XII. Book Code : 8446 ISBN : `

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2 XII Book Code : 8446 ISBN : `

3 XII,e-,-(fgUnh)]ih&,p-Mhfcgkjfo ky;ijh{klfefr(mppek/;fed)] ivukosguohure~ ikb~;ÿekuqlkjrfkfcgkjcksmz dhikb~;&iqlrdfnxarijvk/kfjr MkW-f=yksdhukFkJhokLro,lchihMhifCyosG'kUl SBPD PUBLICATIONS COPYRIGHT

4 izdk'kd Printing and Publishing rights with the Publisher. The material in this publication is copyrighted. No part of this book may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher. Breach of this condition is liable for legal action. Book Code : 8446 ISBN : The reading of all good books is like a conversation with the finest man. ys[k kl=k ys[k kl=k(accountancy) O;kolkf;dv/;u(Business Studies) vfkz kl=k vfkz kl=k(economics) Hkwxksy (Geography) Hkwxksy(Geography) jktuhfrfokku(political Science) x gfokku(home Science) m ferk m ferk(entrepreneurship) xf.kr (Mathematics) xf.kr(mathematics) HkSfrdh HkSfrdh(Physics) jlk;ufokku jlk;ufokku(chemistry) thofokku thofokku(biology) bfrgkl bfrgkl(history) lekt kl=k lekt kl=k(sociology) euksfokku euksfokku(psychology) English lalñr Note : Due care and diligence has been taken while editing and printing the book, neither the author nor the publisher of the book hold any responsibility for any mistake that may have inadvertantly crept in.,l ch ih Mh ifcyds 'kul] 3/20B, vkxjk&efkqjkckbzikljksm]fudvrqylhflusek]vkxjkµ nwjhk"k%(0562) , , , eksckby% , QSDl% (0562) ; sbpd.publications@gmail.com; website : SBPD PUBLICATIONS COPYRIGHT QSDl%(0562) ; sbpd.publications@gmail.com; website :

5 XII i=%,d le;%3?k.vs oqgyvad%100 bloxz esa ^fnxarhkx&2*ukedhiqlrdgksxhftlesa 13 x ikb]13 i ikb,oa 3 ikbizfriwfrz osggksaxsa x [kam% 1. ckyœ".khkv~vµckrphr(yfyrfuca/k) 2. paê/kj'kekz xqysjhµmlus dgkfk(dgkuh) 3. t;izdk'kukjk;.kµleiw.kz ÿkafr(hk"k.k) 4. txnh'kpaêekfkqjµvks lnkuhjk(;k=k&lalej.k) 5. Hkxrflagµ,dys[kvkSj,di= 6. jke/kjhflag^fnudj*µv/kzukjh'oj(fuca/k) 7. lfppnkuanokrl;k;u^vks;*µjkst(dgkuh) 8. ukeojflagµ^izxhr*vksjlekt(vkykspukredfuca/k) 9. eksgujkosg'kµflikghdhek (,dk dh) 10. ey;tµg lrs gq,esjkvosgykiu(mk;jh) 11. vkseizdk'kokyehfdµtwbu(nfyrvkredfk)12. mn;izdk'kµfrfjn(dgkuh) 13. ts-œ".kewfÿkzµf'k{k(f'k{k'kl=) dko;[kam% 1. tk;lhµdm+cd 2. lwjnklµin 3. rqylhnklµin 4. ukhknklµnii; 5. Hkw"k.kµdfoŸk 6. t;'kadjizlknµrqeqydksykgydygesa 7. lqhkêkoqgekjhpksgkuµiq=fo;ksx 8. 'ke'ksjcgknqjflagµm"k 9. xtkuek/koeqfdcks/kµtu&tudkpsgjk,d10. j?kqohjlgk;µvf/kuk;d 11. fouksnoqgekj'kqdyµi;kjs uugsa csvs dks 12. v'ksdoktis;hµgkj&thr 13. KkusUÊifrµxk odk?kj izfriwfrz %rhufo'odgkfu;k 1. xkb&fm&eksiklk µjllhdkvqdm+k( k lhlh) 2. varksups[koµ,ddyozgdheksr(:lh) 3. gsujhyksistµis'kxh(v hdh) bloxz esa ^O;kdj.k]jpukvkSjlkfgR;:i*dh,diqLrdgSAbliqLrdks Nk=oxZ XI esa ghns[kpqosggksaxsaysfdu oxz XII osgfy,o;kdj.kosgfcunq fueuizdkjosggksaxsµlaf/kvksjmlosghksn]leklvksjmuosgizdkj]inca/k]okp;vksjmuosg Hksn]okD;izdkj]ikfjHkf"kd,oa rduhdh'kcn]la{ksi.k]eqgkojs vksjyksdksf ;k ]okd;&la'ks/ku]milxz,oa izr;(blosg vfrfj lalœr]qkjlhvkfnfons'khhk"kvksa osgfgunhesa izpfyrizr;,oa milxks± dkvh;klhkhvko';dgs)ablosg vfrfj fuca/k]okrkz]fvii.kh]i=(vusd:i)vkfnosgys[kuls tqm+s vh;klokafnrgsaalkfgr;:iokys [kamesa vk/kqfud dforkdks le>us osgfy,vko';difjhkf"kdtkudkjhnhx;hgsafcec]izrhd]:id]iagrklh]dyiukvksj;fkfkz]ewrzu,oa vewrzuvkfnfo"k;dvo/kj.k, lqxe:ils le>kbz x;hgsaa bloxz esa HkhiwjdikB~;&iqLrdosG:iesa ^fgunhhk"kvksjlkfgr;dhdfk*gsabliqlrdks Nk=oxZ XI esa ns[k pqosggksaxs]fdurq Nk=oxZ XII esa bliqlrdosgmlva'kdks i<+saxs ftlesa 19oha 'krhls vcrdosgfgunhhk"kvksjlkfgr;osg fodklÿedhfujarjrkdkleqfprcks/kdjk;kx;kgsalkfkghvk/kqfud;qxesa lkfgr;esa fofo/kfo/kvksa osgmn;vksj fodkldhizkekf.kd>ydfeysxha SBPD PUBLICATIONS COPYRIGHT

