Selected from International Polymer Science and Technology, 40, No. 3, 2012, reference KR 12/06/30; transl. serial no

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Nigel Green
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1 Kuchuk i Rezin, No. 6, 2012, pp New-genertion, high-performnce tyre rubbers: the present nd future mrket for SKD-ND (polybutdiene rubber on neodymium ctlyst) nd DSSK (solutionpolymeristion styrene butdiene rubber) I.I. Mitin, S.I. Mikhilov, nd A.A. Fomin OOO Sibur (Sibur LLC), Moscow Selected from Interntionl Polymer Science nd Technology, 40, No. 3, 2012, reference KR 12/06/30; trnsl. seril no Trnslted by P. Curtis At present, the min trend in the development of the motor industry nd its suppliers is n incresed focus on ecologicl impct nd vehicle sfety. Likewise, while mintining ll the given prmeters, the tyre rubber users, nturlly, re pying ttention to the durbility nd service life of their vehicles. The modern tyre, s one of the most criticl prts of cr, nd lso, perhps, one of the prts undergoing most rpid wer, must meet high stndrds nd stisfy mrket trends: it must hve little ecologicl impct nd be sfe. Most developed countries nd some developing countries hve tken gret cre to ensure improvement in tyre qulity t Stte level. Tble 1 gives Stte regultions tht hve lredy been introduced or will be introduced in the medium term [1 4]. From the tble it cn be seen tht Stte regultions cover the following prmeters: noise, rolling resistnce, wet rod holding, nd wer. Certifiction of the given prmeters in different Sttes my be voluntry, but my be obligtory. It cn lso be seen tht some regultions suggest specific minimum nd mximum vlue limittions, depending on the prmeter. This is due primrily to the fct tht the regultions re pursuing different ims. The regultion introduced by the Europen Union in 2012 proposes not only the obligtory certifiction of such prmeters s noise, rolling resistnce, nd wet rod holding but lso legisltive underpinning of the mximum or minimum vlues of the given prmeters [1]. Tht is, the given Tble 1. New Stte regultions Prmeters limited Europen Union, cr, vn, nd lorry tyres Rolling resistnce Tyres flling under regultion United Sttes, cr nd retreded tyres Jpn, cr nd retreded tyres Chin, cr, vn, nd lorry tyres Mximum vlue, Obligtory certifiction b Voluntry certifiction b Mximum vlue, obligtory certifiction b voluntry certifiction b Obligtory certifiction b Minimum vlue, voluntry Voluntry certifiction b Mximum vlue Wet rod grip Minimum vlue, obligtory certifiction b certifiction b Noise Mximum vlue, obligtory certifiction b Wer Obligtory certifiction b Time of introduction Stge 1: November 2012 Under discussion, proposed for 2016 Certifiction proposes obligtory or voluntry fixing of prmeters in certifictes or other documents b Certin prmeters re limited to mximum or minimum vlue by legisltion Jnury 2010 Jnury Smithers Rpr Technology T/5

