Chemical Transport Model User Manual

Transcription

1 The Cetre for Australia Weather ad Climate Research A partership betwee CSIRO ad the Bureau of Meteorology Chemical Trasport Model User Maual Marti Cope ad Suhee Lee October 2009

2 [ISBN ]

3 Equiries should be addressed to: Marti Cope Copyright ad Disclaimer CSIRO To the extet permitted by law, all rights are reserved ad o part of this publicatio covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied i ay form or by ay meas except with the writte permissio of CSIRO. Importat Disclaimer CSIRO advises that the iformatio cotaied i this publicatio comprises geeral statemets based o scietific research. The reader is advised ad eeds to be aware that such iformatio may be icomplete or uable to be used i ay specific situatio. No reliace or actios must therefore be made o that iformatio without seekig prior expert professioal, scietific ad techical advice. To the extet permitted by law, CSIRO (icludig its employees ad cosultats) excludes all liability to ay perso for ay cosequeces, icludig but ot limited to all losses, damages, costs, expeses ad ay other compesatio, arisig directly or idirectly from usig this publicatio (i part or i whole) ad ay iformatio or material cotaied i it.

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5 Cotets 1. INTRODUCTION CTM STRUCTURE TAPM_GUI Eable CTM optio Pre-processor Iput Directory Sceario Name Select the CTM chemistry Skip the TAPM spi-up days Ru the CTM for a subset of TAPM met grids Selectig the CTM Master Grid Domais Selectig the CTM Ilie grid domais Emissio File Format CIT Emissio Files CTM Emissio Files Select Ilie Grid Emissio Iput Files The Number of Vertical Levels Select CTM ru time optios USER INPUT FILES The iitial ad boudary cocetratio file CIT Format Emissio files CTM Format Emissio files DISPLAY FILES TEXT FILES GENERATED BY THE CTM DISPLAY OF DATA IN NETCDF FILES REFERENCES i

6 List of Figures Figure 1 The CTM file structure as used i TAPM CTM for a two grid system...7 Figure 2 Locatio of the CTM Pollutio optio i the TAPM GUI...9 Figure 3 The CTM graphical user iterface...9 Figure 4 Eablig of the CTM simulatio optio i TAPM...10 Figure 5 Select sceario ame (i.e. base or test)...10 Figure 6 Selectio of the CTM chemical trasformatio mechaism...11 Figure 7 Select the umber of meteorological spi-up days before the CTM itegratio commeces...13 Figure 8 Selector to idicate which TAPM grid est cotais the outermost CTM grid is located Figure 9 Selectio of Master grids (left). Selectio of correspodig ilie grids (right) Figure 10 Selectio of Ilie grids...16 Figure 11 Emissio file formats...16 Figure 12 CIT Area Emissio Files...17 Figure 13 Optio for selectig emissio files for the Master grids...18 Figure 14 CTM Area Emissio Files...19 Figure 15 Optio for selectig CTM formatted emissio files for the CTM Master grids...19 Figure 16 Selectio of emissio files for the Ilie grids Figure 17 Number ad spacig of the vertical CTM levels. The umber of vertical levels output to the NetCDF data packets Figure 18 The CTM ru time optios...21 Figure 19 Example of the CTM data display system ii

7 List of Tables Table 1 Summary of the chemical mechaisms available for use with the CTM Table 2 Listig of the TAPM CTM ru time optios Table 3 Structure of the iitial cocetratio/boudary cocetratio file Table 4 Structure of a cit_grid_dx.dat file Table 5 File structure for a CIT area source emissios file Table 6 Structure of a CIT elevated poit source file Table 7 Summary of the TAPM emissio source groups treated by TAPM CTM Table 8 File structure for a CTM area source emissios file Table 9 File structure for a CTM poit source emissios file Table 10 Example of lie-segmet display file Table 11 Example of locality display file Table 12 Structure of the ctm archive.cobs file Table 13 Structure of the.csv observatioal data file

8 INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION This documet provides a overview of the steps required to set up a chemical trasport simulatio usig the TAPM CTM modellig system. The modellig system cosists of the TAPM progostic meteorological model ad a chemical trasport model (CTM) which CSIRO origially developed for use with the Australia Air Quality Forecastig System. The techical backgroud to the CTM is summarised i Cope et al. (2009) The CTM is ru olie withi the TAPM time marchig loop, ad thus has the capability of hadlig frequet updates (i.e. 300 s itervals) to the meteorological fields. This capability provides the potetial for more accurate simulatio of chemical trasport ad trasformatio uder rapidly chagig meteorological coditios such as sea breeze flows. By electig to use TAPM CTM, it is assumed that the user wishes to udertake simulatios which require complex chemical trasformatio ad, optioally, a aerosol modellig capability. Such situatios may iclude the modellig of photochemical trasformatio for scearios where subtle chages i the speciatio of volatile orgaic compouds are etailed, where secodary aerosol trasformatio eeds to be cosidered, or where other chemical trasformatio systems may be importat (i.e. the chemistry of backgroud air or the chemical cycle of a persistet pollutat such as mercury). I these situatios it is appropriate to use TAPM CTM; otherwise it is recommeded to TAPM be used. Note that ruig TAPM CTM with a complex chemical trasformatio scheme will cause typical TAPM ru times to icrease by a factor of 2 5. This is a cosequece of trasportig may more chemical species ad the eed to solve a stiff system of differetial equatios describig the chemical trasformatio rates. TAPM CTM is cofigured for both episodic ad loger term modellig (which could ivolve simulatig a period of weeks to years). Note that TAPM CTM was origially cofigured to provide a alterative to the TAPM ad CIT (Caregie-Mello, Califoria Istitute of Techology airshed model; Harley et al., 1993) modellig system which was used by some of the Australia evirometal protectio authorities. As such, the system was desiged to use the CIT format cocetratio boudary coditios ad emissio ivetory files, with oly a miimal amout of modificatio (see Sectio 4). However, the model has sice bee modified to iput a superset of the TAPM-type emissio formats (i.e. see Hurley 2008a) ad thus provides additioal flexibility i the treatmet of the emissios. Replacemet of CIT by TAPM CTM provides the ability to model multi-scale problems (usig ested grids), ad to 4

