Abstract. Pamela Strange (SGS Australia), Mary Cannard & Aaron Bailey (Select Harvests), Ian Lonie & Stephen Phillips (Tanuki).

Transcription

1 The effects of in crop folir pplictions of (1) Untreted control, (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3, (3) N45 nd (4) NORDOX 75 WG on bering Nonpriel lmond trees. Applictions commencing t Shuck Fll (BBCH72) nd repeted four times t 14 dy intervls. Pmel Strnge (SGS Austrli), Mry Cnnrd & Aron Biley (Select Hrvests), In Lonie & Stephen Phillips (Tnuki). Abstrct This investigtion ws conducted to exmine the crop sfety nd effect on lmond trees (vr. Nonpriel) in regrd to disese control, nutrition, tree helth, vigour nd florl bud development following four in-crop pplictions of the folir fertiliser (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3, the copper fungicide (4) NORDOX 75WG nd the copper plus zinc fungicide (3) N45. The most effective tretment progrmme on lmond trees (vr. Nonpriel) in regrd to disese control, nutrition, tree helth, vigour nd florl bud development ws: prior Dormnt Seson (BBCH ) ppliction of the folir fertiliser Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 t 2kg/h plus winter oil, ppliction t Green Tip (BBCH 3-9) of (C) NORDOX 75 followed by the folir fertiliser (2) Verno FG 3g/1L pplied in 4 consecutive pplictions t 14 dy intervls strting t Shuck Fll BBCH (72). Four consecutive pplictions t 14 dy intervls strting t Shuck Fll BBCH (72) of the folir fertiliser (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 (3g/1L), or the copper fungicide (4) NORDOX 75WG (12g/1L) or the copper plus zinc fungicide (3) N45 (2g/1L) showed cceptble crop sfety with no phytotoxicity recorded. (C) Block C (25g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip BBCH 3-9) showed zinc levels elevted over those in (A) Block A (15g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip BBCH 3-9) cross ll tretments including the (1) Untreted Control. The (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 tretment in (C) Block C (25g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip BBCH 3-9) showed higher levels of zinc in lef tissue nlysis thn the other tretments. Significnt differences t (P=.5, LSD) exist between tretments nd between the tretments nd the Orchrd Stndrd for Lef Shothole nd Bcteril spot lef infections. Significnt differences t (P=.5, LSD) exist between tretments nd between the tretments nd the Orchrd Stndrd for the number of spurs longer thn 25mm, the number of spurs shorter thn 1mm nd the length of the lst flush. In regrd to bud development the tretments do not significntly differ t (P=.5, LSD). The rw dt indictes very strong trend in the (2)Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 tretments. In the (2)Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 tretments there is trend towrds n incresed totl number nd men number of florl buds in the 5 strongest terminl s within 5mm of the tip. The (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 tretments prticulrly in (C) Block C (25g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip BBCH 3-9) trend towrds improved florl bud development compred to the other tretments nd the Orchrd Stndrd. LP111 Pge 1

