What s New in Engine Research

Transcription

1 What s New i Egie Research Mark Musculus Egie Combustio Departmet Combustio Research Facility Sadia Natioal Laboratories, Livermore, Ca Fuded by U.S. Departmet of Eergy Program Maagers: Gurpreet Sigh ad Kevi Stork SoCal Sciece Café, Newport Beach, CA April 7, 2007

2 Eergy ad Oil i the U.S. Ifrastructure Ecoomics Natioal Security Climate Chage Air Pollutio Total U.S. eergy from oil (%):.. % 40 U.S. trasportatio eergy from oil:.. % 96 Imported oil share of U.S. trade deficit: % 30 Oil price icrease i 1973 embargo:. % +350 U.S. imported oil i 1973: % 36 U.S. imported oil i 2005: % 66 CO 2 icrease from 0 AD to 1800 AD:... ear % 0 CO 2 icrease from 1800 AD to 1900 AD:... % 4 CO 2 icrease from 1900 AD to 2000 AD:... % 25 Stage 1 smog alert days i L.A.,1975: Stage 1 smog alert days i L.A., 2000:... 0

3 Reducig Oil Problems through Egie Efficiecy U.S. Departmet of Eergy goal for egie fuel-efficiecy improvemet is 50% icrease. This would reduce oil usage by 4 Millio Barrels / Day (out of 20), which is equivalet to: Ifrastructure Ecoomics Nat l Security Climate Air Pollutio 30% reductio of oil usage for trasportatio 12% reductio of our trade deficit 30% reductio of our oil imports Tur back the clock o CO 2 emissios by 10 years The challege is to improve efficiecy while cotiuig to improve air quality

4 Egie Efficiecy Depeds o Compressio Ratio Most egies have 4, 6, or 8 cyliders, each with a pisto that goes up ad dow. The combustio chamber is above the pisto, where the fuel burs. The compressio ratio (R) is the maximum combustio chamber volume divided by the miimum combustio chamber volume: R = V1 / V2 Higher compressio ratios have higher efficiecies. So, oe BIG way to icrease egie efficiecy is to icrease the compressio ratio.

5 So Why Do t They Just Icrease the Compressio Ratio? I a gasolie egie, fuel is mixed with air before compressio. The fuel must bur oly whe igited by the spark plug, at the proper time. Higher compressio = higher temperature. Too high compressio ratios ca igite fuel before the spark, reducig efficiecy ad causig explosive combustio (kock). For 87 octae gas, max. compressio ratio = 9. With higher octae premium, we could use higher compressio ratios, but that is very expesive! So, compressio ratio must stay low if the fuel is mixed with air BEFORE compressio.

6 So Why Do t They Just Mix i the Fuel AFTER Compressio? They do, i a Diesel egie! Fuel is ijected after compressio, so the fuel caot bur too soo! Diesel compressio ratios = 16-22, so efficiecy is much higher. Problems: (1) high temperatures ad (2) poor fuel-air mixig cause much higher air pollutio tha gasolie egies. But wait, gasolie egies also have high temperatures, yet they have low air pollutio! Q: Why? A: Better fuel-air mixig ad THREE-WAY CATALYTIC CONVERTERS!

7 So Why Do t They Just Put 3-Way Catalytic Coverters o Diesel Egies? 3-way catalytic coverters oly work whe fuel ad air are balaced, with just eough oxyge i the air to bur with the fuel. I a diesel, fuel does t have eough time to completely mix with all of the air, so some extra air is always left over. We do ot yet have such a simple 3-way catalytic coverter that works as efficietly with left-over air, though it is beig researched. So, curretly, our choices are: 1.Clea gasolie egie, but low compressio ratio, so low efficiecy. 2. Efficiet diesel egie, but pollutig from poor mixig ad o catalytic coverter.

8 So Why Do t They Just Desig a New Kid of Egie? They do! I collaboratio with the U.S. automotive idustry, Sadia Natioal Laboratories is researchig two ew egies: 1. Homogeeous Charge Compressio Igitio (HCCI) (gasolie egie with high compressio ratio) Add more air so fuel wo t igite too soo at high compressio ratio, remove spark plug (!), & igite fuel by compressio (more like diesel) 2. Low-Temperature Combustio Diesel (LTC-Diesel) (diesel egie with lower temperatures ad better mixig) Use exhaust-gas recirculatio (EGR) to reduce temperature, ad iject fuel durig compressio for better mixig (more like gasolie) To cotrol either of these ew egies ad achieve high efficiecy with low pollutio, we eed to uderstad how fuel mixes with air, igites, ad burs iside the egie.

9 Egie Research at Sadia Natioal Laboratories Our goal is to provide the fudametal sciece-base for egie combustio. We use specially modified egies with high-stregth widows to view fuel mixig with air, igitio, combustio, ad pollutat formatio iside the egie usig lasers ad high-speed cameras. Strog iteractio ad collaboratio with uiversities, idustry, ad other atioal labs.

10 Diesel Combustio Movie Eight-hole fuel ijector squirtig out jets of fuel that bur iside the egie

11 Advacig the Sciece-Base of Combustio Usig Laser ad Optical Diagostics * Based o research of Joh Dec, Sadia Natioal Laboratories

12 HCCI Egie Combustio Movie Distributios of fuel ad temperature iside the egie cause differet regios to igite at differet times * Data courtesy of Joh Dec, Sadia Natioal Laboratories

13 Impact of Egie Research at Sadia Natioal Laboratories Cummis desiged their 2007 lowemissios LTC-Diesel egie usig computer modelig ad aalysis. After-the-fact testig oly. Sigificatly reduced developmet time ad cost. Computer models could oly be formed usig the sciece-base of diesel combustio fudametals. I February 2007, GM aouced ew demostratio HCCI egie with up to 50% greater fuel efficiecy. ISB (6.7 liter diesel) Figure Courtesy of Cummis Ic. Not ready for market yet, but prospects are promisig. Much work to be doe - the sciece-base for high-efficiecy low-emissios egies is still eeded to aid developmet.

14 Cocludig Remarks Egie efficiecy improvemets are importat for both stad-aloe egies ad electric hybrid vehicles. A major challege is that fuels i the market are chagig at the same time as egies a Dual Revolutio. Bio-fuels, tar sads, oil shale, gas/coal to liquids, hydroge, etc. New egies will eed to be compatible with may fuels. A reewable, clea liquid hydrocarbo future is possible. Sadia Natioal Laboratories research icludes fuels, combustio, computer modelig, ad much more!

15 Combustio Research Facility Sadia Natioal Labs, Livermore, Califoria "The missio of the CRF is to coduct a broad rage of basic ad applied research ad developmet i combustio sciece ad techology. We aim to improve our atio's ability to utilize ad cotrol combustio processes." Facility built i full-time employees 100 visitors per year Post-docs Uiversity faculty Udergraduate iters Graduate studets Idustrial collaborators Visitors brig techical kowledge ad skills. The CRF provides access to facility equipmet, resources, ad a kowledge base of combustio or Google Combustio Research Facility

16 Coclusio ad Ivitatio This presetatio provided oly a tiy glimpse of the breadth of activities at Sadia Natioal Laboratories, both i egies ad i other research ad developmet. If you are iterested i learig more, visitig, or workig at the Sadia Natioal Laboratories, talk to me or visit olie: or Google Sadia Natioal Laboratories or Google Combustio Research Facility

17 Ed of Presetatio