PACKED TOWER Internals

Transcription

1 PACKED TOWER Iterals YOU CAN RELY ON YOU CAN RELY ON US. US.

2 Table of Cotets Itroductio... 2 High Performace Liquid Distributors... 3 Stadard Liquid Distributors... 8 Feed Devices Liquid Collectors Bed Limiters Support Plates Iterals for Offshore Applicatios Iterals for Liquid-Liquid Extractio Egieered Beams Techical Guide Costructio Details Other Tower Iterals Miimum Support Rig Widths Idex Koch-Glitsch Packig & Iterals Beig fully aware of the importace of uiform liquid ad vapor distributio as well as re-distributio of liquid, Koch-Glitsch egieers give careful attetio to the selectio ad desig of a equipmet solutio to meet customer specificatios ad to best hadle ay special process cosideratios, such as foulig or foamig. Koch-Glitsch offers a prove lie of distributors ad redistributors for a wide rage of flow rates, physical properties, ad turdow requiremets. Our iterals are available i a variety of styles ad materials, icludig ay formable, weldable sheet metal materials, such as carbo or stailess steel, ickel ad copper alloys, alumium, titaium, ad zircoium; ceramic; graphite; ad may plastics. For high performace packed towers, INTALOX Packed Tower Systems techology treats the packig ad associated iterals as a system that works together to provide optimal performace. A INTALOX Packed Tower Systems desig combies well-matched high performace packig ad state-of-the-art liquid ad vapor distributio to create predictable ad reliable separatio colum performace. Packig supports, hold-dows, liquid collectors, ad other iterals are desiged to accommodate the higher capacities of high performace packig. For a further discussio of the importace of liquid ad vapor distributio ad the circumstaces i which INTALOX Packed Tower Systems techology should be applied, please refer to the Techical Guide startig o page 23. For towers i less demadig services, Koch-Glitsch offers a wide rage of stadard-style iterals that provide efficiet packed towers that perform as desiged. Tacklig the idustry s challege for larger ad larger colums, Koch-Glitsch makes use of its extesive experiece to break ew records for colum diameter. Iovative supports developed by Koch-Glitsch ehace process performace ad reduce equipmet istallatio time. Sectioalized beam ad pied truss are two of the latest pateted mechaical desigs (see page 22). The lighter idividual compoets resultig from these iovative desigs are safer to hadle ad easier to istall. Each of these support desigs provides icreased mechaical stregth ad miimizes or elimiates the eed for field weldig i revamps of existig colums. These characteristics are cofirmed through rigorous mechaical aalysis for each project. For tower iterals that are ot described i detail i the brochure, please refer to Other Tower Iterals o page 30. The Idex o page 31 cotais a detailed list of the equipmet described i this brochure. 2

3 High Performace Liquid Distributors Koch-Glitsch developed the INTALOX high performace liquid distributors with attributes to maximize packed tower performace. To quatify distributio quality ad performace, Koch-Glitsch created a distributor evaluatio system that rates distributio uiformity as a percetage. 100% idicates ideal uiform distributio. A low percetage ratig idicates a high variatio of liquid flow over the cross-sectioal area of the tower. I additio, the distributor must provide a sufficiet gas passage area to avoid a high pressure drop or liquid etraimet. The sigificace of the Koch-Glitsch distributio quality ratig system is the accurate predictio of tower performace. Model 106/107 Pa Distributor Meterig device: Deck level orifice Liquid rates: 2-80 gpm/ft 2 [5-195 m 3 /h/m 2 ] Tower diameter: ft [ mm] Support features: Wall clips or body flage mout Redistributio: Vapor riser covers ad wall wiper (Model 107) Stadard desig features 2:1 turdow ratio Glass fiber gaskets Small rectagular risers maitai good vapor distributio Additioal vapor passage betwee distributor ad tower wall Good liquid cross-flow Optioal desig features Drip tubes for icreased operatig rage ad foulig resistace Guide tubes below deck separate liquid from high velocity vapor ear risers Ati-migratio device at base of vapor riser replaces separate bed limiter Alterate gasket material Model 116/117 Deck Distributor Meterig device: Deck level orifice Liquid rates: 4-80 gpm/ft 2 [ m 3 /h/m 2 ] Tower diameter: ft [ mm] Support features: Full circumferece tower ledge Redistributio: Vapor riser covers (Model 117) Stadard features 2:1 turdow ratio Glass fiber gaskets Small rectagular risers maitai good vapor distributio Good liquid cross-flow Optioal features Drip tubes for icreased operatig rage ad foulig resistace Guide tubes below deck segregate liquid from high velocity vapor ear risers Ati-migratio device at base of vapor riser replaces separate bed limiter Alterate gasket material 3

4 Model 136/137 Chael Distributor Meterig device: Chael wall orifices with guide tubes Liquid rates: gpm/ft 2 [ m 3 /h/m 2 ] Tower diameter: > 3 ft [900 mm] Support features: Full circumferece rig or beams Redistributio: Covers betwee chaels ad wall wiper (Model 137) Stadard features Ceter chael for structural support ad reduced height requiremet 2:1 turdow ratio Glass fiber gaskets Guide tubes segregate liquid from high velocity vapor betwee chaels Elevated meterig orifices provide foulig resistace Optioal features Multi-level orifices for icreased operatig rage Secod level of covers provide liquid cross-mixig Multiple ceter chaels for higher liquid capacity Alterate gasket material Model 141 Tubular Distributor Meterig device: Orifices i lateral tubes Liquid rates: gpm/ft 2 [ m 3 /h/m 2 ] Tower diameter: > ft [ mm] Support features: Beams or o packig with special support grid Redistributio: Separate liquid collector Stadard features High drip poit desity provides good distributio to wire gauze structured packig 2:1 turdow ratio For use with clea services oly Optioal features Additioal receiver height allows icreased operatig rage 4

5 Model 156 Trough Distributor Meterig device: Trough wall meterig orifices with ehaced baffles Liquid rates: gpm/ft 2 [ m 3 /h/m 2 ] Tower diameter: > 3 ft [900 mm] Support features: Directly o packig or beams Redistributio: Separate liquid collector Stadard features For use with structured packig oly 2:1 turdow ratio Ehaced baffle icludes surface treatmet for liquid spreadig ad serrated bottom to prevet liquid trackig Baffle aligmet esures complete wettig of bottom of first layer Elevated meterig orifices provide foulig resistace Overflow protectio Reduced drip poit desity allows for larger orifices Secodary baffle shields liquid from high velocity vapor betwee troughs Optioal features Multi-level orifices for icreased operatig rage Multiple partig boxes for higher liquid capacity Pre-distributio chaels provide velocity reductio for higher liquid capacity Koch-Glitsch s commercial-scale distributor test facility, Wichita, Kasas, USA. 5

