Energy in Transportation Energy Management

Transcription

1 Energy in Transportation Energy Management Carlos A. Santos Silva

2 Energy Management 1. Energy Systems Concepts Tools (Sankey Diagrams, Energy Balance, block Diagrams) 2. Energy Management Buildings Transportation Industry 3. Energy Management Tools Project Evaluation

3 What do we need? Mobility or Accessibility?

4 What do we need? Accessibility not mobility To people To places To information To goods To services (job, school, ) To entertainment.

5 Energy use in transports

6 Historical evolution of energy use in transports

7 Energy vectors for transports

8 Worldwide fuel use distribution in transport sector

9 End-use technologies in transports

10 Evolution of end use technologies in transports

11 Influence of urban density

12 Energy consumption (PJ) Energy use in transports in Europe The road transportation subsector is the largest energy consumer in the transportation sector, accounting for 82% of Total Road Rail Aviation Maritime Unspecified the final energy consumption % 0.4% The two other largest subsectors are aviation, accounting for 14%, and rail responsible for 2%. 7.0% 8.6% 83.2% Passenger cars Buses Rail Aviation Maritime EU27 passenger split per transport mode in 2010 (Eurostat, 2014)

13 Final energy consumption (ktoe) Energy use in transports: Portugal Services Residential Transportation construction Industry Agriculture

14 Final energy consumption (ktoe) Energy use in transports: Portugal Road Rail National Maritime Transport National Aviation

15 Road transportation fuels in Portugal Diesel sales have increased, due to the contribution of freight transport and the dieselization of the light-duty fleet.

16 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Rep, Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK /liter Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Rep, Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK /liter Diesel and gasoline prices 2,00 1,80 1,60 1,40 1,20 1,00 0,80 0,60 0,40 0,20 0,00 Gasoline VAT Excise duties Excluding taxes 2,00 1,80 1,60 1,40 1,20 1,00 0,80 0,60 0,40 0,20 0,00 Diesel VAT Excise duties Excluding taxes

17 Supply of fuels for transports in Portugal Few refueling infrastructure available for alternative energy pathways Se te m be r Fu e l P rice N u m b e r o f st a t io n s Bio d iesel B % Bio d iesel B % D iesel % D iesel (co lo red ) % H eatin g d iesel % S p ecial d iesel % G aso lin e % G aso lin e % G aso lin e (w ith ad d itives) % M ix tu re g aso lin e (2 stro ke en g in es) % S p ecial g aso lin el % S p ecial g aso lin e % G P L A u to % %

18 The problems of current transportation systems

19 The problems of current transportation systems. Supply interruptions since oil became a dominant energy source in the 1950s

20 The problems of current transportation systems Emissions

21 Main providers of urban mobility Motorized Modes Car Taxi Bus Motorbike Train Metro Soft Modes Walking Biking

22 Main providers of urban mobility How do we compare them? L / 100 km

23 Main providers of urban mobility How do we compare them? MJ / km L / 100 km

24 Main providers of urban mobility How do we compare them? Energy Service MJ / pass.km Energy per pass.km Car (gasoline) Car (Diesel) Train Bus Tram Metro Bicycle walking

25 Diesel >2,0 l Diesel 1,4-2,0 l Gasoline >2,0 l Gasoline 0,8-1,4 l Gasoline 1,4-2,0 l LPG Coaches Urban Buses Urban CNG Buses 2-stroke <50 cm³ Motorcycles 2-stroke >50 cm³ 4-stroke <250 cm³ 4-stroke >750 cm³ 4-stroke cm³ National flights Intra-EU flights Extra-EU flights Electric Diesel Million pkm Main providers of urban mobility The total EU mobility service provided by the Basket-of-products is quantified in passenger.kilometers (pkm) per sub-product: 56% passenger cars 32% aviation 5% buses 5% rail 2% two-wheelers Passengers cars Buses 2W Aviation Train

26 How to reduce the impact of Mobility? 26

27 How to reduce the impact of Mobility? Lower emission and better efficiency Energy Source / Energy Chain Vehicle Technology & Efficiency Mobility Management Biodiesel Ethanol Natural Gas Electricity, hydrogen Lighter vehicles Hybrids Electric and Plug Ins + Public Transport + Soft modes Parking management Tolls, Urban Planning.

