Energy efficiency policies and measures in transport in the EU 27, Norway and Croatia

Transcription

1 ODYSSEE MURE Final Meeting Paris, May Energy efficiency policies and measures in transport in the EU 27, Norway and Croatia B Lapillonne Karine Pollier Enerdata Content Overview of measures: Measures on car: Prices and taxes Conclusions 2

2 Overview of measures: Total number Number by type (e.g. regulation, financial) Number by target (e.g. cars, modal shift, soft modes) 3 Overview of number of measures in transport MURE data base contain around 350 measures in the transport sector for all EU countries, Norway and Croatia, of which 270 measures are still in application ( on going ) Most of the on going measures are quite recent: 70% were implemented since 2000 and almost 40% since 2005 Most of the measures are national measures not linked to EU Directive (~85%)

3 Number of measures by type in transport: Regulations (Directives on labelling and biofuels, speed limits) and fiscal and financial incentives (mainly tax on fuels or tax/incentives on cars) are the most frequent measures (~30% of total). Around 20% are organisational measures (infrastructure and mobility plans), mainly targeted at modal shift. Then follows Information measures and voluntary agreements (cooperative measures) Number of on going measures by type Regulations 50% 30% 40% 30% Organisational 21% 20% 10% 0% Fiscal, financial incentives 28% Information Co-operatives measures 14% 7% 5 Number of measures per country in transport EU-15 countries have in general the largest number of measures Three countries stand out with more than 20 measures targeted to the transport sector 6

4 Number of measures by type per country in transport (1/2) Good balance of the distribution of measures by type in countries with the largest number of measures Many financial and fiscal measures in countries (Germany, Austria, Italy, Ireland, Sweden and Cyprus). Organisational measures (mobility plans, infrastructures) are mainly used in 6 countries (Austria, Netherlands, Italy, France, Germany and UK) 7 Number of measures by type per country in transport (2/2) Each country gives a greater focus on some types of measures: Financial and fiscal measures are important in Germany, Austria, Italy and Ireland Regulations in France and Netherlands; Organisational measures in France, Austria, Italy and Netherlands; VA in Spain and information in Finland 8

5 Distribution of measures by target in transport Half of the measures are directly targeted to cars and even 60% if measures on fuel substitution are included. Around 40% of the measures to improve the energy efficiency of vehicles/ modes (of which 30% for cars) 15% of measures targeting modal shift to public transport Few measures for the transport of goods 9 Number of measures by target per country in transport Most of the measures on cars A number of measures on modal shift for passengers in Austria, Italy, UK, Netherlands, and Belgium 10

6 Measures on car: Distribution by type/ target Case of labelling EU Directive on car emission Financial/fiscal incentives 11 Classification of measures on cars Measures on car efficiency Regulations/VA to raise the energy efficiency of new cars: EU Directives/VA: EU agreement with ACEA, KAMA and JAMA on new car CO2 emissions + forthcoming EU Directive on new cars Incentives to buy to more efficient/ low emissions new cars: Car labelling (National implementation of EU Directive) Fiscal and financial incentives to purchase efficient/low emission new cars (national measures): opurchase tax linked to energy efficiency performance (12 countries) oannual car tax linked to energy efficiency performance (5 countries) osubsidies for efficient /low emission cars or combined tax and subsidies ( bonus malus ) (11 countries): mainly since 2008 when applied to all types of cars (before restricted to electric/hybrid vehicles) Measures on car energy use: information, ecodriving, speed limit, car pooling, mandatory technical inspection Fuel tax (10 countries) impact on car efficiency and car use 12

7 Overview of policies on cars Two third of national measures are targeted to improve the efficiency (or lower the CO2 emissions of new cars); most spread measures are financial incentives to purchase more efficient/low emission new cars One third of measures to reduce the fuel consumption of cars (ecodriving, speed limit) Measures on price limites but cat on car use and car efficiency Car use Car efficiency/ emission 13 CO2 labelling of new cars Directive approved in 1999 to be implemented by Member states by January 2001 Flexibility of presentation of the label (no harmonisation) 3 approaches: absolute labels type A,B, C with fixed values of CO2 emission band relative labels (band defined in relation to stock average; minimum requirement (simple display of emissions level) Potential impact on car stock efficiency depend on number of years of implementation Potential impact on today energy use 14

8 Absolute labels (UK) Car labels Relative label (Spain) 15 New EU Directive on new cars On December 2008 the European Parliament adopted a Regulation on CO2 from cars: The fleet average to be achieved by new cars registered in the EU is 130 gco2 per km from 2015 In 2012, 65% of each manufacturer's newly registered cars must comply with the limit value. This will rise to 75% in 2013 and 80% in 2014 Penalty payments for excess emissions to be paid by the manufacturers for each car registered: 5 for the first g/km of excess, 15 for the second g/km, 25 for the third g/km, and 95 for each subsequent g/km. From 2019, penalty of 95 from the first g/km of excess. Long-term target: a target of 95g/km is specified for the year