6 Model 166 Dual Trough Low Flow Distributor Meterig device: Trough wall orifices with ehaced baffles Liquid rates: gpm/ft 2 [ m 3 /h/m 2 ] Tower diameter: > 3 ft [900 mm] Support features: Directly o packig or beams Redistributio: Separate liquid collector Stadard features For use with structured packig oly 2:1 turdow ratio Secodary trough spreads liquid ad feeds ehaced baffle Ehaced baffle icludes surface treatmet for liquid spreadig ad serrated bottom to prevet liquid trackig Baffle aligmet esures complete wettig at bottom of first layer Elevated meterig orifices provide foulig resistace Overflow protectio Reduced drip poit desity allows for larger orifices Secodary baffle shields liquid from high velocity vapor betwee troughs Optioal features Multi-level orifices for icreased operatig rage Multiple partig boxes for higher liquid capacity Pre-distributio chaels provide velocity reductio for higher liquid capacity Koch Idustries corporate headquarters, Wichita, Kasas, USA. Also locatio of Koch-Glitsch worldwide headquarters. 6

7 Model 186 Trough Distributor Meterig device: Trough wall orifices with guide tubes Liquid rates: gpm/ft 2 [ m 3 /h/m 2 ] Tower diameter: > 3 ft [900 mm] Support features: Beams or o packig with special support grid Redistributio: Separate liquid collector Stadard features 2:1 turdow ratio Guide tubes segregate liquid from high velocity vapor betwee troughs Elevated meterig orifices provide foulig resistace Overflow protectio Optioal features Multi-level orifices for icreased operatig rage Multiple partig boxes for higher liquid capacity Pre-distributio chaels provide velocity reductio for higher liquid capacity Model 196 Packed Trough Very Low Flow Distributor Meterig device: Trough wall orifices with packed secodary troughs Liquid rates: gpm/ft 2 [ m 3 /h/m 2 ] Tower diameter: > 3 ft [900 mm] Support features: Beams or o packig with special support grid Redistributio: Separate liquid collector Stadard features For use with structured packig oly 2:1 turdow ratio Secodary trough aligmet esures complete wettig at bottom of first layer Elevated meterig orifices provide foulig resistace Overflow protectio Reduced drip poit desity allows for larger orifices Low liquid etraimet Optioal features Multi-level orifices for icreased operatig rage Multiple partig boxes for higher liquid capacity Pre-distributio chaels provide velocity reductio for higher liquid capacity Special desig for liquid-liquid applicatios 7

8 Stadard Liquid Distributors Less demadig applicatios, such as heat trasfer with large approach temperatures or absorptio requirig oly oe or two trasfer uits, may ot require the high level of distributio quality provided by INTALOX liquid distributors. For these situatios, stadard liquid distributors ca provide adequate performace at reduced cost. Drip poit patters, drip poit desity, ad flow variatio will ot be to the exactig INTALOX Packed Tower Systems specificatios; however, Koch-Glitsch egieers have decades of experiece applyig these distributors i a wide variety of services. Model 916/917 Deck Distributor Meterig device: Deck level meterig orifice Liquid rates: 1-50 gpm/ft 2 [ m 3 /h/m 2 ] Tower diameter: ft [ mm] Support feature: Full circumferece tower ledge Redistributio: Vapor riser covers (Model 917) Stadard features 2.5:1 turdow ratio Glass fiber gaskets Log rectagular risers Optioal features Ati-migratio device at base of vapor riser replaces separate bed limiter Alterate gasket material Model 941 Pipe Distributor Meterig device: Meterig orifice i pipe laterals Liquid rates: gpm/ft 2 [ m 3 /h/m 2 ] Tower diameter: > 1.5 ft [450 mm] Support features: Supported by wall clips or beams Redistributio: Separate liquid collector betwee beds Stadard features 2.5:1 turdow ratio Requires little tower elevatio Very high ope area Flage coectios PTFE gaskets Optioal features Alterate gasket material Vertical feed header o tower ceterlie 8

9 Model 943 Spray Nozzle Distributor Meterig device: Spray ozzle Liquid rates: gpm/ft 2 [ m 3 /h/m 2 ] Tower diameter: No restrictios Support features: Wall clips or beams Redistributio: Noe Stadard features 2:1 turdow ratio PTFE gaskets Full coe spray ozzles with 90 or 120 coe agle Maximum free passage ozzles for foulig resistace Pressurized feed Optioal features Alterate gasket material Special desigs to elimiate liquid stagatio ad cokig 200% coverage to esure complete wettig of the packed bed Model 985 Trough Distributor Meterig device: Trough wall v-otches Liquid rates: 2-40 gpm/ft 2 [5-98 m 3 /h/m 2 ] Tower diameter: > 3 ft [900 mm] Support features: Full circumferece tower ledge or beams Redistributio: Separate liquid collector Stadard features 2.5:1 turdow ratio Excellet foulig resistace Optioal features Distributio otch shape Guide chaels for better distributio quality Slotted weirs for lower flow, less foulig services Multiple partig boxes for higher liquid capacity 9

10 Feed Devices Optimal tower performace requires the proper hadlig of liquid ad vapor eterig the colum. The types of feeds or ilets ito a colum are geerally classified ito four major categories: liquid oly, mixed liquid/vapor ad flashig, vapor oly, ad reboiler returs. Koch-Glitsch offers a variety of devices desiged to hadle each of these situatios. For additioal discussio of the feed categories, refer to page 28 i the Techical Guide. Model 719 Feed Pipe Tower diameter: No restrictio Support features: Wall clips or beams Stadard features 2.5:1 turdow ratio PTFE gaskets Sigle straight header Liquid phase oly Optioal features Alterate gasket material Model 119 Feed Pipe Tower diameter: No restrictio Support features: Wall clips or beams Stadard features 2:1 turdow ratio PTFE gaskets T or H cofiguratio for higher rates Liquid phase oly Restrictio orifices maitai equalized flow to each brach Guide pipes prevet horizotal liquid velocity vector Optioal features Alterate gasket material Diffuser plates below guide pipes to dissipate liquid kietic eergy 10

