JEE4360 Energy Alternatives
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1 JEE4360 Energy Alternatives Transportation Assignment Due Quiz / Project Presentation Transportation 1 Why Transportation Energy Along with electricity, the other big target 27% of total USA energy consumption in 2000, Still so in % of the 18.8 million barrels / day USA used in 2009 May overlap increasingly with electric generation in future Battery-electric vehicles Fuel cell vehicles Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles Vehicle-to-grid systems Transportation 2 1
2 Options for Reducing Energy Use and CO2 Emissions Shift to battery or hybrid drivetrains Shift to alternative fuels Shift to fuel cell vehicles Make systemic changes Shift passengers and freight to more efficient modes Rationalize use of transportation system Transportation 3 Alternative Pathways to Carbon Emission Free Transportation Name: Adopt Battery Adopt Hydrogen Innovative on-board Electric Approach energy storage technologies Continue use of carbon, but offset emissions Phase out freeranging mechanized transport Description: Carbon-free electricity provided to battery powered fleet Carbon-free hydrogen provided to fuel cell vehicles Carbon-free compressed air, spinning flywheels, etc Sequester CO2 and/or expand use of bio-fuels Expand use of electric catenary or drastically vehicles etc. reduce mechanized transport Notes: 1) This list is EXHAUSTIVE (to the best of our knowledge); 2) ALL of these options are VERY challenging! Transportation 4 2
3 Trend in US Energy/CO2 Levels 2.4 tive growth (1970 = 1.00) Relat Freight Passenger All Trans. All Energy ResComm Industrial Transportation 5 US Energy Consumption by End Use Energy [EJ/year] Freight Passenger All Trans. ResComm Industrial Transportation 6 3
4 Comparison of Well-to-Wheel (WTW) Efficiencies Values shown are percent efficiency at given WTW stage Wll Well-to-Tank Tank-to-Wheel Wll Well-to-Wheel Wh l Conventional ICEV Gasoline HEV EV (using electricity from fuel oil) Transportation 7 EV Powertrain Note that source charger is not onboard vehicle Modern EVs convert DC to AC Transportation 8 4
5 Battery-Electric Vehicles (EVs) History Early prototypes ca s-1970s: GM prototypes, <130km range, 130 kmh (80 mph) top speed 1990s: Saturn EV1, <150km range, 150 kmh (90 mph) top speed, very good acceleration, approx leased Also, growth of Limited- Use Vehicles GEM Limited-Use Electric Vehicle Transportation 9 Chevy Volt List $40,280 Electric drive unit 150 hp, 273 lb.-ft. of torque Battery 16-kWh Lithium-ion, Rechargeable Energy Storage System, backed by an 100, mile/8-year warranty 50 miles on battery alone Transportation 10 5
6 Nissan Leaf Range 100 miles depends on the conditions, when new your range may vary anywhere from miles. range is most affected by: Climate control the more extreme the temperature is outside, the more energy used to heat or cool the cabin. Speed higher speeds require much more energy to overcome air resistance. Driving style smooth acceleration and deceleration will extend range while aggressive acceleration and deceleration will decrease range. Cargo and topography heavy cargo and driving up steep long inclines will reduce range. 80 kw AC synchronous motor 24 kwh lithium-ion battery Transportation 11 Some Vehicle Design Considerations Same criteria apply to EVs and HEVs as to ICEVs Maximum Range: distance between refueling (for ICEV) or recharging (for EV) Maximum Gradability: steepest incline that the vehicle can climb at a given speed Maximum Velocity Maximum Acceleration (e.g. time to go from 0 to 100 k/h) Leaf Curb wt: 1580 kg incl 300 kg batteries Chevy Volt wt: 1588 kg Example: Saturn EV1: Curb weight: 920 kg plus 400 kg batteries Lead-acid batteries: 55 wh/kg, ~$125/kwh Charge requirement: wh/kg-km Transportation 12 6
7 Maximum range for a representative lead-acid battery EV in km on a single charge, as a function of mass of batteries installed Transportation 13 Vehicle cost as a function of range for EV Transportation 14 7
8 Overview of Hybrid Vehicles (HEVs) 1970s: first standards for HEVs published by USDOE First on US market was Honda Insight (1998) Currently marketed by many major makers in US market, elsewhere Combines best features of ICE and EV technology: High energy density, long range of fice High starting torque, low emissions of EVs Currently emerging: plugin hybrids w/ 20 or 60 mile electric range 2005 Toyota Prius Courtesy of philglaserphotography.com Transportation 15 Prius Energy Display 10/3/10 Transportation 16 8
9 Growth in US Hybrid Sales Transportation 17 Hybrid-Electric Drivetrain Design Transportation 18 Source: Kreith et al (2002) 9
10 Use of Atkinson Cycle in HEVs Type of ICE used in Prius, Ford Escape Cycle invented by James Atkinson in 1882 Optimizes efficiency at the expense of power Two alternatives for implementation: 1. All 4 cycles of 4-stroke engine happen in single revolution of crankshaft: greater expansion ratio than compression ratio 2. Intake valve is held open longer, effectively reducing compression / increasing expansion >> See animation at ; also Transportation 19 Comparing Toyota Prius to VW Diesel Jetta, Toyota Echo Compare to VW Jetta Diesel Eng Size MaxPr Power/L Economy [MPG] cc [kw] City Hwy Overall Prius Prius Jetta Compare to Toyota Echo Gasoline ICEV [kg] City Hwy Overall Prius Echo (auto) Echo (man) Transportation 20 10
11 Prius vs. Saturn EV1 Battery weight requirement: kwh cap Wh/kg TtWt TotWt EV Prius Summary Comparisons for Prius: Percent Compared to MPG gain 35% Echo Wt Penalty 32% Echo Battery Wt Save 93% Saturn EV1 Transportation 21 Take-home points on electric & hybrid vehicles 1.The weakness of the EV is the cost and weight of batteries. new battery technology is becoming lighter and cheaper In the future, EVs may be able to break into markets where costs are currently prohibitive 2.HEVs can compete for market share by compromising between EVs and ICEVs Transportation 22 11
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