Pathways to Sustainable Mobility

Transcription

1 Pathways to Sustainable Mobility Justin Ward Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. The Big 5 5 Issues facing the auto industry Growth of global industry & technology in the 20 th century 1. Energy & Fuel Diversification Rapid increase in fossil fuel consumption 2. CO 2 Reduction 3. Air Quality Population growth and the growing numbers vehicles 4. Urban Congestion

2 Concept of Energy Source Utilization Petroleum Coal Natural gas Water / Nuclear Biomass Liquid Fuel Electricity Mobile 1. ICE / ICE-HV 2. PHV 3. EV 4. FCHV Stationary Solar / Wind Hydrogen Industry Home Electricity and hydrogen as energy carrier have various primary sources Changes in CO 2 Concentration Image from (Source: NOAA) Atmospheric CO2 concentration has dramatically increased since the middle of 20th century.

3 World CO 2 Emissions Residential use Commerce and others 12.6% 8.3% Energy production Transport 20.3% (Road 17.0% ) 40.6% 18.2% Manufacturing Industries and Construction Total CO 2 Emissions: 26 billion ton Source: IEA CO 2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2006 edition) CO2 reductions are expected reduction arising from vehicles has considerable contribution Well-to-Wheel CO 2 Emission Future Future FCHV FCHV Gasoline vehicle Diesel Vehicle Gasoline HV Diesel HV EV FCHV (Natural gas; current) FCHV (Natural gas; target) (Coal) (Water electrolysis / renewables) (Biomass decomposition) CO 2 emission (gasoline vehicle =1) Biomass, nuclear power Well-to to-tank CO 2 Tank-to to-wheel CO 2 (): source of hydrogen Source : Mizuho Information & Research Institute report/ Toyota calculation (excluding FCHV) FCHV : Toyota calculation Hydrogen fueled, Toyota in-house testing in the Japanese test cycle FCHV (Hydrogen) has high potential of low CO2 emission at WTW comparison. Coal-fired power

4 Environmental Superiority of Hybrid Vehicles(HV HV) Large Gasoline Diesel CO2Emission (g/km) LS600h RX400h GS450h CamryHV Prius Gasoline Hybrid Vehicle Weight (ton) Heavy EC mode TOYOTA Environmental Forum HVs can contribute to reducing CO2 emissions. Technology to save the use of precious petroleum 2010 Prius Prototype vehicle shown

5 Air Flow Management Coefficient of Drag =.25 Less air resistance = reduced energy consumption Hybrid Synergy Drive Motor/Generator 1 Previous New 30% Hybrid System Weight Reduction Motor/Generator 2 Previous New

6 Prius sales volatility Gas Prices PRIUS Units / Month Gas Price in Cents There is a strong correlation between Prius sales and gasoline prices in the U.S. Utilization of Electricity : Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle (PHV) Expanding the electric-motor-only only cruising range through recharging battery using an external power source. Household electricity Engine Motor Battery Fuel tank At this time, PHV is the most viable option to utilize electricity. TOYOTA Environmental Forum

7 Plug-In hybrid vehicle initiatives Future vision of PHEV: Recharging circuit Engine Battery Regenerative braking (energy recovery) Cellulosic ethanol (waste materials) Photovoltaic generation (carbon neutral energy) Challenges remaining: Battery cost / life, emissions from grid, emissions from fuel choice, all-electric range, etc CO 2 Emissions When electricity is generated from low-carbon sources, the CO 2 emissions of a PHV are lower than an HV Prius Equivalent Vehicle LA#4 China Well to Wheel CO2 Emissions (Prius=1) Prius U.S. Japan France Plug-in The advantage is big in France where nuclear power generation is common. There is no advantage in China, which mainly uses coal-fired power plants.

8 Cost of Technology Consumption vs. Fuel Economy Last Century Urban Mobility Projects Toyota e-com shared-use community EVs for employees Crayon System pay-as-you-go public EV rentals

9 Urban Mobility Projects Today EV FTEV Toyota s idea of a city electric vehicle. short range; dual voltage charging; high degree of connected IT. Major Technical Challenges for FC Vehicles C. Stack durability B. Freeze start capability D. Cost, Compactness & High Power Density A. Cruising range

10 Cruising Range of TOYOTA FCHV-adv Actual fuel economy * [km/liter] model FCHV FCHV** + 90% 08 model FCHV-adv** + 25% 600km 500km 400km 300km 200km On-board Amount fuel of capacity fuel [liter] [liter] ** * : measured by internal test cycle ** : Gasoline equivalent Gasoline vehicles Fuel cell system efficiency [%] Actual driving cycle * Japanese test cycle LA#4 test cycle % 55% 05model FCHV FCHV-adv Load [%] > 500 km 830 km 790 km In-house test - TOYOTA FCHV-adv has achieved an actual cruising range of over 500 km. - FC system efficiency has also substantially improved up to 64%. Cold Start / Driving Capability Performance Test Results Ambient 外気温 [ ] Air Temp. (degc) /8 Ambient Air Temperature at Timmins C Timmins, Canada -37degC 2/10 2/12 2/14 2/16 2/18 Date (degf) Canada Under aurora at subarctic The cold-weather performance tests verified that the cold start and driving performance of the TOYOTA FCHV-adv was equivalent to that of gasoline-powered vehicles.

11 Goal of Cost Reduction for FCHV Cost 1/10 1/10 Model Model Model generation generation generation Resolution of engineering-related related technical issues Innovations in design, materials, and production technology Model generation Cost reduction Mass production effect In the near term, we aim to reduce the cost to 1/10 of the current level by innovations in design, materials, and production technology. Pathway to Sustainable Mobility Ultimate eco-car Alternative fuel HV Plug-in HV FCHV Diesel HV THSII EV Right car Right place Right time Synthetic fuel Biofuel Diesel Gasoline Electricity Hydrogen EV: Electric vehicle THS: Toyota Hybrid System HV: Hybrid vehicle FCHV: Fuel cell hybrid vehicle

12 Thank you