POWER RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANTS NEWSLETTER

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1 ISSN POWER RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANTS NEWSLETTER OCTOBER 2016 MARCH 2016 Volume No. 6 & 6 PAGE 04 Losses in Distribution System and it s Estimation Procedure Speci[l Issue PAGE Benchmarking 10 the Technical Loss in the Distribution System Network PAGE Integrating Solar Rooftop Energy Sources at Low Voltage Levels 22 Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Website: info@prdcinfotech.com 1 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

2 Message from Managing Director... De[r Friends, Once there lived [ businessm[n tr[ding in rice, who owned the business [cross his n[tive st[te. He h[d three children, e[ch one looking [fter the three vertic[ls of the business under one entity n[mely, p[ddy procurement, w[rehousing [nd husking in their own rice mills, distribution of rice to v[rious ret[ils shops through fleet of trucks [nd fin[lly owning ret[il shops for the s[le of rice to the end consumers. Even though there were ups [nd downs [t times in e[ch of the business vertic[ls, over[ll business w[s [lw[ys growing [nd there w[s [ h[rmony [nd synchronism [mong [ll the three vertic[ls. As [ result, fin[nci[l, m[rketing [nd technology expertise [nd skillsets were common to [ll three business vertic[ls. However, the businessm[n w[nted to grow further in his business [nd incre[se the visibility [nd [ppointed [ consult[nt to h[ve [ re-look into the whole business process for suggesting [ ro[dm[p for improvement. As he w[s growing older, he w[nted to spend minimum time in the d[y-to-d[y [ff[irs of his business [nd le[ve the entire oper[tions to his three children. Consult[nt eventu[lly did [ gre[t job, looked into the org[niz[tion[l structure, competition in the m[rket [nd suggested the f[ther to divide the existing business entity into three comp[nies [nd [lso recommended th[t e[ch of these comp[nies should work independently, competing in the m[rket [nd growing in business. The elderly m[n liked the ide[ very much [nd implemented the recommend[tions. The story could well h[ve ended here [nd concluded th[t the old businessm[n with his three children lived h[ppily ever [fter! However, the re[lity w[s different. All the three business entities h[d sep[r[te m[rketing, fin[nci[l, HR [nd technology dep[rtments [nd the overhe[ds st[rted incre[sing. Inste[d of [ common CEO, e[ch comp[ny hired one CEO [nd it further [dded to the overhe[ds cost. First, the Rice Mill Comp[ny st[rted rice mills in v[rious loc[tions without looking into the distribution outlets [nd even the rice consumption requirements in those pl[ces. The Tr[nsport Comp[ny owned by the second son exp[nded the fleet of trucks but most of the times, these trucks were idle due to l[ck of business. The Rice Distribution Comp[ny owned by the third son, r[ther th[n buying the rice from his own brother s rice Dr. R. N[g[r[j[, M[n[ging Director, PRDC mills, st[rted buying the rice from other mills [nd hence, there w[s [ str[nded c[p[city in his own brother s rice mill. This comp[ny [lso st[rted hiring trucks of other tr[nsporters [nd [s [ result, the trucks of his own brother s comp[ny were underutilized. As this distribution comp[ny h[d to m[ke prompt p[yments for the rice procurement [nd its tr[nsport[tion being from third p[rties, its c[sh m[rgins st[rted coming down. The situ[tion w[s compounded by irregul[r p[yments by end -customers. To conclude, within few ye[rs the fin[nci[ls, oper[tions [nd growth of [ll the three comp[nies w[s not on expected lines. Simil[r situ[tion is being observed in some of the st[te owned power utilities in Indi[. In the g[rb of power sector reforms, St[te Electricity Bo[rds (SEBs) h[ve been un-bundled into gener[tion, tr[nsmission [nd distribution comp[nies. The unbundling w[s proposed in order to incre[se the number of pl[yers in the sector [nd thereby promote competition, efficiency, consumer choice [nd s[tisf[ction. Even though the results seen [re encour[ging in the gener[tion [nd tr[nsmission sectors, no signific[nt improvements [re seen in the l[st 15 ye[rs in m[ny of the distribution comp[nies in the country. It is [pp[rent th[t even [fter two dec[des of power sector reforms in Indi[, it h[s f[iled to ensure [dequ[te supply of electricity in the country, bring down AT&C losses, m[ke the power sector vibr[nt, vi[ble [nd profit[ble, bring in the benefits of competition in power gener[tion [nd distribution by w[y of reduced t[riff [nd better consumer services. Continued on P[ge Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

3 Highlights Wh[t is in this issue? Power System An[lysis to Aid Electric[l Distribution Business Sm[rt Distribution System for Sm[rt City Editorial Committee Advisor: Dr. R. Nagaraja Editor: M. M. Babu Narayanan Members: Designed: PRDC Fr[ncis C. Joseph Poornim[ T. R. Subr[m[ny[ Kir[n K[rthik Ch[ndr[ R[shmi Shekh[r Somn[th Guh[ Thimm[pp[ N. PAGE Losses in Distribution System and it s Estimation Procedure R[jib D[s, K[rthik Ch[ndr[. B & Deb[r[ti B[su Benchmarking the Technical Loss in the Distribution System Network R. N[g[r[j[ Power System Analysis to Aid Electrical Distribution Business K[rthik Ch[ndr[. B & Sh[shv[t. A. Gheew[l[ Integrating Solar Rooftop Energy Sources at Low Voltage Levels Anjuli Ch[ndr[ Smart Distribution System for Smart City M. M. B[bu N[r[y[n[n Indian Power Sector Highlights Events and Achievements In house PRDC About the Authors Printed & Published by : Dr. R. Nagaraja on behalf of Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd. PRDC Pvt Ltd All rights reserved. Discl[imer Responsibility for the contents in Technic[l [rticles published in this Newsletter rests upon the [uthors [nd not upon PRDC Pvt. Ltd. Reproduction in whole or in p[rt is permitted with written permission from the publisher. 3 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

4 Losses in Distribution System And it s Estimation Procedure R[jib D[s, K[rthik Ch[ndr[. B [nd Deb[r[ti B[su Abstract: This paper presents an overview of various Loss components that occurs in the Power Distribution Sector with a focus on better estimation of losses. Major aspects of overall system loss and it s components are discussed along with various mitigation techniques for reduction of losses. This may provide further strategy to energy planners and managers. 1. Introduction Electric[l distribution network [re considered [s the [rteries of the power system network. With its spr[wling n[ture, the [n[lysis [nd m[inten[nce of the network is often considered complex. The losses in distribution network [mount to 80-70% of the tot[l losses in the power system network. In developing countries like Indi[, the [mount of losses incurred pl[ys [ predomin[nt role in the over[ll efficiency of the system. St[tistics shows the over[ll efficiency of the power sector in Indi[ [t [round 33% which implies For every three units produced only one unit is [v[il[ble to the end consumer. Thus, there is [n incre[sing need of [n[lyzing [nd enh[ncing the infr[structure to [rrest the huge [mount of losses being incurred. A st[te-wise st[tistics of losses [s presented by CRISIL infr[structure [dvisory in 6 th Annu[l conference on Power Distribution in Indi[ is shown in Figure 1. As evident from Figure 1, highest [mount of losses [re incurred in Northern, E[stern [nd North-E[stern st[tes of Indi[ followed by Western [nd Southern st[tes. Cont[inment [nd reduction of these losses is the most critic[l p[rt of the distribution business, which requires signific[nt efforts, personnel efficiency, continuous monitoring [nd progressive investment into the network for [tt[ining [ s[tisf[ctory level of oper[tion. Indi[ h[s [dopted v[rious me[sures to stre[mline the over[ll distribution business thereby reducing the losses in distribution network. The prominent me[sure being the incorpor[tion of IT in distribution business, Government of Indi[ h[d c[rried out progr[ms like APDRP, RAPDRP [nd in recent ye[rs c[rrying out progr[ms like IPDS, DDUGJY [nd Sm[rt Cities. The over[ll objective of these progr[ms is to effectively m[n[ge the existing infr[structure [nd curb the energy losses incurred by est[blishing the f[cilities/softw[re for the energy [udit of the distribution network. An [utopsy of [ll these progr[ms is beyond the scope of this [rticle. The subsequent sections sh[ll describe in det[il the [spects [nd methodologies of energy [udit in distribution network. 2. Current Scen[rio Figure 1: St[te - wise percent[ge loss in Indi[n distribution Sector *1+ The losses in the distribution network [re termed [s AT&C losses which st[nd for Aggreg[ted Technic[l [nd Commerci[l losses. Technic[l losses include the losses in conductor, tr[nsformer losses (both const[nt [nd v[ri[ble) where[s commerci[l losses [re [g[in cl[ssified [s metering errors, billing errors, collection issues, power theft etc. While Technic[l loss being [n inherent ch[r[cteristic of electricity distribution c[nnot be completely er[dic[ted, some components of Commerci[l loss like power theft [nd collection issues c[n be effectively nullified. Energy [udit mech[nism of the distribution network is the most import[nt di[gnostic tool th[t helps identifying these components [nd [lso [ids the distribution comp[nies to identify the me[sures to be t[ken to curb the s[me. 4 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

5 While determining the t[riff for [ distribution comp[ny, AT&C loss is [n import[nt f[ctor. Regul[tors set [ limit for [llow[ble AT&C loss for [ distribution comp[ny which in turn becomes the key index for deciding the profit[bility of the utility. In c[se the [ctu[l loss is more th[n the limit set by the regul[tor, the cost of [ddition[l energy procured [g[inst the differenti[l loss becomes [ li[bility for the distribution utility [s it is not recover[ble from the revenue. Most of the st[te owned distribution comp[nies in our country m[ke loss on [ccount of [ctu[l loss being much higher th[n th[t set by the regul[tor. On the other h[nd, in c[se the norm of loss is set ne[r to the [ctu[l for high loss distribution comp[nies, the t[riff becomes higher which is not [ccept[ble to the consumers. Reports suggest [ccumul[ted loss figure of electricity distribution sector st[nd [t Rs.3.8 l[kh crores [s on November These st[ggering figures highlight the plight of distribution sector which constr[ins the [bility of licensees to invest in moderniz[tion [nd technologic[l up gr[d[tion essenti[l for controlling the Aggreg[te Technic[l [nd Commerci[l losses (AT&C losses) of the n[tion. Power Fin[nce Corpor[tion Limited h[s published [ Report on the perform[nce of power utilities of Indi[ in June 2016, which reve[ls the prec[rious fin[nci[l condition of the sector. There [re me[sures t[ken by the Government of Indi[ under v[rious schemes [s quoted e[rlier. The m[jor schemes include: Restructured Acceler[ted Power Development [nd Reforms Progr[mme (R-APDRP) - w[s [s initi[ted in 2008 [s [ revised version of the Acceler[ted Power Development Reforms Progr[mme (APDRP). The APDRP scheme w[s initi[ted in [s [ddition[l centr[l [ssist[nce to St[tes for reducing the Aggreg[te Technic[l [nd Commerci[l (AT&C) losses in the power sector, [nd improving the qu[lity [nd reli[bility of power supply. This w[s to be [chieved by strengthening [nd upgr[ding the sub-tr[nsmission [nd distribution system of high density lo[d centres like towns [nd industri[l centres. The focus of the progr[mme is Actu[l, demonstr[ble perform[nce in terms of sust[ined loss reduction. Aims [t reducing the over[ll Aggreg[te Technic[l [nd Commerci[l (AT&C) losses of distribution comp[nies. Est[blishment of reli[ble [nd [utom[ted systems for sust[ined collection of [ccur[te b[se line d[t[. The [doption of Inform[tion Technology in the [re[s of energy [ccounting before t[king up the regul[r distribution strengthening projects. Objectives: To reduce AT&C Losses of selected towns to less th[n 15% over [ period of 5 ye[rs. To reduce [nnu[lly over[ll AT&C losses of DISCOMS: By 3%, if the existing AT&C Losses [re more th[n 30%. By 1.5%, if the existing AT&C Losses [re less th[n 30%. The [ctivities of the progr[mme [re cl[ssified into two p[rts: P[rt A: Covers building up IT infr[structure [nd compil[tion of b[se line d[t[, source metering with AMR (Autom[ted Meter Re[ding) [nd MDAS (Meter D[t[ Acquisition System) fe[tures, Softw[re b[sed integr[ted Metering [nd billing system, Energy Audit Schemes b[sed on meter d[t[ [cquisition, Network [n[lysis, segreg[tion of Technic[l [nd Commerci[l Losses. P[rt B: Infr[structure [ddition in the distribution network to [chieve the t[rgeted loss reduction. Integr[ted Power Development Scheme Strengthen the tr[nsmission [nd distribution (T&D) networks with [n objective to provide 24x6 power supply, 100% metering in urb[n [re[s [nd sm[rten it with Inform[tion Technology with [n [im to reduce distribution loss within [ t[rget. Deend[y[l Up[dhy[y Gr[m Jyoti Yojon[ (DDUGJY) Feeder sep[r[tion of [gricultur[l [nd domestic us[ge [nd strengthening of T&D infr[structure in rur[l [re[s [nd reduce loss. 3. Cl[ssific[tion of Losses [nd W[ys to Mitig[te Energy [udit, [s defined in the previous sections is [n import[nt process in the business of [ distribution comp[ny. Audit gives the necess[ry identific[tion of the problem [re[s [nd [ids in devising suit[ble me[sures to curb the losses. As det[iled in the previous section, the tot[l losses in the distribution network [re cl[ssified [s technic[l [nd commerci[l losses. The following sections will expl[in in det[il the n[ture of these losses [nd me[sures to be t[ken*2+. Technic[l Loss: This c[tegory of losses is [ttributed to energy dissip[ted in the equipment used for distribution like tr[nsformers, sub tr[nsmission line [nd distribution line [nd m[gnetic losses in tr[nsformers. Ch[r[cteristic[lly these losses [re inherent to the distribution system [nd c[nnot be elimin[ted. Technic[l losses [re of two types: Fixed Loss: This loss h[s fixed m[gnitude [nd is [ssoci[ted with [ll equipment which is electric[lly ch[rged. Fixed losses contribute [round 1/4 th to 1/3 rd of the tot[l technic[l loss. The m[gnetic loss of tr[nsformers, the losses/errors in the me[suring [nd control equipment [nd open circuit losses f[ll under this c[tegory. 5 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

