Composition of Solid Waste in Al Jabal Al Akhdar, a Mountain Region Undergoing Rapid Urbanization in Northern Oman

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1 SQU Journl for Siene, 2017, 22(1), Sultn Qoos University DOI: Composition of Solid Wste in Al Jl Al Akhdr, Mountin Region Undergoing Rpid Urniztion in Northern Omn Adullh I. Al-Mhrouqi nd Reginld Vitor* Deprtment of Biology, College of Siene, Sultn Qoos University, P.O. Box: 36, PC 123, Al- Khoud, Must, Sultnte of Omn. *Emil: ABSTRACT: There is lk of dt on the genertion nd omposition of wste in rurl res worldwide. The present study nlyzed the omposition of solid wste in Al Jl Al Akhdr, rurl mountin region in the Sultnte of Omn, whih is presently experiening rpid rte of urniztion due to tourism development. The solid wstes here re generted y the muniiplity olleting wste from residentil, ommeril, institutionl nd reretionl res, the militry from trining mp nd few non-governmentl privte ompnies from their mps nd hotels. The whole lod from eh of the three soures ws mnully segregted eh month from June 2013 My The results indited tht plsti is the dominnt tegory in the wstes olleted y the muniiplity nd ounts for 26.7%, followed y pper (17.9%) nd then food (14.4%). Food is the dominnt tegory in the wstes olleted y the militry nd privte ompnies nd ounts for 36.5% nd 45.5% respetively. Mngement issues ssoited with solid wste re riefly onsidered. The study onluded tht the muniiplity should implement n improved system for the olletion of plsti wste nd initite system for reyling it; the militry nd privte ompnies should redue the quntities of food wste y improved plnning nd mngement of the tering servies. Keywords: Solid wste; Rurl res; Al Jl Al Akhdr; Omn; Sttistil nlysis; Composition. مكونات النفايات الصلبة في منطقة الجبل االخضر الجبلية في شمال عمان التي تتطور بسرعة نحو التحضر عبدهللا المحروقي وريجنالد فيكتور الملخص: غالبا ما يكون هناك نقص في البيانات الخاصة بكمية النفايات المتولدة ومكوناتها في المناطق الريفية. في هذه الورقة تم تحليل مكونات النفايات الصلبة في نيابة الجبل األخضر وهي منطقة جبلية ريفية في شمال سلطنة عمان. تشهد في الوقت الحاضرنموا سريعا بسبب التنمية السياحية. يتم جمع النفايات عن طريق ثالث جهات رئيسية وهي البلدية التي تجمع النفايات من المناطق السكنية والتجارية واألماكن العامة والترفيهية. أما بالنسبة لمعسكر التدريب القتالي التابع للجيش السلطاني العماني فيتم جمع النفايات بواسطة شاحنة مخصصة من قبلهم. أما مخيمات الشركات الخاصة والفنادق فتقوم بجمع ونقل النفايات إلى مردم البلدية بواسطة سيارات مستأجرة. تم فرز النفايات الواردة من المصادر الثالثة المشار إليها بطريقة يدوية شهريا ولمدة سنة كاملة من شهر يونيو 2013 إلى مايو بينت نتائج الدراسة أن النفايات البالستيكية هي أكثر النفايات التي تم جمعها من قبل البلدية وتمثل 26.7 يليها النفايات الورقية 17.9 ثم مخلفات األطعمة بنسبة في حين تمثل نفايات الطعام الفئة األبرز في النفايات التي تم جمعها من قبل معسكر التدريب القتالي والشركات الخاصة والتي تمثل 36.5 و 45.5 على التوالي. كما تم التطرق إلى إدارة النفايات الصلبة في الجبل األخضر بصفة مختصرة. بينت النتائج أن على البلدية أن تتبع نظام جديد متطور لجمع النفايات البالستيكية وتدويرها. أما بالنسبة للشركات الخاصة ومعسكر التدريب القتالي فعليهم اتباع إدارة متطورة في التخلص من مخلفات األطعمة. 1. Introdution T الكلمات المفتاحية: النفايات الصلبة المناطق الريفية الجبل األخضر عمان التحليل اإلحصائي و المكونات. he mount of solid wste generted throughout the world is inresing drmtilly nd ontinues to e mjor prolem in most of the developing ountries ffeting the environment, humn nd other orgnisms [1]. Wste omposition differs from one ple to nother even in the sme ountry or sme distrit or su-distrit [2]. It is influened y mny ftors suh s the inome of the people, eonomi development, eting hits nd onsumption ptterns [3]. Al Jl Al Akhdr of the western Hjr Mountins is rpidly developing s populr tourist destintion in Omn. This re hd restrited ess until out two dedes go nd ws populted y remote rurl ommunities. In 1993, the numer of households in the re ws 547 nd the popultion ws out 5227 people. Al Jl Al Akhdr 1