2 Introduction This investigtion ws conducted to exmine the crop sfety nd effect on lmond trees (vr. Nonpriel) in regrd to disese control, nutrition, tree helth, vigour nd florl bud development following four in crop pplictions of the folir fertiliser (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3, the copper fungicide (4) NORDOX 75WG nd the copper plus zinc fungicide (3) N45. Copper nd zinc re pplied s both fungicides nd folir fertilisers to lmond trees s prt of current plnt protection nd nutrition progrmmes. Folir fertilisers re pplied throughout the ctive growing period. Copper fungicides re typiclly pplied Post Hrvest (BBCH 89-91), Dormnt Seson (BBCH ) nd t Green Tip (BBCH 3-9). Historiclly in-crop pplictions of copper fter Shuck Fll (BBCH 72), for the prevention of new infections of Bcteril Spot (Xnthomons rboricol pv pruni), hve risk of phytotoxicity nd premture lef drop. Typiclly, blocks tht re selected for tretment hve shown symptoms of the disese. Appliction is trgeted t unprotected plnt surfces nd new growth since the lst ppliction of copper. The lst previous ppliction of copper hs usully occurred t Green Tip (BBCH3-9). The strtegy is protectnt progrmme, however there is lrge time gp between tretments nd corresponding increse of unprotected new growth. Storms with ssocited het nd incresed moisture nd humidity re often the trigger for disese development nd consequent pplictions of copper. Most copper fungicides re fixed copper formultions tht re formulted to be lmost insoluble in wter t ph 7.. Excess soluble copper pplied in the spry solution cn cuse phytotoxicity. Less soluble formultions re usully more persistent nd softer on plnts with lower phytotoxicity risk. The folir fertiliser Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 nd the copper fungicide NORDOX 75WG re both low solubility, fixed Cuprous Oxide nd Zinc Oxide formultions. N45 is new copper plus zinc fungicide tht is currently under development. It hs different formultion, nd prticle size chrcteristics to the other two products included in this tril. In order to strt the progrmme nd estblish known history of pplied copper nd zinc in the tril re, n ppliction of Verno FG 2kg/h plus winter oil ws pplied to Block 1 t the Dormnt Seson (BBCH ) stge. Block 1 ws then subdivided into tril blocks (A),(B) nd (C) which were treted with different rtes of NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip. (1%, 5% nd 25% of lbel rte) The 3 in crop tretments were pplied in 4 consecutive pplictions t 14 dy intervls strting t Shuck Fll BBCH (72) pplying the sme rte of elementl copper per tretment in ech of the different Green Tip (BBCH 72) tretments. LP111 Pge 2

3 Mterils nd methods Select Hrvests Lke Powell, Block 1 nd 11. Vrieties; Nonpriel, Crmel, Price. Appliction Tril LP111. This tril ws instigted by Mry Cnnrd (Select Hrvests) who orgnized the block for tretment nd the frm ppliction equipment. Aron Biley(Select Hrvests) conducted the ppliction of the Dormnt nd Green Tip tretments. Pmel Strnge (SGS Austrli) supervised the ppliction of the Dormnt nd Green Tip tretments nd pplied the four in-crop tretments. Pmel Strnge (SGS Austrli)conducted the ssessment nd nlysis of dt. Simon Fethers (Fethers Horticulturl Services) devised the ssessment criteri nd method for evluting flower bud development nd plnt vigour. In Lonie nd Steve Phillips (Tnuki) ssisted with the ppliction, ssessment nd tril report preprtion. Tretments (1) Untreted Control (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 (3g/Kg Cu s cuprous oxide & 3g/Kg Zn s zinc oxide) (3) N45 (45g/Kg Cu s cuprous oxide & 15g/Kg Zn s zinc oxide) (4) NORDOX 75 WG (75g/Kg Cu s cuprous oxide) Appliction Rtes Dormnt (BBCH ) tretment. DATE Verno FG 2 kg/h plus winter oil Totl volume 12L/H Applied to ll of block 1 in order to estblish known history nd bckground level of copper nd zinc. Green Tip (BBCH 3-9) tretment. DATE: 8 August 214. Block 1 ws then subdivided into 3 blocks; Tril Block A, Tril Block B nd Tril Block C. Tril Block A (A) NORDOX 75 15g/1L in totl volume 12L/H Tril Block B (B) NORDOX 75 5g/1L in totl volume 12L/H Tril Block C (C) NORDOX 75 25g/1L in totl volume 12L/H In crop, commencing Shuck Fll (BBCH 72) Tretments (2) Verno, (3) N45 nd (4) NORDOX 75 to pply the sme rte of Cu/H in ech ppliction. 4 X pplictions Dte; 17 September September October November 214 In crop tretments were only pplied to Nonpriel rows nd spryed by hnd using vehicle mounted engine driven pressure spryer. 5 trees per tretment plot replicted 4 times in ech block. (3 trees ssessed & 2 buffer trees) Block A (4 tretments X 5 trees X 4 replictes), Block B (4 tretments X 5 trees X 4 replictes) nd Block C (4 tretments X 5 trees X 4 replictes). (1) Untreted control. (2) Verno FG 3g/1L in totl volume 15L/H 135g Cu/H Zn 135g/H (3) 2g/1L in totl volume 15L/H 135g Cu/H Zn 45g/H (4) NORDOX 75 12g/1L in totl volume 15L/H 135g Cu/H Zn NIL Orchrd cover spry progrmme (vilble seprtely) The complete orchrd cover spry progrmme for crop protection nd folir fertiliser, with the exclusion of copper fungicide, ws pplied over the top of ll tretments including the (1) Untreted Controls. LP111 Pge 3

