnt stem dimeter. The highest signifint vlue of stem dimeter ws found when ompost interted with zototer fter 30, 60 nd 90 dys from trnsplnting dte in both studied sesons. Tle (4): Effet of ompost perentge in rie strw medi, teril inoultion nd both intertions on stem dimeter (m) 30, 60 nd 90 dys from trnsplnting during 2012 nd otoz. Penib. Mixed Control otoz. Penib. Mixed Control First seson 30 dys fter trnsplnting Seond seson b:d e b:d b:e : e :e :e 0.88 : :d 1.25 : de d 1.15 b:d 1.23 : b : 1.15 b:d :e :d dys fter trnsplnting : : : dys fter trnsplnting de 0.90 : : b :d

8 Nture nd Siene 2014;12(4) Tle (5): Effet of ompost perentge in medi, teril inoultion nd both intertions on hlorophyll reding 30, 60 nd 90 dys from trnsplnting during 2012 nd otoz. Penib. Mixed Control otoz. Penib. Mixed Control First seson 30 dys fter trnsplnting Seond seson : : :d : b b:d d : C dys fter trnsplnting : : b : : : : b b dys fter trnsplnting b b : : b b b : : Tle (6): Effet of ompost perentge in rie strw medi, teril inoultion nd both intertions on plnt fresh weight 90 dys from trnsplnting during 2012 nd otoz. Penib. Mixed Control otoz. Penib. Mixed Control First seson Seond seson b :f ef f C d D d b :e d:f :e d:f C d d C Fresh weight It s onluded from dt in Tle (6) tht, dd ompost to the growing medi by the rte signifintly use highest plnt fresh weight followed signifintly by ompost. However, lowest signifint plnt fresh weight ws deteted when dding ompost by the rte. Regrding teril inoultion, plnts whih were inoulted with zototer nd mixed teril inoultion reorded the highest signifint plnt fresh weight without signifint different between them. However lowest plnt fresh weight reorded when using peniillus to inoulte plnts nd when not inoulted (without teril inoultionontrol) without signifint different between them. The sme effet of teril inoultion ws found by li (2010). Moreover, intertion between ompost nd mixed teril inoultion refleted high signifint plnt fresh weight. When, intertion 15

9 Nture nd Siene 2014;12(4) between ompost nd ontrol gives the lowest signifint plnt fresh weight. Illustrted trend of results ws similr in both studied sesons Dry weight Illustrted dt in Tle (7) showed tht, performne of plnt dry weight (g) nd dry weight (g)/fresh weight (100g) hve the sme trend of results. So, disuss ny of them is enough beuse it s the sme. signifint different in plnt dry weight ws deteted between the three tested perentge of ompost (10, 20 nd ) inside the growing medi (Tle 7). Twenty perent of ompost inside the growing medi rnked the signifintly the first in plnt dry weight during both studied sesons. Moreover, the lowest perentge of ompost () gve the lowest signifint plnt dry weight in the two sesons. Obtined results ws in greement with While, dding mixed teril inoultion (zototer + peniillus) reorded the highest signifint vlues of plnt dry weight in the two sesons followed by zototer with signifint different between them. This result is in greements with li (2010). Tle (7): Effet of ompost perentge in rie strw medi, teril inoultion nd both intertions on plnt dry weight 90 dys from trnsplnting during 2012 nd otoz. Penib. Mixed Control otoz. Penib. Mixed Control First seson plnt dry weight (g) Seond seson d e d f C d e d f C b d f b d f e f e f C D C D Dry weight (g/100g fresh weight) de de f de d:f e:g b ef f b d:g g b f 8.05 d de f d b g C D C D Moreover, intertion between ompost nd mixed teril inoultion (zototer + peniillus) reorded the highest signifint vlues of plnt dry weight in both studied sesons Number of fruits per plnt Dt in Tle (8) showed tht; dd ompost to the growing medi by the rte signifintly used highest number of fruits. Seond signifint number of fruits ws found when dd ompost by the rtes nd, respetively without signifint different between them. Whih is men, dding ompost to the growing medi by the rte refleted the lowest signifint number of fruits. Regrding the teril inoultion, using mixed teril inoultion (zototer + peniillus) signifintly resulted in lrger number of fruits/plnt followed by zototer nd peniillus without signifint different between them. In ddition, plnts tht not inoulted were the lowest signifint number of fruits/plnt. Finlly, studying effet of the intertion between perentge of