9 CTM STRUCTURE easily iter-chage the chemical mechaism. The olie cofiguratio of the CTM provides the advatage of more frequet updates of the meteorological data ad improved trasport modellig. This maual assumes that the user is already familiar with the techical backgroud ad operatio of TAPM, ad has thoroughly reviewed the steps required to set up a TAPM simulatio usig the TAPM graphical user iterface. The followig sectios describe the CTM file structure, ad the process for settig up the CTM compoet of a TAPM ru. 2. CTM STRUCTURE The file structure of the CTM compoet of TAPM CTM is show i Figure 1. I this example, a two level ested grid system is cosidered. Each of the CTM grids must have a correspodig TAPM grid of the same resolutio. For example, if the CTM grids are to have a horizotal spacig of 3 km ad 1 km respectively, TAPM must be cofigured to ru two grids of the same spacig (plus additioal grids of lower resolutio if required for modellig larger scale meteorological processes). For the 2 grid system show i Figure 1, boudary coditios for the outer CTM grid are prescribed from a user geerated iput file. Boudary coditios for the ier CTM grid are iterpolated from the outer CTM grid durig ru time. Whe used i this cofiguratio, the CTM grids are defied as Master grids. A Master grid has the same grid spacig as the correspodig TAPM grid. As will be show below, the GUI allows oe Master grid to be defied per TAPM grid. The TAPM CTM system also allows the use of Ilie grids. Oe or more Ilie grids may exist withi a give Master grid. A Ilie grid will usually be of higher resolutio (usually 1/2 to 1/3 the grid spacig of the Master grid), ad will use iterpolated TAPM meteorology. A Ilie grid is itegrated at the same time as the Master grid ad receives boudary cocetratios from the Master grid every time step. A Ilie grid is used whe the chemical trasport calculatios eed to be udertake o a smaller grid spacig tha is available from the TAPM meteorological simulatio. For example, TAPM may be used to geerate meteorological fields o grids with horizotal spacig of 9 km ad 3 km respectively. The CTM is also itegrated o 9 ad 3 km spaced Master grids. Let s assume that it is also ecessary to compute chemical-trasport o a grid of 1 km spacig. I this CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 5

10 CTM STRUCTURE case, the 1 km spaced grid would be defied as a Ilie grid to the 3 km CTM Master grid ad would use iterpolated meteorological data from the 3 km TAPM grid. Cetral to the CTM operatio is the cocept of a data packet. This is a NetCDF 1 file which cotais all of the iput ad output fields of the CTM for a 24 h period for a sigle grid. A separate NetCDF file is geerated for each grid ad for each 24 h period of the simulatio. The NetCDF file system is used because its format is idepedet of the uderlyig operatig system. I the example show i Figure 1, the two CTM grids are set up usig the TAPM GUI as discussed i the ext sectio. The GUI is also used to idetify the ames of CIT formatted emissios files, ad iitial ad boudary cocetratio files. Text based locality ad lie segmet display files are also used for plottig simple maps over the cocetratio predictios after the simulatio has bee completed. Followig the process of grid cofiguratio ad file selectio, the GUI triggers a CTM preprocessor which creates the NetCDF data packets, iterpolates ad loads i the emissio data, geerates a text-based cofiguratio file (oe per grid), ad geerates a geeric photolysis reactio file for use by the chemical trasformatio mechaism. The TAPM CTM system is the executed, with the TAPM predicted meteorological fields beig passed to TAPM CTM every 300 s, where they are iterpolated oto the CTM grid ad used to drive the trasport chemical trasformatio processes. Oce a simulatio has bee completed, CTM results may be viewed usig a GUI-drive display system (CTM-DDS). The operatio of this system is discussed i the CTM-DDS olie user maual ad is also summarised i Sectio 7. 1 NetCDF is a etwork idepedet commo data format which is widely used for storig a wide rage of scietific data ( 6

11 CTM STRUCTURE System Iput Files ctm_cofig_1.txt yymmdd_photolysis.dat (ifile/photolysis_species.txt) User Iput files TAPM METEOROLOGICAL DATA domai1;dx1(m) Data Packet (domai1) Emissios- CIT cit_grid_dx.dat aems_*.i mvems_*.i pems_*.i Emissios-TAPM.vpx;.vpv;.vdx; gse;.whe;.pse Iitial/boudary cocetratios tcbc_chemistry.i Output Text Files ctm_chem_sceario.lis1 ctm_debug.txt1 ctm_timig.txt1 domai2; dx2(m) boudary cocetratios Display files liesegmets.csv[.txt] locatios.csv[txt] Data Packet (domai2) Figure 1 The CTM file structure as used i TAPM CTM for a two grid system CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 7

12 TAPM_GUI 3. TAPM_GUI The process of settig up a TAPM CTM simulatio is similar to that used to set up a covetioal TAPM pollutio simulatio. Set up a TAPM meteorological simulatio usig the TAPM GUI to prescribe the meteorological grids, the itegratio period ad the surface ad meteorological boudary coditios. Whe doig this, care must be take to prescribe a grid system which will ecompass the CTM grids. Similarly, the vertical extet of the TAPM domai must ecompass the vertical extet of the CTM domai. It is also ecessary to esure that the TAPM meteorological simulatio ecompasses the legth of the CTM simulatio. Note that oe or more spi-up days of meteorological oly modellig may be prescribed if ecessary. Similarly it is possible to skip oe or more outer grids of a ested TAPM grid system before the outermost CTM grid is defied, thus reservig oe or more of the lower resolutio grids for meteorological modellig. The procedure for settig up a TAPM simulatio is described i the TAPM user maual (Hurley, 2008a). If the CTM software has bee istalled (check for the presece of a CTM directory uder the TAPM root directory to cofirm this), the the Optioal Iput meu will iclude the CTM Pollutio optio (Figure 2). Selectio of this optio will brig up the CTM pollutio meu (see Figure 3). This meu provides a iterface for selectig the chemical mechaism, the umber ad dimesios of a ested grid system, the vertical model domai, CIT-formatted emissio ivetory files ad some output optios. 3.1 Eable CTM optio I order to ru the CTM chemistry i the place of the TAPM pollutio module, esure that the CTM pollutio from Optioal Iput Box is selected as show i Figure 4 (left). 8

13 TAPM_GUI Figure 2 Locatio of the CTM Pollutio optio i the TAPM GUI Figure 3 The CTM graphical user iterface. CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 9