2 ABDULLAH I. AL-MAHROUQI nd REGINALD VICTOR rnh of the Nizw Muniiplity ws responsile for the solid wste mngement nd even donkeys were used to trnsport solid wste from remote res. The infrstruture ville for mnging solid wste t tht time ws onsidered dequte. From 1995, the re opened up for urn development nd the promotion of tourism. By 2010, the numer of households hd inresed to 803 with 8000 people. The projeted estimte for 2016 t the sme onservtive rte of inrese is over 1000 households nd out people exluding the trnsient popultion of militry personnel nd tourists. The ssoited inrese in the solid wste, s evidened y oservtion, hs not een sujeted to ny sientifi study. Open dumps re the most ommon wste disposl systems in Omn. These dumps, prtiulrly if unontrolled, re ssoited with humn nd environmentl hzrds due to foul odor, loss of menity vlue, toxi lehte nd ontmintion of drinking wter soures [4]. Lehte is liquid ssoited minly with open dumps nd it is produed when rinwter peroltes through wste dumped in disposl site [5]. Soures suh s eletroni goods, eletroplting wste, pint wste, used tteries, ermis, newsppers, motor oils, plstis, et., when dumped with muniipl solid wste inrese the hevy metl onentrtions in dumpsites [6]. Al Jl Al Akhdr hs one smll open dump tht reeives ll solid wste exept the onstrution nd demolition wste. To our knowledge there is no study on the qulittive nd quntittive omposition of the wste generted in this re. For the effiient mngement of solid wste inluding strtegies for reyling nd disposl, this informtion is needed [3], nd therefore this study investigtes the omposition of solid wste s the first step towrd integrted solid wste mngement. 2. Study Are The study re, Al Jl Al Akhdr (Figures 1 nd ) whih is the lrgest struturl domin in the western Hjr mountin rnge, is loted in Al Dkhlih Governorte of the Sultnte of Omn etween ltitudes nd N nd longitudes nd E. It is 150 km southwest of Must nd hs totl lnd re of 26 sq. km. It is round m ove se level (msl). Figure 1. The lotion of the Al Jl Al Akhdr region in Omn. (Soure: Omn Environmentl Servies Holding Compny; Be'h). 2

3 COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE The geology of Al Jl Al Akhdr is unique nd ll rok groups found in the Omn Mountins re represented. The detiled geology of these mountins is given y Glennie [7] nd Hnn [8]. The dump site is loted on the Trissi Mhil formtion of round 600 m in thikness. The formtion is omposed minly of thik lterntions of pinkish nd yellowish dolomite roks hrterized y high permeility. Beds in the re re steeply dipping estwrd towrd the Izki re [8]. Al Jl Al Akhdr (Figure 1) is modertely ool in summer (20-25 C) nd very old in winter (< 0-10 C). When the verge summer temperture in Nizw (500 msl) is 49 C, in Siq, the min villge on the plteu ( msl) temperture verges round 25 C [9]. The nnul rinfll ours normlly etween June nd August in summer nd etween Deemer nd Jnury in winter lthough this vries from one ple to nother. The nnul preipittion rnged from mm for the period of [9]. Figure 1. Min villges in Al Jl Al Akhdr (Soure: Omn Environmentl Servies Holding Compny; Be'h). Al Jl Al Akhdr supports 48 smll villges (Figure 1). Agriulturl frming inlusive of rising livestok is the most importnt tivity of the lol residents, nd employ out one qurter of the popultion. Pomegrnte, priot, fig, grpe, wlnut, pple, plum, per nd peh re the most ultivted rops. Mny niml fodders suh s orn, ots nd lflf re lso ultivted. Most fmilies rise livestok in privte fens tthed to their homes, prtiulrly gots nd sheep for food, the sle of wool nd to