4 Design Rndomised Complete Block Design. All tretments; (1), (2), (3), (4) pplied to 5 trees nd replicted 4 times in 3 Blocks (tretments (A), (B), (C)). All tretments included Nonpriel, Crmel, Price vrieties. NORDOX 75 15g/1L Green Tip (BBCH 3 9) (1) Untreted control. (2) Verno FG 3g/1L in totl volume 15L/H X4 (3) 2g/1L in totl volume 15L/H X4 (4) NORDOX 75 12g/1L in totl volume 15L/H X4 Assessment of Nonpriel vriety. (BLOCK 1) Dormnt (BBCH ) Verno FG 2Kg/H & Winter Oil NORDOX 75 5g/1L Green Tip (BBCH 3 9) BLOCK B NORDOX 75 25g/1L Green Tip (BBCH 3 9) A1(4) A2(1) A3(2) A4(3) B1(4) B2(1) B3(2) B4(3) C1(4) C2(1) C3(2) C4(3) A1(3) A2(2) A3(1) A4(4) B1(3) B2(2) B3(1) B4(4) C1(3) C2(2) C3(1) C4(4) A1(1) A2(3) A3(4) A4(2) B1(1) B2(3) B3(4) B4(2) C1(1) C2(3) C3(4) C4(2) A1(2) A2(4) A3(3) A4(1) B1(2) B2(4) B3(3) B4(1) C1(2) C2(4) C3(3) C4(1) Phytotoxicity nd disese control. Visul ssessment ginst stndrd for phytotoxicity nd disese control ws conducted on 2th Jnury 215. To recognise the vrition between estern nd western sides of trees the ssessment nd colltion of dt ws segregted for est nd west. 12 tretments, 4 replictes per tretment, 3 trees per replicte, 1 limbs per tree (5 est & west), 5 leves nd 5 nuts per limb were ssessed. Comprtive dt ws collected from ( Block 11) the Orchrd Stndrd. (5 est & 5 west), 5 leves nd 5 nuts per limb were ssessed. Phytotoxicity Shothole Wilsonomyces sp. 1 tretment, 4 replictes per tretment, 3 trees per replicte, 1 limbs per tree Bcteril Spot Xnthomons sp. 1 1% 2 3% 3 6% 4 12% 5 24% LP111 Pge 4