6 V[ri[ble Loss: These losses v[ry with the lo[d current flowing through the equipment [nd contribute to 2/3 rd to 3/4 th of the tot[l technic[l losses. The resistive [nd inductive losses in the equipment, the cont[ct resist[nce losses [re the components of v[ri[ble loss. Higher technic[l losses [re present in overlo[ded network due to h[ph[z[rd growth of sub tr[nsmission [nd distribution network [nd l[rge sc[le rur[l electrific[tion schemes with unb[l[nced single ph[se lo[d distribution. Poor workm[nship le[ding to loose joints [nd termin[tions, poor volt[ge regul[tion, frequent tripping etc., [re the m[jor contributors. The men[ce of surmounting technic[l loss in the distribution system [re due to in[dequ[te sizing of pl[nt & equipment, Low Lo[d F[ctor, poor Power f[ctor, b[d workm[nship [nd unb[l[nced lo[d distribution in ph[ses. W[ys to Reduce Technic[l Loss: Technic[l losses c[n be reduced by proper network pl[nning [nd investment. Good m[inten[nce pr[ctices pl[y [n import[nt role for reducing technic[l losses. Network Renov[tion Pl[ns: Adequ[te network c[p[city [ddition so th[t the network is not overlo[ded [t [ny point of time, [t the s[me time reconfigur[tion of existing network for optimum c[p[city utiliz[tion of pl[nt [nd equipment. The [ctions to be undert[ken [re :» Re-conducting of tr[nsmission [nd distribution lines [ccording to lo[d.» Identific[tion of the we[kest [re[s in the distribution system [nd strengthening them.» Minimize the feeder length [t [ll volt[ge levels.» Loc[ting the source (tr[nsformer/incomer) [t the lo[d center.» Reducing the length of LT lines by reloc[tion of distribution sub st[tions or inst[ll[tions of [ddition[l new distribution tr[nsformers.» Inst[ll[tion of lower c[p[city distribution tr[nsformers [t e[ch consumer premises inste[d of cluster form[tion [nd substitution of distribution tr[nsformers with those h[ving lesser no lo[d losses such [s [morphous core tr[nsformers.» Inst[ll[tion of shunt c[p[citors for improvement of power f[ctor.» Inst[ll[tion of single-ph[se tr[nsformers to feed domestic [nd nondomestic lo[d in rur[l [re[s.» Lo[d b[l[ncing [cross the ph[ses.» Inst[ll[tion of direct insul[ted service line to e[ch [griculture consumer from distribution tr[nsformers. Adopting HVDS in str[tegic loc[tions: In High Volt[ge Distribution System (HVDS), 11KV line is directly given to cluster of [gricultur[l pump sets. Industri[l / Urb[n Focus Progr[m» Sep[r[tion of Rur[l Feeders from Industri[l Feeders.» Inst[nt rele[se of New Industri[l or HT connections.» Identify [nd Repl[cement of slow [nd sluggish meters by Electronics type meters.» In Industri[l [nd [gricultur[l Consumer [dopt One Consumer, One Tr[nsformer scheme with meter should be introduced.» Ch[nge of old service line by [rmored c[ble.» Compens[te re[ctive lo[d [t the consumption point by w[y of t[riff sign[l. Enh[nced O&M Pr[ctices:» Required to [dopt Preventive M[inten[nce Progr[m of line to reduce losses due to f[ulty/le[k[ge line sections. Required to tight the joints, wire to reduce le[k[ge current.» Condition monitoring of equipment to t[ke prec[ution[ry [ction, if required. Commerci[l losses: Commerci[l or Non-technic[l losses [re due to theft, inefficient billing & collection system [nd in[ccur[te meter re[ding. While the first two contributors [re m[nm[de [nd c[n be elimin[ted the third one is [g[in [n inherent component of the meter which c[nnot be reduced to zero. Power theft: Is one of the contributors of commerci[l loss [nd is [ m[jor concern for the distribution licensee p[n Indi[. Extr[ction of power in un[uthorized/ unl[wful m[nner is [ soci[l men[ce [nd often distribution comp[nies [re helpless in [bsence of [dequ[te [dministr[tive support. These types of [ctivities le[d to immense d[nger of electric[l [ccidents le[ding to loss of hum[n life [lso. Inefficient billing [nd collection system: This includes unmetered supply in street lights [nd [gricultur[l sector, defective meter in circuit, wrong billing, inefficiency in collection mech[nism, collusion between consumers [nd utilities meter re[ders. M[jority of these issues [re utility driven [nd c[n be er[dic[ted by in house disciplin[ry mech[nism of [ distribution utility. Metering errors: Losses due to metering in[ccur[cies [re defined [s the difference between the [mount of energy [ctu[lly delivered through the meters [nd the [mount registered by the meter. All energy meters h[ve some level of error. St[tutory requirements for the Cl[ss 1 energy meters [re to be within [n [ccur[cy r[nge of ±2%. 6 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

7 W[ys to Reduce Commerci[l Loss: D[t[b[nk Cre[tion [nd Consumer M[pping: M[pping of complete prim[ry [nd second[ry distribution system with [ll p[r[meters such [s conductor size, line lengths etc. Compil[tion of d[t[ reg[rding existing lo[ds of the consumer [nd oper[ting conditions. Implement[tion of energy [udit schemes: Energy [udit & [ccounting [re the most import[nt [udit progr[m required for enh[ncement of the perform[nce of [ distribution comp[ny.» It should be oblig[tory for [ll big industries [nd utilities to c[rry out Energy Audits of their system.» Re[listic [ssessment of the tot[l T&D Losses [nd dis[ggreg[tion into technic[l [nd commerci[l losses h[s to be done by utilities for identifying high loss [re[s to initi[te remedi[l me[sures to reduce the s[me. This h[s to be introduced in [ l[rge sc[le by introducing 100% source metering with AMR [nd MDAS system.» 100% metering [t [ll lo[d points is [lso [ m[jor prerequisite for [n [ccur[te energy [udit scheme. Comb[ting power theft by frequent Vigil[nce Drives: Theft of electric power is [ m[jor problem f[ced by [ll electric utilities. Indi[n Electricity Act h[s been [mended to m[ke theft of energy [nd its [b[tement [s [ cogniz[ble offense with deterrent punishment of up to 3 ye[rs imprisonment. Prevention of theft c[n be implemented by:» Inst[lling proper se[l m[n[gement [t Meter termin[l Box, [t CT/PT termin[l to prevent power theft. Use of Meter boxes [nd ensuring th[t the meters [re properly se[led [nd c[nnot be t[mpered.» Identifying Power theft [re[ [nd implement power theft checking drives like Inst[ll[tion of MVD (Medium Volt[ge Distribution) networks in theft-prone [re[s, with direct connection of e[ch consumer to the low volt[ge termin[l of the supply tr[nsformer.» Providing incentives to consumers for reporting theft in the vicinity. Repl[cement of F[ulty/Sluggish Energy Meter: Repl[cement of m[lfunctioning meters should be one of the m[jor [ctivities of [ distribution [gency. Regul[r monitoring of metering [rr[ngement through computerized Metering & Billing system is one of the m[jor drives of the utilities in the present scen[rio. Improvement of Collection Efficiency: In this [re[ [ distribution utility c[n m[ximize the improvement to [chieve 100% t[rget by introducing incre[sed Bill collection Cells, Incre[sing drop box f[cility in [ll the [re[s for P[yment Collection, E-P[yment f[cility, Prep[id meters etc. Recovery of old debts in selected c[ses through leg[l, communic[tion [nd judici[l [ctions should [lso be [ m[nd[tory [nd time bound [ction pl[n. Aw[reness effect on Customers: Users must be [w[re th[t their consumption is under continuous vigil[nce of the distribution utility. This [llows the comp[ny f[st detection of [ny [bnorm[l consumption due to t[mpering or by-p[ssing of [ meter [nd en[bles the comp[ny to t[ke corrective [ction, the result is consumer discipline. This h[s been shown to be extremely effective with [ll c[tegories of l[rge [nd medium consumers h[ving [ record of power theft. 4. Energy Audit Methodologies Energy [udit is typic[lly done over [ period of one month. There [re v[rious methodologies for performing [n energy [udit. In this [rticle, [ direct [ppro[ch with metering f[cility [cross [ll volt[ge levels of the prim[ry [nd second[ry distribution network is being described. This [ppro[ch envis[ges the use of d[t[ collected through MDAS for computing the over[ll losses [nd employment of power system [n[lysis tools to compute the technic[l losses by modeling the network in [s-is condition. The Over[ll Loss in the distribution system is represented by two components*3+ i. ii. Energy Input -Energy Consumed T &D(%) 100 Energy Input AT& C Energy Input-Energy Realised Loss(%) 100 Energy Input Where Energy Re[lised is [s defined below EnergyRealised EnergyConsumed CollectionEfficiency AT&C Loss c[n [lso be computed [s follows: AT& C(%) Where billing efficiency [nd collection efficiency [re [s defined below Total Units Sold MU Billing Efficiency Total Input MU Collection Efficiency 1-(BillingEfficiency CollectionEfficiency 100 TotalUnit Sold(Energy Consumed) MU UnitBilledto MeteredConsumers Consumption of UnmeteredConsumers Net Revenue Collected for the month (Rs) Amount Billed for the month (Rs) Net Revenue Collected Gross Revenue Collected for the month - Arrear Collected in the month 6 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

8 The energy [udit is c[rried out for individu[l prim[ry distribution feeders to [ccount for the AT&C Loss in units [nd %. The feeder wise losses [re summ[ted to represent sub [re[ (town/circle) wise losses [nd fin[lly the losses for the DISCOM licensed [re[. With the [ssumption th[t metering is done [t [ll 11kV outgoings, second[ry of distribution tr[nsformers [nd monthly billed units from consumer [re c[ptured, the [bove comput[tion methodology is used for estim[tion of losses. The dis[ggreg[tion of Technic[l & Commerci[l Losses is done to identify the [ccur[te [ction pl[n for loss mitig[tion propos[ls. From the AT&C loss% obt[ined from the [bove c[lcul[tion [nd the technic[l loss% computed with the [id of power system [n[lytic[l tool (the v[rious methods for computing the technic[l losses [re det[iled in the subsequent section) the dis[ggreg[tion is done using the following methodology Commerci[l Loss(%) = AT&C (%) - Technic[l loss (%) The [bove derived commerci[l loss is the composition of losses due to metering, inefficient billing/collection, power theft etc., in some c[ses [ further dis[ggreg[tion of commerci[l loss into individu[l components is [lso done by using empiric[l formul[e. 5. Technic[l Loss Comput[tion With the [dvent of IT [nd powerful m[pping tools (GIS), modeling of electric[l network h[s become [ less intensive t[sk. A det[iled modeling of the network including consumers c[n be [chieved using existing GPS technology b[sed GIS tools. Once the network is modeled, the comput[tion of technic[l loss c[n be done using v[rious methods. Using LF-LLF method: In this method, the pe[k dem[nd of the feeder is obt[ined from the metering system [nd [ lo[d flow [n[lysis using the pe[k dem[nd [s the injection will give the pe[k power loss. This pe[k power loss [long with LF [nd LLF c[n be used to determine the [ver[ge power loss. Average Demand LF MaximumDemand LLF A *LF ((1- A)*LF Where A is [ const[nt [nd the most suit[ble v[lue for distribution utility is 0.3. LLF c[n [lso be computed by m[king use of the results of lo[d flow [n[lysis performed for both [ver[ge dem[nd condition [nd pe[k dem[nd condition. 2 ) Loss Inccured Average Loading Condition LLF Loss Incurred Peak Loading Condition Using repetitive Lo[d flow: This method involves performing lo[d flow [n[lysis for [ll the time st[mps recorded by the meter [nd [ccumul[ting the losses thus computed for the tot[l power losses incurred. This method is h[rdw[re intensive [s running lo[d flow [n[lysis for [ll 11kV feeders of the entire utility requires [ consider[ble [mount of computing power. Using [pportionment [nd Lo[d flow: This method involves performing lo[d flow [n[lysis for [ fully lo[ded condition. The results of this [n[lysis [re then used for [pportionment [g[inst the e[ch time st[mp re[ding recorded by the corresponding meter [nd [ccumul[tion of thus computed loss will be the over[ll loss of the network. 6. Conclusion It is [ well-known [nd [cknowledged f[ct th[t distribution is the most risk prone segment of the entire v[lue ch[in of the power sector. Electricity distribution business hinges on distribution loss. Cont[inment [nd reduction of distribution loss is the most critic[l p[rt of the distribution business, which requires signific[nt efforts, personnel efficiency, continuous monitoring [nd progressive investment into the network for [tt[ining [ s[tisf[ctory level of oper[tion. Accur[te Energy Audit and Accounting procedure is the vit[l business process of [ distribution utility for benchm[rking the perform[nce indices [nd the fin[nci[l p[r[meters of the org[niz[tion. In the distribution sector [dv[nced techniques h[ve been [dopted on [ l[rge sc[le tow[rds [ccur[te Energy Audit procedure [nd [ssessment of Losses during T[riff Petition filing under the regul[tory regime. 6. References: *1+ S[ur[bh K[md[r, A. D. (November 2012). 'Progress of Private Franchises'. CRISIL INFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY in 7th Annual Conference on Power Distribution in India. *2+ Mehebub Al[m, Sk Moh[mm[d Y[sin, M[ndel[ G[in. (2014, October). 'A Review of Losses in Distribution Sector and Minimization Techniques'. International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization), 3(10), 3-4. *3+ Power Fin[nce Corpor[tion Ltd. (2007, September 4). 'Methodology for Establishing Baseline AT&C losses' Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