ompost nd teril inoultion, intertion between ompost nd mixed teril inoultion nd intertion between ompost nd zototer ws signifintly the highest in number of fruits. Disussed results held true for both studied sesons of 2012 nd Eggplnt fruits weight The highest signifint fruits fresh weight (yield g/plnt) ws lerly found in plnts tht grown in medi ontining of ompost in the two growing sesons, followed by plnts were grown in medi ontining of ompost with signifint different between both tretments (Tle 8). Lowest signifint fruits weight (yield) ws obviously found when using ompost in the growing medi. Moreover, presented dt in tle (8) showed tht, mixed teril inoultion (zototer + peniillus) signifintly give the highest fruits weight (yield). Followed signifintly by those 16

10 Nture nd Siene 2014;12(4) inoulted with zototer nd those inoulted with peniillus without signifint different between them. In ddition, plnts tht not inoulted were the lowest signifint fruits weight. Disussed trend of results ws true in both sesons (Tle 8). Regrding the effet of the intertion between perentge of ompost in the growing medi nd teril inoultion on the fruits weight (yield), intertion between ompost nd mixed teril inoultion (zototer + peniillus) signifintly give the highest fruits weight (yield). Studying the lst disussed results refully, fruits weight (yield) result seems to be diret refletion to the dry (plnt) weight obtined results. In nother words, the highest dry weight mens the highest fruit weight (yield). Positive results on pplition of teril inoultion on yield of vrious plnts reports Sunej nd Lkshminry, 2001; Ozturk et l., 2003; Ceili et l., 2004; Singh et l., 2005; Yue et l., 2007 nd Ysri et l., Tle (8): Effet of ompost perentge in rie strw medi, teril inoultion nd both intertions on fruits number per plnt nd fruits weight per plnt during 2012 nd otoz. Penib. Mixed Control otoz. Penib. Mixed Control First seson Fruits number /plnt Seond seson Cd de Cd b Cd b d b b E Fruits weight (g/plnt) f h h C e f b F C f E d b E g b d E C C 3-3 Totl nd spore forming ount Totl ount Totl ount (TC) nd spore forming (SF) were mesured in ompost nd strw t the beginning of the experiment (Tle 1), the numbers ws lose to some extent to eh other, where TC ws 55 x 10 5 in the rie strw, while in ompost ws 89 x lso, SF in the strw ws 52 x 10 4, while in ompost SF ount ws 100 x It is onluded from the disussed results in Tle (1) tht, totl ount of SF ws lower thn the TC. In other words, mjority of the existing number ws spore forming. fter 30 dys, TC nd SF numbers were slightly higher thn ontrol tretment, for instne, TC in ontrol tretment when treted with 10 % ompost ws 52x10 7, while the tretments zototer, nd Peniillus nd mixed teril inoultion gve the numbers 107 x10 7 nd 300x10 7 nd 298x10 7, respetively. lmost the sme results were given in the tretments of 20 % nd of ompost. The numbers in Peniillus nd mixed teril inoultion were reltively higher thn in zototer (Tle 9) Spore forming ount Numbers of spore forming teri were found generlly to be deresed wether fter 30 or 60 dys. The numbers in the ontrol nd in Peniillus were ontrry to the expeted where inresed more thn found in TC, tht ould be explined by the killing of some ompeting speies s result to het tretment to the seril dilutions t 80 C for 15 min. s lso notied steep deline in numbers in tretment mixed teril inoultion, s the olonies were very smll in size nd predominntly resemble ztoter olonies, the sme note ws found in the tretment I1, but olonies were lrger in size (2-5 mm). Colonies were lso in the tretment Peniillus in lrge numbers nd most of them smll, white nd rbusulr, the possible explntion my be resulting from the inhibition ility of ztoter to some other speies olonies inluding Peniillus (Tle 17