11 Model 745 Flashig Feed Pipe Tower diameter: > 3 ft [900 mm] tower diameter Support features: Wall clips or beams Stadard features PTFE gaskets Sigle straight header Liquid ad vapor phase Feed impiges o the iside of the flash box, promotig disegagemet of the liquid ad vapor phases Less colum height required compared to flash gallery Optioal features Alterate gasket material Vapor hood Available i T ad H cofiguratios Model 705 Flashig Feed Chamber Tower diameter: 1-4 ft [ mm] tower diameter Support features: Wall clips Stadard features PTFE gaskets Liquid ad vapor phase Cetrifugal force disegages the liquid ad vapor phases Less colum height required compared to flash gallery Optioal features Alterate gasket material Additioal chambers for larger tower diameters 11

12 Model 788 V-Baffle Ilet Diffuser Tower diameter: > 2.5 ft [760 mm] Support features: Welded to vessel wall Stadard features Liquid/vapor phases or vapor oly Reduces ilet stream eergy Ca be used i place of more complex vapor distributio devices provided the ratio of ilet velocity head to packig pressure drop is low Very effective low pressure drop phase separator Optioal features Ati-swirl baffles Erosio allowace Model 755 Flashig Feed Gallery Tower diameter: > 3 ft [900 mm] tower diameter Support features: Full circumferece tower ledge Stadard features Glass fiber gaskets Ilet diffuser Liquid/vapor or flashig feeds Feed impiges tagetially o vessel wall, promotig disegagemet of the liquid ad vapor phases Meterig orifices direct liquid to distributor below Requires icreased colum height for aerated fluids, such as those foud i high pressure fractioators Optioal features Alterate gasket material Ceter sump to feed distributor partig box Fittig with vaes for collectio of liquid from above 12

13 Model 758 Ehaced Vapor Hor Tower diameter: > 6 ft [1800 mm] Support features: Welded to vessel wall Stadard features Suitable for vapor oly, mixed liquid/vapor, or flashig feeds Partial or full circumferece ope bottom hor Cetrifugal actio imparted to feed directs etraied liquid to vessel wall Specifically positioed turig vaes break the high feed ilet velocity for improved vapor distributio ad de-etraimet Ati-swirl baffles positioed o the outside of the hor elimiate the cycloic motio of the vapor Desiged to esure adequate gas oil quality ad yield, maximum colum capacity, ad proper wash bed performace whe used for crude vacuum tower feed Radial or tagetial ilet cofiguratio Optioal features Multiple feed ilets Heavy-duty desig for icreased uplift protectio Wear plates CFD aalysis (icludig etire flash zoe of crude towers) Model 746 Pipe Vapor Distributor Tower diameter: > 1.5 ft [450 mm] tower diameter Support features: Wall clips or beams Stadard features 4:1 turdow PTFE gaskets Vapor phase oly Pressure drop across meterig orifices provides uiform distributio across tower area Provides good vapor distributio for feeds betwee packed beds where vapor compositio may be differet Requires less colum height compared to a deck vapor distributor 13

14 Model 768 YORK-EVENFLOW Vae Ilet Device Tower diameter: > 6 ft [1800 mm] Support features: Beams or welded to vessel wall Stadard features 4:1 turdow Suitable for high eergy vapor ilet streams eterig through a radial ilet Baffles used i cojuctio with tapered ilet provide vapor distributio with miimal pressure drop Curved baffle plates partitio vapor stream ito multiple small segmets, reducig the velocity ad directig the vapor horizotally across the colum area Optioal features Field welded costructio CFD aalysis Model 716 Deck Vapor Distributor Tower diameter: > 2.5 ft [450 mm] Support features: Full circumferece tower ledge Stadard features 4:1 turdow Glass fiber gaskets Correct poor vapor distributio below a packed bed Restrictor plates at bottom of vapor risers provide sufficiet pressure drop to distribute vapor evely across tower area Sufficiet umber of vapor risers to esure good distributio Side or ceter sump for liquid flow Optioal features Field welded costructio Pipe dowcomers Heavy-duty desig for icreased uplift resistace 14

15 Liquid Collectors Liquid collectio betwee packed beds is frequetly required. The reasos for usig liquid collectors are varied; therefore, the desig is tailored to every applicatio. Beefits of a separate collector iclude improvemet i cross mixig of liquid before redistributio ad mixig of feed streams with the iteral colum liquid. For examples of situatios where liquid collectio might be eeded, refer to Liquid Collectors o page 26 i the Techical Guide. Model 611 Deck Liquid Collector Tower diameter: No restrictio Support features: Full circumferece tower ledge or body flage moutig Stadard features Glass fiber gaskets Sufficiet vapor risers to maitai good vapor distributio Sigle or multiple sumps Ceter or side sump locatio Total or partial draw Optioal features Alterate gasket material Field welded costructio Pipe dowcomers Model 621 Trough Liquid Collector Tower diameter: > 3.5 ft [1100 mm] Support features: Full circumferece tower ledge Stadard features Glass fiber gaskets Sufficiet vapor risers to maitai good vapor distributio Sigle or multiple sumps Ceter sump locatio Thermal expasio allowace Wall wiper to direct liquid to troughs Total or partial draw Optioal features Alterate gasket material Pipe dowcomers 15

16 Model 622 Trough Liquid Collector Tower diameter: > 6 ft [1800 mm] Support features: Full circumferece tower ledge Stadard features Seal welded costructio Sloped costructio reduces residece time ad miimizes cokig High ope area miimizes pressure drop Emergecy overflow Thermal expasio without excessive leakage Preferred desig for the overflash collector i deepcut vacuum crude towers Total or partial draw Model 633 Vae Liquid Collector Tower diameter: > 2.5 ft [760 mm] Support features: Full circumferece aulus or body flage mouted Stadard features Low vapor phase pressure drop Elimiates separate feed pipe by feedig liquid directly to aulus for complete mixig Vae style tailored to process requiremets Pipe or box dowcomers Optioal features Total liquid cross-mixig 16

17 Bed Limiters For structured packig, bed limiters are recommeded to prevet packig displacemet whe there is the potetial for upset coditios. Structured packig colums that operate at a low pressure drop with a low percetage of flood ad are ot proe to sudde vapor surges do ot require a bed limiter. For radom packig, a bed limiter or ati-migratio device is always recommeded because coditios that result i the fluidizatio of some or all packig at the top of a radom packed bed are difficult to predict. Refer to Bed Limiters o page 27 of the Techical Guide for more iformatio. Model 803 Structured Packig Bed Limiter Support features: Wall clips or jack screws Stadard features Desiged for o-iterferece with liquid from distributor above Itegrated with liquid distributor i small diameters Withstads 50 lb/ft 2 [0.024 bar] upward force Used with INTALOX high performace liquid distributors Optioal features Icreased uplift resistace Model 805 Radom Packig Bed Limiter Support features: Rests o packig; requires o vessel attachmets Stadard features Desiged for o-iterferece with liquid from distributor above Withstads 50 lb/ft 2 [0.024 bar] upward force Used with INTALOX high performace liquid distributors Optioal features Icreased uplift resistace Model 825 Radom Packig Bed Limiter Support features: Full circumferece tower ledge, wall clips, or jack screws Stadard features Withstads 50 lb/ft 2 [0.024 bar] upward force Used with stadard liquid distributors Optioal features Icreased uplift resistace 17