6 v/;k; x [kam ì"b&la[;k 1. ckrphr ckyœ".khkv~v mlus dgkfk puê/kj'kekz xqysjh laiw.kz ÿkafr t;izdk'kukjk;.k v/kzukjh'oj jke/kjhflag^fnudj* jkst lfppnkuanghjkuanokrl;k;uvks; ,dys[kvkSj,di= Hkxrflag vks lnkuhjk txnh'kpuêekfkqj flikghdhek eksgujkosg'k izxhrvksjlekt ukeojflag twbu vkseizdk'kokyehfd g lrs gq,esjkvosgykiu ey;t frfjn mn;izdk'k f'k{k ts-œ".kewfrz dko;[kam 1. dm+cd efydeqgeentk;lh in lwjnkl in rqylhnkl NIi; ukhknkl dfoÿk Hkw"k.k rqeqydksykgydygesa t;'kadjizlkn SBPD PUBLICATIONS COPYRIGHT 7. iq=&fo;ksx lqhkêkoqgekjhpksgku m"k 'ke'ksjcgknqjflag

7 v/;k; 9. tu&tudkpsgjk,d xtkuek/koeqf cks/k vf/kuk;d j?kqohjlgk; I;kjs uugsa csvs dks fouksnoqgekj'kqdy gkj&thr v'ksdoktis;h xk odk?kj KkusUÊifr izfriwfr Z 1. jllhdkvqdm+k xkb&fmeksiklk DyoZGdhekSr varksups[ko is'kxh gsujhyksist lkfgr;osg:i Hk"k%ifjp; o.kz&fopkj%lfu/k 'kcnlajpuk%milxz&izr; iq#"kokp; lekl okd;fopkj jpukifjp; la{ksi.k i=ys[ku fucu/kys[ku ijh{ksi;ksxhifjf'k"v O;kdj.k ijh{kiz'u&i= (ii) ì"b&la[;k (i) SBPD PUBLICATIONS COPYRIGHT

