Going to 100% Electric Buses

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1 Going to 100% Electric Buses Pierre Zivec Fleet Manager, Transdev Australasia 27 June 2016

2 Evolution of Diesel: Toward Technology Limits : Almost 50 years with minor evolution on diesel engine : 20 years to evolve from Euro 1 to Euro 6 NOX CO HC+NOX PM Euro Euro Euro Euro Euro Euro Euro 6 vs 1: -84% Euro 6 vs 1: -82% Euro 6 vs 1: -82% Euro 6 vs 1: -96% Key Data (mg/km) Depollution system on board of buses are half as big as engine with Euro VI. One gas treatment factory per bus. It is time to change the entry point manage the global production on electricity and reduce the local pollution through electric mode in cities Experimentation during the last 2 years, now we enter a period of deployment.

3 The Way to Electrification Traditional Technologies Hybrid Buses Full Electric Buses Buses with combustion engines using fossil fuel Hybrid buses with propulsion partially with a combustion engine and partially with an electric motor Trolley buses ZERO tail pipe EMISSION Battery electric buses Extending the range of electric propulsion with hybrid plug-in diesel Parallel hybrid Overnight charging electric bus CNG Serial hybrid Fuel cell buses Opportunity charging electric bus Full electric drive with electric power generated by a combustion engine Hydrogen for on-board electricity regeneration Charging at end stations and/or at bus stops

4 Transdev E-bus Living Lab After a short phase of 10 years using hybrid diesel, the main cities worldwide are now going to full electric for more efficiency in reducing pollution. Electro mobility is a huge change in bus transportation as vehicles are now similar all around the world. Comparison between technologies is possible at a world scale Transdev set up an international laboratory which group all the managers of electric operation, this is known as Living Lab. The goal are as follows: To share the knowledge of the experimentation of all the systems To share strength and weakness of all those solution To analyse the impact in operation of electric buses To analyse the impact on maintenance

5 Transdev Current Operational: From Experimental to Operational Routes Eskilstuna* Ume Espoo* Standford* Antelope Valley** Foothill* York* Île-de France* Nice* Eindhoven** Maastricht* HWGO* * * * * overnight charging WAVE inductive charging conductive opportunity charging hydrogen fuel cell

6 Technology Summary: Electric Vehicles Tested and Operated by Transdev 100% electric vehicles: Depot charging vehicles Opportunity charging / mixed: Since 2015 major cities around the world eg. Marseille, Paris, London, New York, Minnesota and numerous Nordic European countries are now rolling out 100% electric vehicles.

7 Types of Opportunity Charging: Energy Transfer Pantograph : (on the vehicle or on the ground structure) System reliable known for the train for ages May need a guiding system (two independent parts in the pantograph for +/-) Need an electric line (visual impact) Induction System known in trams for more than 10 years but still in development Need place to charge (not possible in open road) Could be an option for BRT Question to be solved for France: Safety issue with an public opened charging place A bus is not a tram : the distance between chassis and road is not stable. Impact on the System performance Robotised arm : (on vehicle or on ground structure) Brand new technology in test Vehicle position has plus or minus 50 cm tolerance only Needs ground structure (a totem )

8 Opportunity Charging: Energy Storage Super capacitor + Advantage Fast charge, «infinite» cycles potential (for bus use) - Disadvantage Limited range. Fit for 600/800 m Only, not suitable for many operations. Battery + Advantage Range (50 km easily), partial charges - Limit Limited life duration (thousands cycles only)

9 Types + Storage Combinations Pantograph Induction Arm Capacitor Battery Capacitor Battery Capacitor Battery

10 A Potential Opportunity of Electric Line Power point Depot Power point The powertrain of the Depot Charging and Opportunity Charging are the same in principle. R&D will be required to develop the technology further for a dual operation and calculate the optimal system needed both vehicle and infrastructure Interchange Power point Interchange Opportunity charging points can be determined by distance required and suitably located at the nearest node or end/rest route positions

11 Technology Summary Feedback from operations Topic Diesel CNG Hybrid Trolley Autonomous Opportunity Mixed Investment Vehicle Investment Infrastructure NA NA Customer Capacity Range Environmental Benefits Noise Pollution Maintenance Maintenance Infrastructure Health Impact NA NA NA NA

12 Positive Impacts of Electric Buses Economic benefits: Savings on operating costs: fuel (electricity being much cheaper than diesel per km) Savings on direct maintenance cost (no oil to change, transmission, cooling system, plugs, etc.) Economic benefits of reduced oil imports Potential job market creation Environmental benefits: Improved environmental management opportunities (massive reduction to the risk of contamination/spills) Improved urban air quality Reduced greenhouse emissions, if run on renewables Customer benefits: Improved customer experience (no noise, no vibration, no fumes ) Improved urban environment surrounding depot