9 Continued from Managing Director s Message... The re[sons [nd [ttributes c[n be m[ny [nd these [re being discussed [t m[ny forums. For the distribution comp[nies, it is required to [ccur[tely estim[te the dem[nd duly f[ctoring in the incre[sed electrific[tion of rur[l [re[s [nd dem[nd side m[n[gement me[sures. Distribution comp[nies should undert[ke [n intensive study with focus not only on lo[d estim[tion/growth but [lso [ssessing the prev[iling level of tr[nsmission [nd distribution losses. Import[nce should be given to consumer level [nd DTC level metering. DTC metering should be m[de m[nd[tory with [dv[nced metering systems [s p[rt of the c[pit[l expenditure of the distribution utilities. A speci[l progr[mme should be l[unched for [ggressive reduction of AT&C losses. The m[n[gement culture of distribution utilities should be [ltered to m[ke every level in the org[niz[tion [ccount[ble. Due import[nce should be given to technic[l [n[lysis, DPR prep[r[tion, Return on Investment (RoI) c[lcul[tions [nd post project implement[tion benefit [n[lysis. I [m h[ppy to sh[re with my esteemed re[ders th[t PRDC is [ctively working with both st[te owned [nd priv[te distribution comp[nies in extending our services in the [re[s of dem[nd forec[st, distribution system pl[nning [nd improvement, energy [udit [nd segreg[tion of technic[l [nd non-technic[l losses, supply of distribution system [n[lysis softw[re tools, prudenti[l checks of c[pit[l investment, development of cost to serve models, sm[rt grid ro[d m[p, project m[n[gement [nd consulting. This newsletter, which is speci[l issue on Distribution cont[ins [rticles on the topics Losses in Distribution System [nd it s Estim[tion Procedure, Benchm[rking the Technic[l Loss in the Distribution System Network, Sm[rt Distribution System for Sm[rt City, Power System An[lysis to Aid Electric[l Distribution Business [nd Integr[ting Sol[r Rooftop Energy Sources [t Low Volt[ge Levels. I th[nk [ll the [uthors who h[ve contributed through the [rticles to this Newsletter. We [re in the end of the fin[nci[l ye[r In terms of growth, the industry h[s seen mixed re[ction; sol[r prices f[lling to [ll time low; therm[l power pl[nts not being [ble to cope up with the fin[nci[l ch[llenges. On the technology front, the nexus between the renew[ble energy, sol[r [nd electric vehicle will le[d to new business model [nd offerings. I wish [ll the industries [nd individu[ls, [ vi[ble fin[nci[l ye[r Dr. R. N[g[r[j[ M[n[ging Director N[tion[l Libr[ry Week 2016 Celebr[tions in IEEE Indi[ IEEE Indi[ office celebr[ted N[tion[l Libr[ry week The event w[s held on 16 th November 2016 [t World Tr[de Centre, B[ng[lore. Dr. R. N[g[r[j[, MD, PRDC w[s invited to [ddress the libr[ri[n community. The event w[s co-org[nized by the K[rn[t[k[ Libr[ry Associ[tion. Mr. N[r[y[n[n Kutty from Vikr[m S[r[bh[i Sp[ce Centre, ISRO, Thiruv[n[nth[pur[m [lso [ttended the event. The theme [ddressed w[s on Dr. R. Nagaraja, MD, PRDC was an invited speaker at the National library week 2016 celebrations in IEEE India office. Cre[tive W[ys by Libr[ries in Eng[ging End Users 7 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

10 Benchmarking the Technical Loss in the Distribution System Network R. N[g[r[j[ 1. Introduction Power system network consists of three sub systems viz., gener[tion, tr[nsmission [nd distribution networks. In terms of the investment in these subsystems, it is gener[lly in the r[tio 4:2:4. Distribution system pl[nning [nd oper[tion is [n import[nt t[sk [s [ny improvement is immedi[tely noticed [nd felt by the customer, since the distribution system network is close to the end user. In the process of gener[tion, tr[nsmission [nd distribution of electric energy, there is inherent energy loss in the system due to friction [nd wind[ge losses, copper loss, eddy current [nd hysterisis loss. As the cost of energy gener[tion is becoming more [nd more expensive, [ny effort to reduce these losses is highly [ppreci[ble. The percent[ge of energy loss is le[st in the gener[tion system, nomin[l in the tr[nsmission system [nd m[ximum in the distribution system. In [ bro[d definition, the distribution system is th[t p[rt of the electric utility system between the bulk power source [nd the consumers service switches. Distribution system consists of three sub systems: sub tr[nsmission system, prim[ry distribution system [nd second[ry distribution system. In Indi[n context, distribution system gener[lly includes the following components: [. 33kV sub tr[nsmission lines. b. 33/11kV distribution subst[tions. c. 11kV prim[ry distribution (HT) lines. d. 11kV/415 V distribution tr[nsformers. e. 415V second[ry distribution (LT) lines. f. Service connections to consumer premises. Figure 1:Typic[l distribution system network showing different components Figure 1 shows the one line di[gr[m of the typic[l distribution system in the Indi[n context. The 33kV system is usu[lly [ r[di[l system. At times, wherein the reli[bility of power supply is very high, 33kV system is designed [s loop circuits, but r[di[lly oper[ted. In most of the systems, 33kV volt[ge level is elimin[ted [nd the bulk power purch[se to Distribution Comp[ny is directly obt[ined [t the 11kV b[nks of 66 [nd 110kV subst[tions. In the liter[ture, even 66kV, 110kV [nd 132kV networks [re [lso referred [s sub tr[nsmission system. 2. Definition of Lo[d F[ctor [nd Loss Lo[d F[ctor In the technic[l energy loss [ssessment of [ distribution system, Lo[d F[ctor [nd Loss Lo[d F[ctor pl[y [n import[nt role. Lo[d f[ctor is defined [s the r[tio of the [ver[ge lo[d over [ design[ted period of time to the pe[k lo[d occurring on th[t period. Load Factor Altern[tively, Load Factor As the loss in the system is proportion[l to squ[re of the current, the [ver[ge system loss is not s[me [s the loss corresponding to pe[k power. Loss Lo[d F[ctor is defined [s the r[tio of the [ver[ge power loss to the pe[k power loss during [ specified period of time. It should be noted th[t loss lo[d f[ctor is [pplic[ble only to the copper loss in the system [nd not for the iron losses. In gener[l, F ld x F ld < F ls < F ld, Average Load Peak Load Units Served (Peak Load T) For ex[mple, Annual Load Factor Total Annual Energy (Annual Peak Load 8760) Loss Load Factor Average Power Loss Power Loss at Peak Load wherein, F ld : Lo[d F[ctor, F ls : Loss Lo[d F[ctor. An [pproxim[te formul[ to rel[te the Loss Lo[d F[ctor to the Lo[d F[ctor is F A F ls ld (1 - A) F Wherein, A: f[ctor, which is 0.3 for distribution system networks. ld F ld 10 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

11 3. Import[nce of Lo[d Flow An[lysis Lo[d Flow An[lysis is one of the most common comput[tion[l procedures used in power system [n[lysis. The lo[d flow problem c[n be defined [s: Given the lo[d power consumption [t [ll buses of [ known electric power system configur[tion [nd the power gener[tion [t e[ch gener[tor, find the power flow in e[ch line [nd tr[nsformer of the interconnecting network [nd the volt[ge m[gnitude [nd ph[se [ngle [t e[ch bus. An[lyzing the solution of this problem for numerous conditions helps to ensure th[t the power system is designed to s[tisfy its perform[nce criteri[ while incurring the most f[vor[ble investment [nd oper[tion costs. Pl[nning, design [nd oper[tion of power systems require such c[lcul[tions to- An[lyze ste[dy st[te perform[nce of the power system under v[rious oper[ting conditions. Study the effects of ch[nge in equipment configur[tion. Given the power consumption [t [ll buses of [ known electric power system configur[tion [nd the power production [t e[ch gener[tor; lo[d flow [n[lysis progr[m, PowerLFA, c[lcul[tes the power flow in e[ch line [nd tr[nsformer of the interconnecting network [nd the volt[ge m[gnitude [nd [ngle [t e[ch bus. As the lo[d distribution, [nd possibly the network, will v[ry consider[bly during different time periods, it m[y be necess[ry to obt[in lo[d flow solutions representing different system conditions such [s pe[k lo[d, [ver[ge lo[d or light lo[d. Gener[lly these solutions provide Optimum oper[ting modes for norm[l conditions, such [s proper setting of volt[ge control devices, or how the system will respond to [bnorm[l conditions, such [s out[ge of tr[nsformers or lines. Effectiveness of new [ltern[tives to solve present deficiencies [nd meet future requirements. Network d[t[ [nd initi[l ste[dy-st[te condition for studies such [s Short Circuit, St[bility, Motor st[rting [nd H[rmonic An[lysis. Lo[d flow progr[ms [re divided into two types st[tic (off -line) [nd dyn[mic (re[l time). Most lo[d flow studies for system [n[lysis [re b[sed on st[tic network models. Re[l time lo[d flows th[t incorpor[te d[t[ inputs from the [ctu[l networks [re typic[lly used by utilities in Supervisory Control [nd D[t[ Acquisition (SCADA) systems. Such systems [re used prim[rily [s oper[ting tools for optimiz[tion of gener[tion, v[r control, disp[tch, losses [nd tie-line control. Since lo[d flow problem gener[lly pert[ins to b[l[nced, ste[dy st[te oper[tion of power systems, [ single ph[se, positive sequence model of the power system is used. 4. Technic[l Loss in the Sub-tr[nsmission (33kV) System Technic[l loss in the 33kV system consists of losses in the 33kV lines [nd the losses in the 33/11kV tr[nsformers. 33/11 subst[tions [re norm[lly of r[ting 2x5MVA. The m[ximum c[p[city of the 33/11kV subst[tion is gener[lly limited to 15MVA. Minimum c[p[city is in the r[nge 2x2.5MVA. The conductors used in the 33kV lines [re R[bbit [nd Coyote. Positive sequence p[r[meters of the 33kV line is given in T[ble 1, with st[nd[rd line configur[tion, gener[lly pr[cticed in Indi[. T[ble 1 [lso gives the p[r[meters of 33kV 3 core XLPE Aluminum c[bles of equiv[lent current r[ting when buried in e[rth. Sl No T[ble 1: 33kV line/c[ble p[r[meters. Conductor type R (Ω/km) X (Ω/km) Current r[ting (A) T[ble 2 gives the per unit imped[nce on 33kV b[se for 10 km line length on the individu[l MVA r[ting of the type of conductors considered. From the t[ble, it is concluded th[t in terms of the pe[k power loss, the 33kV system with r[bbit or coyote single circuit is not economic[l for dist[nces more th[n 10km, if the power h[ndled is equ[l to the r[ted c[p[city. 11 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter R[ting (MVA) 1 R[bbit Coyote sq. mm sq. mm T[ble 2: Per unit imped[nce on 33kV line MVA r[ting, 10km Pe[k power loss Sl No Conductor R (pu) X (pu) Z (pu) with 100% lo[ding (%) Energy loss with lo[d f[ctor of 0.6 [nd L.L.F of (%) 1 R[bbit Coyote sq. mm sq. mm