28 How to reduce the impact of Mobility? Lower emission and better efficiency Energy Source / Energy Chain Vehicle Technology & Efficiency Mobility Management Biodiesel Ethanol Natural Gas Electricity, hydrogen Lighter vehicles Hybrids Electric and Plug Ins + Public Transport + Soft modes Parking management Tolls, Urban Planning. Change of behavior Training Education New Culture Concerning Mobility

29 Regulation in transport sector Lower emission and better efficiency Energy Source / Energy Chain Renewable Energy Directive - RED: 2020 target of 10% of renewable energy in the transportation sector Fuel Quality Directive FQD: 10% reduction of GHG life-cycle emissions of fossil fuels (6% through the introduction of biofuels) Infrastructure changes - COM/2013/018 final

30 Regulation in transport sector Lower emission and better efficiency Energy Source / Energy Chain Renewable Energy Directive - RED: 2020 target of 10% of renewable energy in the transportation sector Fuel Quality Directive FQD: 10% reduction of GHG life-cycle emissions of fossil fuels (6% through the introduction of biofuels) Infrastructure changes - COM/2013/018 final

31 Regulation in transport sector Lower emission and better efficiency Energy Source / Energy Chain Renewable Energy Directive - RED: 2020 target of 10% of renewable energy in the transportation sector Fuel Quality Directive FQD: 10% reduction of GHG life-cycle emissions of fossil fuels (6% through the introduction of biofuels) Infrastructure changes - COM/2013/018 final

32 Regulation in transport sector Lower emission and better efficiency Energy Source / Energy Chain Renewable Energy Directive - RED: 2020 target of 10% of renewable energy in the transportation sector Fuel Quality Directive FQD: 10% reduction of GHG life-cycle emissions of fossil fuels (6% through the introduction of biofuels) Infrastructure changes - COM/2013/018 final

33 Regulation in transport sector Lower emission and better efficiency Energy Source / Energy Chain Renewable Energy Directive - RED: 2020 target of 10% of renewable energy in the transportation sector Fuel Quality Directive FQD: 10% reduction of GHG life-cycle emissions of fossil fuels (6% through the introduction of biofuels) Infrastructure changes - COM/2013/018 final

34 Regulation in transport sector Lower emission and better efficiency Energy Source / Energy Chain Renewable Energy Directive - RED: 2020 target of 10% of renewable energy in the transportation sector Fuel Quality Directive FQD: 10% reduction of GHG life-cycle emissions of fossil fuels (6% through the introduction of biofuels) Infrastructure changes - COM/2013/018 final

35 Alternative fuels and vehicle technologies New energy sources / energy chains Ethanol Biodiesel Natural Gas Biogas New Propulsion systems Hybrid, electric, plug in, fuel cell... Electricity... Hydrogen

36 Alternative fuels for the transportation sector

37 Electric Vehicles Sales Source: Source:

38 Elecric vehicles Sales (US, Europe, China) Source:

39 Alternative fuels for the transportation sector - Prices: DOE, 2015

40 LCA of vehicle technologies and energy sources 1. Tank-to-Wheel (TTW) - vehicle utilization stage related to driving the vehicle. 3. Materials Cradle-to- Grave (CTG) - the vehicle manufacturing, maintenance and recycling. 2. Well-to-Tank (WTT) - fuel production stage.

41 Full life cycle including alternative vehicle technologies Source: Baptista, P., Tomás, M., and Silva, C., Plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicles market penetration scenarios, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35 (18), p

42 What about cost? Including all vehicle costs along its lifetime Acquisition and sale Circulation tax Insurance Inspection Energy Maintenance

43 Regulation in transport sector Lower emission and better efficiency Energy Source / Energy Chain Vehicle Technology & Efficiency Renewable Energy Directive - RED: 2020 target of 10% of renewable energy in the transportation sector Fuel Quality Directive FQD: 10% reduction of GHG life-cycle emissions of fossil fuels (6% through the introduction of biofuels) Infrastructure changes - COM/2013/018 final EU targets: 130g/km in 2015 and 90g/km in 2020 in new vehicle sales mix in EU Euro Standards: emission limits according vehicle age

44 Emission targets Vehicle evolution: mass and fuel consumption

45 Emission targets EU targets: 130g/km in 2015 and 90g/km in 2020 in new vehicle sales mix in EU a) b) Emission targets in new vehicle sales

46 Emission targets EU targets: 130g/km in 2015 and 90g/km in 2020 in new vehicle sales mix in EU ACEA 2015

47 Emission targets EU targets: 130g/km in 2015 and 90g/km in 2020 in new vehicle sales mix in EU

48 Euro standards European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states. The emission standards are defined in a series of European Union directives staging the progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards.