9 F:\Hari\2014\ Hindi-XII Bihar Scorer\Gadh Khand\4 Hindi Ch-1.p65\Final\ \HK ckrphr x [k.m fnxar Hkkx&2 1 ckrphr (ckyœ".k HkÍ) ys[kd ifjp; fgunh x osg fodkl esa ckyï".k Hkê dk L kku egroiw.kz gsa HkkjrsUnq ;qxhu x ys[kdksa esa budk L kku HkkjrsUnq osg ckn gh vkrk gsa vkt dk fgunh lkfgr; mudk ½.kh gsa fucu/kdkj osg :i esa] i=dkj osg :i esa mudh lsok, lnk Lej.kh; jgsaxha lk k gh mugsa O;kogkfjd vkykspuk dk izoùkzd Hkh ekuk tkrk gsa thou ifjp;µfgunh osg izfrf"br fucu/kdkj ckyï".k Hkê th dk tue 23 twu] 1844 bz- esa bykgkckn] mùkj izns'k esa gqvk kka firk csuh izlkn Hkê r kk ekrk dk uke ikozrh nsoh kka Hkê th dh iruh dk uke jek nsoh kka buosg firk O;kikjh ksa mudh ekrk,d lqlalïr efgyk kha ftudk lcls cm+k ;ksxnku ;g kk fd mugksaus Hkê th osg eu esa f'k{kk osg izfr yxko mriuu dj fn;ka f'k{kkµvkidh f'k{kk dk izkjehk lalïr osg v/;;u ls gqvka 1867 bz- esa iz;kx osg fe'ku Ldwy ls,uvªsal (gkbzldwy) dh ijh{kk mùkh.kz dha O;olk;µiz;kx osg fe'ku Ldwy esa gh 1869 ls 1875 rd v/;kiu dk;z fd;ka lu~ 1885 esa iz;kx osg lh-,- oh- Ldwy esa lalïr v/;kid osg :i esa dk;z fd;ka 1888 bz- esa gh iz;kx dh dk;l k ikb'kkyk b.vj dkwyst esa v/;kid cus] ij LoHkko dh mxzrk us mugsa ogk ugha jgus fn;k vksj og L kku mugsa NksM+uk im+ka fqj lkfgr; lsok esa tqv x;sa firk dh e`r;q osg mijkur?kj esa dyg dk okrkoj.k QSy x;ka mugksaus {kqc/k gksdj x`g R;kx fn;k vksj vk kd ladv ls tw>rs gq, fgunh dh lsok esa yxs jgsa lkfgr; lk/kukµhkkjrsunq th dh izsj.kk ls fgunh o ¼uh lhkk] iz;kx dh vksj ls 1877 esa ^fgunh iznhi* uked ekfld i= fudkyuk izkjehk fd;k ftldk lapkyu 33 o"kks± rd gksrk jgka lk k gh blesa os fu;fer :i ls lkekftd] lkfgfr;d] jktuhfrd r kk usfrd fo"k;ksa ij ys[k fy[krs jgsa 1881 esa osnksa dh ;qfdriw.kz leh{kk dha 1886 esa ykyk Jhfuokl nkl dh ^la;ksfxrk Lo;aoj* dh izhkkoh vkykspuk Hkh izdk'k esa vk;ha thou osg vfure le; esa ^fgunh 'kcndks"k* osg laiknu osg fy;s ';ke lqunj nkl }kjk dk'kh cqyk fy;s x;sa ij ogk dh lkjh ckrsa mugsa jkl ugha vkb± vr% ogk ls pys vk;sa vkidh jpukvksa dh lwph i;kzir yech gsµ (1) fucu/kµvkiosg fucu/kksa dh la[;k 1000 crk;h tkrh gs ftuesa ls 100 osg Åij fucu/k mrï"v dksfv osg gsaa (2) miu;klµvkiosg izfrf"br miu;kl gsaµjgl; d kk] uwru czãpkjh] lks vtku,d lqtku] xqirosjh] jlkry ;k=k] mfpr nf{k.kk] gekjh?km+h] ln~hkko dk vhkkoa (3) ukvdµin~ekorh] fdjkrktqzuh;] o`guuyk] f'k'kqiky o/k] uy ne;arh ;k ne;arh Lo;aoj] f'k{kknku] puælsu] lhrk ouokl] ifrr iape] es?kukn o/k] dêj lwe dh,d udy ] os.kh lagkj] baxysams'ojh vksj Hkkjr tuuh] Hkkjro"kZ vksj dfy] nks nwjns'kh],d jksxh vksj,d os ] jsy dk fodv [ksy] cky fookg vkfna (4) izgluµtslk dke oslk ifj.kke] ubz jks'kuh dk fo"k] vkpkj fomacu vkfna fgunh lkfgr; esa egroµhkê th vk/kqfud fgunh x osg vkfn fuekzrkvksa vksj muuk;dksa esa ls,d gsaa os HkkjrsUnq e.my osg pedrs flrkjs ksa vki fgunh osg izkjfehkd i=dkj vksj vkykspd ekus tkrs gsaa mugksaus fgunh lkfgr; dh viuh izfrhkk osg vk/kkj ij [kwc lsok dh gsa