14 TAPM_GUI Figure 4 Eablig of the CTM simulatio optio i TAPM 3.2 Pre-processor Iput Directory The CTM pre-processor geerates CTM cotrol files ad NetCDF data packets. The Preprocessor Iput Directory (Figure 4- right) cotais domai idepedet files (i.e. such as the data base files from which photolysis rates are calculated) which are accessed by the CTM preprocessor. A ifile directory will be set up at istallatio time. 3.3 Sceario Name Fill i the sceario ame box with a uique ame up to 10 characters to idetify a particular ru. Figure 5 Select sceario ame (i.e. base or test) 10

15 TAPM_GUI 3.4 Select the CTM chemistry The CTM chemistry is liked to the TAPM CTM system at ru time via a dyamic lik library file. This approach allows chemical mechaisms to be iterchaged without havig to recompile the TAPM CTM system. Figure 6 Selectio of the CTM chemical trasformatio mechaism Click o the Select the CTM chemistry box to view ad select the appropriate chemistry. This is illustrated i Figure 6 where it ca be see that eight differet mechaisms are available for use ragig from a simple NO x tracer scheme to a Carbo Bod scheme with extesios for aerosol chemistry. Table 1 provides a summary of the mechaisms available with the curret versio of TAPM CTM. CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 11

16 TAPM_GUI Table 1 Summary of the chemical mechaisms available for use with the CTM Name Mechaism Descriptio NOX NO, NO 2 OX NO, NO 2, O 3 Simple two species tracer mechaism used for testig ad traiig. Liks to a urba photochemical precursor ivetory. Models the photochemical steady-state system. Used for testig ad traiig. Liks to a urba photochemical precursor ivetory HG3t GRS LCC CB05 CB05_AER Three species mercury tracer mechaism Geeric Reactio Set (Azzi et al. 1992) Lurma, Carter, Coyer mechaism (Lurma et al. 1987) Carbo Bod 2005 (Yarwood et al. 2005) Carbo Bod aerosol species Models the trasport ad depositio of elemetal, bi-valet ad particulate mercury. No chemical reactios Highly codesed photochemical trasformatio mechaism. Usig for traiig ad screeig-level urba ozoe modellig. Liks to a urba photochemical precursor ivetory however requires a correctly defied reactivity-weighted volatile orgaic compoud (VOC) species. Lumped species photochemical smog mechaism which has see wide use i Australia ad the U.S. Liks to a urba ad regioal photochemical precursor ivetory however requires correctly speciated VOC emissios. Lumped ad structure photochemical smog mechaism which as recetly bee implemeted ito U.S models ad the CTM. Liks to urba ad regioal photochemical precursor ivetories however requires correctly speciated VOC emissios. The versio of the mechaism cotais additio species ad reactios for modellig the primary ad secodary productio of PM2.5 Note that a chemical mechaism must be selected with care, as the species i the selected chemical mechaism; i the iitial/boudary cocetratio file; ad i the emissios ivetory files must match a ame ad case i order for the CTM to process the data. I this regard, the chemical mechaism species list is defied as the Master Species List ad thus oe or more of the species i the iitial coditio ad emissios files much match a species i this list. Appedix A of Cope et al. (2009) provides the Master Species List for the mechaisms show Table 1. 12

17 TAPM_GUI 3.5 Skip the TAPM spi-up days This selector is used to idicate how may days of the meteorological simulatio are skipped before the CTM begis its itegratio cycle (Figure 7). For example, if TAPM is itegrated for 3 days ad the CTM is to be ru for the secod ad third days, the selector should be set to idicate that oe day is skipped. No days are skipped i the example give i Figure 7. Figure 7 Select the umber of meteorological spi-up days before the CTM itegratio commeces 3.6 Ru the CTM for a subset of TAPM met grids This selector (Figure 8) is used to idetify the TAPM grids o which CTM grids are located. For example, assume that TAPM is cofigured with three grids with horizotal spacig of 9 km, 3 km ad 1 km. These grids are sequetially umbered from 1 to 3 (with 1 correspodig to the outermost TAPM grid). If the CTM is to be ru for all three resolutios, this selector will be set to ru the CTM from the TAPM grid 1 to grid 3. If however, it is ot cosidered ecessary to ru the CTM o the 9 km grid (i.e. this grid is used to simulate the larger-scale meteorological flows oly) the selector would be set to ru the CTM for TAPM grid 2 to 3. Note that the ier-most CTM grid is always ru o the ier most TAPM domai. Thus the selector ca oly be used to defie the TAPM grid which cotais the first grid of the CTM domai. Figure 8 Selector to idicate which TAPM grid est cotais the outermost CTM grid is located. CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 13

18 TAPM_GUI 3.7 Selectig the CTM Master Grid Domais As discussed previously, the CTM grids are divided ito Master ad Ilie grids. A Master grid is drive by the meteorological output from a TAPM grid of the same horizotal grid spacig. A Master grid receives its boudary cocetratios from a lower resolutio ru (i.e. a outer est) or from a user defied, time ivariat boudary cocetratio file (if the Master is the outer most grid est). Oe Master grid is defied for each TAPM meteorological grid as described i Sectio 3.6. Oe or more Ilie grids may exist withi a give Master grid domai. A Ilie grid will usually be of higher resolutio (usually 1/2 to 1/3 the grid spacig of the master grid), ad will use iterpolated TAPM meteorology. A Ilie grid is itegrated at the same time as the Master grid ad receives boudary cocetratios from the Master grid every time step. Use of the GUI to defie a Ilie grid is discussed shortly. The meu selectio circled i Figure 9 is used to defie the Master grids. The Master grids are umbered sequetially, startig at 1 for the outer most CTM grid. The Master Grid Domai # selector is used to select each CTM grid. Each Master grid has a uique ame as prescribed i the Master Grid Name box. The locatio of a CTM Master grid relative to the associated TAPM grid is defied ext, usig selectors which defie where the CTM grid starts ad eds i TAPM grid uits. Guidace as to the locatio of the CTM grid relative to the TAPM grid ca be foud by viewig the TAPM ad CTM grids i the cetre graphic of the CTM Pollutio meu (the CTM grid ca be overlayed by checkig the Show Master Grid Lies box udereath the graphic). Note that a Master grid is ot required to be cetred withi the correspodig TAPM grid. 3.8 Selectig the CTM Ilie grid domais The boxed area o the right had side of cotais a slide butto which ca be used to prescribe the umber of Ilie grids. For the example show i Figure 9, the umber of ilie grids has bee set to zero. However, if the umber of Ilie grids is set to oe or more the the Ilie grid meu system is displayed (see Figure 10). The Ilie Grid Domai is iitially set to off, however, the slider butto ca be used to select up to five Ilie grids per Master grid. 14

