An update on herbicide screening and potential alternatives. The importance of weed management in tea

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Dana Hawkins
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An updte on heriide sreening nd potentil

N. Wijeseker, E. W.T. P. Premtung, W.H.D.U.

Te: 5-15% Wettsinghe, 1971 Inrese ost of

1 An updte on heriide sreening nd potentil lterntives M. S. D. Luxmei De Silv, M. G. S. Liynge, S. N. Wijeseker, E. W.T. P. Premtung, W.H.D.U.Pushpkumri Agronomy Division The importne of weed mngement in te Growth of Young te Interfere with field prties ( Pluking, Mnuring et) Negtive effets of worker produtivity Crop loss of Mture VP 5-9% Seed Te: 5-15% Wettsinghe, 1971 Inrese ost of Prodution (6-8%) Growth of young te nd rop loss of Mture te 2 1

2 Eonomi importne of weed mngement (ntionl level) No weed ontrol 33.2 mn kg/yr Redution of export ernings (26,726 Rs mn) 50% weed ontrol 16.6 mn kg/yr Redution of export ernings (13,363 Rs mn) Shymlee, H W Worker requirement for RPCs (Mnul weeding LPH/yr) Regions Type of field LPH/round No of rounds/yr LPH/yr Low ountry VP (100% ush over) VP (60% ush over) Poor VP/SD UP/Mid VP (100% ush over) VP (60% ush over) Poor VP/SD Uv VP (100% ush over) VP (60% ush over) Poor VP/SD Shymlee, H W

3 Present TRI Reommendtions (IWM) Integrted weed mngement: Preventive mesures (Minimize weed seed nk in soil) Culturl prties (GAPs, Shde mngement, mulhing, BoP..et) Mnul (hnd pulling & slshing) Biologil (Brhiri riznth on Pnium repense) Chemil methods (Systemi nd ontt) 5 Negtive impt of nning hemil heriides for te Loss of rop produtivity Diffiulty in onduting ulturl prties Use of unknown hemils Detetion of hemil residues in mde te due to (exessive use of existing hemils nd inorret pplition) Eg: Detetion of Diuron nd MCPA in mde te 6 3

4 Bnned heriides for te Chemil Yer Resons Prqut (Grmoxone) -225 g/l 2012 Due to more suiide ses Prqut (Prto) -65 g/l do- Glyphoste (Round up) 36 % w/v 2015 Gzette notifition Glufosinte mmonium (Bst) 15% do- 7 Sreening of heriides -2015/2016 Chemil Trigger (Glyphoste IPA 20% + Crfentrzone ethyl 0.5%) Rpid (Glyphoste IPA 29% + MCPA 7.5% ) Indziflm SC 500 Bimster (Glyphoste + 2,4-D) Lifeline (Glufosinte mmonium (28%SL)-Clss III Glufosinte mmonium (15%) Clss III Type of heriide Post emergent Yer -do do- Pre emergent Post emergent Resons 2015 Contins Glyphoste 2015 Environmentl impt 2016 Contins Glyphoste -do Contins Glu.mmonium -do do- 8 4

5 Sreening of heriides 2016/2017 Conduted Bio effiy trils on 1. Diuron (Liquid) -s post emergent weed killer (Potentil lterntive for MCPA) 2. Gol 4F s pre emergent heriide (Potentil lterntive for Gol 2E/Diuron WP) MRL trils ontinued for reommendtion 9 Bio effiy trils on Diuron 50% SC Diuron (Liquid) 500g/L SC (Liquido Diuron) (Solvent Ethylene Glyol) Sustituted ure heriide MOA- Inhiition of photosynthesis Seletive residul heriide LD 50: 3000 mg/kg Averge hlf life: dys Used for te, sugrne, otton, vine yrds : Annul nd perennil grsses in Austrli In Sri Lnk it is reommended for Non rop lnd only 10 5

Dry Weight of Weeds g / Qudrnt Dry Weight of Weeds g / Qudrnt 26/01/2018 Results- Diuron (L) Contd.. 70 60 Sreening of Diuron (L) - Up Country Signifint ontrol of weeds for 3 month with Diuron 2L/h.