provide fel mtter s soure of fertilizer for the rop prodution. Some villges produe rosewter in lte spring of eh yer when the Dmsus Rose (Ros dmsen) is in loom. Beuse of the intensive urn development in reent times, there hs een stedy inrese in the numer of residents in ertin prts of the Jl. Mny itizens who were originlly from Al Jl Al Akhdr ut hd eome residents in the lower plins re returning to e prt of this urn development. Tourists nd lols visit Al Jl Al Akhdr to experiene the ool wether, to mp, for lndspe photogrphy nd to visit frming res nd trditionl villges. The numer of hotels hs inresed from one in 2006 to four in 2014, nd nother lrge hotel whih elongs to the Ministry of Defense is still under onstrution. In ddition, there re other prtments nd rest-houses nd some orgniztions suh s the muniiplity hve their own ommodtion for their stff. The numer of tourists hs inresed from 85,000 in 2006 to 134,000 in 2013[10]. The mjority of the inhitnts re onentrted in Sih Ktnh representing 26% of the popultion, nd the rest re distriuted in other villges. The popultion growth rte of Al Jl Al Akhdr is 3.5% per yer [11]. The only open dumpsite in Al Jl Al Akhdr hs n re of 6223 m 2. It is under the ownership of Nizw Muniiplity. The method used to dispose of the wste is urning in order to redue the volume euse the re is smll. The sh, with other unurnt wste, is trnsferred one nnully to nother site t distne of 500 m. Different wstes re not sorted, nd t times, speil wstes (linil, industril, nd eletroni) re lso deposited in the muniipl dump. The dumpsite is loted on dry river ed from where wste n e wshed wy during rins nd flsh floods. The dump hs no engineered mesures for wste proessing. It is not fened off properly nd hs no lehte mngement or plns for lndfill gs mngement or liners. Similrly, there re no opertionl mesures, suh s registrtion of users, ontrol of the numer of lods, or omption of wste. 3

4 ABDULLAH I. AL-MAHROUQI nd REGINALD VICTOR 3. Mterils nd Methods There re three different stkeholders for rrying solid wste to the dumpsite. The min olletor is Nizw Muniiplity (Al Jl Al Akhdr Brnh) whih ollets the wste from residentil, ommeril, institutionl nd reretionl res. They use either mini truks (2-3 m 3 ) or tippers (18 m 3 ). The militry ring their wste y their own omptor truk (9 m 3 ). Normlly they ring only one lod dily exept when they hve speil osions. The third lss of olletor is non-governmentl ompnies, whih ollet the wste from other privte orgniztion s mps nd hotels. They use mini-truks or pikups (2-3 m 3 ). These three soures of wste were kept seprte for ssessing the omposition. The smpling progrm ws rried out for one yer t monthly intervls from June 2013 to My Klee [12] reommended tht the solid wste smple should not e smll, not less thn 91 kg in order to void the high vrine of the wste omposition. Therefore, the whole lods of three different truks, one from eh soure were sorted. The minimum weight for lods sorted from the muniiplity ws 215 kg in June 2013 nd the mximum weight ws kg in August The minimum weight for lods sorted from the militry ws 312 kg in June 2013 nd the mximum weight ws 779 kg in April The minimum weight for lods sorted from privte ompnies ws 213 kg in Ferury 2014 nd the mximum weight ws 1028 kg in July Eh lod ws spred flt on plsti sheet on the ground nd ws sorted mnully y 10 lorers into 10 different omponents: pper/pperords, plstis, food, textiles, lether/ ruer, metls, glss, wood, yrd trimming nd other (inludes eletril/ eletroni pprtus, nppies/snitry produts, pint wste, used tteries, ermis, ded nimls, used tires nd other inert mterils). Stndrd personl sfety proedures suh s gloves, msks, prons nd sfety oots were used during the segregtion proess. Eh omponent ws weighed using lne with 1000 kg sle nd the weights