Buses ensure environmentally friendly mobility Wolfgang Fahrnberger - Chairman of the Management at NEOMAN Bus GmbH

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1 Buses ensure environmentally friendly mobility - Chairman of the Management at GmbH

2 Introduction

3 Agenda Agenda 1. Introduction 2. Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - a necessity 3. Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date 4. Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments 5. Conclusions drawn from the fuel strategy 6. The importance of buses for environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility systems

4 Introduction

5 Primary energy consumption Introduction , ,6 1,7 1,9 1,0 1,3 Travel coach Diesel car Gasoline car Train < 200 km/h l diesel equiv. / 100 km/occupant Train > 200 km/h Domestic flight 500 km Source: ifeu, Heidelberg

6 Average external costs of passenger transport Introduction pro Pkm ,7 22,9 52,5 0 Car Bus Rail Air Average external costs Source: INFRAS/IWW

7 Reasons why environmentally friendly and futureviable mobility is necessary Environmentally friendly mobility - a necessity Health hazards (diesel particulates, nitrogen oxides, ozone) Climate hazards (greenhouse gases) Environmental hazards (NOx, SO 2 ) The finite nature of fossil fuels and the expected development of prices for such fuels The limited amount of space available for vehicle traffic (congestion/parking spaces)

8 A look at the world's two most populous countries Environmentally friendly mobility - a necessity Total: 0.2 billion autos 1110 Total: 1.12 billion autos , ,6 EU 25 India China Population (millions) Autos/1,000 residents

9 Levels of fossil fuel reserves Environmentally friendly mobility - a necessity Erdöl 70 Erdgas 120 Schwankungsbreite der betrachteten Quellen Kohle Vorratsdauer Zeit Jahre 1000 Mittelwerte aus verschiedenen Quellen

10 Development of the price of crude oil (Brent) Environmentally friendly mobility - a necessity Actual development (January 2000 June 2006) 50 US $ / Barrel Cut-off point for cost comparison with synthetic fuels Forecast 2001 (high) Forecast 2001 (low) Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2001

11 Future-viable mobility - demands to be placed on modes of transport and land-use and traffic planning Demands on future modes of transport Low internal and external costs overall Conservation of resources in production and operation - Use of renewable energy sources to power drive systems Minimal pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions Conservation of space Reliable in terms of time available for users

12 What has been achieved to date with buses in terms of environmentally friendly mobility? Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date

13 Buses by emission reduction categories Federal Motor Transport Authority 2005 Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date 20.0 % 28.9 % 51.1 % Euro 1 and lower Euro 2 Euro 3 and higher

14 Forecast for VDV fleet as of January 2006 Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date 2.0 % 53.0 % 28.9 % Euro 1 and lower Euro 2 Euro 3 and higher

15 Euro emission standards for trucks and buses Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date 100 Euro 0 (1998/99) Euro 1 (1992/93) 75 Euro 2 (1995/96) Euro 3 (2000) [ % ] % - 82 % - 88 % - 95 % Euro 4 (2005) Euro 5 (2008) 25 0 NOX HC CO Particulates* * The standard for particulates begins from Euro 1 Source: VDA-Jahresbericht Auto 2004

D 2066 LUH engine (E5 / EEV) - performance stages Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date Charge-air intercooler (engine-mounted) Twin turbocharger Performance: D 2066 LUH

16 D 2066 LUH engine (E5 / EEV) - performance stages Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date Charge-air intercooler (engine-mounted) Twin turbocharger Performance: D 2066 LUH (EEV) Max. torque (Nm) Output (kw / hp) Performance: D 2066 LUH (Euro5) Double EGR cooler incl. radiator Air/water intercooler (engine-mounted)

17 Evolution of bus engines 1897 / diesel Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments 2003 / diesel D20 common rail?? LPG CNG H 2

18 Exhaust emissions with gaseous fuels (MAN engines) 2 Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments - all MAN gas engines satisfy the EEV standards - particulate emissions are less than 5 mg/kwh (limit 20 g/kwh) gaseous emissions [g/kwh] 1 HC CO 0,0 0,0 HC CO NO x NO x EEV limits g/kwh LPG λ=1 3-way cat. conv. CNG λ=1 3-way cat. conv. CNG lean mix 3-way cat. conv. H2 λ=1 Red. cat. conv.

19 Total CO 2 emissions from city buses Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments [kg/100 km] Fossil fuel paths Diesel CE, Euro 3 CNG CEs, natural gas Germ. Methanol CEs, methanol from nat. gas FC, H 2 from natural gas FC, H 2 electrolysis, power grid Germ. FC, methanol from natural gas Renewable fuel paths H 2 CE, H 2 from biomass FC, H 2 from biomass H 2 electrolysis, renewable mix Vehicle drive system CE combustion engine FC fuel cell CNG compressed natural gas H2 hydrogen Energy supply

20 HyFleet:CUTE City buses with hydrogen combustion engine for Berlin Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments

21 Hybrid fuel-cell bus Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments

ancillary units as required Bus leaves bus stop using

22 DE hybrid city bus being tested on Nuremberg's No. 36 bus line Recovery Start-stop automatic Operation of ancillary units as required Bus leaves bus stop using electric motor Depending on bus line, fuel savings of 20 to 25%

23 Components of the DE drive system with Ultracap storage Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments UC module Step-up/ step-down converter Diesel engine 162 kw with transmission PSM generator 170 kw 2 x e-motor, 75 kw with transmission Inverter Electric ancillary components

24 Fuel strategy Conclusions drawn from the fuel strategy Basis Increasing fuel consumption BTL H 2 Sun Wind Water Biomass Conventional fuels GTL CTL Natural gas Coal CNG Natural gas Oil Present Future

25 Conclusions drawn from the fuel strategy Conclusions drawn from the fuel strategy Total reserves of fossil energy sources will last into the far future. Production from fossil resources, especially non-conventional fossil resources, will make these fuels increasingly expensive. Reducing CO 2 emissions will become more and more important. Synthetic fuels made from biomass (BTL) and hydrogen must be used as extensively as possible. Synthetic fuels, especially hydrogen, offer great potential for substantially reducing emissions of all exhaust gas components.

26 Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) The importance of buses for environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility systems

27 Requirements of coordinated land-use and traffic planning The importance of buses for environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility systems The following points should be taken into account in the planning of future residential areas and in the renewal and revitalization of existing residential areas: Preventing traffic in order to improve mobility for everyone Transferring necessary traffic and transport to the most environmentally friendly and promising modes of transport Transferring necessary traffic and transport to the most economical modes of transport

28 Buses ensure environmentally friendly mobility!

Environmental and EnergyStrategies for Freight Transport. Dipl.-Ing. Håkan Samuelsson, Chairman of the MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Gruppe

Environmental and EnergyStrategies for Freight Transport Dipl.-Ing. Håkan Samuelsson, Chairman of the MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Gruppe FS-MN 30.06.2004 < > Growing freight traffic Expansion