6 Dry Weight of Weeds g / Qudrnt Dry Weight of Weeds g / Qudrnt 26/01/2018 Results- Diuron (L) Contd Sreening of Diuron (L) - Up Country Signifint ontrol of weeds for 3 month with Diuron 2L/h. Results omprle with Glu.mmonium nd Diuron 1.5 l/h 1MAA 3MAA Diuron 1.5 l/h Diuron 2L/h Diuron 2.5 L/h Glu.mmonium 1.3L/h MCPA 2L/h Control Tretments 11 Results- Diuron (L) Contd.. Sreening of Diuron (L) Mid Country 1 MAA Signifint ontrol of weeds for 3 month with Diuron 1.5L/h Results omprle with Glu. Ammonium nd MCPA 3 MAA Diuron 1.5 l/h Diuron 2 l/h Diuron L 2.5 l/hglu.mmonium 1.3L/h MCPA 12L/h Control Tretments 12 6

Dry Weight of weeds g/ / Qudrnt 26/01/2018 Results- Diuron (L) Contd.. Sreening of Diuron(L) - Low Country 3 WAA 180 Signifint ontrol of weeds for 6 weeks with Diuron 1.

7 Dry Weight of weeds g/ / Qudrnt 26/01/2018 Results- Diuron (L) Contd.. Sreening of Diuron(L) - Low Country 3 WAA 180 Signifint ontrol of weeds for 6 weeks with Diuron 1.5L/h 6 WAA d Diuron 1 L/h Diuron 1.5 L/h Diuron 2.0 L/h Glu. mmonium 1.3 L/h Control Tretments 13 Bio effiy trils on Gol 4F SC Oxyfluorfen 480 g/l (48% w/v) SC (Oxyfluorfen 41% + Propylene Glyol 4-10% + other) Pre-emergent heriide for ontrolling rod lef weeds nd nnul grsses Chemil lss: Diphenylethers Seletive ontt heriide whih inhiits enzyme tivity nd disrupt ell memrne Toxiity: LD 50: >5000 mg/kg Moility in soil: strongly dsored to soil nd redily iodegrdle 14 7

Dry weight of Weeds g /Qudrnt Dry Weight of Weeds / Qurdrnt 26/01/2018 Gol 4F -Bio effiy tril s pre emergent heriide Sreening of Gol 4F - Mid Country 10 8 Signifint ontrol of weeds for 2 months with

8 Dry weight of Weeds g /Qudrnt Dry Weight of Weeds / Qurdrnt 26/01/2018 Gol 4F -Bio effiy tril s pre emergent heriide Sreening of Gol 4F - Mid Country 10 8 Signifint ontrol of weeds for 2 months with Gol 4F 700ml/h 1MAA 2MAA d Tretments 15 Gol 4F -Bio effiy tril s pre emergent heriide Contd Sreening of GOAL 4F - Low Country 6 WAA 10WAA 14 WAA Tretments Signifint ontrol of weeds for 14 weeks with Gol 4F 700ml/h 16 8

9 Dry Weight Of Weeds/ Qudrnt 26/01/2018 Sreening of formulted plnt extrt during 2016/2017 Plnt extrts Eulyptol (0.2% w/v SL) (Eulyptus spp.) Effetive Rte Remrks 8-11 L/h For Spot pplition Pelrgoni id 57% w/w EC (Pelrgonium spp.) 20L/h High volume needed Pine oil (25% w/v ) (Pinus spp.) 14-16L/h High volume needed Could e inorported in IWM 17 Eulyptol : Bio effiy tril s ontt heriide Sreening of Eulyptol - Up Country Signifint ontrol of weeds for 3 months with Eulyptol 11 L/h. Results omprle with Glu.mmo nd MCPA 1 MAA 3 MAA Tretments 18 9

mmo. And MCPA 1MAA 3MAA 30 20 10 d d 0 Tretments 19 Eulyptol : Bio effiy tril s Contd.

10 Dry Weight of Weeds/ Qudrnt Dry Weight of Weeds/Qudrnt 26/01/2018 Eulyptol : Bio effiy tril ontd Sreening of Eulyptol - Mid Country Signifint ontrol of weeds for 3 months with Eulyptol 6-8 L/h. Results omprle with Glu.mmo. And MCPA 1MAA 3MAA d d 0 Tretments 19 Eulyptol : Bio effiy tril s Contd.. Sreening of Eulyptol - Low Country 3WAA Signifint ontrol of weeds for 6 weeks with Eulyptol 11 l/h 6WAA d d Eulyptol 6L/h Eulyptol 8 L/h Eulyptol 11L/h Glu. mmonium 1.3 L/h Tretments Control 20 10