5 Bud development nd vegettive vigour Assessment dte 17th Februry 215. Assessment ws mde post hrvest for Nonpriel. Assessment of Block A nd Block C (high nd low rte Green Tip BBCH 72 tretments). 8 tretments, 3 replictes per tretment, 3 trees per replicte, 6 limbs per tree. To recognise the vrition between estern nd western sides of trees the ssessment, colltion nd nlysis of dt ws segregted for est nd west. Comprtive dt ws collected from (Block 11) the Orchrd Stndrd. 1 tretment, 3 replictes per tretment, 3 trees per replicte, 6 limbs per tree (3 est & 3 west), Bud development Six evenly distributed limbs per tree 5mm from the tip were ssessed ( 3 est & 3 West).. Number of spurs 1mm 1 25mm >25mm b. Totl number of spurs. c. Number of flower buds ( -5) in the 5 strongest terminl s within 5mm of the tip. Vegettive vigour d. Length of the lst flush (mm) e. Number of leves <25mm from the tip. f. Lef blde length (mm) of the 3 lrgest leves within 25mm of the tip. g. Lef blde width (mm) of the 3 lrgest leves within 25mm of the tip. Stick tights A count of stick tights ws mde for ll ssesed trees. Results nd discussion The following grphs re generted from the ANOVA tble creted for this dt set. Mens followed by sme letter do not significntly differ. (P=.5, LSD) Phytotoxicity No phytotoxicity ws evident in ny tretments in this tril. A trce of phytotoxicity symptoms were present in the Orchrd Stndrd (Block 11) but were not present in ny of the tretments in this tril including the (1) Untreted controls. Disese Control The ANOVA tble for this dt set is included below. Significnt differences t (P=.5, LSD) were recorded between tretments nd between tretments nd the Orchrd Stndrd for Lef Shothole nd Bcteril spot lef infections. All the recorded lef infection levels were on the low end of the scle nd constituted commercilly cceptble control. The vrince in lef Shothole control ws probbly due to ppliction timing issues cused by vried bud development nd protrcted flowering. Erlier preliminry visul inspections of the Orchrd Stndrd undertken with frm mngement indicted higher levels of Lef Bcteril Spot nd Bcteril Spot nut disese. Premture lef drop of infected leves nd premture nut drop of infected nuts in the Orchrd Stndrd ment tht this level of disese ws not cptured in the dt which ssessed leves nd nuts on the tree. LP111 Pge 5

6 Tril LP 111 ANOVA Tble produced by Pmel Strnge, SGS Austrli Pty Ltd. Mens followed by the sme letter do not significntly differ (P=.5, LSD) Dte 2 Jn Jn Jn Jn Jn Jn Jn Jn 215 Disese Shothole lef Bcteril Spot lef Shothole lel Bcteril Spot lef Bcteril spot nut Hull Rot nut Bcteril spot nut Hull Rot nut Orgnism Wilsonomyces Xnthomons Wilsonomyces Xnthomons Xnthomons Rhizopus Xnthomons Rhizopus Number of subsmples Loction Est Est West West Est Est West West Block A UTC.2.57 bc. bc.9 f Bloock A Verno.1.62 bc. c.9 f Block A N bc. c.15 ef Block A NORDOX..65 bc. c.26 cdef Block B UTC.1.77 bc. c.57 b Block B Verno.1.5 c. c.21 def Block B N bc.1 bc.38 bcdef Block B NORDOX.1.59 bc.1 bc.5 bc Block C UTC.1.83 bc. c.29 bcdef Block C Verno..91 b. bc.2 def Block C N45. o.77 bc. c.44 bcd Block C NORDOX c.48 bc Orchrd Stndrd..54 bc LSD (P=.5) t t Stndrd Devition t t CV Grnd Men t t Brtlett s X P(Brtlett s X2) Skewness AA AA EC ER1 t=men descriptions re reported in trnsformed dt units nd re not de-trnsformed. Men comprisons performed only when AOV tretment P(F) is significnt t men comprison OSL. AA = Automtic rcsine squre root % trnsformtion EC = Do not nlyse untreted check, while still reporting tretment men on AOV Mens tble. ER1 = Excluded replicte 1 LP111 Pge 6

7 Stick tights The tretments nd the Orchrd Stndrd do not significntly differ t (P=.5, LSD). The Orchrd Stndrd Block 11 hd been poled to mnully remove stick tights before this ssessment. This prevents vlid comprison with the tretments where poleing hd not commenced. (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 nd (4) Nordox 75 WG trend slightly to reduced stick tight numbers compred to the (1)Untreted controls. Number of sick Ights Post hrvest sick Ights (est) Number of shck Hghts Post hrvest shck Hghts (west) UTC Verno N45 NORDOX UTC Verno N45 NORDOX Orchrd Stndrd UTC Verno N45 NORDOX UTC Verno N45 NORDOX Orchrd Stndrd LP111 Pge 7