9 Tax on cars linked to energy or CO 2 performance Car purchase tax (12 countries) Annual tax (5 countries) Number of years since implementation Austria: since 1991 Denmark: 2000 France: company cars only Prices and taxes 18

10 Gasoline price in EU countries (2007) ( /l) Large diversity in gasoline price: gap of 70% between the 3 highest and the 3 lowest (or 0,6 /l) 10 countries with gasoline price above 1.3 /l, of which 3 > 1,4 /l 5 countries below 1 /l Source: Enerdata from IEA/Eurostat data Diesel price in EU countries (2007) ( /l) gap of 60% in diesel price between the 3 highest and the 3 lowest (or 0,53 /l) 8 countries price above 1.1 /l, of which 2 with very high price ( UK and Cyprus > 1,4 /l) 3 countries below 0.9.l Source Enerdata from IEA/Eurostat data

11 Differential gasoline diesel price in EU countries (2007) ( /l) 11 countries with diesel much cheaper than gasoline (by more than 0.1 /l, of which 5 > 0,2 /l (Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, Finland), they are the countries with the highest penetration of diesel cars Source Enerdata from IEA/Eurostat data «Green taxes» on motor fuels Tax on motor gasoline (2008*) (premium unleaded 95 ) 5 countries with green tax, (CO2/ environment tax): 4 Scandinavian countries and Germany Some countries with high tax have no green tax (Netherlands, Belgium, UK and Portugal) Part of the revenue may be recycled to support energy /CO2 efficiency measures Source: Enerdata from IEA 1 Euro =1.5 $ *3rd quarter 2008

12 Very different trends: decrease in half of the countries and increase in the others. Strong increase in Poland (+50% ) and to a lesser extent in Germany (30%); reduction by 25% in Hungary and Norway Variations of taxes on gasoline ( ) (in real terms in national currency ) Source: Enerdata from IEA Large discrepancy between countries: strong increase in Poland, Germany and Sweden (>50%); reduction by 20% in Slovakia, Hungary and Norway Variation of taxes on diesel ( ) (%) (in real terms in national currency Source: Enerdata from IEA

13 Synthesis on motor fuel tax The importance of fiscal policies on motor fuel in terms of potential impact on car users can be assessed from the level of price and the price variation: Germany, Sweden, Portugal, Cyprus and Belgium are the 5 countries with the strongest price signals Countries with highest level motor fuel price* (> 1,2 /l) 2007 Cyprus, UK, Norway, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Portugal Sweden, Italy, Finland, Belgium Countries with largest price* variation Croatia, Estonia, Cyprus, Poland, Luxembourg, Latvia, Germany, Portugal Belgium, Sweden Countries with highest price* level & variation Germany, Sweden, Portugal, Cyprus Belgium *Weighted average price of gasoline and diesel for cars users 25 Synthesis of measures on cars: countries with the largest mix of measures Fuel tax Level & variation Germany, Sweden, Portugal,Cyprus, Belgium Car tax (purchase) over 7 years over 4 years Car tax (annual) over 10 years over 4 years Subsidies on new cars Car labels (over 8 years) Synthesis Austria, Denmark, UK, Hungary Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden Denmark UK, Sweden Very recent in 11 countries Denmark, Belgium, Austria, Netherlands, Portugal, Norway, Hungary, Ireland, Greece, Spain, Denmark Portugal, Sweden Austria 26

14 The countries with the largest mix of measures do not show the best results, part from Austria: the share of diesel car which is not linked to energy efficiency policy may explain this ranking Trends in the specific consumption of cars by country Source: estimation ODYSSEE 27 Conclusions Largest effort is on cars especially to raise the efficiency of new cars: Already a significant impact of past measures (EU Directive on labels, EU agreement with ACEA, KAMA and JAMA, national incentive schemes); Clear reinforcement since 2007/2008 with a multiplication of subsidy schemes and the forthcoming EU Directive on new cars; There is a an increase and a greening of tax related to car use and ownership in most countries however it is difficult to compare the total amount of these taxes. It is difficult to assess what has been the relative contribution of the various measures on the market transformation for new cars it is the result of a large mix of measures and increase in fuel price. Truck and light duty vehicles, with a fasts growing energy consumption are insufficiently addressed by policies. Few measures on modal shift, especially for goods, and few results achieved in that area 28