11 Nture nd Siene 2014;12(4) 10). This results were in greements with Meshrm nd Jger (1983), Novk nd Dvorzhkov (1955). Tle (9): Totl teril ount in rie strw nd ompost medi prt eggplnt roots fter 30 nd 60 dys of inoultion Dys fter trnsplnting otoz. Penib. Mixed Control ompost x x x x x x x x10 6 ompost x x x x x x x x10 5 ompost x x x x x x x x10 5 Tle (10): Totl teril ount in rie strw nd ompost medi prt eggplnt roots fter 30 nd 60 dys of inoultion Dys fter trnsplnting otoz. Penib. Mixed Control ompost x10 5 > x10 3 > x x x x10 5 ompost x 10 6 > x10 4 > x x x x10 4 ompost x10 5 > x10 4 > x x x x Eonomi & environmentl evlution It is notiele from dt in Tle (11) tht, to pply the tested tretment on one feddn sle (4200m 2 ), the highest ost in Egyptin pound (13796 L.E) ws lulted for the tretment ontrol + (rie strw + ompost + without teril inoultion). However, the lowest ost (11468 L.E) lulted for zototer + (rie strw + ompost + zototer). On the other hnd, the net return for the sme tretments on the sme sle refleted tht, the highest net return ws lulted for + Mixed teril inoultion (zototer +Peniillus). The lst mentioned tretment presented 8500 L.E nd 5234 L.E in yers 2012 nd 2013, respetively. Highlighting the lowest net return, its onluded from dt in Tle (11) tht, high negtive net return ws found in the tretment + ontrol (rie strw + ompost + without teril inoultion). When trnslting suh negtive effet to money loses, nd L.E for sesons 2012 nd 2013, respetively were loses when the lst mentioned tretment ws pplied on one feddn sle. Finlly, its onluded from disussed dt in Tle (11) tht, it will be eonomilly sound when using rie strw medi + ompost + Mixed teril inoultion (zototer +Peniillus) to ultivte one feddn (4200 m 2 ). Conlusion: Results from this study indite tht, limti ondition inside the net house ws lower in mximum, minimum nd verge ir temperture. Moreover, both verge reltive humidity nd rdition were lower inside the net house ompred to outside the net house. Climti ondition during seond seson (2013) ws reltively higher in ll mesured limti ftors nd tht s refleted on lower growth nd produtivity ompring to first seson (2012). dd ompost to rie strw results the highest signifint plnt height, number of leves nd stem dimeter espeilly fter 60 nd 90 dys. However, using ompost to rie strw use the highest signifint plnt fresh nd dry weight, number of fruits per plnt nd fruit weight (g/plnt). Chlorophyll reding ws not ffeted signifintly by ny of the tested perentge of ompost in the growing medi. Inoulted plnts using zototer hroooum gives the highest signifint plnt height number of leves nd stem dimeter fter 60 dys. Moreover, plnts tht inoulted with mix between zototer hroooum nd Peniillus polymyx were signifintly the highest in fresh nd dry weight, number of fruits nd fruit weight. While, teril inoultion ws not signifintly ffeted the stem dimeter nd hlorophyll reding however, fter 30 or 90 dys. 18

12 Nture nd Siene 2014;12(4) Intertion between nd zototer ws obviously the highest signifint plnt height nd number of leves. In ddition, intertion between nd mixed teril inoultion use signifint inrement in both number of fruits nd fruit weight. Regrding to the teril ount, it s onluded tht mjority of existing teril ount ws spore forms before dd the testing teril inoultion. However, fter dd the tested teril inoultion; totl teril ount nd spore forms numbers were slightly higher thn ontrol tretment. Moreover, totl ount in Peniillus nd mixed teril inoultion were reltively higher thn in zototer. Numbers of spore forming teri were found generlly to be deresed wether fter 30 or 60 dys. Spore forms numbers in the ontrol nd in Peniillus were ontrry to the expeted where inresed more thn found in totl ount. Finlly, the eonomi evlution showed tht, dd ompost to rie strw medi nd inoulte it using mixed teril inoultion gives high net return ompred to other tested tretment. While, when teril inoultion ws not dd to ny of the tested perentge of ompost due to eonomi loses. Tle (11): Eonomi evlution for eggplnt grown in rie strw medi with three different perentge of ompost nd four tretments of teril inoultion during sesons of 2012 nd Seson Tretments Cultivtion ost (L.E./feddn) Totl revenue (L.E./feddn) Net return Fixed Vrile Totl Mrket (L.E./feddn) ost ** ost *** Yield Totl ost prie 10 % +zototer % +zototer % +zototer % +zototer % +zototer % +zototer %+ Peniillus %+ Peniillus %+ Peniillus %+ Peniillus %+ Peniillus %+ Peniillus % + Mix % + Mix % + Mix % + Mix % + Mix % + Mix % + Control % + Control % + Control % + Control % + Control % + Control knowledgments: uthors would like to introdue their grtitude nd gret thnks to emy of Sientifi Reserh nd Tehnology, for supporting this investigtion by GERF II, STDF, RC, CEMUW projet lso, gret thnks re presented to the Rostok University tem join the projet for their kindly support nd oopertion. Referenes: 1. bdet-sttr, M.., El-Mrzoky, H.., Mohmed,.I Ourrene of soil born diseses nd rootknot nemtodes in strwberry plnts grown on ompted rie strw bles ompted with nturlly infested soils. Journl of Plnt Protetion Reserh 48 (2): li, F.S.M Effet of shding, slinity nd teril inoultion on produtivity nd qulity of sweet pepper under proteted ultivtion onditions. Ph. D. Thesis, F. gri., in Shms University, Egypt. 