18 Support Plates Every packed bed will eed a support. Two critical factors to be cosidered i the desig of a packig support are: The ability to physically retai ad support the packed bed uder colum operatig coditios. A high percetage of ope area to allow urestricted coutercurret flow of dowcomig liquid ad upward flowig vapor so the packig capacity is ot limited. Model 802 Structured Packig Support Grid Tower diameter: No restrictio Support features: Full circumferece tower ledge or wall clips Stadard features Free ad uiform passage of liquid ad vapor Bolted grid sectios Optioal features Icreased uplift resistace Ledge clamps Midspa beams Model 804 Radom Packig Support Plate Tower diameter: > 3 ft [900 mm] Support features: Full circumferece tower ledge Stadard features Gas ijectio desig for free ad uiform passage of liquid ad vapor Beam sectios coected with boltig Ledge clamps Optioal features Midspa beams Model 814 Radom Packig Support Plate Tower diameter: 1-4 ft [ mm] Support features: Full circumferece tower ledge or wall clips Stadard features Gas ijectio desig for free ad uiform passage of liquid ad vapor Beam sectios coected with boltig Optioal features Sigle-piece costructio Ledge clamps 18

19 Iterals for Offshore Applicatios Koch-Glitsch has established a leadig role with uique packed tower iterals desigs for mass trasfer colums that perform successfully i the severe coditios ecoutered i floatig productio storage ad offloadig (FPSO) platforms or vessels. Koch-Glitsch ca provide mass trasfer capabilities for FPSOs ad total turkey plats for deaeratio of seawater. Koch-Glitsch has completed a extesive liquid distributio test program of its specialized desigs usig a rig that reproduces the roll ad pitch sea motios typically experieced by colums o a FPSO. This testig provides the cofidece that the desigs will perform satisfactorily to maximize colum performace uder adverse coditios ad for a wide rage of operatig rates. Koch-Glitsch has extesive worldwide experiece providig mass trasfer equipmet for offshore applicatios, such as gas dehydratio, sour gas treatmet, ad gas fractioatio. Locatios iclude the North Sea, South Chia Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, ad the Campos Basi offshore Brazil. Testig of Model 961 eclosed chael distributor i the Koch-Glitsch test facility simulatig wave motio. Model 961 Chael Distributor Meterig device: Orifices i chael bottom Liquid rates: 1-30 gpm/ft 2 [ m 3 /h/m 2 ] Tower diameter: > 2.5 ft [760 mm] Support features: Beams Redistributio: Separate liquid collector Stadard features Turdow ratio determied by height limitatios ad motio dyamics Desiged for offshore applicatios subject to tilt ad motio Eclosed chaels allow for high liquid head to reduce flow variatio Model 613 Deck Liquid Collector Support features: Full circumferece tower ledge Stadard features Deck sloped for quick draiage of liquid Vapor risers sufficietly tall to prevet etrace of sloshig liquid Ceter sump locatio Box dowcomers Optioal features Pipe dowcomers 19

20 Iterals for Liquid-Liquid Extractio Liquid-liquid extractio is sometimes used i applicatios where distillatio may ot be suitable. Such systems iclude solutios that form azeotropes, have very close boilig poits, or cotai high molecular weight orgaic materials that may degrade at high temperatures. Packig is used i couter-curret liquid-liquid cotactors with special iterals to disperse oe of the phases. Selectio ad arragemet of the iterals depeds o which phase (light or heavy) is cotiuous ad which is dispersed. I all cases, feed pipes directig the feed, light ad heavy, are recommeded to cotrol velocity. Model 534 Disperser/Support Plate Phase rates Maximum cotiuous: 7.5 gpm/ft 2 [18 m 3 /h/m 2 ] Dispersed: gpm/ft 2 [5-175 m 3 /h/m 2 ] Tower diameter: 1-10 ft [ mm] Support features: Full circumferece tower ledge Stadard features Used with radom packig Maximum dispersed turdow ratio 5.5:1 Supports packed bed ad disperses light phase ito heavy phase Dump tubes allow heavy phase to travel dowward through the plate Light phase forms a pool uder the plate ad orifices geerate droplets Ledge clamps Optioal features Larger tower diameter Model 535 Disperser Plate Phase rates Maximum cotiuous: 7.5 gpm/ft 2 [18 m 3 /h/m 2 ] Dispersed: gpm/ft 2 [5-175 m 3 /h/m 2 ] Tower diameter: 1-10 ft [ mm] Support features: Full circumferece tower ledge Stadard features Used with radom packig Supports packed bed ad disperses heavy phase ito light phase Riser tubes allow light phase to pass up through the plate Heavy phase forms a head o the top of the plate, ad orifices geerate droplets Ledge clamps Optioal features Larger tower diameter 20

21 Model 544 Dispersed Phase Feed Pipe Tower diameter: No restrictio Support features: Wall clips or beams Stadard features PTFE gaskets Prevets excessive turbulece at the phase boudary at the disperser plate Cotrols feed velocity Correct positioig of discharge poits to miimize disturbace Optioal features Alterate gasket material All flaged costructio Model 545 Cotiuous Phase Feed Pipe Tower diameter: No restrictio Support features: Wall clips or beams Stadard features PTFE gaskets Cotrols feed velocity to prevet excessive disturbace of the heavy/light phase iterface Optioal features Alterate gasket material All flaged costructio 21

22 Egieered Beams The sectioalized beam ad pied truss techologies are pateted supports developed by Koch-Glitsch to ehace process performace ad reduce equipmet istallatio time. The lighter idividual compoets of these iovative desigs are safer to hadle, easier to istall, ad reduce field weldig. The pied assemblies provide superior mechaical rigidity. Pi trasfers load betwee upper ad lower sectios Bolts alig holes for pis; ot iteded for load trasfer Ope costructio does ot restrict vapor flow Improved stregth-to-weight ratio for loger spas Reduced istallatio time Sectios desiged to fit through maways Less weldig i the tower Also applied to tray istallatios Model 840 Sectioalized Beam Model 850 Pied Truss 22