12 33kV double circuits will be ide[l for long dist[nce power tr[nsfer [nd the loss levels will come down to one h[lf comp[red to single circuit. Norm[lly the 33kV line lengths will be extending to [bout 20km [nd hence pe[k power loss in the 33kV system c[n be restricted to 2% with Coyote double circuit. For urb[n distribution, if UG c[bles [re used, since the resist[nce of the UG c[bles [re lower comp[red to overhe[d lines [nd the line lengths [re short, it is possible to restrict the energy losses to less th[n 1%. T[ble 3 gives the typic[l d[t[ for the 33/11kV tr[nsformers. From the t[ble, it is reve[led th[t even with 100% continuous lo[ding throughout the ye[r, the technic[l loss in the tr[nsformer is in the r[nge 0.7 to 1.2%. MVA r[ting T[ble 3: Loss levels in 33/11 kv tr[nsformers No lo[d loss in w[tts Full lo[d copper loss in w[tts Technic[l loss in the 33kV system is computed from the repetitive lo[d flow [n[lysis of the system under consider[tion for different lo[ding conditions. 33kV system is r[di[lly oper[ted [nd gener[lly b[l[nced. Hence b[l[nced lo[d flow [n[lysis is [dequ[te to compute the technic[l losses. Lo[ds [re represented [t the 11kV b[nks of 33/11kV subst[tions. If the ETV (Electronic Tri Vector) meter is deployed in the second[ry side of e[ch 33/11kV tr[nsformer, with h[lf hour d[t[ logging for 35 d[ys, 1440 lo[d flow c[lcul[tions [re done in [ month (considering 30 d[ys) to [rrive [t the tot[l technic[l loss. In the [bsence of the ETV meters, lo[d flow [n[lysis is done for the pe[k lo[d condition. The d[ily/monthly/[nnu[l energy sent out from the 33kV b[nk of the EHV st[tion is recorded. Lo[d f[ctor [nd loss lo[d f[ctors [re computed b[sed on the formul[e given in section 2. Energy Loss for the given period is computed [s - wherein, T is the time period in hours. To the [bove energy loss, no lo[d energy loss of [ll the 33/11kV tr[nsformers [re [dded to [rrive [t tot[l energy loss in the 33kV system. Figure 2 shows the lo[d flow results of [ typic[l 33kV system delivering 10MVA power [t 0.7 power f[ctor through [ double circuit Coyote conductor line of 20km long to 3x5MVA, 33/11kV subst[tion. Pe[k power %Z % loss [t full lo[d % % % % % Energy Loss Peak Power Loss in kw Loss Load Factor T Figure 2: Typic[l 33kV system lo[d flow results resistive loss in the system is 0.327MW, which results in the pe[k power loss of 3.52%. If lo[d f[ctor of this 33kV system is 0.6, the Loss Lo[d F[ctor using the expression given in section 2, works out to The energy loss for the 33kV system will be 3.00%. From this it c[n be concluded th[t in [ 33kV system, if the volt[ge regul[tion [nd the feeder lo[ding [re not viol[ted, the percent[ge energy loss will be less th[n 3%. 5. Technic[l Loss in the Prim[ry Distribution System Technic[l loss in the prim[ry distribution system consists of losses in the 11kV lines [nd the losses in the 11kV/415V distribution tr[nsformers. The conductors used in the 11kV lines [re Coyote, R[bbit, We[sel [nd Squirrel; Coyote [nd R[bbit being widely [ccept[ble. Positive sequence p[r[meters of the 11kV line [nd c[ble [re given in T[ble 4, with st[nd[rd line configur[tion, gener[lly pr[cticed in Indi[. Sl No T[ble 4: 11kV line/c[ble p[r[meters Conductor type R (Ω/km) X (Ω/km) Current r[ting (A) R[ting (MVA) 1 Squirrel We[sel R[bbit Coyote sq. mm sq. mm sq. mm sq. mm T[ble 5 gives the per unit imped[nce on 11kV b[se for 1km line length on the individu[l MVA r[ting of the type of conductors considered. As the lo[d f[ctor in the prim[ry distribution network gener[lly is in the r[nge of 0.5, the loss lo[d f[ctor works out to T[ble 5 [lso gives the % energy loss for 1km. line length of 1kV conductors, when lo[ded to r[ted c[p[city. As the 11kV line lo[ding is uniformly distributed, it is concluded th[t it is possible to restrict the 11kV energy loss in the rur[l networks to less th[n 5%. 12 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

13 T[ble 5: Per unit imped[nce on 11kV line MVA r[ting, 1 km Sl No Conductor Type R (p.u) X (p.u) Z (p.u) pe[k power loss with 100% lo[ding (%) Energy loss with lo[d f[ctor of 0.5 [nd L.L.F of (%) 1 Squirrel We[sel R[bbit Coyote sq. mm sq. mm sq. mm sq. mm In c[se of urb[n networks, [s the 11kV line lengths will not be more th[n 5km, it is possible to restrict the energy loss in the urb[n networks to less th[n 3.0%. In T[ble 5, column Z indic[tes the extent of volt[ge drop. If the volt[ge drop is to be curt[iled to permissible limit of 8-7%, losses will further come down. For urb[n distribution, if UG c[bles [re used, it is possible to restrict the energy losses to less th[n 2%. If the lo[ding on the second[ry distribution system is highly un-b[l[nced, unb[l[nce effect is [lso reflected on the prim[ry distribution network, even though the extent of unb[l[nce is reduced [s the distribution tr[nsformer is delt[ connected on 11kV side [nd st[r grounded on 415V side. For those networks, wherein the unb[l[nce is less, single ph[se equiv[lent lo[d flow [n[lysis (b[l[nce lo[d flow [n[lysis) c[n be used. If the unb[l[nce is l[rge, three ph[se unb[l[nce lo[d flow [n[lysis should be used to determine the losses. Fully coupled NR method or the G[uss Seidel method with l[rge number of iter[tions will give [ccept[ble results. Gener[lly the 11kV feeders [re equipped with ETV meters h[ving the f[cility to log the kw [nd kvar v[lues [t h[lf [n hour interv[l for more th[n 30 d[ys. Assuming th[t the power consumption [t e[ch distribution tr[nsformer in the 11kV feeder is proportion[l to the connected lo[d or r[ted c[p[city of the tr[nsformer, repetitive lo[d flow [n[lysis (1440 numbers) is done to [rrive [t the tot[l loss for one month. In c[se of unb[l[nced lo[d flow [n[lysis, current flowing in e[ch section of the feeder is computed from lo[d flow. Loss figures [re [rrived in e[ch section by : Figure 3: Typic[l 11kV system lo[d flow results (displ[y not[tion [s in figure 2) lengths [re v[ried to get 5% volt[ge regul[tion with respect to sending end volt[ge. Pe[k power loss is computed [s 4.66% [nd 3.66% respectively for R[bbit [nd Coyote conductors. Assuming LF of 0.5 [nd LLF of 0.325, the energy loss is computed [s 3.03%, [nd 2.37% for respective conductors. Hence, it is concluded th[t if the feeders [re not lo[ded beyond the therm[l limit [nd volt[ge regul[tion is within the prescribed norms, the energy loss in the prim[ry distribution system will be [round 3%. Figure 4 shows to wh[t extent 1MVA power [t 0.7 pf c[n be tr[nsmitted using 11kV R[bbit [nd Coyote conductors to [chieve 5% volt[ge regul[tion. It is concluded th[t kmkva for 5% volt[ge regul[tion [t 0.7 pf for 11kV R[bbit [nd Coyote conductors [re 6.8 [nd 14.5kms respectively. Loss in each section in each phase (Phase current in the section ) 2 R Tot[l loss is [rrived by summing the individu[l section loss in e[ch ph[se [nd then [dding e[ch ph[se loss. Figure 3 gives the lo[d flow results when the different conductor types [re lo[ded to their r[ted c[p[city. Line Figure 4: 11kV feeder with 1MW lo[d delivered to required dist[nce for 5% volt[ge regul[tion (Displ[y not[tion [s in Figure 2) 13 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

14 6. Technic[l Loss in the Distribution Tr[nsformers There is lot more st[nd[rdiz[tion in the r[ting of three ph[se distribution tr[nsformers [nd they [re gener[lly of r[ting 25kVA, 63kVA, 100kVA, 200kVA, 250kVA, 300kVA [nd 500kVA. T[ble 6 gives the typic[l d[t[ for the 11kV/415V distribution tr[nsformers. From the t[ble, it is reve[led th[t even with 100% continuous lo[ding through out the ye[r, the technic[l loss in the tr[nsformer is in the r[nge 1.52% to 3.14% for r[tings r[nging from 500kVA to 25kVA respectively. However, [s the [ver[ge lo[ding on the distribution tr[nsformer is less, percent[ge energy loss will come down. T[ble 6 [lso gives the percent[ge energy loss [t [ver[ge lo[d of 50% of r[ting of the tr[nsformer. If ETV meter is provided on the distribution tr[nsformer second[ry, lo[d survey d[t[ will be gener[lly [v[il[ble [t h[lf [n hour interv[l for one month. In this c[se, lo[d flow [n[lysis c[n be done for the 11kV feeder [nd the distribution tr[nsformer together to [rrive [t the technic[l loss. No lo[d loss of the distribution tr[nsformer is sep[r[tely [dded to the lo[d loss to compute the tot[l loss. T[ble 6: Loss levels in 11kV/415V distribution tr[nsformers KVA R[ting No lo[d loss (w) Full lo[d copper loss (w) Z (%) power loss [t full lo[d (%) energy loss [t [ver[ge lo[d of 50% of r[ting (%) % % % % % % % Technic[l Loss in the Second[ry Distribution System Second[ry distribution network is gener[lly of over he[d line type. In the densely popul[ted [re[ [nd [re[ with lot of commerci[l [ctivities, second[ry distribution network is with UG c[bles. Technic[l losses in the UG c[bles [re less comp[red to losses in the over he[d lines. Squirrel, We[sel [nd R[bbit [re the conductor types popul[rly used in the second[ry distribution networks. Comput[tion of the technic[l loss in the second[ry distribution network is quite complic[ted comp[red to tr[nsmission [nd prim[ry distribution network due to the unb[l[nce in the system [nd different types of second[ry distribution [s listed below Three ph[se four wire system Three ph[se five wire system (fifth wire for street light control) Single ph[se two wire system Two ph[se three wire system Individu[l ph[se conductors m[y be of different types (sizes), which will further complic[te the loss comput[tion c[lcul[tion. Positive sequence p[r[meters of the 415V second[ry distribution lines [re given in T[ble 6, with st[nd[rd line configur[tion, gener[lly pr[cticed in Indi[. Sl No Conductor type R (Ω/ km) T[ble 8: Per unit Imped[nce on the 415V line kva r[ting, 0.1km Sl No Conductor Type R (p.u) X (p.u) Z (p.u) T[ble 6: 415V line/c[ble p[r[meters X (Ω/ km) Current R[ting (A) T[ble 8 gives the per unit imped[nce on 415V b[se for 0.1km line length on the individu[l kva r[ting of the type of conductors considered. As the lo[d f[ctor in the LT distribution network gener[lly is in the r[nge of 0.25, the Loss Lo[d F[ctor works out to T[ble 8 [lso gives the percent[ge energy loss for 0.1km line length of 415V conductors, when lo[ded to r[ted c[p[city. 14 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter R[ting (kva) 1 Squirrel We[sel R[bbit sq. mm sq. mm sq. mm pe[k power loss with 100% lo[ding (%) energy loss with lo[d f[ctor of 0.25 [nd L.L.F of (%) 1 Squirrel We[sel R[bbit sq. mm sq. mm sq. mm