19 TAPM_GUI The Ilie Grid Name box is used to defie a uique ame for each Ilie grid. The Ilie Grid (x,y) slider buttos are used to defie the umber of east-west ad orth-south grid poits. The (dx, dy) slider butto is used to defie the horizotal grid spacig, while the (x0, y0) defie the positio of the first (1, 1) grid poit which is located at the south-west corer of the grid. Figure 9 Selectio of Master grids (left). Selectio of correspodig ilie grids (right). CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 15

20 TAPM_GUI Figure 10 Selectio of Ilie grids 3.9 Emissio File Format The CTM pre-processor requires iformatio about the format ad umber of emissio files which will be loaded ito the NetCDF data packets. The files formats are selected usig the radio buttos outlied i Figure 11 ad cosist of a modified versio of the CIT model area source file format (McRae et al. 1992) or a modified versio of the TAPM emissio file formats (Hurley 2008a). A detailed descriptio of these formats is give i sectio 4.2. Figure 11 Emissio file formats Oce the file format has bee selected, the Emissio Source Files butto is clicked to select the umber ad type of CIT or CTM emissios files which will be processed. 16

21 TAPM_GUI 3.10 CIT Emissio Files Figure 12 shows the meu which pops up whe the CIT emissio file format is selected. This meu is used to idicate whether the CIT area source emissios file (see Sectio 4 for further discussio of this file) cotais data for commercial/domestic emissios oly, for commercial/domestic ad motor vehicle emissios, or for commercial/domestic, motor vehicle ad biogeic emissios (the CIT default). Figure 12 CIT Area Emissio Files If the radio butto for Area is selected, the the user will be required to iput separate files for commercial/domestic emissios (a aems file) ad for motor vehicle emissios (mvems file). If the optio for Area+Vehicle is selected the it is assumed that both of these source groups are icluded i the CIT aems file. As a cosequece, a separate motor vehicle emissios file will ot be required. Selectio of either of these optios idicates that biogeic emissios will calculated olie i the CTM. However selectio of the Area+Vehicle+Biogeic optio idicates that biogeic emissios are also icluded i the CIT aems file ad thus biogeic emissios will ot be calculated olie. Note that it is importat to esure that the Area Emissio File Cotai optio is selected before the emissios are etered (Select Master Grid Emissio Iput Files). Note too that the user will also be requested to iput the ame of a CIT pems (elevated idustrial poit source) file as described shortly. The provisio of at least oe CIT emissio file is madatory as the TAPM CTM pre-processor requires a emissio species list i order to set up data file structures i the NetCDF data packets. CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 17

22 TAPM_GUI The emissio files for each Master grid are selected by clickig o the Select Master Grid Emissio Iput File butto (Figure 13). Whe selected, a series of file selectio widows are displayed, which are the used to select the CIT format emissio files. Note that these files are used oly for the curret Master Grid domai. The cycle of emissio file selectio must be completed for each Master Grid domai defied for the curret CTM grid cofiguratio. This is doe because the user may wat to select differet emissio file resolutios ad spatial extets for each Master Grid domai. The user is first asked to iput a CIT format geographical defiitio file (cit_grid_#km.dat), ad CIT format poit source emissio files (see Sectio 4). Followig this, ad depedig upo the cotets of the CIT aems file as discussed above, file selectio widows will be opeed for eterig the ames of the commercial/domestic ad motor vehicle emissio files. Figure 13 Optio for selectig emissio files for the Master grids The regio covered by a particular CIT emissio file ca be overlayed o the model grid by checkig the Show Master Emissio Grid Lies check box. The ames of the selected files are listed below the Select Master Grid commad butto CTM Emissio Files Figure 14 shows the meu which pops up whe the CTM emissio file format is selected ad the Emissio Source Files butto is clicked. It ca be see that there are seve idividual source types which ca be selected as described i Sectio 4.3. Note that TAPM CTM requires the selectio of a least oe source group. 18

23 TAPM_GUI The emissio files for each Master grid are selected by clickig o the Select Master Grid Emissio Iput Files commad butto (Figure 15). Whe clicked, a series of file selectio widows are displayed, which are used to select the CTM format emissio files. Figure 14 CTM Area Emissio Files Figure 15 Optio for selectig CTM formatted emissio files for the CTM Master grids. Note that these files will be used oly for the curret Master Grid domai. The cycle of emissio file selectio must be completed for each Master Grid domai defied for the curret CTM ested grid cofiguratio. This is doe because the user may wat to select differet emissio file resolutios ad spatial extets for each Master Grid domai. CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 19

24 TAPM_GUI 3.12 Select Ilie Grid Emissio Iput Files Emissio files for the Ilie grids are selected usig the Select Ilie Grid Emissio commad butto located o the bottom right had side of the CTM Pollutio meu (e.g. see Figure 16). The selectio procedure is idetical to that discussed previously for the Master grids. Figure 16 Selectio of emissio files for the Ilie grids The Number of Vertical Levels This slider butto (Figure 17) is used to specify the umber of vertical levels i the CTM master grids. Note that the same vertical structure is used i all of the grids. The default umber of levels are 10 ( m), 12 ( m), 15 ( m) ad 20 ( m; higher resolutio). 20

25 TAPM_GUI Also cotaied withi this sectio of the CTM Pollutio meu is a slider switch (Vertical Levels Output) which specifies the umber of vertical levels which are writte out to the CTM data packets. The umber of output levels ca vary betwee 1 ad the umber of vertical levels as prescribed by the Number of Vertical Levels slider butto. Figure 17 Number ad spacig of the vertical CTM levels. The umber of vertical levels output to the NetCDF data packets Select CTM ru time optios Listed at the bottom of the CTM GUI (see Figure 18) are subsets of the optios which are processed by the CTM at ru time. These optios are used to eable/disable various processes i the model icludig advectio, chemical trasformatio, dry depositio ad the use of various aerosol simulatio modules. A complete list of the available optios is give i Table 2. Note that it is possible to add additioal optios outside of the GUI by modifyig the ctm_cofig_#.txt cofiguratio files. Figure 18 The CTM ru time optios. CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 21