23 Techical Guide Key cotributors to good performace are proper liquid ad vapor distributio. Koch-Glitsch has dedicated years to extesive research to develop efficiet, high-capacity packed towers. Recogizig that ot all packed towers require state-of-the-art liquid distributio uiformity, Koch-Glitsch also offers a wide rage of stadard-style iterals. The followig sectios describe the importace of liquid ad vapor distributio ad the circumstaces i which INTALOX Packed Tower Systems techology should be applied versus stadard-style iterals that are appropriate i less demadig services. Additioal sectios provide more iformatio regardig liquid collectors, bed limiters, support plates, feed devices, ad costructio details. INTALOX Packed Tower Systems Techology The key to predictable packed tower performace is a desig that icludes packig ad associated iterals that work together as a system to provide optimal performace. This is the foudatio of the INTALOX Packed Tower Systems techology. Liquid Distributio ad Redistributio Whe high performace tower packigs were itroduced i the 1970s ad 1980s, the desig deficiecies of the distributors available at the time became very apparet. I respose, Koch-Glitsch developed distributors with features that corrected those deficiecies. These importat features are well uderstood by Koch-Glitsch ad are icorporated ito the INTALOX high performace distributors. Koch-Glitsch offers two categories of liquid distributors (high performace ad stadard) to meet the requiremets of specific applicatios. I determiig which category to choose, it is ecessary to kow the sesitivity of the process ad whether the liquid distributio will sigificatly affect the overall tower performace. A ideal distributor/redistributor possesses the followig attributes, each havig a specific effect o the overall performace of the packed tower: Uiform liquid distributio Proper operatio through its required turdow rage Low vapor phase pressure drop Resistace to pluggig or foulig Optimal use of vessel height Miimal liquid residece time Mixig capability for redistributio to the ext bed (may require separate liquid collector) Liquid ad vapor maldistributio are the leadig causes of packed tower failures that are ot due to operatioal issues. Premature floodig caused by localized high vapor velocities or excessive liquid hold-up Cokig o dry packig at high temperatures Foulig material ot flushed away o uder-wetted packig Lower tha expected efficiecy due to vapor/liquid chaelig ad reduced liquid/vapor cotact Limitatios o bed depth ad the eed to itroduce feeds or draws o the colum lead to the requiremet for redistributio of liquid. Importat factors to keep i mid with the itroductio of a liquid feed are the temperature ad compositio of the feed stream compared to the iteral colum liquid. Normally, uless the feed rate is small compared to the flow rate of the iteral colum liquid, it is desirable to mix the feed with the iteral liquid to provide compositioal uiformity before distributig it to the packed bed below. It is also advisable to mix the feed stream ad iteral liquid whe their temperatures are sigificatly differet. 23

24 Whe a packed colum is desiged with a large umber of theoretical stages or trasfer uits, a costat liquid to vapor ratio (L/V) is eeded to achieve the best overall colum performace. Redistributio of the liquid esures that the L/V ratio is maitaied, while cross-mixig betwee beds esures uiform compositio. Based o Koch-Glitsch s operatig experiece, a limit of 15 theoretical stages per bed provides good packig performace. I cases where a very large umber of stages is required, that limit may be exteded to 20 theoretical stages or trasfer uits; however, proper redistributio of the liquid is critical. Koch-Glitsch has special desigs to hadle these situatios. Liquid Distributio Quality The optimum performace of INTALOX high performace distributors is the result of applyig the followig desig criteria: Drip poits located i a uiform patter Drip poit positios uiterrupted by vapor risers or mechaical supports ad joits Drip poits properly spaced with respect to the vessel wall Miimal variatio i flow betwee drip poits Koch-Glitsch developed a distributor ratig system to quatify distributor performace or distributio quality. The ratig uses a percetage scale with theoretical perfectio set at 100%. Low percetage ratigs reflect areas of the colum that are receivig liquid flow sigificatly differet from other areas. The chart to the right demostrates the overall effect that ca be expected with various levels of distributio quality Effect of Liquid Distributio Quality Stages per bed with System Base HETP 20 I additio to properly locatig the drip poits, it is importat to maitai miimal flow variatio betwee poits. This ca be achieved by adherece to strict toleraces o hole size ad flatess of plates. Liquid velocities are limited to miimize the formatio of gradiet heads o the distributor. Fially, the feed device is desiged to deliver liquid to the distributor without iducig turbulece or gradiets. Actual Stages per Bed As a geeral rule, INTALOX high performace distributors 4 are recommeded whe usig high performace packig, such as INTALOX ULTRA radom packig or FLEXIPAC HC 2 structured packig, to esure the highest efficiecy ad 0 capacity are achieved. Likewise, it may be suitable to use stadard liquid distributors with previous geeratio packigs Distributio Quality (%) where the separatio demads are lower. INTALOX high performace distributors are always recommeded for: Distillatio services with a large umber of theoretical stages per bed Distillatio systems with low relative volatility betwee the key compoets High product purity requiremets Distillatio services operatig ear the miimum reflux ratio or close to a equilibrium pich poit Absorptio or strippig applicatios with close approach to equilibrium Heat trasfer applicatios with close approach temperatures The maximum maldistributio that ca be tolerated i a packed bed is strogly depedet o the product compositio, the relative volatility, the liquid to vapor ratio, etc. Koch-Glitsch cosiders all these aspects as well as others while desigig packed colums

25 Drip Poit Desity The drip poit desity has a ifluece o the efficiecy of the uppermost part of a packed bed. With the most commoly used sizes of radom ad structured packigs, the effect of the drip poit desity is relatively mior. However, drip poit desity does have a cosiderable effect o the performace of high surface area, very high efficiecy packigs. The table below details the guidelies for drip poit cout based o the high performace packig to be used. Miimum Recommeded Drip Poit Desity Packig Type 5.5 pts/ft 2 9 pts/ft 2 12 pts/ft 2 15 pts/ft 2 20 pts/ft 2 [60 pts/m 2 ] [100 pts/m 2 ] [130 pts/m 2 ] [160 pts/m 2 ] [215 pts/m 2 ] Wire Gauze Packig AX, BX, CY DX, EX FLEXIPAC ad FLEXIPAC HC 2.2Y, 2.5Y, 3Y, 3.5Y, 4Y 1.6Y,350Y, 250Y, 2Y 700Y, 500Z, 1Y structured packig INTALOX structured packig 3T, 4T, 5T 1T, 1.5T, 2T INTALOX ULTRA radom packig A, L, O, X T Other radom packigs Nomial 1" Smaller tha omial 1 [25 mm] ad larger [25 mm] Distributor Orifice Sizig Foulig For a distributor to perform correctly, it is importat that the meterig devices do ot become fouled. There are several mechaisms ad sources of foulig materials: polymerizatio, cokig, scale, costructio debris, sedimet, rust flakes, etc. All precautios should be take to elimiate foulig materials outside of the colum because exteral straiers ad filters are far easier to clea tha distributors. I some cases, it is ot possible to elimiate all exteral foulig sources. I other cases, the source of the foulig material ca be withi the colum itself. Therefore, the choice of the distributor should be depedet o the ature of ay foulig. The list below raks the foulig resistace of various meterig devices ad arragemets for liquid distributors, startig at the left with the most resistat. More foulig resistat V-otch weir Spray ozzle Slotted weir Sidewall orifice Bottom orifice Less foulig resistat Distributors with weirs for liquid meterig will ot meet the criteria for flow variatio for a INTALOX high performace distributor. 25