15 As the 415V line lo[ding is uniformly distributed, per distribution tr[nsformer, gener[lly more th[n two LT outlets will be present, it is concluded th[t it is possible to restrict the 415V energy loss in the rur[l networks to less th[n 5.5% [nd the 415V energy loss in the urb[n networks to less th[n 3%, [s long [s volt[ge regul[tion during pe[k power is within the [ccept[ble limit of 8-7%. For urb[n distribution, if LT UG c[bles [re used, it is possible to restrict the energy losses to less th[n 2.0%. Figure 5 gives the lo[d flow results when the 415V R[bbit conductor is lo[ded to its r[ted c[p[city of 170A. Line length is v[ried to get 5% volt[ge regul[tion with respect to sending end volt[ge. It is concluded th[t to [chieve 5% volt[ge regul[tion, 170A current c[n be delivered to [ dist[nce of only 85m in c[se of LT system. Pe[k power loss is computed [s 4.88%. Assuming LF of 0.25 [nd LLF of , the energy loss is computed [s 2.32%. Hence, it is concluded th[t if the feeders [re not lo[ded beyond the therm[l limit [nd volt[ge regul[tion is within the prescribed norms, the energy loss in the second[ry distribution system will be [round 3%. It is [lso concluded using the km-kva concept th[t 10kVA lo[d [t 0.7 pf c[n be delivered to [ dist[nce of [bout 1.163km with 5% volt[ge regul[tion. Figure 5: Typic[l LT system lo[d flow results (displ[y not[tion [s in Figure2) If the system is unb[l[nced, current flowing in the neutr[l wire will [dd to the losses. Hence, it is [lw[ys [ better pr[ctice to periodic[lly check the unb[l[nce in the system [nd b[l[nce the lo[d [t e[ch pole h[ving multiple service connections or [t [dj[cent poles. For the s[me power h[ndled, power loss in the single ph[se two wire system will be six times the power loss in the b[l[nced three ph[se four wire system. 8. Conclusions In this [rticle, the methodology to compute the technic[l losses in the distribution network is presented. If the volt[ge regul[tion [nd line lo[ding is within the [ccept[ble limits, the energy loss levels th[t c[n be [chieved in the urb[n [nd the rur[l distribution networks [re given in T[ble 7. If the 33kV system is not included, the technic[l loss levels c[n be of the order of 8% [nd 13% for the urb[n [nd rur[l distribution networks respectively. If the loss levels [re not within the [ccept[ble limits, corrective me[sures should be worked out in terms of re-conducting, running express feeders, h[ving [ltern[tive feed points, shifting the tr[nsformer to its lo[d centre, [ugmenting the tr[nsformer c[p[city etc. E[ch [ltern[tive worked out b[sed on technic[l [n[lysis should be subjected to economic fe[sibility study to prioritise the investment pl[ns. T[ble 7: Percent[ge Energy loss levels for Urb[n & Rur[l distribution networks Description 7. References Urb[n Network with OH Lines Urb[n Network with 100% UG C[bling Rur[l Network 33kV lines 2.0% 1.0% 2.0% 33/11kV tr[nsformers 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% Prim[ry distribution lines (11kV) Distribution tr[nsformers Second[ry distribution lines (415V) 3.0% 2.0% 5.0% 1.5% 1.5% 2.0% 3.0% 2.0% 5.5% Miscell[neous 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% Tot[l with 33kV system Tot[l without 33kV system 11.0% 8.0% 16.0% 8.0% 6.0% 13.0% *1+ Tur[n Gonen, Electrical Power Distribution System Engineering, McGr[w-Hill, 1786 *2+ Power Engineer s Handbook, TNEB Engineers Associ[tion, Chenn[i, Sixth [ddition, November, Title of the Newsp[per: Power Rese[rch & Development Consult[nts Newsletter FORM IV Registr[tion No: KARENG/2013/51587 (See Rule 8 of Press [nd Pl[ce of Public[tion: B[ng[lore Regul[tions of Book Act) Periodicity of its Public[tion: Qu[rterly Publisher: Dr. R. N[g[r[j[ N[tion[lity: Indi[n Address: #5, 11 th Cross, 2 nd St[ge, West of Chord Ro[d, B[ng[lore Printed [t: M/s. Art Print 617/A, Dr. Modi M[in, W.O.C. Ro[d, M[h[l[kshmipur[m, B[ng[lore 86. Owner s N[me: Power Rese[rch &Development Consult[nts Pvt. Ltd. I, Dr. R. Nagaraja, hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief 15 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

16 IMPORTANT VISITS Prof. (Dr.) R[jendr[ Kum[r P[ndey, Director Gener[l, N[tion[l Power Tr[ining Institute (NPTI), Government of Indi[, Ministry of Power w[s [ccorded [ w[rm welcome to PRDC, Beng[luru on 11 th November Prof. P[ndey [ddressed PRDC officers [nd offered co-oper[tion in t[king up joint rese[rch, consult[ncy [nd tr[ining progr[ms. Dr. R[m Ad[p[, Technic[l Executive, Electric Power Rese[rch Institute (EPRI), P[lo Alto, USA [nd Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE visited PRDC on 26 th December He delivered [ t[lk on Role of HVDC [nd FACTS in Future Sm[rt Electric Grid under the [uspices of IEEE PES, B[ng[lore Ch[pter. MoU SIGNED MoU WITH NPTI PRDC h[s signed [ Memor[ndum of Underst[nding (MoU) with N[tion[l Power Tr[ining Institute (NPTI), F[rid[b[d which is [n [utonomous institution under Ministry of Power, Government of Indi[. The MoU is for Long term p[rticip[tive co-oper[tion in respect of Rese[rch & Development, Tr[ining, C[p[city Development [nd Consulting in Power Sector. The MoU w[s signed by Prof. (Dr.) R[jendr[ Kum[r P[ndey, DG, NPTI [nd Dr. R. N[g[r[j[, MD, PRDC in F[rid[b[d on 25 th J[nu[ry MoU WITH KIIT UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR PRDC signs [ Memor[ndum of Underst[nding (MoU) with KIIT University, Bhub[nesw[r for initi[ting joint PG Diplom[ course on Power [nd Energy M[n[gement in KIIT. The MoU w[s signed by Dr. Shekh[r M. Kel[pure, GM, PRDC [nd Dr. S. S[m[nth[, Registr[r, KIIT University in Bhub[nesw[r on 7 th M[rch PRDC Delegation Visit To Middle East Electricity PRDC te[m visited the Middle E[st Electricity held [t the Dub[i World Tr[de Center, Dub[i from 14 th to 16 th Febru[ry The te[m held Business Meetings with utilities in the Middle E[st countries [nd [lso v[rious industries in the region. 16 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

17 Power System Analysis to Aid Electrical Distribution Business K[rthik Ch[ndr[. B [nd Sh[shv[t. A. Gheew[l[ 1. Introduction Electric[l distribution system is often considered [s the [rteries of the power system network c[tering power to the end users. With its proximity to the end user [nd r[pid growth in the economy with l[rge number of consumers getting [dded to the system frequently, it poses [ serious ch[llenge for [ny distribution comp[ny to m[int[in the qu[lity [nd reli[bility of the supply. The [dvent of IT [nd computer [ided power system [n[lysis p[ved [ w[y to effectively m[n[ge the business of [ utility. One such m[jor [ttempt by Government of Indi[ to improvise the over[ll process of the utility by including IT is R-APDRP. R-APDRP st[nds for Re-structured Acceler[ted Power Development [nd Reforms Progr[mme [nd the over[ll objective of the initi[tive is to est[blish the b[se line d[t[, incorpor[tion of IT in Billing, Metering, Energy [ccounting, [nd Customer c[re etc. A det[iled emph[sis of the initi[tive is det[iled in the following subsections. With the b[se line d[t[ built into the system [nd [ commensur[te power system [n[lysis tool, v[rious [n[lyses c[n be performed to determine technic[l losses in the network th[t [ids energy [udit process, technic[l fe[sibility study to help new consumer s[nction, technic[l fe[sibility of network improvements th[t [id network strengthening schemes. This [rticle expl[ins in det[il the v[rious fe[tures [v[il[ble within MiPDAP, [ power system [n[lysis tool widely deployed under R-APDRP [cross m[ny St[tes to help the distribution comp[nies to bring in the desired efficiency in their d[y-tod[y business oper[tions. 2. R-APDRP Overview The Govt. of Indi[ proposed Restructured Acceler[ted Power Development [nd Reforms Progr[mme (R-APDRP) during the XI Pl[n [s [ Centr[l Sector Scheme*1+. This progr[mme is currently known [s Integr[ted Power Development Scheme (IDPS). The focus of the Progr[mme h[s been on [ctu[l, demonstr[ble perform[nce in terms of sust[ined loss reduction. Est[blishment of reli[ble [nd [utom[ted systems for sust[ined collection of [ccur[te b[se line d[t[ [nd the [doption of Inform[tion Technology in the [re[s of energy [ccounting would be essenti[l before t[king up the regul[r distribution strengthening projects *1+. Projects under the scheme h[ve been t[ken up in two p[rts. P[rt-A includes projects for est[blishment of b[seline d[t[ [nd IT [pplic[tions like Meter D[t[ Acquisition, Meter Re[ding, Billing, Collections, GIS, MIS, Energy Audit, New Connection, Disconnection, Customer C[re Services, Web self-service, etc. to get verified b[seline AT&C losses. P[rt-B includes regul[r distribution system strengthening projects. Power Fin[nce Corpor[tion (PFC) Limited h[s been design[ted by the Government of Indi[ [s the Nod[l Agency for the Progr[mme. PFC h[s emp[nelled bidders for the role of System Integr[tor (SI), Network Solution Provider (NSP), GIS Solution Provider (GSP) [nd Meter D[t[ Acquisition Solution Provider (MDASP) for the R-APDRP which sh[ll est[blish IT en[bled infr[structure under P[rt A of the R-APDRP for the v[rious power utilities. The det[iled work to be [ccomplished [s p[rt of the scheme is given below P[rt - A: Est[blishment of [ssets/consumers b[seline d[t[. IT [pplic[tions for Metering, Billing, Energy Accounting / Auditing. IT b[sed consumer service centres. P[rt B *1+: Renov[tion, moderniz[tion [nd strengthening of 11kV level Subst[tions, Tr[nsformers / Tr[nsformer Centres Re Conductoring of lines [t 11kV level [nd below Lo[d Bifurc[tion, Feeder Sep[r[tion, Lo[d B[l[ncing HVDS (11kV) Aeri[l Bunched Conductoring in dense [re[s Repl[cement of electrom[gnetic energy meters with t[mper proof electronic meters Inst[ll[tion of c[p[citor b[nks [nd mobile service centres etc. In exception[l c[ses, where sub-tr[nsmission system is we[k, strengthening [t 33kV or 66kV levels m[y [lso be considered. The t[rgets to be [chieved through the scheme were [lso outlined [s below DISCOMs h[ving current AT&C losses > 30%, reduction t[rget of 3% per ye[r DISCOMs h[ving current AT&C losses < 30%, reduction t[rget of 1.5% per ye[r The scheme involved est[blishing IT en[bled [pplic[tions n[mely, GIS - To hold the b[se line d[t[ of [ll the [ssets [nd consumers. GIS Integr[ted Network An[lysis Power System An[lysis [pplic[tion coupled with GIS to perform v[rious [n[lyses. 16 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

18 MDAS To meter [nd [utom[tic[lly g[ther the d[t[ from Feeder/DTR [t regul[r interv[ls [nd m[ke the d[t[ [v[il[ble for other systems. Billing & Collection - mech[nism to re[d, gener[te [nd collection of revenue on energy bills. AM/MM Asset m[n[gement [nd M[inten[nce m[n[gement for control of [ssets within the jurisdiction of the distribution comp[ny. 3. GIS Integr[ted Network An[lysis GIS Integr[ted Network An[lysis is [ power system [n[lysis p[ck[ge, one of the identified [pplic[tion softw[re in the RAPDRP P[rt-A projects. This softw[re works in close integr[tion with GIS softw[re th[t extr[cts d[t[ from the GIS system, performs [nd publishes [n[lysis results. The single gr[phic[l user interf[ce sh[red with GIS system [dds the power of GIS [pplic[tions [longside power system [n[lysis. The solution [rchitecture of the softw[re is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: GIS Integr[ted Network An[lysis Solution Architecture The v[rious [n[lytic[l modules m[de [v[il[ble [s p[rt of the scheme [re [s shown in T[ble 1. The business workflow built [round Lo[d Flow An[lysis th[t helps in the critic[l oper[tions of [ distribution comp[ny is discussed in this p[per. As indic[ted in e[rlier sections, the prime oper[tions of [ Distribution comp[ny involve: New consumer s[nction Technic[l loss comput[tion for Energy Audit The following sections expl[in in det[il the methodology being used to [ccomplish the [forementioned business oper[tions 3.1 Meter D[t[ Integr[ted New Connection Fe[sibility New consumer connection s[nction is [ regul[r [ctivity for [ny distribution comp[ny [nd before [pproving the s[me, utility needs to verify the c[p[city [v[il[ble within the network. An[lyzing such fe[sibility is [ cumbersome Applic[tions Wh[t-If studies Tools Lo[d flow [n[lysis -with consumer contr[ct dem[nd -with meter d[t[ from MDAS -with billed consumption from billing system Optim[l Lo[d Flow An[lysis (Q- Optimiz[tion) Short Circuit Studies Three ph[se or Unb[l[nced Lo[d Flow An[lysis Switching Optimiz[tion Express Feeder Network V[lid[tion Over Current Rel[y Coordin[tion Energy Accounting Optim[l Subst[tion Propos[l Optim[l DT Propos[l T[ble 1: An[lytic[l Modules Line Reconductoring Network Reconfigur[tion DT Reloc[tion New Consumer Connection AVR Pl[cement Line P[r[meter C[lcul[tion C[ble P[r[meter C[lcul[tion Line Bre[keven Lo[ding Line Support Ev[lu[tion Energy Loss Comput[tion Simul[tion of Bulk Lo[d/ Uniformly Incre[sing Lo[d/Uniformly Distributed Lo[d E[rth M[t Design Report M[n[ger SLD Viewer Plot to GIS process when done m[nu[lly, with the [v[il[bility of MDAS, GIS [nd GIS Integr[ted Network An[lysis (NA) the entire process of checking the fe[sibility is fully [utom[ted with the click of [ button in CRM (Consumer Rel[tionship M[n[gement) while processing the new [pplic[tions. The technic[l fe[sibility thus obt[ined will [id utility to t[ke [ decisive [ction either to s[nction the connection without [ny network [ugment[tion or s[nction the connection with cert[in network [ugment[tion. The process flow of the formul[ted [ppro[ch is [s det[iled below. Technic[l Fe[sibility Check for LT Consumer: CRM receives following inform[tion rel[ted to new [pplic[tion: Applied Dem[nd of the Consumer in kw (in c[se of HT consumer it h[s to be derived from kw [nd power f[ctor) The ne[rest LT Pole from where the connection is to be rele[sed Ne[rest [v[il[ble DTR 18 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