26 TAPM_GUI Table 2 Listig of the TAPM CTM ru time optios. Optio Defiitio GUI 1 Trasport Calculatios Advectio/oAdvectio Hdiffusio/oHdiffusio Vdiffusio/oVdiffusio Lockstep/oLockstep NWPdiffusivity/oNWPdiffusivity 2 Chemical Trasformatio Ad Aerosol Processes Chemistry/oChemistry Nitrate/oNitrate 2 Mars/oMars 2 CloudChemistry/oCloudChemistry 2 DryDepositio/oDryDepositio Eable (default)/disable the calculatio of 3- d pollutat trasport Eable (default)/disable the calculatio of horizotal diffusio Eable (default)/disable the calculatio of vertical diffusio calculatios Maximum time step for chemical trasformatio ad diffusio is limited by the miimum advectio time step (default) Eable(default)/disable the use of TAPM diffusivity fields for sub-grid-scale turbulet trasport calculatios Eable(default)/disable the coupled calculatio of chemical trasformatio ad vertical diffusio Eable/disable(default) the calculatio of gas-phase ammoium itrate productio. Eable/disable(default) the calculatio of gas-phase ammoium itrate ad sulfate productio. Eable/disable(default) the calculatio of sulfate productio i cloud water Eable(default)/disable the dry depositio calculatios y y y y y y y 22

27 TAPM_GUI Biogeic Ad Natural Emissios Biogeic/oBiogeic Trees/oTrees Grass/oGrass userbiogeic [UserBiogeic_def.txt] biogeiclai [caopylai_x.txt, grasslai_x.txt] SeaSalt/oSeaSalt 2 Fire/oFire 2 Dust/oDust 2 Athropogeic Emissios Athropogeic/oAthropogeic Motor_vehicle/oMotor_vehicle Com_dom/oCom_dom Idustrial/oIdustrial StacktipDowWash/oStacktipDowWash PlumeSmear/oPlumeSmear BriggsPlumeRise/oBriggsPlumeRise Eable (default)/disable the calculatio of atural ad biogeic emissio rates usig olie emissios module Eable(default)/disable the calculatio of emissios from trees whe calculatig total biogeic emissios Eable(default)/disable the calculatio of emissios from grass whe calculatig biogeic emissios Provide user defied biogeic emissio rates ad lad use mappigs i the file UserBiogeic_def.txt Provide user defied leaf area idex for trees ad grasses i the user-provided files. Eable/disable(default) the calculate of sea salt aerosol emissios Eable/disable(default) emissios from fire sources Eable/disable(default) emissios from wid blow dust sources Eable(default)/disable emissios from athropogeic sources Eable(default)/disable emissios from motor vehicle sources Eable(default)/disable emissios from commercial/domestic sources Eable(default)/disable emissios from elevated poit sources Eable(default)/disable the calculatio of reduced effective stack height due to plume dowwash i the lee of stacks Eable(default)/disable the calculatio of vertical plume spread due to iteral turbulece i poit source plumes Eable/disable(default) the use of Briggs aalytic plume rise equatios istead of calculatios based o the umerical itegratio of the goverig differetial equatios y y CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 23

28 TAPM_GUI Emissio Scalig Scale_motor_vehicles [NOx_fac, ROC_fac, PM_fac] Scale_commercial_domestic [NOx_fac, ROC_fac, PM_fac] Scale_fire [NOx_fac, ROC_fac, PM_fac] Scale motor vehicle emissios of NO x (NOx_fac), ROCs ad CO (ROC_fac), ad aerosols (PM_fac) by the user defied fractioal scale factors (default- all scale factors = 1.0) Scale commercial/domestic emissios of NO x (NOx_fac), ROCs ad CO (ROC_fac), ad aerosols (PM_fac) by the user defied fractioal scale factors (default- all scale factors = 1.0) Scale fire emissios of NO x (NOx_fac), ROCs ad CO (ROC_fac), ad aerosols (PM_fac) by the user defied fractioal scale factors (default- all scale factors = 1.0) Scale_atural_biogeic [NOx_fac, ROC_fac, PM_fac] Legacy Cit Optios SeaBreezeCap [start_hr, ed_hr start_wd, ed_wd mi_mr, max_pbl] VdiffCIT/oVdiffCIT pblcit/opblcit SurfaceMet/oSurfaceMet Miscellaeous Optios Warm_start/oWarm_start 2 Nest/oNest Write_warm_start/oWrite_warm_start Scale biogeic emissios of NO x (NOx_fac), ROCs (ROC_fac), ad aerosols (PM_fac) by the user defied fractioal scale factors (default- all scale factors = 1.0) Restrict the maximum mixig depth withi a sea breeze (defied as existig betwee hours start_hr, ed_hr, ad havig a wid directio betwee start_wd, ed_wd; havig a miium mixig ratio (ppth) of mi_mr. The maximum mixig depth is give by max_pbl Eable/disable(default) the use of the CIT vertical diffusio algorithm (for backwards compatibility) Eable/disable(default) the use of the CIT diagostic mixig depth scheme for calculatig the PBL Eable/disable(default) the use of layer-1 temperature ad humidity to calculate chemical trasformatio rate coefficiets i all model levels (CIT default) Eable/disable(default) warm start usig previous model ru for iitial cocetratios Eable(default)/disable the use of oe-way estig Eable/disable(default) the writig of warm start data 24

29 TAPM_GUI Met_iterpolate/oMet_iterpolate Eable/disable(default) the temporal iterpolatio of meteorological data Vector/oVector Eable/disable(default) the use of code optimised for vector computers 1 y=available from the GUI; =available through modificatio to the ctm_cofig.txt files 2 These are curretly research optios oly ad thus may ot be available with the release versio of TAPM CTM. Please cotact marti.cope@csiro.au or suhee.lee@csiro.au for further iformatio regardig these optios. CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 25