26 Operatig Rage A distributor will give its best performace at ad aroud 100% of the desig liquid flow rate. As the rate decreases ad the liquid head drops, leveless of the distributor as well as gradiets i liquid level become a larger percetage of the operatig liquid head. At some turdow rate, the flow variatio from poit to poit will fall outside of acceptable limits. For high turdow requiremets, multi-level orifices or slotted weirs may be used with some INTALOX distributor desigs as well as traditioal distributor styles. It should be oted, however, that whe usig these meterig devices, the flow variatio will be higher throughout all or part of the operatig rage compared to a sigle orifice desig. I gravity-fed distributors, the orifice size is depedet upo the drip poit desity, the specific liquid rate, ad the height of the liquid. For a sigle level orifice, with a operatig rage of 60 to 120% of the desig flow, the approximate orifice size is idicated i the graph to the right. Orifice Diameter (iches) Approximate Orifice Size for Gravity Flow Distributors Normal Flow Rate (m 3 /m 2 h) Normal Flow Rate (gpm/ft 2 ) poits/ft 2 [60 poits/m 2 ] 8 poits/ft 2 [85 poits/m 2 ] 12 poits/ft 2 [130 poits/m 2 ] Orifice Diameter (mm) Liquid Collectors Liquid collectio betwee packed beds is frequetly required. The reasos for usig liquid collectors are varied; therefore, the desig is tailored to every applicatio. Examples of situatios where liquid collectio might be eeded are summarized below. Withdrawig liquid products Pumparouds side reboilers / coolers Mix ad remix liquid from a overhead packed bed with feed liquid that does ot match i compositio or temperature Cosolidate liquid from packed bed above for itroductio to distributor Chage i colum diameter betwee packed beds Chage i umber of passes betwee trayed sectios Trasitio betwee tray to packed bed ad packed bed to tray sectios There are may desig parameters that must be cosidered whe specifyig a liquid collector: Gaskets are supplied with bolted collectors Total draw collectors ad those i low liquid rate applicatios should be seal welded Gas riser covers should be desiged to segregate fallig liquid from high velocity vapor exitig the risers Gas risers should be properly arraged to provide good vapor distributio Draw sumps should be sized for self-vetig flow Sumps ca be applied to reduce the residece time ad avoid excessive load o the collector Dowcomers ad pipes must be desiged to prevet vapor by-pass Collectors must be desiged with the same operatioal flexibility as the other tower iterals Cosult your Koch-Glitsch represetative to determie the best solutio for your requiremets. 26

27 Bed Limiters Structured Packig Bed limiters for structured packig are recommeded to prevet packig displacemet whe there is the potetial for upset coditios. Uplift resistat desigs are available for towers that are proe to upsets. Refer to Koch-Glitsch s Severe Services brochure (KGSP-2) for details. May colums operate at a low pressure drop ad a low percetage of flood ad are ot proe to sudde vapor surges. I these cases, bed limiters are ot required. I some cases, where upset coditios are ot a cocer, the Model 883 bed limiter/liquid distributor support for structured packig may act as a support for a trough-type liquid distributor. Except i the case of the Model 883, the bed limiter is ot icluded as part of ay other support device. Oly a o-iterferig bed limiter desig should be used with INTALOX high performace distributors. Radom Packig A packig retetio device is recommeded wheever there is the potetial for sufficiet vapor load to fluidize the top of a packed bed. As packig approaches ad eters a upset or floodig coditio, the pressure drop rises quickly ad ofte ucotrollably. If a packed colum goes ito flood, this rate will early always result i the top of the bed beig fluidized. Because coditios that result i the fluidizatio of some or all of the packig at the top of a bed are difficult to predict, a packig retetio device is always recommeded for radom packigs. Bed limiters attached to the vessel either by clips or clamped to a support rig geerally require itegral structural members. These structures ca iterfere with the liquid distributio patter, ad these types of bed limiters are ot recommeded for use with high performace liquid distributors. Oly a o-iterferig bed limiter desig should be used with INTALOX high performace distributors. Aother method of retaiig packig is to use ati-migratio bars at the base of the vapor risers of a liquid distributor. For most distributor desigs usig roud or rectagular vapor risers, this optio is available provided the distributor is ot cotiuously subjected to high vapor load. Support Plates Every packed bed will eed a support. Two critical factors to be cosidered i the desig of a packig support are: It must physically retai ad support the packed bed uder operatig coditios i the colum icludig, but ot limited, to packig type ad size, desig temperature, bed depth, operatig liquid holdup, material of costructio, corrosio allowace, material buildup i the bed, ad surge coditios. It must have a high percetage of ope area to allow urestricted coutercurret flow of dowcomig liquid ad upward flowig vapor. Pressure drop calculatios for all Koch-Glitsch packigs iclude the pressure drop of the properly desiged support. All supports are desiged to hadle the flow rates specified at the time of order placemet ad will ot limit the capacity of the packig they retai. Radom packig uses a gas-ijectio type support that provides separate passages for liquid ad vapor flow so that the two phases do ot compete for the same opeig. Packig elemets are retaied with specific slot opeigs while the cotour of the support provides a high percetage of ope area. The iheret costructio of structured packig allows it to be supported by a simple ope grid structure. FLEXIGRID severe service grid packig may utilize a beam ad/or a ope grid structure. 27

