Research into the impact of biodiesel usage in transport on sustainable development

Transcription

1 Urba Trasport XIII: Urba Trasport ad the Eviromet i the 2st Cetury 503 Research ito the impact of biodiesel usage i trasport o sustaiable developmet Z. azaras, A. Kersys, R. Kersys, N. Kersiee & R. Raudys Departmet of Trasport Egieerig, Kauas Uiversity of Techology, Lithuaia Abstract Research ito the use of alterative fuels such as rapeseed methyl ester (biodiesel) i the trasport sector was performed o the basis of the estimated idicators for evaluatig the impact ad iformatio of practical ivestigatios. The mai pollutio sources were idetified ad it was determied that the priority pollutats were CH, CO, CO 2, NO x ad SO 2. To calculate these pollutats dispersio ISO 400 is used to create a evaluatio system ad to select ad pick up the appropriate data for the urba trasport system CALPUFF model. Aalysis of the impact of biodiesel usages i trasport o sustaiable developmet is preseted i this paper. Keywords: sustaiable developmet, eviromet, biodiesel, air pollutats. Itroductio Developmet of society to provide opportuities to satisfy the welfare of preset ad future geeratios by harmoizig evirometal ad ecoomic issues, without exceedig allowable limits of evirometal impact, are the mai goals ad tasks formulated i the Lithuaia Natioal Sustaiable Developmet Strategy. The evirometal challeges faced by Europe s urba areas are serious ad have sigificat impacts o health ad ecoomic performace []. Curret treds i some issues, such as air quality, are headig i the right directio although eve here, early half of all EU citizes live i urba areas existig air quality limits are breached with cosequet impacts o huma health. The solutio of ecological problems o the iteratioal level iflueces the developmet of ew techologies, especially of a trasport system. doi:0.2495/ut07047

2 504 Urba Trasport XIII: Urba Trasport ad the Eviromet i the 2st Cetury Processed from biomass, a reewable resource, biofuels are a direct substitute for fossil fuels i trasport ad ca readily itegrate ito fuel supply systems [2 4]. iodiesel ca be used as a alterative fuel for trasport. 2 Evirometal research of biodiesel usage i trasport I the EU, trasport is resposible for a estimated 2% of all air pollutats ad greehouse gases emissios that are cotributig to global warmig, ad the percetage is risig. I order to meet sustaiability goals, i particular the reductio of greehouse gas emissios agreed uder the Kyoto Protocol, it is essetial to fid ways of reducig eergy cosumptio ad emissios from trasport. Nearly all the eergy used i the EU trasport sector comes from oil [5]. Oil reserves are limited ew reserves exists, but will mostly be more difficult to exploit. Further edeavors are eeded to make reductios i the amout of eergy used for trasport. The evaluatio of the role of biofuels i this cotext is the mai goal of this research. 2. Mathematical model of estimatio of the air pollutats dispersio The egative ifluece of harmful substaces to the eviromet is proportioate to their cocetratio i a layer of air above the groud. Cocetratio of the air pollutats is established i two ways: measurig experimetally, or calculatig by usig mathematical models. The first way is more reliable but does ot establish the accurate cocetratio of pollutats over a wide area: measuremets usually beig take from oly a few poits. With the umerical modellig method more measurig poits are made. y applyig this method the aalysis of a dispersio of the air pollutats ca be made, ot oly of preset coditios, but by a progosis of the dispersio i the future. Mathematical models ca be made accordig to what form of measuremet of air pollutats is iteded - liear, dot, flat, or to what grade of a source - to idustry, power or for trasportatio, ad accordig to what level of calculatio of cocetratios are iteded. The system of the evaluatio idicators was created cosiderig various parameters of models - applicatio, use, scale of applicatio, use of the meteorological data, type of model, ad period of modellig, by attributig some values. Applicability of model to a cocrete source - grade ad type of a source (geometrical form). Attributed values: a) grade of a source: idustry; power; - trasport; b) type of a source: liear; dot; flat. Estimatio of issues of the air pollutats - opportuities of the use of model. Values: 3 for calculatio of the major quatity of issues (H 2 S, NH 3, NO x, SO 2, orgaic coectios); 2 for calculatio of the trasports emitted air pollutats; other (used for oe air polluter).