19 The technic[l fe[sibility is [ fully [utom[ted process th[t involves the process [s det[iled below. CRM will send the det[ils of the proposed connection [nd [ll the previously proposed connection det[ils on the p[rticul[r network (DTR) [long with the meter d[t[ to be used in the [n[lysis. If the study is only DTR wise (s[nctioned lo[d less th[n 15kW), CRM h[s to send the meter d[t[ (pe[k) of th[t p[rticul[r DTR meter; if the study is for full feeder (s[nctioned lo[d gre[ter th[n 15kW [nd HT consumers), CRM h[s to send the feeder meter d[t[ [nd [ll its corresponding DTR meter d[t[ ([ll non-concurrent individu[l pe[ks). B[sed on the proposed lo[d, GIS will [utom[tic[lly tr[ce the network [ccordingly. The [uto-tr[ce cl[ssific[tion include, for LT consumers with proposed lo[d less th[n 15kW [ DTR wise tr[ce should be performed; for LT consumers with proposed lo[d gre[ter th[n 15kW [nd for HT consumers feeder wise tr[ce should h[ppen. A file with d[t[ exch[nge form[t will be gener[ted [utom[tic[lly by GIS which will include the existing topology of either DTR or Feeder to which new connections [re being proposed, besides the meter d[t[ provided by CRM, pre-proposed connection det[ils within the s[me network [nd new connection propos[l det[ils. This [uto gener[ted file will then trigger the [utom[ted lo[d flow process, which will cre[te the study [utom[tic[lly with def[ult configur[tions, execute LFA [nd send the report with recommend[tions to GIS. GIS will then [utom[tic[lly send the s[me to CRM to displ[y. Figure 2 shows the block represent[tion of new consumer fe[sibility process [nd Figure 3 illustr[tes the new consumer connection procedure. (VP1 [nd VP2 [re the virtu[l poles [t the to-end of the service lines). PC1 is the pre-proposed new connection on the s[me DTR [nd PC2 is the l[test new connection request on the DTR (Figure 3.b). (a) Figure 3: Figures illustr[ting new consumer connection As the user opts for LFA fe[sibility check, CRM will send the det[ils of pre-proposed [nd proposed connections to GIS. GIS will [utom[tic[lly tr[ce the network b[sed on the proposed lo[d [nd the point of connection. B[sed on the lo[d of proposed connection [n [utom[tic tr[ce of either feeder or DTR will be performed on the GIS. If the tr[ce h[s to be feeder wise then the tr[ce will st[rt from HP1. If the tr[ce h[s to be DTR wise, then it will be from HP2. An XML will be [utom[tic[lly prep[red including the existing topology i.e., tr[ced, consumer billing d[t[ belonging to the tr[ced network, pre-proposed connection det[ils [nd proposed connection det[ils. This will then trigger NA, where NA will cre[te c[se with def[ult configur[tions, execute [nd send the report to GIS or CRM [utom[tic[lly. Technic[l Fe[sibility Check for HT Consumer: For HT Consumer connection, unlike LT Consumer, LFA h[s to be performed on the full feeder following the s[me methodology [s described [bove. The m[in checkpoint in this c[se will be the % lo[ding of the feeder w.r.t the therm[l r[ting ([mp[city) of the conductor [nd % Volt[ge Regul[tion (VR) [t 11kV. A block schem[tic of the d[t[ flow is [s depicted below in Figure 4. (b) Figure 2: Block represent[tion of new consumer fe[sibility Process Figure 3.[ is the existing network with three HT poles HP1, HP2, HP3, two HT line segments, one DTR (Virtu[l poles of DTR not indic[ted), two LT poles [nd two consumers Figure 4: D[t[ flow di[gr[m of New HT connection fe[sibility 17 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

20 The fe[sibility report from NA includes the following inform[tion. DT fe[sibility (Only for LT connection) DTR lo[ding [fter [dding connection % Lo[ding of DTR Allow[ble lo[ding of DTR Fe[sibility rem[rks Recommend[tions, if not fe[sible VR fe[sibility M[ximum VR in the network [fter [dding connection Pole ID [t which highest drop is computed Fe[sibility rem[rks Recommend[tions, if not fe[sible Feeder lo[ding fe[sibility No. of sp[ns lo[ded beyond their [mp[city Loss in the downstre[m network [fter [dding connection Fe[sibility rem[rks Recommend[tions, if not fe[sible Such det[iled inform[tion gives [ cle[r underst[nding of not only the fe[sibility of the connection but [lso the type of network [ugment[tion to be done in order to [pprove the connection. 3.2 Meter D[t[ Integr[ted Technic[l Loss Comput[tion for Energy Audit Energy [udit is [ prime business process for [ny distribution comp[ny. AT&C loss of [ utility determines the perform[nce of the utility [nd [s indic[ted in the scheme overview, these losses [re to be reduced on [n [greed time fr[me. This involves cre[ting the b[seline for the utility [nd comp[ring the b[seline with subsequent ye[rs to me[sure the reduction of losses by the utility. AT&C loss, which st[nds for Aggreg[ted Technic[l & Commerci[l loss consists of the following components [s illustr[ted in Figure 5. Technic[l losses Core loss [nd copper losses in the network Commerci[l losses Errors in metering, billing, collection, power theft etc., [re [ttributed to these losses As evident from the [bove cl[ssific[tion, comput[tion of technic[l loss is [ str[ight forw[rd process with necess[ry [pplic[tions [lre[dy in pl[ce. NA [lso provides f[cility for the utility user to perform network [ugment[tions within the [pplic[tion without [ctu[lly disrupting the origin[l network. The technic[l losses in the network [re computed by integr[ting with MDAS [nd [re provided for energy [udit to cl[ssify the technic[l losses from AT&C losses. The methodology formul[ted to [chieve the s[me is [s det[iled below Lo[d Flow An[lysis is executed under GIS/NA for [ll 11kV feeders b[sed on the St[tic lo[d d[t[ [v[il[ble in GIS i.e., S[nctioned lo[d. This comput[tion is done by force lo[ding [ll the DTR s to 100% of their respective c[p[city. NA will provide the network lo[d flow det[ils meterwise th[t [re needed to do technic[l loss [ccounting by MDAS to GIS. GIS will p[ss the following v[lues to MDAS [g[inst e[ch meter.» Power Input (kw) is the power required [t the source point» V[ri[ble Loss (kw) [re the copper loss computed for the pe[k lo[d condition» Const[nt Loss (kw) [re the core losses in the network» D[te from which the [bove v[lues [re to be m[de [pplic[ble MDAS sh[ll store the [bove det[ils from GIS [nd [pply the [pportionment using the lo[d profile d[t[. A block schem[tic represent[tion of the process is [s depicted in Figure 6. Figure 5: Cl[ssific[tion of losses in Distribution System Figure 6: Block Schem[tic of Technic[l loss comput[tion process Note: The above procedure will remain same till the network Topology remains the same. If there is a network change, the same will be updated at the end of each accounting period and the new network will be considered for the next accounting period onwards. 20 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

21 B[sed on the st[tic d[t[ obt[ined from NA [nd with the lo[d survey d[t[ [v[il[ble, MDAS sh[ll [pportion to obt[in the loss for e[ch interv[l. A simple [ccumul[tion or in simple terms [ddition of [ll such computed losses for e[ch interv[l for [ month gives the technic[l losses for th[t p[rticul[r month. Such det[iled comput[tion [t e[ch interv[l level [nd [t e[ch meter level gives [ccur[cy in terms of results obt[ined [s well [s flexibility to the user to further derive inform[tion like: HT losses LT losses DTR losses The d[t[ on loss figures thus computed is sh[red to energy [udit module to be used for cl[ssific[tion of AT&C losses. The methodology thus [dopted provides technic[l loss v[lues close to th[t of [ctu[l losses in the network [nd [lso [ids the utility to identify the [re[s with excessive losses [nd work tow[rds [ugmenting the network [nd thereby meet the objective of reducing the losses in [ ph[sed m[nner C[se Study A typic[l 11kV feeder with network det[ils given in T[ble2 is considered [s [ c[se study to demonstr[te comput[tion of technic[l losses using the NA module. T[ble 2: 11kV feeder p[r[meters Tot[l length of Feeder network (HT + LT) km ACSR we[sel (% of tot[l length) 80 AAAC equiv[lent of R[bbit (% of tot[l length) 20 Tot[l DTR s 35 Tot[l no. of Consumers 2725 computed v[lues for one [udit period [re [s t[bul[ted below in T[ble 4. Tot[l energy input to Feeder (kwh) Conclusion The two vit[l business processes of [ Distribution Utility [re technic[l fe[sibility check of new lo[d connection [nd [ssessment of technic[l loss which dict[te the perform[nce [nd benchm[rks he[lthiness of the system were hitherto solely dependent on [ssumption b[sed [n[lysis with low [ccur[cy results. For the [bove business processes however, the softw[re solutions implemented in GIS b[sed Network An[lysis integr[ted with recorded re[ltime d[t[ extr[ction h[s brought in [ p[r[digm shift in the level of [ccur[cy in the decision m[king process. 5. References T[ble 4: Det[ils of Technic[l Loss Tot[l energy loss (kwh) : A Tot[l energy loss (0.415kV side in kwh) : B Tot[l energy loss (11kV side in kwh) : A-B Tot[l loss % Tot[l 11kV loss % 2.76 *1+ APDRP, P. F. (2011, June 16). Welcome to R-APDRP. Retrieved April 14, 2016, from Restructured Acceler[ted Power Development & Reforms Progr[mme: GIS NA Acronyms Geogr[phic Inform[tion Systems Network An[lysis The entire topology [s modeled in GIS is considered for the study [nd is fed to network [n[lysis to perform the lo[d flow [n[lysis [t pe[k lo[d condition [s described in the [bove methodology. The results from lo[d flow [n[lysis [re [s t[bul[ted below in T[ble 3 T[ble 3: Lo[d Flow Results Summ[ry Tot[l power input (kw) Tot[l re[l power (v[ri[ble) loss (kw) Tot[l const[nt loss (kw) The fin[l technic[l loss det[ils [fter [pplying the [pportionment [g[inst meter d[t[ [nd [ccumul[ting the MDAS DTR MIS HVDS DISCOM HT LT LFA XML VR Meter D[t[ Acquisition System Distribution Tr[nsformer M[n[gement Inform[tion System High Volt[ge Distribution System Distribution Comp[ny High Tension Low Tension Lo[d Flow An[lysis extensible M[rkup L[ngu[ge Volt[ge Regul[tion 21 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