49 Euro standards

50 v (km/h) Euro standards Euro Standards: emission limits according vehicle age (HC, CO, NOx, PM) Europe: NEDC standard cycle 125 EUDC ECE t (s)

51 Euro standards Euro Standards: emission limits according vehicle age Some characteristics of the NEDC: - The cycle must be performed on a cold vehicle at 20 30ºC (typically run at 25ºC) - The cycles may be performed on a flat road, in the absence of wind. However, to improve repeatability, they are generally performed on a roller test bench. - For each vehicle configuration, a look-up table is applied: each speed corresponds to a certain value of resistance (reverse torque applied to the drive wheels). This arrangement enables the use of a single physical vehicle to test all vehicle body styles (Sedan, hatchback, MPV etc.). - The test is conducted with all ancillary loads turned off (Air conditioning compressor and fan, lights, heated rear window, etc.).

52 Euro standards Euro Standards: emission limits according vehicle age Differences between certification and real world data

53 Speed reduction legislation

54 Regulation in transport sector Lower emission and better efficiency Mobility Management Alternative products: carsharing, car-pooling, bikesharing, etc Alternative integrated ticketing options Tolling access to city centers Low emission zones Green parking permits.

55 Alternative products ZER - zonas de emissão reduzidas / LOZ low emission zones Tolling access to city centers Example of London: The Congestion Charge is an daily charge for driving a vehicle within the charging zone between 07:00 and 18:00, Monday to Friday.

56 Alternative products Alternative products: CAR- SHARING Car-sharing: model of car rental where people rent cars for short periods of time, often by the hour, with reduced costs since total ownership costs are displaced. Types of car-sharing Infrastructure dependent: - Two-way car-sharing: pick up and return to same parking location - One-way car-sharing: pick up in pre-defined parking location an return in other parking location within the network Free-floating car-sharing - Pick up / drop off a car is possible freely in a defined zone of a city, as cars have no fixed positioning. Peer-to-peer car-sharing (also known as person-to-person car-sharing and peer-to-peer car rental) is the process whereby existing car owners make their vehicles available for others to rent for short periods of time.

57 Alternative products Alternative products: CAR- SHARING More than 400 cities with car-sharing systems were identified, mostly located in Europe (around 80%), followed by North America (approximately 18%) and by Oceania (approximately 2%). Wider deployment in the 2000 s, despite some prior initial trials in Switzerland, UK and USA. In 2011 and 2012, more than 25 new systems were created. Most widely known systems: Autolib (Paris, 1750 Electric Vehicles, 4000 charging points, registered subscribers) Zipcar (expanded worldwide, members, vehicles) Hertz on demand (started in 2008, vast distribution in US, Europe and Australia, users) Car2Go (started in Germany in 2008, expanded to 18 cities worldwide, customers, 6000 conventional and alternative vehicles) These 4 operators are the bigger systems with more than 100 vehicles per city, representing 47% of the total system considered. 1/10/2018 Instituto Superior Técnico 57

58 Number of bike-sharing systems by start year Alternative products: BIKE- SHARING Alternative products Increasing number of BSS across the world, mostly since Europe North America South America Asia Oceania BSS identified 0 Most new BSS are located in Europe, but largest are in Asia 58

59 Alternative products Alternative products: BIKE- SHARING Diverse profiles in deployment of bikes and stations: highest deployment of bikes in Asia Distinct adhesion and usage of BSS 1/10/2018 Instituto Superior Técnico 59

60 Energy management approach 1. What is the question we are trying to answer? Improve efficiency, reduce cost or emissions, comply with regulations? Just characterize? 2. Fully characterize the problem: - Fleet, mobility patterns, constrains, - Consumption, emissions, cost, impacts 3. What alternative solutions are available - Technological - Mobility management - Behavior,. 4. Characterize alternative solutions - Time, cost, energy, emissions, 5. Compare and conclude

61 Fleet management tools Objective: Improve operational management of fleets as well as its performance Tools used: simple GPS trackers, on-board monitoring devices, mobile apps, etc. Typical collected data: Engine management (OBD), GPS, Vehicle dynamics (speed, acceleration), etc.

62 Fleet management tools Examples of purpose for fleet management tools - Geo-location in case of vehicle theft - Route management (reduce unnecessary VKT) - Organizing preventive and repair maintenance information - Refueling and fuel consumption registration, in order to promotion of energy efficiency - Better allocation of vehicles to type of service - Implementation of eco-driving (in class training or real time feedback)