3. rtzns, T., T. oulrdb nd C. Kitts Effet of Vent rrngement on Windwrd Ventiltion of Tunnel Greenhouse. iosystems Engineering. 88 (4):

13 Nture nd Siene 2014;12(4) 4. Clrk, F.E. (1965). gr Plte Methods for Totl Mirobil Count in Methods of Soil nlysis, Prt 2. gronomy, m. So. gronomy In., Mdison, Wis., US., pp Ceili, M.C., R.J. Sueldo nd C.. rssi, Wter reltions nd yield in zosprilluminoulted Whet exposed to drought in field. Cn. J. ot., 82: Coelho, M., F. ptist, V. Fits d Cruz nd J. L. Gri Comprison of four nturl ventiltion systems in Mediterrnen greenhouse. t Hort. 719: Delfine S.,. lvino, M. C. Villni, G. Sntrelli, F. Loreto nd M. Centritto gronomi nd physiologil spets of slinity stress on field grown tomto rop. t Hortiulture.537 (2): El-Syed, I. I. S Effet of some shding nd ventiltion tretments on tomto plnts grown in perlit ulture. Ph. D. Thesis, F. gri., in Shms University, Egypt. 9. Gnesn M (2004). Effet of poly-greenhouse on plnt mirolimte nd fruit yield of tomto. IE (I).J.-G 80: Ghly,.E. nd F.N. lkoik Effet of muniipl solid wste ompost on the growth nd prodution of vegetle rops. merin Journl of griulturl nd iologil Sienes 5 (3): Hsni,.,. Droui, F. ounm, M. Tmli nd T. oulrd Evolutionry lgorithms in the optimiztion of nturl ventiltion prmeters in greenhouse with ontinuous roof vents. t Hort. 719: Jobs, M.. nd M.J. Gerstein (1960). Hnd-book of Mirobiology. D. Vn (Ed) Nostrnd Co., In., New York: Johkn M., M. Od, T. Mruo nd Y. Shinohr (2011). Crop Prodution nd Globl Wrming, Globl Wrming Impts - Cse Studies on the Eonomy, Humn Helth, nd on Urbn nd Nturl Environments, Dr. Stefno Cslegno (Ed.), ISN: , InTeh, ville from: Meshrm, S.U. nd Jger, G., (1983). ntgonism of zototer hroooum isoltes to Rhizotoni solni. Neth. J. P1. Pth. 89: Nimje PM, Shym M (1993). Effet of plsti Greenhouse on plnt mirolimte nd vegetle prodution. Frm. Syst. 9: Novk,. nd Dvorzhkov, H. (1955). The destrution of some phytopthogeni fungi by zototer. Sb. sl kd. Zemed. Ved. Rostlinn vyrob 28: Rjsekr, M., T. rumugm nd S. Rmesh, Influene of wether nd growing environment on vegetle growth nd yield. Journl of Hortiulture nd Forestry 5(10): Rmesh K.S., rumugm T. (2010). Performne of vegetles under nturlly ventilted polyhouse ondition. Mysore J. gri. Si. 44(4): Reddy M.T., Ismil S., Reddy Y.N. (1999). Shde nd llelopthi effets of ber on growth, produtivity nd qulity of rdish (Rphnus stivus L.) under pot ulture. South Indin Hortiult. 47: Sdek, I.I., Moustf, D.M., Yousry, M.M., pproprite six equtions to estimte relile growing degree-dys for eggplnt. merin- Eursin J. gri. & Environ. Si., 13 (9): Singh M. M., Muty M. L., Singh S. P., nd Mishr C. H Effets of nitrogen nd biofertilizers inoultion on produtivity of forge sorghum (Sorghumbiolor). Ind. J. gri. Si., 73: Sunej, S. nd K. Lkshminry, Isoltion of siderophore negtive mutnts of zototer hroooum nd studied on the role of siderophores in mustrd yield. Ind. J. Plnt Physiol., 6: Teitel, M., M. rk, J. Tnny, S. Cohen nd Y. Zho omprison between the effets of ventiltion nd evportive ooling on greenhouse ir nd rop tempertures. t Hort. 797: Ozturk,., O. Cglr nd F. Shin, Yield response of whet nd brley to inoultion of Plnt growth promoting rhizoteri t vrious levels of nitrogen fertilizers. J. Plnt Nutr. Soil Si., 166: Ysri E., Esmeili zdgoleh. M., Pirdshti H. nd Mozfri S zototer nd zospirillum inoulnts s biofertilizers in nol (rssi npus L.) ultivtion. sin J. Plnt Si., 7 (5): Yue H., Mo W., Li C., Zheng Y. nd Li H The slt stress relief nd growth promotion effet of Rs-5 on otton. Plnt nd Soil, 297: Willits, D. H The effet of ventiltion rte, evportive ooling, shding nd mixing fns on ir nd lef tempertures in greenhouse tomto rop. SE pper no , pp 18. 3/5/