10 ,l ch ih Mh ifcyosg'kul fgunh (XII) Ldksjj os fgunh osg iz ke fucu/kdkj Hkh ekus tkrs gsaa muosg fucu/k vkreijd gh ugha O;fDr iz/kku Hkh gsa] ftuesa dykred 'ksyh dk iz;ksx gqvk gsa muosg fucu/k mnwz iz/kku gsaa muosg lkfgfr;d fucu/kksa esa tgk Hkkouk dk ykfyr; foykl gs ogha jktuhfrd fucuèkksa esa,d vkøks'k Hkh gsa lkekftd fucu/kksa esa Hkê th us lekt esa O;kIr cqjkb;ksa ij izgkj fd;k gs] os lekt dks,d vkn'kz :i nsuk pkgrs ksa Hkk"kk&'kSyhµHkê th,d izcq¼ fucu/kdkj ksa mudh Hkk"kk tfvy] O;kogkfjd] ifj"ïr,oa ifjek tr kha mudh Hkk"kk Hkkokuqlkj kh] ljy gksrs gq, Hkh xehkhj Hkkoksa dh vfhko;atuk esa iw.kz le kz kha 'ksyh cm+h izhkkoh kha o.kzukred] HkkokRed] O;aX;kRed vksj foospukred 'ksyh dk iz;ksx djosg Hkê th us viuh Hkk"kk&'kSyh dks,d u;k :i fn;k gsa ikb dk lkjka'k izlrqr fucu/k esa Hkê th us ijekrek }kjk iznùk oko~g'kfdr dk lgh iz;ksx djus dh izsj.kk nh gsa ;g oko~g'kfdr ekuo osg ikl gh gsa ;fn ;g ekuo osg ikl u gksrh rks irk ugha l`f"v dk lapkyu fdl izdkj gksrka l`f"v xw xh gksrh] lc yksx yqat iqat vol kk esa tgk &rgk csbk fn;s x;s gksrsa Hkê th us ckrphr osg dbz rjhosg Hkh crk;s gsaa?kjsyw ckrphr eu jekus dk <ax gs muosg vuqlkj O;fDr dks Hkkstu] ty vkfn dh vko';drk gs] mlh izdkj ckrphr Hkh vko';d gsa vurj esa tks Hkh Hkko tek jgrk gs] og ckrphr osg ek/;e ls lkq gks tkrk gs] Hkki cudj mm+ tkrk gs] nwljs fpùk gydk gks tkrk gs] vkuun esa exu Hkh gks tkrk gsa ckrphr dk Hkh,d [kkl izdkj dk vkuun gksrk gsa ckrphr dk,d [kkl rjg dk etk Hkh gksrk gs tks O;fDr cksyrk ugha gs mlosg xq.k izdk'k esa Hkh ugha vkrsa csu tkwulu dh eku;rk gs fd cksyus ls gh euq"; osg :i dk lk{kkrdkj gksrk gsa ;wjksi osg yksxksa esa ckrphr dk gquj gs ftldks vkvz vkwq duojls'ku dgk tkrk gsa bl izlax esa,slh prqjkbz ls izlax NksM+ s tkrs gsa ftuls vr;ur vkuun izkir gksrk gsa fgunh esa bldk uke lqân; xks"bh gsa ckrphr dk mùke rjhdk ;gh gs fd og,d izdkj dh 'kfdr isnk djsa O;fDr vius vki ckr dj fy;k djsa ckrphr esa v kziw.kz okd;ksa dk gh egro gsa vh;kl ikb osg lk k iz'u 1. vxj geesa oko~g'kfdr u gksrh] rks D;k gksrk\ (B.S.E.B., 2011, 12) mùkjµoko~g'kfdr osg vhkko esa ekuo xw xk gksrk] og ewd cf/kj gksrka ekuo dh bz'oj }kjk iznùk lokszùke 'kfdr oko~g'kfdr gh gs ftlosg dkj.k og ckrphr dj ldrk gsa og viuh ckr dks vfhko;dr djrk