3 Urba Trasport XIII: Urba Trasport ad the Eviromet i the 2st Cetury 505 Scale of applicatio - estimatio of three-dimesioal scale of the model. Values: 4 local; 3 local-regioal; 2 regioal-cotietal; global. Use of the meteorological data i the model. Values: 2 it is estimated; 0 is t estimated. Type of the model - the mathematical equatio of model. Values: 3 model of Gauss; 2 model of Euler; model of Lagrage. Period of modellig estimatio of period of modellig. Values: 3 year; 2 day; hour; 0 out. The choice of mathematical models o system idicators has show that models differ o applicability, scale of use, use of meteorological data, ad the period of modellig. I trasport systems the prime sources of pollutio are locomotives, motor trasport (cocered to liear sources of pollutio), ad ships. Ships are also liear sources while they are i the ope sea. ut havig come ito port ad bee moored to the quay, become a statioary, motioless source of pollutio. At the quay i port, evaluatig ships ad the city s boilerhouses have bee carried to dotted sources. Aspirig to estimate a dispersio of the uhealthy elemets i port, it was obligatory that with the model it was possible to estimate pollutio from liear ad dotted sources of pollutio. The majority of the studied models estimate oly oe source of pollutio (CAR-FMI, INPUFF), or some types of sources, but do ot estimate liear ad dotted simultaeously. Table : Evaluatio of the opportuities of the applicatio ad use of mathematical models. Mathematical model VARSA CALPUFF CONTLINK ROADAIR CAR- FMI ISCST2 Use Applicatio for Grade cocrete source Type 3 3 Scale of applicatio Meteorological data Type of the model Period of the modellig Total The comparative aalysis of the mathematical models shows (Table ), that the most suitable for trasport system i ports chooses model CALPUFF by which the dispersio of air pollutats from liear, dotted, volumetric ad flat sources is estimated.

4 506 Urba Trasport XIII: Urba Trasport ad the Eviromet i the 2st Cetury 2.2 Impact of biodiesel usages i trasport o sustaiable developmet Research of the use of biodiesel (rapeseed methyl ester) i the trasport sector was performed over a period of six moth i It was aalyzed by ferry-boat trasported cargo trasport of a route of 8.75 km i legth i the seaport trasport system. Diesel egie work is evaluated usig alterative fuels such as biodiesel. Air pollutats dispersio i a seaport trasport system is estimated by usig the method of calculatig the fuel cosumptio ad emissios of the trasport [6,7]. Geeral diesel cosumptio of cargo trasport was calculated as Dco K co i, S () Dco - from age, desig ad egie of trasport meas depedet o geeral diesel cosumptio for traveled distace, l, - umber of trasport meas, K co, i - from age ad desig of trasport meas depedet o diesel cosumptio for km, l/km. - traveled distace of the trasport meas, km. S i Geeral biodiesel cosumptio of cargo trasport calculated as i Dco Dco e (2) Dco - from age, desig ad egie of trasport meas depedet o geeral biodiesel cosumptio for traveled distace, kg, e - equivalece of biodiesel to diesel (t diesel =. l RME) [3]. 300 co, 250 kg Egie Capacity, kw Figure : Fuel cosumptio by usig diesel i egies, ad biodiesel - 2.

5 Urba Trasport XIII: Urba Trasport ad the Eviromet i the 2st Cetury 507 Geeral part of air pollutats, i the diesel egie usig diesel for fuel, estimated from Eq. (3) Dpoll TD i, (3) Dco T D, i - from egie of trasport meas depedet o part of air pollutats by burig of diesel i egie, g/ kg. Geeral part of air pollutats, i the diesel egie usig biodiesel as fuel, estimated from Eq. (4) Dpoll TD i, (4) Dco T D, i - from egie of trasport meas depedet o part of air pollutats by burig of biodiesel i egie, g/ kg. The age of the first group of registered trasport meas is 2-5 years (capacity of the egie 300 kw), secod 6-0 years (275 kw) ad third over 0 years (200 kw). y aalyzig the research results, it was estimated that the mai air pollutats were CH, CO, CO 2, NO x ad SO 2. Havig calculated cosumptio of fuel, it was established that i the case of biodiesel used i the diesel egie, the cosumptio was 0 % above that whe usig diesel. Calculatig of the air pollutio showed that i the case of a biodiesel egie the quatity of СН decreased by 70 %, part of CO icreased o average to 3.5 %, emissio of NО x by 7.5 % or more. Usig RME CO 2 emissio the umber is the same as it is whe absorbed from the atmosphere durig rapeseed growig times poll, 4000 kg CH 2CO 3NO x 4CO 2 Figure 2: Air pollutats by usig i diesel egies a diesel, ad biodiesel 2.

