Gestão de Sistemas Energéticos 2016/2017
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1 Gestão de Sistemas Energéticos 2016/2017 Energy efficiency in transports: characterization Patrícia Baptista IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico 1
2 Energy efficiency in transports: characterization and regulation 3/5 (10h30-12h) - Energy efficiency in transports: characterization 5/5 (10h30-12h) - Energy efficiency in transports: characterization, regulation and alternatives 10/5 (14h-15h30) Exercise class 1 10/5 (15h30-17h) Exercise class 2??? Instituto Superior Técnico 2
3 Review Fuel Units Instituto Superior Técnico 4
4 Mobility or Accessibility? What do we need? Instituto Superior Técnico 5
5 What do we need? Accessibility not mobility To people To places To information To goods To services (job, school, ) To entertainment Instituto Superior Técnico 6
6 Role of transports Transport of Passenger Goods EU Statistical pocketbook Instituto Superior Técnico 7
7 Role of transports Modal distribution Freight - Dominance of road transport, followed by maritime and rail transport EU Statistical pocketbook Instituto Superior Técnico 8
8 Role of transports Modal distribution Passengers - Dominance of passenger cars, followed by buses, with increasing trend of air transport EU Statistical pocketbook Instituto Superior Técnico 9
9 Problems of transport sector? Instituto Superior Técnico 10
10 Problems of transport sector? Urban planning and infra-structure Congestion / Traffic Dependency on private transport and need for modal shift Energy problems Environmental problems Others Instituto Superior Técnico 11
11 Problems of transport sector Urban planning and infra-structure Macroscopic level Microscopic level Influence of urban density New concept of pedestrian/vehicle interaction Instituto Superior Técnico 12
12 Problems of transport sector Congestion / Traffic Traffic Parking Hourly average Lisbon traffic counts Instituto Superior Técnico 13
13 Problems of transport sector Congestion / Traffic Traffic Parking Instituto Superior Técnico 14
14 Problems of transport sector Dependency on private transport and need for modal shift High motorization rate Use of public transport IEA, Instituto Superior Técnico 15
15 Problems of transport sector Dependency on private transport and need for modal shift High motorization rate Use of public transport Instituto Superior Técnico 16
16 Problems of transport sector Energy problems High energy consumption trend Energy dependency and need to diversify energy sources Instituto Superior Técnico 17
17 Problems of transport sector Environmental problems Exceedances of air quality (NO x and PM) objectives due to traffic, EEA Instituto Superior Técnico 18
18 Problems of transport sector Environmental problems QualAr Instituto Superior Técnico 19
19 Problems of transport sector Others Mobility policies (defined locally with no integrated strategy ) Road safety (related to vehicle occupants and pedestrians) Economic context (influences passengers and freight flows) Etc. EU Statistical pocketbook Instituto Superior Técnico 20
20 Final energy consumption (ktoe) Energy use in transports EU Statistical pocketbook % of final energy consumption due to the transport sector Services Residential Transportation construction Industry Agriculture DGEG, Instituto Superior Técnico 21
21 Energy consumption (PJ) Energy use in transports The road transportation sub-sector is the largest energy consumer in the transportation sector, accounting for 82% of the final energy consumption. The two other largest sub-sectors are aviation, accounting for 14%, and rail responsible for 2% Total Road Rail Aviation Maritime Unspecified Eurostat, Instituto Superior Técnico 22
22 Energy use in transports Worldwide fuel use distribution in transport sector IEA, Instituto Superior Técnico 23
23 Energy use in transports CO 2 emissions profile Increasing CO 2 emission level with limited alternatives Eurostat, Instituto Superior Técnico 24
24 Energy use in transports Penetration of alternative technologies in 2010? Dulac, IEA, Instituto Superior Técnico 25
25 Energy use in transports Current penetration of alternative technologies? Instituto Superior Técnico 26
26 Main providers of mobility IEA, Instituto Superior Técnico 27
27 Main providers of mobility What is the correct energy efficiency unit for analysis of transport modes? Instituto Superior Técnico 28
