Summary. Accessibility not mobility. What do we need? How to deliver? What do we need?

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1 1 Summary Solutions for reducing energy consumption and pollutant emissions from the road transportation sector. 1. Introduction What do we need / How to deliver? Impacts and challenges 2. Solutions for reduction of energy consumption and emissions Alternative energy sources Alternative vehicle technologies Better mobility management New culture concerning mobility Tiago Lopes Farias Instituto Superior Técnico 3. Contribution of Research & Development Evaluation of alternative solutions Numerical Simulation Experimental testing and validation Evaluation of the Impact of road transportation Environmental impacts of road transportation University of Michigan September 23, What do we need? Accessibility not mobility To people 1. Introduction What do we need? How to deliver? To places To information To goods To services (job, school, ) To entertainment. 4

2 5 Main providers of urban mobility Mode Distribution (Europe) Motorized Modes Car Bus Motorbike Soft Modes Walking Biking million p.km Inland, sea bicycle walking rail air road Train 3000 Metro Mobility and Energy Energy per capita Energy per pass.km Car (gasoline) Car (Diesel) Train Bus Portugal Tram Metro Bicycle walking MJ, kwh, kcal, liters, MPG, m3 Lack of sensitivity 7 8

3 9 Kyoto Protocol Main challenges World: 5% reduction by (1990 as a baseline) Europe: 8% reduction Portugal: 27% increase Portugal CO2 emission will increase by more than 35% (Transports: CO 2 emissions doubled in 2003 vs 1990) Aproved: 1997 ratiffied: 2004 Offical start: 16/2/2005 Security of supply Competitiveness Environmental sustainability 10 TF1 How to reduce the impact of Mobility Lower emission and better efficiency 2. Solutions for reduction of energy consumption and emissions Energy Source / Energy Chain Biodiesel Ethanol Natural Gas Electricity, hydrogen Vehicle Technology & Efficiency Lighter vehicles Hybrids Electric and Plug Ins Mobility Management + Public Transport + Soft modes Parking management Tolls, Urban Planning. Change of behavior Training Education New Culture Concerning Mobility 12

4 Diapositivo 12 TF1 Sofia: como separar o supply do demand?! Tiago Farias;

5 13 More than 100 years of technology development Vehicle evolution: mass and fuel consumption Same fuels same propulsion system and they look good Source: T. Zachariadis, Energy Policy 34 (2006) AFV Alternative Fuelled vehicles 2. Solutions for reduction of energy consumption and emissions Fuels and Vehicles New Propulsion systems Hybrid, electric, plug ins, fuel cells... New energy sources / energy chains Ethanol Biodiesel Natural Gas Biogas Electricity... Hydrogen 16

6 17 The key questions not always addressed Biofuels 1. Why? Does it make any sense? 2. Is there fuel available at a competitive price? 3. Are there filling stations? 4. Are there vehicles ready to adopt the fuel? 5. Is legislation ready? 6. Who wins? 7. Who pays? Is it sustainable? Energy Source Life Cycle analysis Cost Fuel versus food production method 1st generation 2nd generation Sustainability taxation and incentives Percentage [%] Directive 2003/30/CE Portuguese commitment by 2010: 10% 18 Electric Vehicles Full Electric vehicles Niche Market applications Autonomy Battery charging Vehicles technology Cost Life Cycle 19 Gulliver Mini Bus and the Blue Line Concept 20

7 21 Hybrids: already on the road but energy source is still gasoline Plug-in: promising but still to come Mercedes-Sprinter Parallel hybrid ICE gasoline 2 liter, 4 cylinder, 81 kw Motor 70 kw Battery NiMH 14kWh GM Volt Series hybrid ICE gasoline 1 liter, 3 cylinder, 53 kw Generator 53 kw Motor 120 kw Battery Li-ion 16kWh 22 Hydrogen Hydrogen vehicles from different vehicle manufactures Production Transportation Storage Filling station Vehicles technology Safety Cost Life Cycle 23 24