30 USER INPUT FILES 4. USER INPUT FILES The user will eed to provide three sets of iput files: (a) a iitial ad boudary cocetratio file, (b) emissio files, ad (c) plot display files. 4.1 The iitial ad boudary cocetratio file This file cotais iitial cocetratios ad 2-dimesioal boudary time ivariat cocetratios for chemical species used i a particular ru. The geeric file ame is tcbc_chemistry.i. The example show below is a file called tcbc_grs.i which is used for a Victoria grid domai ad a GRS chemistry scheme. The vertical iitial cocetratio records are used to iitialise all CTM grids, ad the boudary data provide boudary cocetratios for the outer-most Master grid. The format should be as show i Table 3. Explaatory otes are give i brackets (ad should ot be icluded i the actual file). Table 3 Structure of the iitial cocetratio/boudary cocetratio file Header record VERTICAL INITIAL CONDITIONS (This lie must start with VERT) CO (CO i ppb for 5 vertical levels. Cocetratios above level 5 use the last defied level) SO (SO2 i ppb) PM (PM8 i ug/m 3 ) * (This lie must be icluded to idicate the ed of the vertical cocetratio records) BOUNDARY CONDITIONS (This lie must start with BOUN) CO NORT (CO i ppb for all vertical levels o the Norther boudary) CO EAST CO SOUT CO WEST PM8 NORT PM8 EAST PM8 SOUT PM8 WEST

31 USER INPUT FILES The umber of species defied i the tcbc_chemistry.i file is arbitrary. Each species ame is four characters log ad must match a species ame as defied i the selected chemical mechaism (the Master Species List). Species ames are case sesitive. Species whose ames do t match will be igored. The cocetratios of udefied species will be set to a small but o-zero value. The umber of species defied i the vertical iitial coditios records does ot have to match the umber of species defied i the boudary coditios records. The umber of levels defied i the tcbc_chemistry.i file is arbitrary but must be the same for all iitial ad boudary cocetratio records. If the umber of levels defied i the tcbc_chemistry.i file is less tha the umber of TAPM CTM levels, the last level defied i the tcbc_chemistry.i file will be applied to the remaider of the TAPM CTM levels. The vertical iitial cocetratios are writte with oe lie for each chemical species. The boudary cocetratios are writte o oe lie for each directio for each species. Each directio code has 4 characters, is case sesitive ad is defied as oe of NORT, SOUT, EAST or WEST. If a directio is ot prescribed for a particular species or the directio code is ot recogised, the the boudary cocetratio for that directio ad species will be set to a small but o-zero value. Cocetratios ca be writte i iteger or real formats (icludig the use of expoets i.e. 1.0E-05). 4.2 CIT Format Emissio files This set of user data cosists of the followig- a file for specifyig emissio grid iformatio, ad files which cotai hourly gridded emissios for commercial/domestic sources, motor vehicle sources ad idustrial poit sources. Note that it is ecessary to provide at least oe CIT emissio file as the TAPM-CTM pre-processor requires iformatio regardig emissio species for settig up storage structures i the NetCDF data packets. The emissios are defied i local stadard time. The grid iformatio geeric file ame is cit_grid_dx.dat. dx stads for resolutio of the emissio files i km, for example, cit_grid_3km.dat. The format is as show i Table 4. Here x ad y are used to defie the horizotal dimesios of the emissio grid system; x0 ad y0 defie the SW corer of the SW cell (cell 1,1) of the grid (m); dx ad dy defie the horizotal grid spacig (m). Note that each emissio grid (area source, motor vehicle ad idustrial) must use the grid system as defied by the parameters give above. CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 27

32 USER INPUT FILES Note that oly the grid defiitio data o lie 5 are used by the CTM pre-processor. Table 4 Structure of a cit_grid_dx.dat file CIT header file for time date ad grid data commet lie Time [yy mm dd hh] commet lie x y x0(m) y0(m) dx(m) dy(m) top(m) lat0, log0, AMG zoe commet lie Latitude (deg) logitude (deg) time zoe commet lie Number of vertical layers commet lie 10 CIT fractioal vertical spacig commet lie: Area source, idustrial source ad motor vehicle source emissio files are typically amed accordig to the followig covetio. pems_chemistry_dx_sceario.i, aems_chemistry_dx_sceario.i, mvems_chemistry_dx_sceario.i. For a example, aems_lcc_3km_basecase.i is a area source emissio file with 3 km grid spacig, speciated accordig to the LCC chemistry scheme, ad with emissios represetative of a busiess-as-usual sceario. The format of these files is similar to the stadard CIT model covetio (McRae et al. 1992), ad is discussed below. Emissios ca be provided for oe or more days. If a TAPM CTM itegratio period is for loger tha the umber of days preset i a give emissio file the the file is rewoud ad emissios are re-read from the top of the file. Such a approach provides the potetial for modellig daily-varyig emissios. Note too that it is ot ecessary for all of the emissio files to have the same umber of days of data. For example, the pems file could cotai a sigle day of emissios while the aems file could cotai 7 days ad thus iclude a weekday-weeked cycle. For area source emissio files (i.e. aems ad mvems files) the file structure is as show i Table 5. Explaatory otes are give i brackets. This structure icludes the followig records. A descriptive text header (eds with a lie cotaiig * i the 1 st colum). 28

33 USER INPUT FILES The umber of emissio species. Rakig, species code ame ad molecular weight. For each hour of the day ad for each grid cell cotaiig o-zero emissios, a code letter for groud level sources (G), hour, coordiates i grid uits i the x ad y directio ad species emissio rates of each species i uits of parts-per-millio per miute (ppmv mi -1 ) for a grid cell of 1 m depth. A coordiate of 999, 999 is used to flag the ed of a hour. Note that the molecular weight field is ot a stadard CIT field. Molecular weight bee added i order to allow the emissios files to be used with alterative chemical mechaisms. Note too that the same umber ad orderig of species ad species ames must reside i each emissios file. Additioally, ote that species ames are case sesitive ad are oly processed by TAPM CTM if a match is foud with a species ame from the Master Species List for the selected chemical trasformatio mechaism (see Appedix A of Cope 2009). The emissios structure preseted i Table 5 ca be created usig the followig code costruct. Loop days = 1, days Loop hour = 1, 24 Loop row = 1 to y Loop col = 1 to x IF(ay species (col,row,hour,day) > 0)WRITE hour, col, row, all species (col, row) Ed Loop!x Ed Loop!y WRITE hour,999 Ed Loop!hour Ed Loop!days CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 29