21 Pelrgoni Aid (57% EC) Pelrgoni id (57% EC) Effetive dose : 20L/h in 500 L of wter/h

11 Pine oil (25%) Plnt extrt Effetive Dose 16 l/h in 500 L of wter Suseptile Weeds Girpl (Commelin diffus) Getkol (Spermoe hispid) Guine grss (Pnium mximum ) A- Girpl, B- Getkol, C- Guine grss 21 Pelrgoni Aid (57% EC) Pelrgoni id (57% EC) Effetive dose : 20L/h in 500 L of wter/h Suseptile Weeds Getkol (Spermoe hispid) Cyperee spp (Psplum onjugtum) (A- Getkol B- Psplum onjugtum 22 11

12 Promising rtes of tested heriides Heriides Effetive Rte Remrks Diuron (liquid) s post emergent heriide Gol 4F s pre emergent heriides 1.5L/h in 500 L/h 700 ml/h in 500 L/h Syntheti formultions: MRL vlues to e determined for reommendtion Eulyptol 25% Pine oil (0.2%) 8-11 L /h L/h Plnt extrts: seletive post emergent heriides (plnt Pelrgoni id (57% SC) 20L/h extrts) nd More volume needed 23 New Chemils Reeived for testing t TRI Chemil Pelrgoni- new formultions Type of heriide Post emergent (Plnt extrt of Pelrgonium spp) Trisulfuron- sustitute ure heriide Post emergent Imzpi + Imzpyr Post emergent 24 12

13 Current TRI Reommendtion of heriides Chemils Oxyflourfen Diuron WP MCPA 40% nd 60% Rte 1.2 L/h in 500 L/h 1.2 kg/h in 500 L/h L/h in 500l/h Coktil mixtures: MCPA + Diuron } reommended rtes MCPA + Oxyfluorfen } -Do- Use of sme hemil to e limited for twie/yer. nd hemil round/pplition to e limited for thrie/yer. 25 MRL (Mximum Residue Limits) of Heriides Heriide MRL [ppm] (Jpn) April 2016 MRL [ppm] (EU) July 2017 MCPA (40-60%) Diuron (80% WP) Oxyfluorfen (24%) Remrks Extreme re should e tken for sprying heriide 26 13

14 Heriide toxiity LD50 mg/kg Heriide LD 50 Clss (WHO) Persisteny in soil Diuron 3400 iii 3 months- 1 yer MCPA 800 iii 1 6 months Oxyfluorfen 5000 iii 4-9 weeks 27 Other methods of weed mngement Soft hers s Live mulh: Drymri, Desmodium spp Mulhing: Plnt mterils & syntheti mulh 28 14

Corret pplition rte nd frequeny of heriides Avoid wetting nd spry drift on rop Minimize use of heriides

15 Other methods Use of grss utters More suitle for old te lnds with lrge vnt pthes Eo friendly should e inorported into IWM 29 How do we pply heriides more sfely nd effetively? Corret pplition rte nd frequeny of heriides Avoid wetting nd spry drift on rop Minimize use of heriides Creful supervision of the entire opertion Bulking of rop hrvested from spryed nd unspryed te re Follow minimum Pre-Hrvest Intervl of 7 dys 30 15

Conlusions Considering dverse impt on growth nd yield of te, weed mngement should e given due ttention Weed mngement needs to e done s per lendr prepred ording to field ondition nd wether pttern

16 Conlusions Considering dverse impt on growth nd yield of te, weed mngement should e given due ttention Weed mngement needs to e done s per lendr prepred ording to field ondition nd wether pttern Integrted weed mngement is essentil y ppropritely omining mnul, hemil, ulturl nd iologil methods Slshing is effetive in old te lnd with lrge vnt res Liquid Diuron nd Gol 4F re potentil hemils for te (sujet to MRL ) Formulted plnt extrts ould e inorported for IWM s spot pplition Attention towrds impt on environment nd hemil residues in te when using heriides is very importnt 31 Thnk you 16

Microstegium vimineum. Microstegium vimineum Management and Impacts on Native Plant Communities. Current management guidelines.

Microstegium vimineum. Microstegium vimineum Management and Impacts on Native Plant Communities. Current management guidelines. Mirostegium vimineum Mngement nd Impts on Ntive Plnt Communities Cren A. Judge, Joseph C. Nel, Theodore H. Sher, nd Jeffrey F. Derr North Crolin Stte University Mirostegium vimineum Jpnese stiltgrss Summer