were reorded. The perentge omposition of eh omponent ws lulted. All perentges were rsin trnsformed efore nlysis nd norml distriution ssumption ws verified. The whiskers on r grphs represent stndrd error (SE). After onsidering vrious models of ANOVA, the Anlysis of Vrine (ANOVA) ompletely rndomized design ws seleted s the est to fit the experimentl design used in this study. If there were signifint differenes mong soures nd omponents, the Tukey test ws used s post-ho omprison to detet the lotion of signifint differenes. Comprisons of solid wste omposition with those of previous studies, where possile, were performed using one smple t-tests with non-zero µ. All nlyses were performed using EXCEL nd PAST running on Windows pltform. 4. Results nd Disussion All solid wste olleted in Al Jl Al Akhdr, exept for the onstrution nd demolition wste, is sent to the muniipl dumpsite; the ltter is used s lndfill for nturl depressions nd is not inluded in this study. The solid wstes reeived y the dumpsite were nlyzed under three seprte wste strems; muniipl, militry nd from privte ompnies. The omposition of the wste in eh strem needs to e known to determine possile improvements tht n e reommended speifilly to the stkeholder who is responsile for tht wste strem (e.g. the militry). While some studies use tegories suh s reylles, orgnis et., to lssify wste [13, 14], ten si, desriptive tegories were used here. This simple lssifition is esily understood y ll stkeholders from uneduted ly people to those with dvned tehnil knowledge. Assessing the perentge of reylles or orgni mteril for exmple, ould e esily determined from these tegories. From muniiplity reords nd personl oservtion of the lods of wste eing delivered to the dumpsite, it is estimted tht out 2560 tons re eing generted nnully in Al Jl Al Akhdr. The estimted quntity of wste generted ws lulted for eh soure from the numer of truks entering the dumpsite nd the weight of the smpled lods. The estimted nnul ontriution of wste olleted y the muniiplity ws round 76.8% nd the remining wste ws from the militry (7.4%) nd privte ompnies (15.8%). Tle 1 shows the omposition of solid wste from the three soures in Al Jl Al Akhdr for the period June 2013 My 2014; the totl weights of the 12 smples tken within eh tegory re given. The three min tegories of wste reeived from the muniiplity were plsti (26.7%), food (14.4%) nd pper (17.9%) whih represent 60% of the totl wste. The ANOVA showed tht there were signifint differenes (Figure 2) mong the men perentges of the 10 tegories (F 0.05, 9,110 = 1.97; p<0.05). Post-ho omprisons using the Tukey test showed tht food nd pper were not signifintly different from eh other (p>0.05), while plsti ws signifintly higher thn ll other tegories (p<0.05). These three min tegories were signifintly different from the other seven tegories (p<0.05). The seven minor tegories (5-7% of the omposition) were not signifintly different from eh other (p>0.05). 4

5 Men Perentges COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE Tle 1. Totl smple weights y tegory from the three soures for the period from June 2013 to My The vlues in the prentheses re perentges. Totl Weight of All Smples (kg) Muniiplity Militry Privte Compnies Pper 320 (17.87) 257 (14.97) 217 (14.09) Food 258 (14.41) 627 (36.48) 701 (45.45) Plsti 478 (26.69) 229 (30.35) 236 (15.31) Metl 104 (5.81) 139 (8.06) 110 (7.71) Glss 117 (6.53) 75 (4.38) 106 (6.87) Textiles 116 (6.48) 47 (2.72) 27 (1.66) Wood 94 (5.25) 103 (5.99) 62 (4.04) Yrd Trimming 87 (4.86) 124 (7.26) 0 (0) Ruer & Lether 90 (5.03) 62 (3.59) 40 (2.59) Others 127 (7.09) 55 (3.20) 44 (2.83) Totl 1,791 (100) 1,718 (100) 1,543.5 (100) All the tegories of muniipl solid wste were generted primrily y households, s is similr to muniipl wste generted elsewhere [15,16]. The