28 Feed Devices Liquid Oly Feeds Liquid oly feeds are cosidered to have less tha 1% vapor by volume. Amog the factors Koch-Glitsch cosiders i desigig a liquid feed device are type of distributor, expected distributor performace, flow rate, operatig rage, degree of sub-coolig, ad whether mixig with liquid comig from the packed bed above is required. Whe the feed or reflux liquid is sigificatly sub-cooled, a specially desiged feed arragemet may be required. A liquid with a wide temperature gradiet, eve if properly distributed to a packed bed, ca iduce mal-distributio due to ueve codesatio. The feed arragemet for these coditios depeds o the distributor type. Please cosult a Koch-Glitsch techical represetative for recommedatios. Liquid/Vapor ad Flashig Feeds For mixed liquid/vapor or flashig feed devices above a distributor, the selectio depeds o the distributor type, liquid ad vapor flow rates, turdow, colum height required for disegagemet ad vapor distributio, as well as the degree of mixig of the ilet liquid with the iteral colum liquid. I all cases, separatig the vapor ad the liquid phases is a primary cocer. I some cases, the requiremets for additioal pre-distributio may alter certai distributor desigs. Vapor Oly Feeds Two factors must be cosidered i choosig the proper device for a vapor oly feed. 1. The kietic eergy of the ilet vapor must be cosidered i relatio to the pressure drop i the packed bed, the feed ozzle arragemet, ad the tower separatio requiremets. 2. If there is a gross mismatch i the compositio ad/or temperature betwee the ilet vapor stream ad bulk vapor flow, mixig of the two vapors optimizes the performace of the packig above. Specific equipmet for vapor distributio may ot be required if sufficiet colum height is available for equalizatio or if the pressure drop i the packed bed is sufficiet to provide proper vapor distributio. Reboiler Returs or Gas Ilets To determie the eed for ad the type of device required for a reboiler retur, the first step is to cosider the coditio of the stream ad its kietic eergy. For vapor oly returs or gas ilets, the kietic eergy of the ilet vapor or gas must be cosidered i relatio to the pressure drop i the packed bed, the feed ozzle size ad arragemet, as well as the tower separatio requiremets. For a mixed liquid/vapor or suppressed flash reboiler retur stream, the selectio of the device depeds o flow rate, ratio of liquid ad vapor flow, flow regime, ozzle size ad arragemet, colum height eeded for vapor disegagemet, ad the tower separatio requiremets. Computatioal Fluid Dyamics (CFD) Modelig Good vapor ad gas distributio is essetial to achieve superior separatio efficiecy. Particularly i refiery towers, poor vapor distributio ca be a major source of coke formatio resultig i frequet uit shutdows. Koch-Glitsch uses moder Computatioal Fluid Dyamics (CFD) modelig techology to aalyze the performace of existig equipmet ad to develop ew improved desigs. This ivolves computer modelig of the 3-dimesioal cofiguratio of the colum iterals to provide detailed predictios of fluid flow (velocity profiles, etc). A commercially available CFD software package is used i cojuctio with expertise developed by Koch-Glitsch to aalyze vapor or gas ad liquid distributors as well as packig performace. Koch-Glitsch offers CFD services for the followig tasks: Developmet ad optimizatio of ew mass trasfer equipmet Troubleshootig or aalysis of existig equipmet Cofirmatio of equipmet desigs prior to fabricatio ad istallatio 28

29 Costructio Details Metal Tower iterals are available i ay formable, weldable sheet metal material. Where pipe is ivolved i the desig, the choice must be ay weldable metal for which pipe ad flages are readily available. The followig materials are most ofte used for tower iterals: Carbo steel (ot recommeded for liquid distributors) Stailess steel (low carbo cotet is preferred); Ferritic, Austeitic, Duplex, Martesitic Nickel ad copper alloys Alumium, Titaium, ad Zircoium Iterals are ot stress relieved or aealed ad do ot typically coform to pressure vessel stadards. Iterals fabricated from sheet metal materials will be supplied i as-sheared coditio. Desigs icludig corrosio allowaces are available for may tower iterals. Desigs with corrosio allowaces are ot recommeded for liquid distributors because corrosio of the meterig device will affect performace. Desigs for INTALOX high performace liquid distributors are ot available with corrosio allowaces. Material certificatio is available for all fabricated iterals. Positive Material Idetificatio (PMI) testig is available by special request. Picklig ad passivatio are available o request. Boltig ad Gasketig With the exceptio of specific sizes for pipe flages, all fasteers will be 3/8 i [10 mm] uless otherwise specified. Boltig will coform to AISI stadards. Boltig coformig to ASME specificatios is available by special request. For multi-piece tower iterals requirig gasketed joits, may choices of gasket material are available. Where gasketig is required, braided fiberglass tape is supplied as the stadard for liear joits. Depedig o the service, FLEXITALLIC SF2400, expaded PTFE, or spiral woud stailess steel with flexible graphite filler gaskets are supplied as the stadard for flaged coectios. Other gasket materials are available by special request. Flages Flages are the stadard coectios for tower iterals usig pipe sectios or braches ad where the coectios are iside the colum pressure boudary. These flages may be stadard machied pipe flages with 150 psi [PN 10] ratig or flages fabricated by Koch-Glitsch from plate, depedig o material of costructio, size, ad availability. I some cases for pipe coectios with diameters uder 4 i [100 mm], threaded coectios may be used. Please iclude specific requiremets cocerig flage type, ratig, or pipe schedule specificatios at the time of iquiry. Maway Access Most tower iterals are desiged i sectios to pass through vessel maways (large beams ad pipes may be shop istalled prior to completio of the vessel). Tower iterals are desiged to pass through a vessel maway of 20 i [500 mm] miimum iside diameter, uless otherwise specified. Larger maways ofte provide the ability to icrease turdow ratio o distributors ad/or to optimize the desig of compoets for faster, easier istallatio. Please provide maway locatios ad sizes at the time of iquiry. Scope of Supply For the fabricated iterals i this brochure, Koch-Glitsch supplies all removable parts. The iterals do ot iclude vessel attachmets for coectio or support, uless specifically stated i the item descriptio. Vessel attachmets are offered separately. Examples of vessel attachmets that may be required are: Support rigs ad wall clips for support Sump frames Iteral flages at feed ilet ozzles Liquid collector aulus 29