2 regultion is directed towrds n obligtory, compulsory mintennce of ecologicl requirements nd tyre sfety. Russi, which, by introducing Customs Union Technicl Regultion, is bringing its legisltion for tyres into line with EU legisltion, is pursuing similr ims [2]. In turn, regultion in the United Sttes proposes obligtory certifiction of such prmeters s rolling resistnce, wet rod holding, nd wer, but does not propose the introduction of ny obligtory limits of vlues. This is due to the fct tht the im of the given regultion is to provide tyre rubber users with essentil informtion to enble them to decide upon nd select suitble products [3]. Likewise, from Tble 1 it cn be seen tht, for the United Sttes, for exmple, the noise from the tyre is unimportnt, but wer is importnt. A number of countries, such s Jpn, Kore, Chin, Belorussi, nd Kzkhstn, re grdully prepring to introduce prticulr limittions. Brzil nd Cnd hve lso nnounced their intention to do so. However, in the tyre business worldwide, the min legisltor of trends is cknowledged to be the Europen Union, which is forcing remining regions nd Sttes to ponder nd is grdully pulling them into line. Thus, irrespective of the severity of the limittions, tyre producers must switch to new technicl solutions in the production of their products in order to survive in the mrket. Some modern requirements of the tyre, such s wet rod holding nd rolling losses, cn be gurnteed not only by using prticulr designs solutions but lso by using new nd modified mterils. Such mterils re new-genertion, high-performnce tyre rubbers SKD-ND (polybutdiene on neodymium ctlyst) nd DSSK (solution-polymeristion styrene butdiene rubber) [4]. Prcticlly ll leders of the industry hve switched or re switching to the use of these rubbers in their plnts. In view of this trend, in the next 10 yers, the structure of synthetic rubber consumption worldwide will undergo mrked chnges: n incresing proportion of the mterils used by tyre mnufcturers will comprise new-genertion, high-performnce tyre rubbers [5, 6]. Tble 2 presents the structure of consumption in 2011 nd prediction of the structure of consumption by It cn be seen tht the totl proportion of new-genertion, high-performnce rubbers in 2011 mounted to 11% of the totl consumption of synthetic rubber, while in 2016 it will mount to 17%. Such shift in consumption structure gives powerful impetus to innovtion nd investment by synthetic rubber mnufcturers. The investment by compnies in solution polymeristion rubbers SKD-ND nd DSSK is presented in Tbles 3 nd 4. The overll increse in cpcity for SKD-ND will mount to 23% in the period from 2011 to This forecst is bsed chiefly on the plns of the compnies SIBUR, Nizhnekmskneftekhim (NKNKh), nd Lnxess. The overll increse in cpcity for DSSK will mount to 43% in the period from 2011 to This forecst is bsed on the plns of the following compnies: SIBUR, JSR (Jpn), Styron (Germny), JSR-BST JV (Thilnd), Ashi Ksei (Singpore), Sumimoto (Singpore), nd Lnxess (North Americ). A number of Chinese mnufcturers hve lso nnounced plns. The world blnce of supply nd demnd for SKD-ND nd DSSK is presented in Tbles 5 nd 6 respectively [5, 6]. From the dt shown it cn be seen tht, for the new-genertion, high-performnce rubbers, worldwide shortge is forecst. Here, the sitution for DSSK is uncler. In terms of volumes of production, shortge of the given product is not strictly forecst, but fr from ll the DSSK produced is suitble for the production of modern high-speed cr tyres, nd moreover not ll of it cn be clssed s new-genertion, high-performnce rubber helping to solve the problem of rolling resistnce nd wet rod holding of tyres. Tht is, some solution-polymeristion styrene butdiene rubbers do not stisfy the high requirements lid down by the leding tyre mnufcturers, which in future will led to shortge of the given product, in spite of the volumes of production corresponding to consumer requirements. The worldwide legisltors of requirements of rubbers re t present the leding mnufcturers in the tyre industry nd compnies with the highest nnul economic indices: Bridgestone, Michelin, Goodyer, Continentl, Pirelli, Sumimoto, Yokohm, etc. It is these compnies tht re promoting incresed requirements concerning rubber qulity nd dictting new rules on Tble 2. Actul (2012) nd predicted (2016) structure of consumption of synthetic rubbers Rubber Proportion of rubber in worldwide volume of consumption (%) Emulsion-polymerised styrene butdiene rubber Stereoregulr polybutdiene rubber SKD-ND polybutdiene rubber on neodymium ctlyst 4 8 DSSK solution-polymeristion styrene butdiene rubber 7 9 Butdiene rubber 8 8 Crboxylted polyisoprene rubber 4 4 Others T/6 Interntionl Polymer Science nd Technology, Vol. 40, No. 7, 2013

3 Tble 3. World cpcities of DSSK production (thousnd t) Mnufcturer Country Michelin USA Firestone USA Firestone USA Lnxess USA Goodyer USA Dynsol Mexico Lnxess Brzil Totl for Americ Lnxess Frnce Michelin Frnce Styron Germny Verslis UK Totl for Europe Sibur Russi Totl for CIS Krbochem United Arb Emirtes Totl for Ner Est nd Afric SINOPEC Chin SINOPEC Chin Shnxi Beifng Xingn Chem Ind Chin PetroChin Chin Totl for Chin Ashi Ksei Chem. Jpn Jpn Elstomer Jpn JSR Jpn Zeon Jpn Kumho Petrochemicl Kore LG Chem Kore LG Chem Kore Chi Mei Tiwn Totl for North-Est Asi JSR-BST JV Thilnd Ashi Ksei Chem. Singpore Sumimoto Chemicls Co. Singpore Zeon Singpore Totl for South-Est Asi Totl worldwide the rubber mrket. Thus, in 2011, the shortge of DSSK rubbers of the required qulity mounted to t, nd, ccording to the clcultions of the present uthors, in 2116 this shortge will mount to t. In Russi, the sitution with respect to new-genertion, high-performnce tyre rubbers in the next 5 yers will likewise undergo considerble chnges. At present, serious increse in investment by the world leding tyre mnufcturers is being observed in Russi. Thus, t the present time, new mrkets re being developed nd trded in by compnies such s Nokin, Michelin, Continentl, Pirelli, nd Ykohm [7]. Bridgestone nd Tringle hve lso nnounced their intention to develop production in Russi [8]. This trend, ccording to clcultions by the present uthors, will nturlly led to n increse in potentil demnd in Russi for SKD- ND nd DSSK by fctor of 1.9 nd 4.5 respectively. As stted bove, the min driver behind the increse in ecologicl requirements nd sfety of tyres is EU regultion. The new Europen ecologicl legisltion is introducing letter designtions A to G (deteriorting towrds G) for wet rod holding nd rolling losses. Mny 2013 Smithers Rpr Technology T/7