gsa mldh vfhko;fdr gh oko~g'kfdr dgykrh gs ftldk iz;ksx og Hkk"kk osg ek/;e ls djrk gsa ekuo lekt esa jgrk gs] mldk yksxksa ls ijlij lecu/k Hkh gksrk gs] ;g ckrphr osg }kjk gh lapkfyr gksrk gsa ;g ijekrek }kjk iznùk,d vueksy fof/k gs mldks euq"; us gh,d igpku Hkh nh gsa ;fn blesa ;g oko~g'kfdr u gksrh rks mldk :i i'kq osg leku gh gksrka og viuh Hkkoukvksa] fopkjksa dks vfhko;dr djus esa loz kk vle kz jgrka iz'u 2. ckrphr osg lecu/k esa csu tkwulu vksj,mhlu osg D;k fopkj gsa\ mùkjµckrphr osg lecu/k esa tkwulu dk er gsµcksyus ls gh euq"; osg :i dk lk{kkrdkj gksrk gsa ;g fopkj oklro esa mfpr gh gsa,mhlu ekurk gsµvlyh ckrphr ek= nks O;fDr;ksa esa gks ldrh gsa bldk rkri;z ;g gs fd tc nks O;fDRk gksaxs rhkh os vius vur%dj.k dk inkz,d&nwljs osg lkeus gvk ldrs gsaa tc rhu gq, rc rks ckr dkslksa nwj gks x;ha ;g eku;rk mfpr gh gs fd Ng dkuksa esa im+h ckr [kqy tkrh gsa lk k gh ckrphr osg e/; ;fn rhljk vk tk;s rks os nksuksa viuh ckrphr cun dj nsaxs v kok vkxs fuiv ew[kz vksj vkkuh le> cukus yxsaxsa ;g Hkh oskkfud fu;e gs fd ;fn nw/k vksj B.Ms ikuh osg nks crzu lkeus j[k fn;s tk;sa rks nksuksa gh izhkkfor gks mbsaxsµnw/k B.Mk gks ldrk gs vksj ikuh xjea ;gh fl kfr vkneh dh gs] vxj nks O;fDr ikl&ikl csbs gksa rks,d dk vlj nwljs ij im+ tkrk gs] Hkys gh,d&nwljs dks ns[ksa Hkh ughaaa fcu cksys gh,d osg 'kjhj dh fo qr nwljs esa izos'k djus yxrh gsa tc ikl csbus ls bruk vlj gksrk gs rc ckrphr esa fdruk vlj gksrk gksxka iz'u 3. ^vkvz vkwq duojls'ku* D;k gs\ mùkjµ;g,d dyk gs ftldk izpyu ;wjksi esa vis{kkïr vf/kd gsa nwljh iw.kz 'kkshkk dko;dyk izoh.k fo}ku e.myh esa gh gsa,sls prqjkbz osg izlax NsM+ s tkrs gsa] ftugsa lqudj nksuksa dks vr;ur lq[k izkir gksrk gsa blh dks lqân; xks"bh Hkh dgk tkrk gsa bl xks"bh esa ckrphr dk,d rjhdk gs] ckrphr djus dh fy;kdr v kok if.mrkbz dk vfhkeku ;k div dhkh,d ckr

Class XIIth 30% OFF Publisher : Sbpd Publications ISBN : 9789351679554 Author : Dr.

11 Class XIIth 30% OFF Publisher : Sbpd Publications ISBN : Author : Dr. Triloki Nath Srivastava Type the URL : Get this ebook

CENTRAL COUNCIL OF INDIAN MEDICINE NEW DELHI

CENTRAL COUNCIL OF INDIAN MEDICINE NEW DELHI 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 136y 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.