34 USER INPUT FILES Table 5 File structure for a CIT area source emissios file DESCRIPTIVE HEADER MAQS surface-level emissios ivetory. This versio of the ivetory is for BASECASE 3km versio * (Idicates the ed of commet lies) 19 (Number of species- here it is defied for the LCC scheme) 1 NO 30.0 (Number of etry, species ame, molecular weight) 2 NO (The species may be give i ay order) 3 CO 28.0 (This is read by a geeric Fortra format, but ame is defied as 4 char) 4 SO PART ETHE ALKE ALKA TOLU AROM HCHO ALD MEK MEOH ETOH ISOP CIN PINE ROC 13.7 G (G: groud level, 0 for hour, grid poit i x ad y directio, a1,i2,i3,i3/) 0.368E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-04 (19 cotiuous etries by 8e10.3) G E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-07.. G (G:groud level, 23 for hour, x ad y grid 999 mea the ed of the file) 0.000E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+00 The elevated poit source emissio file (pems) has the followig structure (Table 6). descriptive text (eds whe a lie cotaiig * i the 1 st colum is read), umber of species (depeds o chemistry scheme selected), 30

35 USER INPUT FILES umber, species code ame ad molecular weight, code of elevated sources (E), hour, coordiates i x ad y directio, poit source idetificatio umber, stack height i meter, stack diameter i meter, exhaust gas temperature i Celsius, exhaust gas flow rate i m 3 per secod, ad a emissio flux per uit cell height for each species i ppmv mi -1. Agai a coordiate umber = 999 flags the ed of a hour. Table 6 Structure of a CIT elevated poit source file DESCRIPTIVE HEADER MAQS Poit source idustrial emissios file. This versio of the ivetory is for a Sydey high oxidat day, km versio] * (Idicates the ed of commet lies) 19 (Number of species- it is for LCC scheme) 1 NO 30.0 (Number of etry, species ame, molecular weight) 2 NO (The species may be listed i ay order) 3 CO 28.0 (This is read by a geeric Fortra format, but ame is defied as 4char) 4 SO PART ETHE ALKE ALKA TOLU AROM HCHO ALD MEK MEOH ETOH ISOP CIN PINE ROC 13.7 E: code for elevated sources (a1) 0: hour (i2) 31, 14: grid coordiates (2i3) 772: idetificatio umber 66.3: stack hight i m (f8.1) 4.2: stack diameter i m (f8.1) 180.0: exhaust gas temp ( o C) (f8.1) 140.7: gas flow rate (m 3 s -1 ) (f8.1/) (source locatio [optioal] O ext lie 19 etries (8e10.3) of flux of each species i ppmv mi -1 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E (23 for hour, x ad y grid 999 mea the ed of the file) E etc. CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 31

36 USER INPUT FILES 4.3 CTM Format Emissio files The CTM emissio files are based o the TAPM format area source ad elevated poit source file formats. A descriptio of the various source types are give i Table 7. Some of the source types are prescribed at a stadard temperature ad temperature correctio factors are the applied at every time step ad grid poit withi the CTM to estimate emissios for the local evirometal coditios. The user is referred to Hurley (2008a) for a descriptio of the emissio temperature fuctios (.vpx;.vpv;.whe) ad the plume rise algorithms (for.pse). Table 7 Summary of the TAPM emissio source groups treated by TAPM CTM Source group Fileame extesio Temperature depedecy? Motor vehicle petrol-fuelled exhaust emissios.vpx Yes. NO x, VOC ad CO 1. T(stadard) = 25 C Motor vehicle diesel-fuelled exhaust emissios.vdx No Motor LPG-fuelled exhaust emissios.vlx No Motor vehicle petrol-fuelled evaporative emissios Commercial-domestic emissios; geeric area source emissios.vpv.gse Yes. VOC. T(stadard) = 27 C No Wood heater emissios.whe Yes. PM 2. T(stadard; daily) = 10 C Idustrial elevated poit source emissios.pse Yes. Mometum ad buoyacy forced plume rise. All species. 1 NO x - oxides of itroge (itric oxide + itroge dioxide); VOC (volatile orgaic compouds); CO (carbo mooxide). 2 PM (particulate matter). The format of the area source files (all but.pse) is as follows are similar to those of the TAPM files as described i Hurley (2008a) with the exceptio that the CTM files cotais a additioal text iformatio header ad species list descriptio (as described i Sectio 4.2 for the CIT format emissio files). Additioally, the CTM formatted emissio files iclude emissio rates for all species icluded i the species list descriptio rather tha the fixed 32

37 USER INPUT FILES umbers of species cotaied i the TAPM emissio files. The CTM area source files have the followig format. 1. A descriptive text header (eds with a lie cotaiig * i the 1st colum). 2. The umber of emissio species (s). 3. Number, species code ame (case sesitive) ad molecular weight (g). 4. Grid descriptio, umber of east-west poits (x); umber of orth-south poits (y), dx- east-west grid spacig (m), dy- orth source grid spacig (m), cx, cy- cetre of the grid [eastig (m), orthig (m)]. 5. For each hour of the day ad for each grid cell the species emissio rates of each species i uits of grams per secod (g s -1 ) with emissios give for each species i the order provided i the species list. The emissios structure ca be described by the followig pseudo code. Note that days ca lie betwee 1 ad the umber of days of simulatio. If days is less tha the umber of simulatio days the the emissio file is rewoud ad readig commeces agai from the top of the file. Loop days = 1, days Loop hour = 1, 24 Loop row = 1 to y Loop col = 1 to x Read (i,*) (emissios(s), s=1, s) Ed Loop!x Ed Loop!y Ed Loop!hour Ed Loop!days A area source emissio file fragmet is give i Table 8. Note that each CTM emissios file has to have the same umber of species i idetical order. However it is possible for each file to cover a differet regio, have differet spatial resolutio ad cover a differet time period. The format of a.pse file is as follows. 1. A descriptive text header (eds with a lie cotaiig * i the 1st colum). 2. The umber of emissio species (s). CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 33