4 Tble 4. World cpcities for the production of SKD-ND (thousnd t) Mnufcturer Country Firestone USA Totl for Northern Americ Lnxess Brzil Totl for Ltin Americ Lnxess Germny Verslis Itly Synthos Czech Republic Totl for Europe Nizhnekmskneftekhim Russi Sibur Russi Totl for CIS JSR Jpn Kumho Petrochemicl Kore Totl for North-Est Asi Lnxess Singpore Totl for South-Est Asi Totl worldwide Tble 5. Blnce of world supply nd demnd for SKD-ND Region Americ Europe nd Afric CIS Asi Totl worldwide Production (thousnd t) 63/88 160/ / / /909 Consumption (thousnd t) 60/83 313/359 17/33 276/ /1000 Shortge/surplus (thousnd t) 3/3 153/ /165 15/ /-91 Numertors dt in 2011; denomintors prediction for 2016 Tble 6. Blnce of supply nd demnd for DSSK Region Americ Europe nd Afric CIS Asi Totl worldwide Worldwide qulity mtch Production (thousnd t) 392/ /442 15/22 327/ / /1353 Consumption (thousnd t) 282/ /839 5/18 299/ / /1638 Shortge/surplus (thousnd t) 110/ / /4 28/347 3/34-87/ 285 Numertors dt in 2011; denomintors prediction for 2016 compnies hve now nnounced the production of clss BB tyres, but only few hve nnounced the possible production of clss AA tyres [9]. In open sources there is informtion bout clss AA tyres mnufctured by the following compnies: Bridgestone, Goodyer, nd Pirelli. As is known, the dvncement of tyres into this region my be promoted by modifying nd chnging the SKD- ND nd DSSK rubbers used. Most world leders in the production of the given rubbers understnd this trend nd re putting on the mrket n incresing number of modified nd chnged products of new genertions. Thus, on the bsis of ll the bove, it cn be concluded tht innovtive, new-genertion tyre rubbers such s SKD- ND nd DSSK will incresingly dominte the mrket nd incresingly be sked for by tyre producers. Likewise, it is obvious tht, in the medium nd long term, improved or modified grdes of the given products will enjoy considerbly greter demnd. This presents dditionl chllenges to reserch nd engineering tems, who cn conduct reserch nd development in the knowledge tht there re rel prospects of their new designs ctully being introduced into production. T/8 Interntionl Polymer Science nd Technology, Vol. 40, No. 7, 2013

5 REFERENCES 1. Stte regultion. Europen Union (lw) from E/ECE/324/Rev.2/Add.116/ Rev.2/E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.2/Add.116/ Rev.2, 90 pp. (2011). 2. Customs Union regultion The sfety of wheeled trnsport vehicles (TR TS 018/2011), 39 pp. (2011) Grishin B.S., Mterils of the Rubber Industry (Anlyticl Informtion Dtbse): Monogrph. KGTU, Kzn, Prt 1, 174 pp. (2010). 5. Worldwide rubber sttistics Interntionl Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers Inc., p. 53 (2011). 6. Demnd for nturl rubber nd selected types of synthetic rubber. Review nd prospects to Interntionl Rubber Study Group, p. 18 (2011) Received Smithers Rpr Technology T/9

631 ALLOWANES AND TOLERANCES

631 ALLOWANES AND TOLERANCES ANSI Fits. Tbles 3 through 9 inclusive show series of stndrd types nd clsses of fits on unilterl hole bsis, such tht the fit produced by mting prts in ny one clss will produce