Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles

Transcription

1 Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles Bob Graham Electric Power Research Institute Download EPRI Journal 1

2 Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles Attracting Attention at the Nation s Highest Level President Bush February 20, 2006 visits Johnson Controls in Milwaukee, Wisconsin discusses advanced batteries and plugin hybrid vehicles: The challenge that faces us is economic growth today carries over for tomorrow understanding how technology plays in the future of the country. in your laboratory lighter, more potent battery technology. we re got a real problem, America is addicted to oil. Using new lithium ion batteries, engineers will be able to design the next generation of hybrid vehicles, called plug-in hybrids, that can be charged through a standard electrical outlet. 2

3 Petroleum Consumption Rising Unsustainably Light Duty fleet wide full hybridization needed by 2025 to break even 3

4 Plug-in Hybrid Annual Gasoline Consumption Annual Gasoline Consumption (gallons) Conventional Vehicle Conventional Power Assist Hybrid Plug-in HEV, 20 mile EV range Plug-in HEV, 60 mile EV range Compact Sedan Midsize Sedan Midsize SUV Fullsize SUV - 4

5 Plug-in Hybrid Greenhouse Gas Emissions 700 Conventional Vehicle Fullsize SUV Conventional Power Assist Hybrid Fuel Cycle CO2 Emissions (g/mi) Plug-in Hybrid, 20 mile EV range Plug-in Hybrid, 60 mile EV range Midsize Sedan Compact Sedan Midsize SUV 0 5

6 Some Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Definitions A PHEV uses a rechargeable energy storage system to provide capabilities beyond those of conventional charge-sustaining hybrid systems A PHEV does not imply a pure electric mode, although this is one of the most fundamental attributes A PHEV neither requires nor implies the need for dual full power electric motor and combustion engine systems PHEVs are most effective in operating scenarios proportional to their onboard storage Another fundamental PHEV attribute is the direct, significant displacement of hydrocarbon fuels by grid electricity 6

7 Hybrid Vehicle Efficiency Engine Gas tank Transmission Driveline 15-20% 90-95% 95% Battery Motor Gasoline: 13-18% Efficient 85-90% 85-95% Electric: 62-77% Efficient 7

8 Plug-In Hybrid Sprinter Van Component Layout Power Inverter Module Onboard Charger Fuel Tank Electric Drive Motor/Clutch System 14 kwh Lithium Ion Battery System Transmission Combustion Engine 8

9 Plug-in Hybrid Operating Strategies Maximize stored battery energy (to limits of battery performance and durability) HEV mode triggers include: Vehicle speed Battery SOC Driver accel request (optional) Driving location System temperature Need to balance operation with low operating costs Vehicles should operate indefinitely at minimum SOC ZEV Mode Strategy Charge-depletion HEV Greenzone Strategy Battery SOC Battery SOC Battery SOC Vehicle Distance Travelled/ZEV Range = ZEV Mode Vehicle Distance Travelled/ZEV Range = Motor Only EV State = ZEV Mode Vehicle Distance Travelled/ZEV Range 9

10 Lithium Ion Technology is Promising for Plug-in Hybrids High energy, power density Likely to meet target cycle life (>2000 deep cycles) Cost-volume relationship equal or superior to NiMH Potentially promising innovations in new designs Assumed End-of-Life (80% original capacity) 10

11 PHEV Sprinter Li Ion Battery Lithium Ion battery Module mass of 120 kg Energy of 14 kwh Peak power of kw Liquid-cooled for thermal management 3.3 kw conductive charger with Avcon inlet receptacle 11

12 Availability of Electricity as an Alternative Fuel? Source: Cal ISO and EPRI 12

13 Power Plant Criteria Emissions are Declining Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) introduces NOx Caps, Reduces SOx Allowances Source: U.S. EPA 13

14 As Grid Efficiency Increases CO 2 Emissions Decrease Over Time 2050 time horizon, EPRI electricity modeling Strong downward trend for all cases Improvements due in part to: Increasing combustion efficiency Old plant retirements New technologies, including non-emitting generation Renewables (primarily wind and biomass) Nuclear Carbon capture (sequestration) EPRI base case includes a modestly increasing CO 2 $ value 14

15 EPRI Electric Transportation Program Strategic Actions Biting Bullet Low Gas Price High CO2 Price PHEV auto program PHEV test data PHEV urban delivery trucks Markets Double Whammy Regulated High Gas Price Non-road energy efficiency Emission trade credits Regional environmental value validation Electric drive technology innovation Supply Rescue Low CO2 Price Digging Heels 15

16 Research and Development Addressing Technology Challenges Advanced Batteries Automotive Program Environmental Benefit Validation Data 16

17 EPRI Response to Challenges EPRI/SCE Advanced Battery Test Program EPRI/DOE Partnership Johnson Control/Saft Alignment Technology Innovation - Nanotechnololgy Automotive Analysis State Economic Dev. Initiatives International Pursuit of Partner Argonne National Lab Natural Resource Defense Council Environmental Base Program PHEV Sprinter Data Collection Eaton/EPRI Trouble Truck 17

18 Plug-in Technology Development Opportunities For the Future PHEV Autos Electric Accessories Non-road PHEV Power Electronics Future Opportunities PHEV Fuel Cell Home Refueling 18 Automated Recharging

19 Lester R. Brown Plan B Environmental Revolution Investment Activism Advanced Batteries Future Future Future Research Renewables WE ARE IN THE FORE FRONT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL REVOLUTION WE HAVE NO CHOICE BUT TO BE SUCCESSFUL 19