8 Nutrition Tissue smpling of the tretments on 2 Jnury 215 (76 dys fter the finl in crop pplictions). Smpled leves grown fter the lst ppliction of tretments were not contminted by tretment spry residues. (C) Block C (25g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip ) showed zinc levels elevted over those in (A) Block A (15g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip ) cross ll tretments including the (1) Untreted Control. The (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 tretment in (C) Block C showed higher levels of zinc thn the other tretments. All tretments hve been over spryed by the orchrd opertors with the orchrd cover spry progrmme. The (1) Untreted Controls represent the Orchrd stndrd for comprtive purposes. All tretments were spryed with mncozeb severl dys before 2 Jnury smpling resulting in highly elevted nlysis levels of zinc nd mngnese due to spry deposit contmintion. Zinc levels for ll tretments including (1) Untreted Controls hve been reduced by 2mg/kg to return the levels to comprtive level for the production of this chrt. The mncozeb contmintion is consistent cross tretments nd does not ffect reltive nlysis levels. Tissue nlysis smpled 2 Jnury 215 (Finl in crop tretment pplied 5 November 214) UTC Verno 3g/1L X4 N45 2g/ 1L X4 NORDOX 12g/1L X4 UTC Verno 3g/1L X4 N45 2g/ 1L X4 NORDOX 12g/1L X4 Zn mg/kg Cu mg/kg LP111 Pge 8

9 Bud development nd vegettive vigour The tretments do not significntly differ t (P=.5, LSD). The rw dt indictes very strong trend in the (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 tretments. However one (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 replicte (3 trees) in (C) Block C ws dversely ffected by Verticilium sp. root disese nd recorded florl bud number mens pprox 5% less thn the other (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 replictes. The resulting lrge (CV) vrition nd the corresponding noise in the dt precluded the recording of significnt differences t (P=.5, LSD). In the (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 tretments there is trend towrds n incresed number nd men number of florl buds in the 5 strongest terminl spur buds within 5mm of the tip. The (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 tretments prticulrly in (C) Block C (25g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip ) trend towrds improved florl bud development compred to the other tretments nd the Orchrd Stndrd Number of florl buds in the 5 strongest terminl s within 5 mm of the Pp. (est) Number of florl buds in the 5 strongest terminl s within 5 mm of the Op (west) Orchrd UTC Verno N45 NORDOX UTC Verno N45 NORDOX Stndrd Florl buds Orchrd UTC Verno N45 NORDOX UTC Verno N45 NORDOX Stndrd Florl buds Men number of florl buds in the 5 strongest terminl s within 5mm of the Pp. (est) Men number of florl buds in the 5 strongest terminl s within 5mm of the Pp. (west) 3 3 Men number of buds Men number of buds Orchrd UTC Verno N45 NORDOX UTC Verno N45 NORDOX stndrd Buds Est Orchrd UTC Verno N45 NORDOX UTC Verno N45 NORDOX stndrd Buds West LP111 Pge 9

10 5 Flower Buds per terminl Block A (Verno 2kg/h Dormnt & NORDOX 15g/1L Green Tip) Number of flower buds in the 5 strongest terminl s from 6 limbs from 3 trees per replicte in 3 replictes per tretment. (27 terminl s per tretment) Flower Buds per terminl Flower Bud per terminl UTC 57 florl buds Verno 618 florl buds N florl buds NORDOX 465 florl buds UTC 4X VERNO 3g/1L 4X N45 2g/1L 4X NORDOX 12g/1L 4 Flower Buds per terminl 2 Flower Buds per terminl 3 Flower Buds per terminl In (A) Block A (15g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip BBCH 3-9) there is trend for incresed totl number of florl buds nd incresed number of florl buds in the terminl s in the (2)Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 tretment. There is lso trend for reduction in numbers in the (3) NORDOX 75 WG tretment compred to the (1)Untreted Control. LP111 Pge 1

11 Block C (Verno 2 kg/h Dormnt & NORDOX 25 g/1 L Green Tip) Number of flower buds in the 5 strongest terminl s, from 6 limbs from 3 trees per replicte in 3 replictes per tretment. ( 27 terminl s per tretment ) 5 Flower Buds per terminl Flower Buds per terminl Flower Bud per terminl UTC 524 florl buds Verno 777 florl buds N florl buds NORDOX 529 florl buds UTC 4X VERNO 3g/1L 4X N45 2g/1L 4X NORDOX 12g/1L 4 Flower Buds per terminl 2 Flower Buds per terminl 3 Flower Buds per terminl In (C) Block C (25g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip BBCH 3-9) there is stronger trend for incresed totl number of florl buds nd incresed number of florl buds in the terminl s in the (2)Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 tretment. There is lso tight correltion of numbers in the (4)NORDOX 75 WG tretment compred to the (1) Untreted Control. LP111 Pge 11