men perentge of food wste (14.4%) ws signifintly higher (p<0.04) ompred to the urn smples tken y the opertor of Al Multq Lndfill, Must in 2012 nd 2013 (9.8%) [17]. The tul food wste in Al Jl Al Akhdr is likely to e higher thn the 14.4% reported in this study. This my e due to the ft tht lol residents feed their food wstes to domesti nimls nd disrd only the surplus. In ddition, ts, dogs nd ferl donkeys svenge for food from the olletion ins nd only the remining food wste is tken to the dumpsite Pper Food Plsti Metl Glss Textiles Wood Yrd Ruer & Lether Others Figure 2. Perentges of different tegories of muniipl wste generted. The rs leled with the sme letters re not signifintly different from eh other (Tukey test, p > 0.05). A reent study in Must, Omn showed tht food represented 28.2% of the muniipl wste [18]. For ity generting 750 tons of muniipl wste per dy, this seems to e n overestimte. The smple size used y these investigtors ws very smll (5 kg of rndom smple of 20 kg) in reltion to the totl mount of wste dumped. Ad- Alqder nd Hmed [19] stted tht in order to study the omposition, the minimum weight of the solid wste smples should not e less thn 91 kg. Smll smple sizes re likely to provide inurte results. Other reserhers indited tht the smples of solid wste should rnge etween kg [20]. Aording to nother study onduted in different distrits of Must Governorte, Omn in 1998 [21], the food wstes ounted for 38.8% sed on totl of 10 smples of kg tken from five dumpsites. This estimte lso my not e very urte s there were reltively low numers of smples. The men perentge of plsti wste (26.7%) ws higher thn tht (8.5% nd 17.2%) reported y El Zwhry et l. [21] nd Plnivel nd Sulimn [18] respetively in Must. However, it is not signifintly different from the perentge (24.3%) reported y the opertor of Al Multq Lndfill (p>0.05). The perentges reported for plsti y UNEP s Interntionl Environmentl Tehnology Centre [22] for Ar, Idn, Dkr, Aidjn, nd Lusk were less thn 10%. This my e due to the prevlent reuse of plsti ottles nd ontiners in Afri or to the restrited use of plsti gs [23]. The Environmentl Protetion Ageny (EPA) of the United Sttes showed tht plstis omprised 12.8% of the totl MSW genertion in 2013 [15]. The high plsti omponent in Al Jl Al Akhdr my e ttriuted 5

6 Men Perentges Men Perentges ABDULLAH I. AL-MAHROUQI nd REGINALD VICTOR to the tivity of oth lol people nd interntionl tourists who tend to leve ehind plsti pkging, espeilly plsti food ontiners, nd plsti wter nd soft drink ottles in the re. There is no restrition on the use of plsti nd plsti produts in Omn, leding to the high quntities of plsti in solid wste Pper Food Plsti Metl Glss Textiles Wood Yrd Ruer & Lether Others Figure 2. Perentges of different tegories of wste generted y Militry. The rs leled with the sme letters re not signifintly different from eh other (Tukey test, p > 0.05) Pper Food Plsti Metl Glss Textiles Wood Yrd Ruer & Lether Others Figure 2. Perentges of different tegories of wste generted y Privte Compnies. The rs leled with the sme letters re not signifintly different from eh other (Tukey test, p > 0.05). Pper nd rdord wste ontriute 17.9% of the totl wste olleted y the muniiplity in Al Jl Al Akhdr. This ws lower thn tht (28.8%) reported y Plnivel nd Sulimn [18] nd lose to the 16.3 % reorded y El Zwhry et l. [21]. The 21.4% reported y the opertor of Al Multq Lndfill ws not signifintly different from tht reported for Al Jl Al Akhdr (p>0.05). The dt from USEPA showed tht pper nd rdord ounted for 27.0% in 2013 [15]. The results of ANOVA showed tht there were no signifint differenes (p>0.05) mong the perentge ompositions of ll tegories of wste etween the militry nd the privte ompnies (Figure 3). For oth these soures, the three min tegories, plsti, food nd pper represent 65-74% of the totl wste. The mjor omponent is the food wste, omprising 37% of the militry nd 45% of the privte ompnies wste. Food wste is signifintly higher in the militry nd the privte ompnies when ompred to the muniipl wste (p<0.05). Militry nd privte ompnies ter to lrge numer of personnel nd wste lrge quntities of food. In these orgniztions, food is 6