30 Other Tower Iterals Over the years, Koch Egieerig Compay, ow Koch-Glitsch, has developed ad acquired prove iterals ad techology for packed towers from Glitsch ad Sait-Gobai NorPro. As a result of these acquisitios, Koch-Glitsch has idetified ad offers the best products ad techology from each compay. Exact replacemets of ay colum iterals formerly sold by Koch, Glitsch, or Norto (NorPro) are available upo request ad ca be desiged ad built to their origial specificatios. The followig is a partial list of other tower iterals ot specifically covered i detail i this brochure. For further iformatio cocerig these models, cotact a Koch-Glitsch represetative. Device Model Descriptio Feed Devices 795 Suppressed flash vapor feed distributor for flashig feed or suppressed vaporizatio reboiler retur 798 Vapor ilet desiged for FCC Mai Fractioators for extreme foulig resistace Bed Limiters 815 Ati-migratio scree used to separate two differet radom packig sizes i a sigle bed 845 Bed limiter desiged for radom packed beds usig spray ozzle distributors to miimize disruptio of spray patter at the top of the bed Supports ad Tower 800 Aular support rig or support rig segmet Attachmets 801 Free Flow support rig 810 Support beam fabricated chael or I-beam 811 Free Flow support beam 820 Support truss fabricated truss or lattice beam 828 Drip rig (wall wiper) 830 Beam seats ad clips 858 Rosette style wall wiper Miimum Support Rig Widths All dimesios are expressed i iches [millimeters] Tower I.D. Iterals restig o or clamped to Iterals through-bolted or usig support rig levelig screws Up to 18.0 [up to 457] 0.75 [20] 1.5 [40] [ ] 1.0 [25] 1.5 [40] [ ] 1.5 [40] 2.0 [50] [ ] 2.0 [50] 2.0 [50] [ ] 2.5 [65] 2.5 [65] [ ] 3.0 [75] 3.0 [75] [ ] 3.5 [90] 3.5 [90] [ ] 4.0 [100] 4.0 [100] [ ] 4.5 [115] 4.5 [115] If the support rig size is other tha these listed above, special cosideratio must be give to the plate diameter ad vessel toleraces. 30

31 Idex Table of Cotets Itroductio High Performace Liquid Distributors Stadard Liquid Distributors Feed Devices Liquid Collectors Bed Limiters Support Plates Iterals for Offshore Applicatios Iterals for Liquid-Liquid Extractio Egieered Beams Techical Guide Costructio Details Other Tower Iterals Idex Model 106/107 Pa Distributor... 3 Model 116/117 Deck Distributor... 3 Model 136/137 Chael Distributor... 4 Model 141 Tubular Distributor... 4 Model 156 Trough Distributor... 5 Model 166 Dual Trough Low Flow Distributor... 6 Model 186 Trough Distributor... 7 Model 196 Packed Trough Very Low Flow Distributor... 7 Model 916/917 Deck Distributor... 8 Model 941 Pipe Distributor... 8 Model 943 Spray Nozzle Distributor... 9 Model 985 V-Notch Trough Distributor... 9 Model 719 Feed Pipe Model 119 Feed Pipe Model 745 Flashig Feed Pipe Model 705 Flashig Feed Chamber Model 788 V-Baffle Ilet Diffuser Model 755 Flashig Feed Gallery Model 758 Ehaced Vapor Hor Model 746 Pipe Vapor Distributor Model 768 YORK-EVENFLOW Vae Ilet Device Model 716 Deck Vapor Distributor Model 611 Deck Liquid Collector Model 621 Trough Liquid Collector Model 622 Trough Liquid Collector Model 633 Vae Liquid Collector Model 803 Structured Packig Bed Limiter Model 805 Radom Packig Bed Limiter Model 825 Radom Packig Bed Limiter Model 802 Structured Packig Support Plate Model 804 Radom Packig Support Plate Model 814 Radom Packig Support Plate Model 961 Chael Distributor Model 613 Deck Liquid Collector Model 534 Disperser/Support Plate Model 535 Disperser/Support Plate Model 544 Dispersed Phase Feed Pipe Model 545 Cotiuous Phase Feed Pipe Model 840 Sectioalized Beam Model 850 Pied Truss INTALOX Packed Tower Systems techology Liquid Distributio ad Redistributio Liquid Collectors Bed Limiters...27 Support Plates...27 Feed Devices Miimum Support Rig Widths

32 Koch-Glitsch Corporate Offices Worldwide Headquarters Koch-Glitsch, LP 4111 East 37th Street North Wichita, KS Uited States tel: fax: Europe Koch-Glitsch Italia S.r.l. Via Torri Biache, 3A Vimercate MB Italy tel: fax: Asia Koch Chemical Techology Group Sigapore Pte. Ltd. 260 Orchard Road, #11-01/09 Sigapore tel: fax: The Heere Koch-Glitsch (a divisio of Koch Chemical Techology Group Idia Pvt. Ltd.) Seawoods Grad Cetral Navi, Mumbai F901 to F904, Tower-2 tel: fax: Maharashtra - Idia Nerul Road, Nr. Seawoods Railway Statio For a complete list of our offices ad facilities, visit us o the Web at Emergecy Numbers Uited States/Lati America: Caada: Europe/Middle East/Africa: Asia: KOCH-911 (mass trasfer), (mist elimiatio), or your local Koch-Glitsch office (Uxbridge, Otario) (Italy), (Uited Kigdom), or your local Koch-Glitsch office (Sigapore) or your local Koch-Glitsch office. Trademarks The followig registered trademarks are owed by Koch-Glitsch, LP i the Uited States ad may be registered i other jurisdictios: FLEXIGRID severe service grid packig, FLEXIPAC structured packig, FLEXIPAC HC structured packig, INTALOX Packed Tower Systems techology, INTALOX ULTRA radom packig, KOCH-GLITSCH ad K KOCH-GLITSCH (logo). The followig trademarks are owed by Koch-Glitsch, LP i the Uited States ad may be registered i other jurisdictios: YORK-EVENFLOW vae ilet device ad YOU CAN RELY ON US. All other trademarks, service marks, or registered trademarks that appear i this documet are the trademarks or service marks of their respective owers. For related trademark iformatio, visit Patets The followig techologies are protected by oe or more patets i the USA; other foreig patets may be relevat: Colum Iterals (US , US , US , US , US ), FLEXIPAC HC structured packig (US , US ), INTALOX ULTRA radom packig (US ), ad Model 758 Ehaced Vapor Hor (US , US , US ). Available exclusively from Koch-Glitsch, FLEXIPAC HC structured packig is protected by US Patet 5,632,934 ad other patets worldwide assiged to Praxair Techology, Ic. Koch-Glitsch, LP is the exclusive worldwide licesee of Praxair Techology, Ic. for the maufacture ad sale of this packig i all markets except for idustrial gas separatio. Legal Notice The iformatio cotaied i this bulleti is believed to be accurate ad reliable, but is ot to be costrued as implyig ay warraty or guaratee of performace. Bulleti KGMTIG-2. Rev Prited i USA Koch-Glitsch, LP. All rights reserved.