12 Block A (Verno 2kg/h Dormnt & NORDOX 15g/1L Green Tip) Block C (Verno 2kg/h Dormnt & NORDOX 25g/1L Green Tip) Number of flower buds in the 5 strongest terminl s, from 6 limbs from 3 trees per replicte in 3 replictes per tretment. (27 terminl s per tretment) 5 Flower Buds per terminl Flower Buds per terminl Flower Bud per terminl Block A UTC 57 florl buds Block C UTC 524 florl buds Orchrd Stndrd 488 florl buds UTC UTC Orchrd Stndrd 4 Flower Buds per terminl 2 Flower Buds per terminl 3 Flower Buds per terminl The totl number of florl buds nd incresed number of florl buds in the terminl s for (A) Block A Untreted Control (15g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip BBCH 3-9) nd (C) Block C Untreted control (25g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip BBCH 3-9) re similr nd cn be compred with the Orchrd Stndrd. LP111 Pge 12

13 5 Flower Buds per terminl 4 Flower Buds per terminl Block A (Verno 2kg/h Dormnt & NORDOX 15g/1L) Block C (Verno 2kg/h Dormnt & NORDOX 25g/1L) Number of flower buds in the 5 strongest terminl s, from 6 limbs from 3 trees per replicte in 3 replictes per tretment. (27 terminl s) Flower Buds per terminl Flower Bud per terminl 2 Flower Buds per terminl Block A UTC 57 florl buds Block A VERNO 618 florl buds Block C UTC 524 florl buds Block C VERNO 777 florl buds UTC 4X VERNO 3g/1L UTC 4X VERNO 3g/1L 3 Flower Buds per terminl Whilst the numbers for (A) Block A (1) Untreted Control nd (C) Block C (1)Untreted control re similr the (2)Verno FG Cu3 +Zn3 tretment in (C) Block C (76% less copper t Green Tip ) hs n incresed totl number of florl buds nd incresed number of florl buds in the terminl s compred to (2) Verno FG Cu3 +Zn3 tretment in (A) Block A nd the (1)Untreted Controls (A)&(C). LP111 Pge 13

14 Vegettive Vigour Significnt differences t (P=.5, LSD) exist between tretments for the number of spurs longer thn 25mm, the number of spurs shorter thn 1mm nd the length of the lst flush. All tretments prticulrly (2) Verno in (C) Block C (25g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip ) trend towrds greter vegettive vigour compred to the Orchrd Stndrd. Number of spurs length > 25mm bc Number of spurs length > 25mm wthin 5mm of the Pp. (est) b b b b b c Number of spurs length > 25mm Number of spurs length >25mm within 5mm of the Pp. (west) Orchrd UTC Verno N45 NORDOX UTC Verno N45 NORDOX Stndrd spur length >25mm (est) Orchrd UTC Verno N45 NORDOX UTC Verno N45 NORDOX stndrd spur length >25mm (west) Number of spurs 1-25mm Number of spurs length 1-25mm within 5mm of the Qp. (est) Number of spurs length 1-25 mm Number of spurs length 1-25mm within 5mm of the Pp. (west) Orchrd UTC Verno N45 NORDOX UTC Verno N45 NORDOX Stndrd spur length 1-25mm (est) Orchrd UTC Verno N45 NORDOX UTC Verno N45 NORDOX stndrd spur length 1-25mm (west) LP111 Pge 14