7 Men Perentges COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE purhsed in ulk nd ny food tht is not used y the expiry dte is disposed of. The quntity of food ooked is more thn they tully onsume, resulting in lrge quntities of wste food Pper Food Plsti Metl Glss Textiles Wood Yrd trimming Ctegoties Ruer & Lether Others Muniiplity Militry Privte Compnies Figure 3. Comprison etween eh tegory oming from 3 different soures, with similr letters showing no signifint differenes (p >0.05) nd different letters inditing signifint differenes (p< 0.05). The perentge omposition of plsti nd pper ws signifintly lower (p<0.05) for the militry nd privte ompnies when ompred to the muniiplity. Both militry nd ompnies use less diversity of mterils s opposed to individul households. In households, onsumer spending ptterns nd the phenomenon of use nd throw result in the genertion of more plsti nd pper whih re the min onstituents of pkging mterils. Pper nd rdord wstes re mostly generted y the ommeril estlishments in the re nd re olleted y the muniiplity. In ontrst, the genertion of pper nd rdord wstes disrded y the militry nd the privte ompnies re reltively less. There were two other tegories of wste where the muniiplity ws signifintly different (p<0.05) from the militry nd privte ompnies. Textile wstes were higher in the muniiplity. Both militry nd ommeril tivities generlly do not dispose of lothing nd edding mterils wheres in households, the opposite is the norm. The militry nd privte ompnies use these mterils for long period, nd when disrded, they re usully tken y people with low inome nd eventully end up in the muniiplity wste. The tegory designted s Others ws higher in the muniiplity wste, nd it ontined snitry npkins nd niml rsses. This is lso refletion of the diversity of onsumles used y fmilies s opposed to personnel living in mps. Other items in this tegory re used tires nd oil filters. Even the militry nd privte ompnies hnge their old tires nd oil t workshops outside their own mps; these lso end up in the muniiplity wste. Al Jl Al Akhdr is rurl re in the Sultnte of Omn where solid wste is still mnged y trditionl systems of olletion nd disposl. It is useful therefore to mke omprison etween this study nd other studies from oth developing nd developed ountries. Studies in Sn Quintin nd Viente Guerrero, northern Mexio [24], Drjeeling, Indi [4] nd Mur, Mlysi [25], representing rurl regions nd developing ountries, showed similrities to Al Jl Al Akhdr in tht food is one of the mjor tegories in the household nd muniipl wste long with pper nd plsti. In developed ountries however, pper nd pper ord re the dominnt wste, followed y food. For exmple, USEPA [15] estimted tht pper nd pperord represent 28.0% followed y food wste t 14.5%. The United Sttes (U.S) produes nd uses third of the world's pper, nd n verge U.S itizen uses more thn 300 kg of pper per yer. In the United Sttes, the use of pper is not ontrolled y legisltion s it is onsidered to e iodegrdle. 7