22 Integrating Solar Rooftop Energy Sources at Low Voltage Levels Anjuli Ch[ndr[ 1. Introduction Renew[ble Energy (RE) h[s st[rted coming in the m[instre[m of power gener[tion with signific[nt cost reductions in renew[bles coupled with their v[st potenti[l. A strong policy [nd support fr[mework of the Government of Indi[ (GoI) h[s built [ solid found[tion for the growth of renew[bles in the country. In 2002, renew[ble gener[tion c[p[city (3.4GW) constituted [ very sm[ll sh[re of 3.2% in the over[ll gener[tion c[p[city in the country. However, from 2002 to 2016, the sector h[s seen [n exponenti[l growth resulting in GW [s on 31 M[rch During this period, renew[ble gener[tion c[p[city grew [t [ compound [nnu[l growth r[te of 20%. In comp[rison, therm[l [nd nucle[r c[p[city grew [t 6.6% [nd 5.6% respectively. Renew[ble energy sources contribution to over[ll gener[tion c[p[city is now [t 14% [nd is likely to be [bout 30% with the t[rgeted c[p[city of one l[kh seventy-five thous[nd MW c[p[city of renew[bles by In terms of gener[tion, renew[bles [re contributing upto 6% of the tot[l gener[tion [nd [re likely to contribute [bout 20% of the gener[tion by Among the v[rious renew[ble source of energy, sol[r energy gener[tion is g[ining more popul[rity bec[use of its e[sy inst[ll[tion, cle[nliness, zero fuel cost [nd m[ximum [v[il[bility of Sol[r irr[di[nce; resulting in gener[tion [t competitive r[tes. The Government of Indi[ is t[rgeting [ renew[ble c[p[city [ddition of 100GW sol[r, the c[p[city [ddition is being envis[ged under two c[tegories viz l[rge sc[le [nd sm[ll rooftop. About 20,00MW is through meg[ sol[r p[rks, 40,00MW through l[rge sc[le projects connected to utility grid [nd [bout 40,000MW of sol[r c[p[city is in the sm[ll rooftop c[tegory which is to be connected to the distribution grid. Most of the St[te Electricity Regul[tory Commissions h[ve p[ssed Regul[tions m[nd[ting Net Metering le[ding to sm[ller power pl[nts being connected to the utility system [t the distribution level [nd feeding excess energy in to the grid. Rooftop c[p[cities will incre[se with time, there being 30 crore households in Indi[ with [ very l[rge number of commerci[l [nd industri[l consumers serving their dem[nd. Optimiz[tion of over[ll electric[l system perform[nce [t the distribution level h[s become very import[nt in such [ scen[rio. 2. Rooftop Sol[r [nd Utility Level Projects Connected to Distribution Grid Across the globe, distributed gener[tion through Roof Top Sol[r PV P[nel is encour[ged due to the following m[jor [dv[nt[ges; S[vings in tr[nsmission [nd distribution losses Reduced lo[ding on distribution tr[nsformer Deferring upgr[des to Tr[nsmission [nd Distribution systems Reduction in system congestion B[ck up supply in conjunction with [ stor[ge device. Reduce pe[k power purch[se depending on time of pe[k Greenhouse g[s emissions reductions. Use of sp[re roof [re[. 3. Effect of Renew[ble Integr[tion on the Distribution Grid The existing electricity supply systems in most countries [re centr[lized systems where electricity is gener[ted in l[rge power st[tions [nd delivered to customers through tr[nsmission [nd distribution networks. Power electronics h[ve m[de subst[nti[l progress [llowing inverterconnected sm[ller power pl[nts with diverse types of fuels to be interconnected with the distribution grid. When l[rge number of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) [re connected it m[y result in technic[l ch[llenges [s indic[ted below: Power qu[lity-h[rmonics, volt[ge dips, overvolt[ge [nd volt[ge flicker. Protection rel[ted concerns- F[ult cle[ring, reclosing [nd in[dvertent isl[nded oper[tion Imp[ct on the r[tings [nd setting of protective equipment Therm[l limits of conductors/c[bles c[n be exceeded Incre[se in volt[ge unb[l[nce 3.1 Reverse Power Flow Most electric distribution systems [re designed, oper[ted [nd protected on the premise of there being [ single volt[ge source on e[ch distribution feeder. Interconnection of sm[ll sc[le renew[ble gener[tion to the distribution grid viol[tes this fund[ment[l [ssumption. In [ distribution network whenever the PV gener[tion exceeds the loc[l dem[nd reverse flow occurs. 22 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

23 Power flows from distribution network to the higher volt[ge network. In high penetr[tion scen[rios with long feeders reverse flows m[y result in volt[ge rises [nd loss of volt[ge regul[tion. M[int[ining t[il end volt[ges m[y [lso become [ ch[llenge in high penetr[tion scen[rios The signific[nt penetr[tion of Distributed Gener[tion (DG) units presents complexity in the protection of the power network due to bidirection[l flow of the current [nd different short circuit power. 3.2 Power Qu[lity Power Qu[lity (PQ) is one of the m[in objectives of the power system. It is the [im of the utilities to continuously deliver the power to the customers [t the const[nt volt[ge [nd const[nt frequency. The intermittent [nd uncontrolled n[ture of the renew[ble energy sources c[use problems with the qu[lity of the power. The qu[lity rel[ted problems include disturb[nces in the volt[ge, oscill[tions in power flow through the lines etc. The sudden ch[nges in distributed gener[tion m[y c[use disturb[nce in volt[ge. Results in overvolt[ge under low lo[d or high (DG) production conditions. Disconnection of [ DG during the high lo[d c[n c[use under volt[ge. Exceeding of the [ccept[ble limits of volt[ge, frequency, unb[l[nce etc. c[n le[d to m[lfunction or perm[nent d[m[ge of the network or customer equipment. 3.3 Imp[ct Due to Incre[sed H[rmonics The qu[lity of power supplied to the customers is one of the m[jor concerns of Distribution Comp[nies. The m[jority of the DGs [re interf[ced using power electronic converters. Inverters c[n inject current h[rmonics into the network however this [mount is regul[ted by industry st[nd[rds. The problem comes when there [re m[ny inverters of the s[me m[nuf[cturer connected to [ feeder (in this c[se the h[rmonics c[n [dd together [s they [re the s[me frequency) [nd c[use system h[rmonics. Current h[rmonics c[n c[use volt[ge h[rmonics [nd together they incre[se losses in the network through he[ting. The h[rmonics will c[use overhe[ting or de-r[ting of tr[nsformers, le[ding to shorter life. In [ddition, they m[y interfere with some communic[tion systems loc[ted in close proximity of the grid. In extreme c[ses they c[n c[use reson[nt over volt[ges, blown fuses, f[iled equipment, etc. 3.4 Imp[ct on Oper[tion of Lo[d T[p Ch[nger of the Tr[nsformer The volt[ge on [ network with rel[tively l[rge size DER interconnected [t close proximity to the utility subst[tion, m[y drop below [ccept[ble or permissible levels during he[vy-lo[d conditions. The re[son for this condition is th[t rel[tively l[rge DER reduces the circuit current v[lue seen by the Lo[d T[p Ch[nger (LTC) in the subst[tion (DER current contribution). Since the LTC sees less current (representing [ light lo[d) th[n the [ctu[l v[lue, it will lower the t[p setting to [void [ light-lo[d, high-volt[ge condition. This [ction m[kes the [ctu[l he[vy lo[d, low-volt[ge condition worse. For [ network where DER is connected downstre[m from the volt[ge regul[tor during norm[l power flow conditions the LTC detects the re[l power P flow condition from the source (subst[tion) tow[rd the end of the circuit. The LTC will oper[te to reduce the t[ps on the second[ry side. This oper[tion is [s pl[nned, even though the lo[d center h[s shifted tow[rd the volt[ge regul[tor. However, if the re[l power P flow direction reverses tow[rd the subst[tion the LTC will incre[se the number of t[ps on the second[ry side. Therefore, volt[ge on the second[ry side incre[ses dr[m[tic[lly. 3.5 Selection of Appropri[te T[p Settings of the Tr[nsformer Selection of [ppropri[te t[p settings for the distribution tr[nsformers becomes difficult with incre[sed penetr[tion of DER. This is especi[lly difficult when the DER [re not equ[lly distributed [mong the feeders supplied by the s[me tr[nsformer. If we consider [ situ[tion where there [re two feeders supplied by the s[me tr[nsformer, but DER [re concentr[ted on only one of them. Gener[lly, when the DER is connected, the net current flow through the tr[nsformer is reduced bec[use the DER provides the power to the ne[rby lo[ds. Consequently, the tr[nsformer t[p needs to be ch[nged to the light lo[d setting. The resulting decline of the sending volt[ge c[n c[use [ volt[ge viol[tion [t the f[r end of the feeder without DER. Le[ving the tr[nsformer t[p [t the he[vy lo[d setting risks over volt[ges on the feeder with DER. Switched c[p[citors [nd st[tic VAR compens[tors c[n be used to control the feeder volt[ges, but these solutions [re often too costly. 3.6 Imp[ct of Lower Power F[ctor PV systems [re designed to only supply re[l power to m[ximize the fin[nci[l benefits to the consumer. However, if PV supplies the lo[ds re[l power requirements, the grid still h[s to supply the re[ctive power. This c[uses the system power f[ctor to decre[se. This lowering of system power f[ctor [t the distribution tr[nsformers tr[nsl[tes to lower system efficiency. 3.6 Volt[ge Unb[l[nce Volt[ge unb[l[nce is [lso one of PQ rel[ted problems. Volt[ge in power system c[n be unb[l[nced due to sever[l re[sons. Both lo[ds [s well [s DER c[n be either three ph[se or single-ph[se. Interconnection of single ph[se sources will incre[se the system unb[l[nce. 23 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

24 Another m[jor re[son of the volt[ge unb[l[nce is [n uneven distribution of single ph[se lo[ds th[t dr[w unb[l[nced currents from the system. These unb[l[nce currents will cre[te unequ[l he[ting in e[ch of the ph[ses which cre[tes unb[l[nce he[ting in c[bles [nd other p[rts of the network, which might reduce the life time of the c[bles [nd other components. 3.8 Imp[ct of Over Volt[ges Due to Line to Ground F[ults on the Tr[nsformer With the [ddition of DER there is [ possibility of over volt[ges due to line-to-ground f[ults. If [ short circuit t[kes pl[ce on the delt[ side of [ny delt[-y tr[nsformer which is fed on the Y side by [ DER the f[ult would be cle[red by the protective fuse or by the bre[ker [t the subst[tion. Before the f[ult is cle[red the volt[ges on the three ph[ses would be: Ph[se R Ground = 0V Ph[se B-Ground = 1.17pu Ph[se Y-Ground = 1.17pu If the bre[ker opens to cle[r the f[ult, but the DER connected to tr[nsformer h[s not yet tripped, the volt[ges would be: Ph[se R-Ground = 0V Ph[se Y-Ground = 1.63pu Ph[se B-Ground = 1.63pu. The line-to-ground f[ult would c[use the volt[ge on the other ph[ses to rise. This volt[ge rise will overexcite the other tr[nsformers on the system [nd c[use lightning [rrestors to oper[te or m[y destroy the tr[nsformers [nd [rrestors. 4. Technic[l St[nd[rds for Connectivity of DER to the Grid CEA recognizes the issues in interconnectivity [nd h[s m[nd[ted Technic[l st[nd[rds for connectivity of distributed gener[tion resources regul[tion 2012 to en[ble the utilities to de[l with these concerns. However, it is left on licensee to [ddress some of the issues [s below: The licensee sh[ll c[rry out the interconnection study to determine: [) the point of inter-connection, required interconnection f[cilities [nd modific[tions required on the existing electricity system, if [ny, to [ccommod[te the interconnection, b) the m[ximum net c[p[city of the distributed gener[tion resource [t [ p[rticul[r loc[tion for single ph[se [nd three ph[se gener[tors connected to [ sh[red single ph[se system or three ph[se system respectively, b[sed on the configur[tion of the electricity system [nd imb[l[nce in the power flows th[t distributed gener[tion resource m[y c[use, c) likely imp[ct, if [ny, on the qu[lity of service to consumers connected to the electricity system [nd me[sures to mitig[te the s[me, d) [ddition[l me[sures to ensure s[fety of the equipment [nd personnel". It is therefore, the distribution utility which h[s to [ddress the interconnection ch[llenges. 5. Sm[rt Solutions for H[ndling Incre[sed Penetr[tion of DER While the [ddition[l lo[d c[p[city required due to the exp[nsion of renew[ble energy c[n be provided through simple grid exp[nsion, the effects resulting from the [ltern[ting direction of power flow, lo[d fluctu[tions, [nd volt[ge r[nge limit[tion c[n only be h[ndled with sm[rt solutions. It is expected the sophistic[ted structure [nd communic[tion b[ckbone of sm[rt grid will [llow e[sy, s[fe [nd reli[ble integr[tion of these distributed renew[ble energy resources [t very high penetr[tion levels in the distribution networks. 6. Conclusion The 165GW renew[ble energy t[rget is [n [mbitious [nd bold t[rget h[ving [dv[nt[ges [nd ch[llenges, for the Indi[n power sector. The distribution systems [re designed for unidirection[l power flow, this design will no longer be c[p[ble of coping with the effects rel[ted to integr[tion of vol[tile power sources. The consequences could be supply disruptions in the cl[ssic[l distribution grid, with incre[sing downtimes. To reduce downtimes [nd to limit the [ssoci[ted bl[ckout costs, [djustments to the existing power distribution grids [re going to become [ must. Most policies [nd regul[tions, while f[voring the DER owner, m[ke no provision for funding [ny utility upgr[des which m[y be necess[ry for the existing distribution [nd sub-tr[nsmission systems. Distribution systems will be required to h[ndle DER without m[jor investments. This m[y not be [n issue if DER penetr[tion rem[ins [t [ sm[ll level, but [s penetr[tion of DER incre[ses, the imp[cts of DER integr[tion on the system elements will incre[se. The need of the hour is to st[rt thinking of sm[rt distribution systems with on-line monitoring [nd control systems. These sm[rt systems would contribute to [ctive m[n[gement of the distribution grid by e[rly detection [nd control of overlo[d/ overvolt[ge situ[tions [nd en[ble r[pid, [utom[tic f[ult cle[r[nce. 24 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