28 Usage stage - Typical energy consumption values Energy content Gasoline Diesel CO 2 Emission factors Gasoline Diesel MJ/l MJ/l 2.31 kg/l 2.68 kg/l Typical energy consumption values Vehicle Vehicle energy consumption Occupancy Vehicle energy consumption l/100km kwh/km MJ/km Seats Number of passenger Occupancy rate MJ/pass.km Urban passenger car (diesel) % 2.01 Urban passenger car (gasoline) % 2.29 Motorcycle (gasoline) % 1.43 Electric vehicle % 0.46 Electric bicycle % 0.10 Segway % 0.12 Measure of Unicycle % 0.04 vehicles energy efficiency Urban bus (diesel) % 2.01 Interurban bus (diesel) % 0.29 Metro % 0.31 Surface Metro % 1.03 Suburban train % 0.16 Interurban train % 0.24 Ferry boat % Instituto Superior Técnico 29
29 What is the occupancy rate of a bus and of a metro? Instituto Superior Técnico 30
30 What is the occupancy rate of a bus and of a metro? Carris Year Offer Vehicle x Km (S.P.) (million) Seat x Km (S.P.) (millions) Demand Passengers (S.P.) (milllions) Passengers x Km (S.P.) (millions) Quality Average speed (Km/h) Occupancy rate 7% 7% 7% 7% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% Average number of people in bus Metro de Lisboa Year Carriages x km of exploration Seat x km Passenger x km (million) Average km per trip (km) Occupancy rate % % % % % % % % % % % Instituto Superior Técnico 31
31 Energy content Gasoline Diesel CO 2 Emission factors Gasoline Diesel Typical energy consumption values Usage stage - Typical energy consumption values MJ/l MJ/l 2.31 kg/l 2.68 kg/l Occupancy rate = Number of passengers Number of seats MJ km Number of seats = MJ km Number of passenger = MJ seat. km MJ pass. km x 100 Vehicle Vehicle energy consumption Occupancy Vehicle energy consumption l/100km kwh/km MJ/km Seats Number of passenger Occupancy rate MJ/pass.km Urban passenger car (diesel) % 2.01 Urban passenger car (gasoline) % 2.29 Motorcycle (gasoline) % 1.43 Electric vehicle % 0.46 Electric bicycle % 0.10 Segway % 0.12 Unicycle % 0.04 Urban bus (diesel) % 2.01 Interurban bus (diesel) % 0.29 Metro % 0.31 Surface Metro % 1.03 Suburban train % 0.16 Interurban train % 0.24 Ferry boat % Instituto Superior Técnico 32
32 Usage stage - Typical CO 2 emission values Energy content MJ/l Gasoline MJ/l Diesel CO 2 Emission factors kg/l Gasoline kg/l Diesel Typical energy consumption values MJ/l MJ/l 2.31 kg/l 2.68 kg/l g km Number of seats = g km Number of passenger = g seat. km g pass. km energy consumption Vehicle Occupancy energy consumption Vehicle energy consumption Occupancy Vehicle CO Vehicle energy consumption Vehicle 2 emissions kwh/km MJ/km Seats Number l/100km of passenger kwh/km Occupancy MJ/km rate Seats Number MJ/pass.km of passenger Occupancy g/km rate g/pass.km MJ/pass.km Urban - passenger 2.52car (diesel) % % Urban - passenger 2.86car (gasoline) % % Motorcycle - (gasoline) % % Electric 0.16 vehicle % % Electric 0.03 bicycle % % Segway % % Unicycle % % Urban - bus (diesel) % % Interurban - bus (diesel) % % Metro % % Surface 7.0 Metro % % Suburban 10.0 train % % Interurban 15.0 train % % Ferry - boat % % Instituto Superior Técnico 33
33 Exercise Consider the following four vehicles (vehicle A, B, C and D): - Vehicle A is a Euro IV mid-size gasoline car (occupancy rate 1/5; fuel consumption: 8 l/100 km); - Vehicle B is a meter urban bus (occupancy rate 20/75; fuel consumption: 35 l/100 km); - Vehicle C is an underground metro system (occupancy rate 300/700; energy consumption: 6 kwh/km); and - Vehicle D is a Euro I diesel car (occupancy rate 2/5; fuel consumption: 6.5 l/100 km) Assumptions: Gasoline MJ/l and 2.31 kg CO 2 /l; Diesel MJ/l and 2.68 kg CO 2 /l Instituto Superior Técnico 34
34 Exercise Complete the following table regarding energy consumption and CO 2 emissions for the four vehicles (vehicle A, B, C and D): Vehicle A Vehicle B Vehicle C Vehicle D Energy consumption CO 2 emissions MJ/km MJ/seat.km MJ/pass.km g/km g/seat.km g/pass.km Assumptions: Gasoline MJ/l and 2.31 kg CO 2 /l; Diesel MJ/l and 2.68 kg CO 2 /l Instituto Superior Técnico 35
35 Exercise Complete the following table regarding energy consumption and CO 2 emissions for the four vehicles (vehicle A, B, C and D): Energy consumption CO 2 emissions MJ/km MJ/seat.km MJ/pass.km g/km g/seat.km g/pass.km Vehicle A Vehicle B Vehicle C Vehicle D What is the best choice of transport mode? Instituto Superior Técnico 36
36 Gestão de Sistemas Energéticos 2016/2017 Energy efficiency in transports: characterization Patrícia Baptista IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico 37
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