8 ABDULLAH I. AL-MAHROUQI nd REGINALD VICTOR 5. Conlusion The ultimte im of this study ws to produe n integrted wste mngement pln for the entire Al Jl Al Akhdr re tking into ount the ntiipted urn expnsion, tourism nd development. Dt on wste omposition nd hrteristis re essentil in order to properly pln nd design wste mngement systems. This study indites tht the muniiplity should implement system for the olletion nd reyling of plsti wste. Most mountin res with high impt tourism hve put n on the use of plsti gs in ll ommeril estlishments nd this strtegy should e onsidered seriously for Al Jl Al Akhdr. The militry nd privte ompnies should redue the quntities of food wste y improved plnning nd mngement of the tering servies. Orgni wste should e omposted for use in griulture. The dt presented in this study provide enhmrk for future studies in Al Jl Al Akhdr. 6. Aknowledgements This work ws supported y sholrship wrded y Sultn Qoos University to one of us (A.I. Al- Mhrouqi) for the dotorl reserh. We thnk Al Jl Al Akhdr Muniiplity for their support during wste segregtion nd for giving us permission to work t their dumpsite. The uthors lso thnk Mr. Peter Sinlir Reid for his help in reviewing this rtile. Referenes 1. Ogwuelek, T.C. Muniipl solid wste hrteristis nd mngement in Nigeri. Irn Journl of Environment, Helth Sienes nd Engineering, 2009, 6(3), Senior, E. Miroiology of lndfill sites. CRC Press, Bo Rton, Florid, Yusof, M., Othmn, F., Norml, H. nd Ali, N. The role of soio-eonomi nd ulturl ftors in muniipl solid wste genertion: A se study in Tmn Perling, Johor Bhru, Mlysi Journl of Tehnology, 2002, 37(F), Limu, D. Solid wste mngement in the town of Drjeeling: Environmentl onern. Interntionl Journl of Humnities nd Soil Siene Reserh, 2014, 3, Sejeje, A.J., Oketyo, O.O., Bello, I.J. nd Sejeje, T.A. Elementl nlysis of lehtes from open-dump-solid wstes in Ondo Stte, Nigeri: Implition on underground wter nd surfe wter sfety. Amerin Journl of Reserh Communition, 2014, 2(10), Hmdi, H., Jedidi, N., Ayri, F. nd Ghri, A. Vlution of muniipl solid wste ompost of Tunis (Tunisi) Agronomi spet. Proeedings of the 14th Annul Conferene of the Jpn Soiety of Wste Mngement Experts, 2003, 3, Glennie, K.W. The Geology of Omn Mountins. An outline of their origin. Sientifi Press Ltd., U.K., Hnn, S.S. Field guide to the geology of Omn volume 1, Western Hjr Mountin nd Musndm. The Historil Assoition of Omn, Sultnte of Omn, Ministry of Trnsporttion nd Communition. Annul temperture degree nd rinfll in Al Jl Al Akhdr, Generl Diretorte of Meteorology nd Air Nvigtion (DGMAN). Must, Sultnte of Omn, Ministry of Tourism. Annul report for tourism in Al Jl Al Akhdr. Must, Sultnte of Omn, Ministry of Ntionl Eonomy. Omn Generl Census of Popultion, Housing, nd Estlishments Must, Sultnte of Omn, Klee, A.J. Design & mngement for resoure reovery volume 3: quntittive deision mking. Ann Aror Siene, Ann Aror, Mih, Monney, I., Tiimu, B.M. nd Bgh, H.C. Chrteristis nd mngement of household solid wste in urn res in Ghn: the se of WA. Civil nd Environmentl Reserh, 2013, 3(9), Shrholy, M., Ahmed, K., Vishy, R.C. nd Gupt, R.D. Muniipl solid wste hrteristis nd mngement in Allhd, Indi. Wste Mngement, 2007, 27, USEPA (USA Environmentl Protetion Ageny). Muniipl solid wste in the United Sttes: Fts nd figures for Wshington, D, https: // ep.gov/wstes/nonhz/muniipl> (essed ). 16. Osei-Mensh, P., Adjottor, A.A. nd Owusu-Boteng, G. Chrteriztion of solid wste on the Atwim- Nwigy Distrit of the Ashnti region, Kumisi-Ghn. Interntionl Journl of Wste Mngement. Tehnology, 2014, 2(1), Must Muniiplity. Monthly opertion report for Al Amert (Al Multq) Solid Wste Lndfill. Must, Sultnte of Omn, Plnivel, T.M. nd Sulimn, H. Genertion nd omposition of muniipl solid wste (MSW). Asi-Pifi Chemil, Biologil nd Environmentl Engineering Proedi, 2014, 10, Ad-Alqder, A. nd Hmd, J. Muniipl solid wste determintion supporting the integrted solid wste mngement in Gz strip. Interntionl Journl of Siene nd Development, 2012, 3(2), Gidrkos. E., Hvs, G. nd Ntzmilis, P. Muniipl solid wste omposition determintion supporting the integrted solid wste mngement system in the islnd of Crete. Wste Mngement, 2006, 26,

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