6 508 Urba Trasport XIII: Urba Trasport ad the Eviromet i the 2st Cetury iodiesel does ot have ay sulfur, as dieselie exhausts have 00% of it. The use of biodiesel i a covetioal diesel egie results i a substatial reductio of ubured hydrocarbos, carbo mooxide ad particulate matter. The exhaust emissios of sulfur oxides ad sulfates (major compoets of acid rai) from biodiesel are essetially smaller whe compared to diesel. The disadvatages of usig biodiesel i a diesel egie are a loss of power of betwee 2-3 %. The fuel cosumptio ad emissios is give i Figures ad 2. Moder diesel egie techology has advaced to the poit the advatages of biofuel usage are becomig much greater tha the disadvatages. Moder diesel egies produce less oise, smoke or vibratios ad they are more fuel-efficiet tha older model egies. Diesel egies have the added advatage of greater acceleratio whe compared to gasolie egies o the same model of vehicle. The use of biodiesel fuel may be the solutio to the icreasig trasportatio eergy crisis, particularly i the farmig ad shippig trasportatio sectors. iodiesel fuel is a clea ad affordable fuel for trucks, buses, farm equipmet ad other forms of heavy trasportatio. iofuel refieries are much more simplistic ad evirometally friedly i desig tha typical petrochemical refieries. With the cotiued rise of iteratioal fuel prices, biodiesel is set to become much more popular as a fuel optio i the farmig ad trasportatio idustries. Results of experimetal research have show that the usage of biodiesel i the trasport sector is a positive factor for sustaiable developmet. 3 Coclusios The mai air pollutat sources of seaport trasport systems were idetified ad it was determied that the domiat pollutats were CH, CO, CO 2, NO x ad SO 2. To calculate these pollutats distributio ISO 400 was used to create the evaluatio system ad to select ad pick up the appropriate data for the urba trasport CALPUFF model. Havig used the irregular method for fuel cosumptio it was determied that the comparative fuel ratio of biodieselie was higher tha for dieselie. Havig calculated the pollutio it was defied that usig biodieselie the comparative CH quatity became less, but CO ad NO x emissio became higher tha usig dieselie. Usig RME CO 2 emissio umber it is the same as is absorbed from the atmosphere durig the growig of rapeseed. iodieselie does ot have ay sulphur, as dieselie exhausts 00% of it. Scietific research cofirms, that biodiesel exhaust has a less harmful impact o huma health tha diesel fuel ad is evirometally friedly. The use of biodiesel fuel may be the solutio to the icreasig trasportatio eergy crisis ad has a direct ifluece o sustaiable developmet.

7 Urba Trasport XIII: Urba Trasport ad the Eviromet i the 2st Cetury 509 Refereces [] Quiet, E. Evaluatio of evirometal impacts. Hadbook of trasport ad the eviromet. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Vol. 4, pp , [2] azaras, Z., Raudys, R., Aleksevicius, A. Modelig of spark igitio egies parameters usig for fuel ethaol. Proc. of the th It. Cof. Mechaika, KTU Techologija: Kauas, pp , [3] Kersys, A., Milius, Research of emissios by usig i the diesel egie rapeseed methyl ester. Proc. of the 9 th It. Cof. Trasport meas-2005, KTU Techologija: Kauas, pp , [4] Gustavsso, L., örjesso, P., Johasso,., Sveigsso, P. Reducig CO 2 emissios bz substitutig biomass for fossil fuels. Eergy Iteratioal Joural, Vol. 20, pp , 995. [5] aagemet.htm. [6] Delucchi, M.A. Emissios of criterium pollutats, toxic air pollutats, ad greehouse gases, from the use of alterative trasportatio modes ad fuels. Davis: Istitute of Trasportatio Studies, Uiversity of Califoria. [7] Suder, L., Dhigra, K.V.K. Evirometal impact assessmet for sustaiable trasport. Hadbook of trasport ad the eviromet. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Vol. 4, pp , 2003.