8 25 CUTE Clean Urban Transports for Europe Hyfleet: CUTE 14 H 2 Urban Buses in Berlim 26 The role of research and development Lower emission and better efficiency 3. Contribution of Research and Development for Reducing Energy and Emissions from Road Transport Energy Source Fuel production Fuel performance Life Cycle Analysis Vehicle Technology & Efficiency Lighter vehicles Propulsion system Exhaust gas treat. W2W analysis Impact of Mobility Traffic Emissions Pollutant dispersion Human Exposition Env. Accessib. Indicators Scenario and Projections 28

9 29 30 H2 filling station in Berlin Hydrogen Cycle CO2 emissions W2T Well-to-Tank CO2eq Emissions for the different fuels analysed 4,50E-01 4,00E-01 3,50E-01 3,25E-01 H 2 H 2 3,00E-01 electrolisys Compressed Liquid transportation Filling Station kg/mj 2,50E-01 2,00E-01 1,50E-01 1,22E-01 1,38E-01 1,00E-01 Renewable Source 5,00E-02 0,00E+00 1,20E-02 1,34E-02 4,62E-03 Diesel CNG H2 fuel station H2 central production H2 electrolysis (grid H2 electrolysis power) (renewable power) Fuels End user Oil refinary steam reforming natural gas 31 32

10 33 CO2 emissions W2W Experimental laboratory Well-to-Wheel CO2eq Emissions for the different fuels analysed 9,00E+00 8,00E+00 7,00E+00 Tank-To-Wheel Well-To-Tank 8,11E+00 6,00E+00 GPS receiver with barometric altimeter kg/km 5,00E+00 4,00E+00 3,04E+00 3,44E+00 3,00E+00 2,00E+00 1,56E-00 1,66E-00 1,00E+00 1,15E-01 0,00E+00 Diesel CNG H2 fuel station H2 central production Fuels H2 electrolysis (grid H2 electrolysis power) (renewable power) Precision Flowmeter OBD interface and logging computer running proprietary software Horiba NOx Analyser Tailpipe probe, gas analyzer and exhaust 34 Monitoring results Emissions Speed Rpm Throttle position Topography Fuel consumption. Cons. (g/s) Nox emissions (g/s) NO g/s Time (s) Speed Kph t (s) Speed (km/h) Experimental evaluation of alternative fuels Ethanol CNG Hydrogen 35 36

11 37 CUTE Clean Urban Transports for Europe Porto Impact of new vehicle technologies Weight reduction Regenerative breaking Stop/start systems Hybrids technologies Plug ins concept Fuel cells. Fuel Cell Bus Diesel Euro 3 bus 38 Complete Life Cycle Analysis Ecogest Model Emission and energy consumption in: Producing / dismantling the vehicle Producing the fuel Maps of fuel consumption, temperature, emissions (diesel, gasoline, natural gas, biodiesel, ethanol, hydrogen) Maps of efficiency, power, voltage, capacity (hydrogen) CO 2 HC Exhaust aftertreatment CO NO x PM H 2 O +CO 2 - HC - CO -NO x - PM H 2 O Fuel consumption Emissions Using the vehicle Bateria Maps of efficiency, power, voltage, capacity (electricity) Driver (Slow, Normal, Sportive) or driving cycle and speed gearbox management Energy required for the propulsion system A/C on/off Vehicle characteristics Driving simulation Number passengers/load Number and localization stops; time at idle; cruise velocity Road grade 39 40

12 41 Results/ Full life cycle results Comparison based on: P/W~55 W/kg 0-100km/h~ 10s Vehicle total life: km (10-15 Years) 3. Contribution of Research and Development Impact of Mobility Emissions from pay tolls Daily emissions for conventional tolls, Electronic tolls (ETC) and no tolls Traffic behavior characterization: Videotaping Queue length; stop&go cycles; Vehicle dynamic measurements 140 Cruise kph Cruise 120 ETC 100 Speed (kph) Conventional Time (s) Idle Main deceleration LSG SSG Main acceleration Microwave Doppler Sensor Vasco da Gama bridge 25 of April Bridge A5 Carcavelos Toll Plaza 43 44

13 45 Speed Control traffic Signals Obrigado! Tiago Lopes Farias Instituto Superior Técnico University of Michigan September 23,