15 Number of spurs length < 1mm within 5mm of the Qp. (est) 25 Number of spurs length < 1mm within 5mm of the Pp (west) 25 Number of spurs length < 1mm b b b b b b b b Number of sspurs < 1mm Orchrd UTC Verno N45 NORDOX UTC Verno N45 NORDOX Stndrd spur length < 1mm (est) Orchrd UTC Verno N45 NORDOX UTC Verno N45 NORDOX Stndrd spur length < 1mm (west) Length lst flush mm. (est) 1 9 Length lst flush mm (west) mm bc b b b b bc b mm c 2 1 Orchrd UTC Verno N45 NORDOX UTC Verno N45 NORDOX Stndrd Length lst flush mm (est) Orchrd UTC Verno N45 NORDOX UTC Verno N45 NORDOX Stndrd Length lst flush mm (west) LP111 Pge 15

16 Conclusions The most effective tretment progrmme on lmond trees (vr. Nonpriel) in regrd to disese control, nutrition, tree helth, vigour nd florl bud development ws: prior Dormnt Seson (BBCH ) ppliction of the folir fertiliser Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 t 2kg/h plus winter oil, ppliction t Green Tip (BBCH 3-9) of (C) NORDOX 75 followed by the folir fertiliser (2) Verno FG 3g/1L pplied in 4 consecutive pplictions t 14 dy intervls strting t Shuck Fll BBCH (72). Four consecutive pplictions t 14 dy intervls strting t Shuck Fll BBCH (72) of the folir fertiliser (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 (3g/1L), or the copper fungicide (4) NORDOX 75WG (12g/1L) or the copper plus zinc fungicide (3) N45 (2g/1L) showed cceptble crop sfety with no phytotoxicity recorded. Significnt differences t (P=.5, LSD) were recorded between tretments nd between the tretments nd the Orchrd Stndrd for Lef Shothole nd Bcteril spot lef infections. All the recorded lef infection levels were on the low end of the scle nd constituted commercilly cceptble control. The vrince in lef Shothole control ws probbly due to ppliction timing issues cused by vried bud development nd protrcted flowering in the Orchrd Stndrd (Block 11). Significnt differences t (P=.5, LSD) exist between tretments for the number of spurs longer thn 25mm, the number of spurs shorter thn 1mm nd the length of the lst flush. All tretments prticulrly (2)Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 in (C) Block C (25g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip ) trend towrds greter vegettive vigour compred to the Orchrd Stndrd. (C) Block C (25g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip BBCH 3-9) showed zinc levels elevted over those in (A) Block A (15g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip BBCH 3-9) cross ll tretments including the (1) Untreted Control. The (2)Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 tretment in Block C showed higher levels of zinc in lef tissue nlysis thn the other tretments. All tretments hd been over spryed by the orchrd opertors with the orchrd cover spry progrmme. The (1) Untreted Controls represent the Orchrd stndrd for comprtive purposes. In (A) Block A (15g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip BBCH 3-9) there is trend for incresed totl number of florl buds nd incresed number of florl buds in the terminl s in the (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 tretment. There is lso trend for reduction in numbers in the (4) NORDOX 75 WG tretment compred to the (1) Untreted Control. In (C) Block C (25g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip BBCH 3-9) there is stronger trend for incresed totl number of florl buds nd incresed number of florl buds in the terminl s in the (2) Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 tretment. There is lso tight correltion of numbers in the (4) NORDOX 75 WG tretment compred to the (1) Untreted Control. The totl number of florl buds nd incresed number of florl buds in the terminl s for (A) Block A (1) Untreted Control (15g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip BBCH 3-9) nd (C) Block C (1) Untreted control (25g/1L NORDOX 75 WG t Green Tip BBCH 3-9) re similr nd cn be compred with the Orchrd Stndrd. Whilst the numbers for (A) Block A (1) Untreted Control nd (C) Block C Untreted control re similr the(2) Verno FG Cu3 +Zn3 tretment in (C) Block C (76% less copper t Green Tip ) hs n incresed totl number of florl buds nd incresed number of florl buds in the terminl s compred to (2) Verno FG Cu3 +Zn3 tretment in (A) Block A nd the (1) Untreted Controls (A)&(C). LP111 Pge 16