38 USER INPUT FILES 3. Number, species code ame (case sesitive) ad molecular weight (g). 4. Number of poit sources (source) 5. For each poit source- uique idetificatio umber, eastig (m), orthig (m), stack height (m), stack radius (m) 6. For each hour of the day ad for each poit source, the plume exit velocity vs (m/s), the plume temperature ts (K) ad the species emissio rates of each species i uits of grams per secod (g s -1 ) with emissios give for each species i order as defied i the species ame record. A example of a poit source emissio file fragmet is give i Table 9. Table 8 File structure for a CTM area source emissios file DESCRIPTIVE HEADER Versio_02 Tapm surface emissios file. Geerated by AAQFSt2apmMvems v1.0 File was created (yyyymmdd): at time (hhmmss.sss): GramPerSec :TAPM emissio uits of g/s Mvems are i a uiform grid * 20 1 NO NO CO SO PM ETHE ALKE ALKA TOLU AROM HCHO ALD MEK MEOH ETOH ISOP CIN PINE ROC CO_E 28.0 List of species ames ad molecular weights Grid descriptio (x, y, dx, dy, cx, cy) Descriptive header Emissios (g/s) for 20 species for poit (1,1)- [SW corer]; of hour 1 of day E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+00 34

39 USER INPUT FILES Table 9 File structure for a CTM poit source emissios file DESCRIPTIVE HEADER Versio_02 Tapm surface emissios file. Geerated by AAQFSt2apmMvems v1.0 File was created (yyyymmdd): at time (hhmmss.sss): GramPerSec :TAPM emissio uits of g/s Mvems are i a uiform grid * 20 1 NO NO CO SO PM ETHE ALKE ALKA TOLU AROM HCHO ALD MEK MEOH 32.0 List of species ames, molecular weights (g) Descriptive header Time ivariat source data. idet, x (m), y (m), hs (m), ds (m), d1,d2,d3 15 ETOH 46.0 Number of poit 16 ISOP 68.1 sources; umber of 17 CIN hours of emissios 18 PINE ROC 1.0 (d1-d3 are dummy data) 20 CO_E Time varyig source data vs (m/s), 1.65 ts (K), 1.00 emissios 0.00 (g/s) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+01 CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 35

40 DISPLAY FILES 5. DISPLAY FILES Graphical display of the meteorological ad cocetratios fields i the NetCDF data packets usig the data display system (Sectio 7) optioally requires that the user iput a lie-segmet file for idetifyig relevat boudaries (i.e. lad/sea iterfaces), ad a localities file for idetifyig the ames ad locatios of importat sites. The lie-segmet file has the geeric ame liesegmets.[csv;txt]. The lie segmet file cosists of lie segmet objects (see Table 10). Each object cosists of a series of coected straight-lie segmets. The start of a ew lie segmet object is flagged with ad red, blue, gree (RGB) compoets which are used to colour each lie segmet object. I the example give i Table 10, the first lie segmet object is coloured white ad the secod object is coloured red. Coordiates should be listed i metres. Table 10 Example of lie-segmet display file Header record (listig Eastig positio first [m]) The localities file has the geeric ame locatios.[csv;txt]. Each locality is idetified by a eastig ad orthig (m), ad ame (see Table 11). A maximum legth of a locality ame is 12 characters. Table 11 Example of locality display file Header record Brighto Alphigto 36

41 TEXT FILES GENERATED BY THE CTM 6. TEXT FILES GENERATED BY THE CTM I additio to the NetCDF files, TAPM CTM also geerates output files which documet the simulatio, icludig the rutime parameters of the simulatio, debug iformatio ad CPU timig iformatio. The files are amed CTM_chemistry_sceario.lis# for the rutime iformatio, where chemistry ad sceario are those selected usig the GUI. For example, if the CB05 mechaism was selected for the simulatio ad a base case emissios ivetory was used, TAPM CTM would geerate the files CTM_cb05_basecase.lis1 ad CTM_cb05_basecase.lis2, for a two grid simulatio. The debug file has the geeric ame CTM_debug.txt#, ad the CPU timig file has the geeric ame CTM_timig.txt#. 7. DISPLAY OF DATA IN NETCDF FILES Air quality, emissios ad meteorological data from TAPM CTM ca be displayed usig a GUI-drive display system (CTM-DDS- Figure 19; also see CTM-DDS olie help file). The display system may be accessed from the Aalyse Output meu of the TAPM GUI. Alterative CTM-DDS may be started by double-clickig o the relevat NetCDF data packet usig the mouse. CTM-DDS geerates 2-dimesioal aimatios of pollutat, emissios ad meteorological fields. I additio, CTM-DDS ca also be used to geerate time series plots of observed ad modelled meteorological ad air pollutat parameters. Such data ca the be used to verify the performace of TAPM CTM. I order to udertake this validatio, observed air quality ad meteorological data sets eed to be coverted ito a NetCDF file format which ca be read by CTM-DDS. This is doe usig a file coversio program which is ru by double-clickig o a cofiguratio file with the geeric ame ctmarchive.cobs. The cofiguratio file lists the observatio day; the ame of the air quality ad meteorological observatio file (usually a Excel.csv file); the umber of observig statios ad air quality species; ad the locatio for the yyyymmdd00_obs.c file. The format of the cofiguratio file is give i Table 12. CSIRO. TAPM CTM user maual (8/10/2009) 37

42 DISPLAY OF DATA IN NETCDF FILES Figure 19 Example of the CTM data display system. Note that it is importat that the cofiguratio file have the extesio.cobs i order to esure that Widows ca idetify the correct program to ru. Also ote that it is importat to esure that the ames ad order of the species listed i the cofiguratio file (Table 12), exactly match those give i the observatio data file. The order ad umber of meteorological parameters is fixed. I the example give i Table 12, the air quality ad meteorological observatios are cotaied i qldaq.csv. The format of this file is give i Table 13. The data etry should be i a order as give i the header lie; year, moth, day, moitorig statio idetificatio umber, statio ame, statio locatio i eastig the orthig (m), hour, wid speed (m s -1 ), wid directio, ambiet air temperature ( C), water vapour mixig ratio (kg kg -1 ), plaetary boudary-layer height (m), the species cocetratio i the same order as i the cofiguratio file. Year, moth, day, statio id ad hour are defied as iteger. Hour should start from 0 ot 1 ad is start-of-hour i local stadard time. Statio ame ca have up to 20 characters. The rest are free format. If there are o observed values, eter -99. The values listed below are dummy values. 38