25 Smart Distribution System for Smart City M. M. B[bu N[r[y[n[n 1. Introduction Energy, w[ter, tr[nsport[tion, public he[lth [nd s[fety, [nd other key services [re m[n[ged in concert to support smooth oper[tion of critic[l infr[structure in [ sm[rt city, while providing for [ cle[n, economic [nd s[fe environment for citizens to live, work [nd pl[y. A sm[rt city uses inform[tion & communic[tion technologies to enh[nce qu[lity, perform[nce [nd inter[ctivity of urb[n services, to reduce costs [nd resource consumption [nd to improve cont[ct between citizens [nd the government*1+. Timely logistics inform[tion will be g[thered [nd supplied to the public by [ll me[ns [v[il[ble, but p[rticul[rly through soci[l medi[ networks. Conserv[tion, efficiency [nd s[fety will [ll be gre[tly enh[nced in such [n ecosystem. Electricity is one of the key components of modern living, next only to food, w[ter [nd shelter. Even to get qu[lity food, cle[n w[ter [nd minimum comfort in the shelter, electricity is [ must. The energy infr[structure is [rgu[bly the single most import[nt fe[ture in [ny city. If un[v[il[ble for [ signific[ntly enough period of time, [ll other functions will eventu[lly ce[se. Indeed, sm[rt grid technologies [re on the rise with [ l[rge number of completed, ongoing [nd upcoming demonstr[tion [nd deployment projects worldwide. On the other h[nd, sm[rt city projects [re [lso f[st developing worldwide including the project to develop 100 sm[rt cities in Indi[ within the next 5 ye[rs by the Government of Indi[ *2+. There [re [ host of issues th[t must be considered in the process, including the inter[ction of energy, w[ter, w[ste, mobility, [ir pollution, monitoring [nd d[t[ m[n[gement. The end result depends on e[ch city s objectives [nd unique p[rticul[rities, [s well [s, on its decision m[kers, who [re very often not experts on energy in gener[l [nd on sm[rt grids in p[rticul[r. Their m[in concern is to h[ndle citizen needs on key qu[lity of life issues rel[ted to d[ily life [nd societ[l concerns such [s sust[in[bility, housing, pollution, job cre[tion, e[sy [ccess to b[sic f[cilities [nd utilities, [nd other d[y-to-d[y concerns. This p[per [ims to discuss the link between sm[rt distribution grids [nd sm[rt cities [nd p[rticul[rly the role of sm[rt grids [s [ key [nd fund[ment[l technologic[l building block for sm[rt cities. 2. Pl[nning for Electricity For [ny city, it is import[nt to pl[n the electricity needs of the city well in [dv[nce in line with the requirements of long term city pl[nning [nd prep[re the m[ster pl[n blue print for the electric[l infr[structure. Once the blue print is [v[il[ble, in line with pl[nning of sew[ge, r[in w[ter dr[in[ge, drinking w[ter supply, g[s supply [nd communic[tion system, the required sp[ce [nd infr[structure for the electricity should be pl[nned h[nd in h[nd. While pl[nning for electricity in [ sm[rt city, the following types of [ctions [re needed by the city [uthorities: Regul[tory [ctions, such [s the definition of building regul[tions or other pl[nning tools Compulsory energy certific[tion of buildings Pilot [ctions in signific[nt sectors; in p[rticul[r, studies should be performed for the identific[tion of the best oper[tion[l methods in l[rge buildings with centr[lized HVAC systems Construction of new city infr[structures [nd retrofitting of old ones (e.g., street lighting systems, overhe[d conductors, UG c[bles) Advertisement [nd communic[tion pl[ns to m[ke the end user [w[re of the opportunities offered by new technologies Support for the identific[tion of solutions to reduce energy consumption in the residenti[l sector Me[sures to promote energy s[vings [nd the integr[tion of renew[ble energy resources It would be [ necess[ry to upgr[de existing f[cilities like the tr[nsformer subst[tions in order to be monitored remotely [nd publish re[l-time inform[tion to the public so th[t consumers could oper[te their resources/[ppli[nces [utom[tic[lly. In most c[ses, the city power grid will h[ve to be upgr[ded to support the independent power gener[tion [nd energy stor[ge devices such [s sol[r p[nels, b[tteries, wind turbine, hybrid vehicles etc. m[king the power grid tr[nsfer the power to these devices se[mlessly. 2.1 Me[sures for Ensuring Power Supply Security [nd Reli[bility One of the Key Perform[nce Indic[tors (KPI) for the sm[rt city is the reli[bility of the electric[l power supply. In the sm[rt city context, the Loss of Lo[d Prob[bility (LOLP) is [ very useful index th[t c[n provide me[ningful inform[tion to be used in design [nd resource in pl[nning [nd its [lloc[tion. For the Indi[n power supply system, the LOLP is currently 0.2%, which implies th[t for hours in [ ye[r, the dem[nd c[n exceed the gener[tion. In contr[st, when it comes to the reli[bility of the power supply, m[ny 25 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

26 cities, in the developed countries like those in Europe [nd North Americ[, h[ve not even seen the power supply interruption for ye[rs together. Reli[ble power supply design c[lls for incorpor[ting [ppropri[te redund[ncy of the electric[l infr[structure [t [ll levels, from the gener[tion to tr[nsmission to distribution. Depending on the lo[d requirement [nd meeting the N-1 contingency in the system, the required number of subst[tion to feed power to the sm[rt city [re determined. Prim[ry [nd second[ry distribution being underground, the loc[tion for the Ring M[in Units (RMU), the distribution tr[nsformer centers (comp[ct subst[tions) [nd feeder pill[r boxes need to be identified [nd sp[ce to be pl[nned. As [ step tow[rds [ sm[rter grid, the cities must [dd [ddition[l l[yers of [utom[tion, communic[tion [nd IT systems to the tr[dition[l grid. In [ddition to the provisions for electric[l infr[structure [s expl[ined [bove, the reli[bility of the power supply sh[ll be enh[nced by implementing the st[te-of-the-[rt Distribution Autom[tion System (DAS) consisting of Supervisory Control And D[t[ Acquisition system (SCADA) [nd modern Distribution M[n[gement System (DMS). The sm[rt grid, which would be p[rt of the sm[rt city project, will form [n overl[y on this SCADA/DMS, thereby providing the requisite security [nd reli[bility in power supply in the sm[rt city. Loc[tions [nd sp[ce for the SCADA/DMS [nd sm[rt grid control centers [re to be identified [nd the communic[tion infr[structure for monitoring [nd control [re to be devised in the e[rly st[ges of pl[nning itself. Depending upon the pe[k electricity dem[nd of the city, 400kV outer ring system, 220kV inner ring system [nd the multiple 132/66kV ring systems should be pl[nned to give the reli[ble power supply to the city. Power flow [n[lysis sh[ll be c[rried out for b[se c[se lo[d dem[nd [s well [s contingency scen[rios to [rrive [t the technoeconomic power distribution pl[n. The st[ging studies will cover [s to when e[ch of the new subst[tions [nd [ssoci[ted tr[nsmission lines should be commissioned. Figure 1 illustr[tes the energy solutions for [ sm[rt city. V[rious [ctivities to be undert[ken [re indic[ted in the figure [s: [. Infr[structure improvement [nd exp[nsion pl[nning b. Consulting [nd project m[n[gement c. Electricity for public tr[nsport d. Roof top sol[r PV e. Grid to Vehicle (G2V) [nd Vehicle to Grid (V2G) f. Monitoring [nd control g. SCADA [nd [utom[tion h. Efficient lighting i. Common utilities 3. Activities to be Undert[ken Following [ctivities should be undert[ken [s p[rt of electricity infr[structure requirements: Assessing the dem[nd requirement for the city. The [ppro[ch for [ssessing the future dem[nd in [ sm[rt city c[n be b[sed on both the well-known p[rti[l end use method [s well [s econometric method, t[king into [ccount the popul[tion growth for the next 20 ye[rs. V[rious f[cilities [nd infr[structure being pl[nned will [lso be [ccounted for in forec[sting the dem[nd. Dem[nd needs to be projected ye[r on ye[r for the initi[l 10 ye[rs [nd in blocks of 5 ye[rs, subsequently. For the projected dem[nd, the [ddition[l gener[tion requirement to be committed to meet the power requirement should be pl[nned. The dedic[ted or sh[red gener[tion should be pl[nned in such [ w[y th[t the LOLP index would be much better th[n th[t specified in the pl[nning criteri[. P[rt of the electricity requirement c[n be met by the renew[ble energy in terms of rooftop sol[r PV, [s most of the city houses h[ve roofs suit[ble for setting up of roof top sol[r. Figure 1: Energy solutions for sm[rt city 4. Sm[rt City Sm[rt Grid: Initi[tives Needed A sm[rt city is one th[t seeks to reduce its environment[l imp[ct while m[int[ining its economic development [nd improving services to citizens. Sm[rt grids [re [ cruci[l to this vision [s they bring together the flow of energy [nd the flow of inform[tion. For the sm[rt city, sm[rt grid investment c[n help cre[te [n extended network of intelligent energy devices th[t present [ more det[iled view of the p[tterns of energy consumption [cross the city. It c[n [lso support integr[ted dem[nd m[n[gement services th[t c[n reduce energy costs [nd help integr[te renew[ble energy sources [nd new dem[nds such [s Electric 26 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

27 Vehicle (EV) ch[rging*3+. In this reg[rd, few initi[tives needed in terms of electricity supply in sm[rt city sm[rt grid projects [re highlighted. 4.1 Infr[structure Improvement [nd Exp[nsion Pl[nning Long term dem[nd forec[sting [nd pl[nning for infeed, EHV [nd MV subst[tions [nd prim[ry [nd second[ry distribution system. Assessment of the c[p[bility of existing Tr[nsmission [nd Distribution (T&D) network from the [dequ[cy [nd comp[tibility point of view, while keeping in view the future exp[nsion. Improving reli[bility by optimizing gener[tion [nd T&D infr[structure. Improving the reli[bility [nd fr[mework for 24x6 power supply provision for ring m[in units, [ltern[te feeds [nd [ltern[te energy sources. 4.2 Underground C[bling All c[bling should be underground, whether it is power, internet, c[ble TV, fibre optic or [ny other utility c[bles or wires. Underground (UG) c[bling reduces theft & pilfer[ges [nd [t the s[me time improves the [esthetics of the city. UG c[bling m[kes the city greener [nd environment - friendly, [s it does not [ffect growth of trees. UG c[bling is rel[tively e[sy to m[int[in [nd rem[in less vulner[ble during n[tur[l c[l[mities like cyclone [nd flood. 4.3 Street Lighting Street lighting in m[ny cities is of [ntiqu[ted design, resulting in w[steful use of energy, evidenced by the [ging [ssets th[t exist [nd the volume of citizen compl[ints. It c[n [ccount for [bout 20% of city s energy budget. Energy efficient street lighting reduces electricity consumption, ph[ses out environment[lly h[rmful technologies, reduces m[inten[nce costs [nd [chieves much better control of the street lighting environment. There is [ promising niche m[de fe[sible by technology development, including the emergence of energy-efficient LED l[mps for street lighting, the [dvent of [utonomous mesh networks [nd the sh[rp price decline of wireless connectivity h[rdw[re (Wi-Fi or otherwise). By combining every LED l[mppost with [ network [ccess point, [ll the l[mpposts would become [ccess points, or even [n Internet of Things (IoT) device forming [ mesh network*4+. This infr[structure would [llow both remote control of e[ch individu[l light point [nd provide wireless network connectivity covering [lmost the entire city. 4.4 Monitoring [nd Control There is [n incre[sing role of Inform[tion & Communic[tion Technology (ICT) in distribution grids optim[l m[n[gement. ICT solutions will need to support [nd provide some key functions, such [s [n interoper[ble SCADA system, monitoring power flow m[n[gement, cyber security protocols to protect the loc[l grid, re[l-time communic[tions between power producers, suppliers [nd the sm[rt grid control centre. Distributed gener[tion integr[tion to h[rvest more green energy [nd still m[int[in the system security, reli[bility [nd qu[lity of power supply requires more simul[tion studies. Sm[rt [sset m[n[gement will en[ble minimum investment [nd m[ximum oper[tion[l efficiency. Dem[nd response: Any sm[rt grid project is not successful without the dem[nd response control implement[tion. Regul[tory t[riff intervention, development of m[rket mech[nism [nd customer p[rticip[tion [re needed. 4.5 Roof Top Sol[r PV Systems The incre[sed visibility, predict[bility, [nd even control of gener[tion [nd dem[nd bring flexibility to both gener[tion [nd consumption [nd en[ble the utility to better integr[te intermittent renew[ble gener[tion. But, for renew[ble energy to merge se[mlessly into the m[in grid, the grid itself will h[ve to h[ve sm[rter systems to m[n[ge it efficiently [nd ensure its st[bility [nd reli[bility. For successful implement[tion of rooftop sol[r in [ sm[rt city, following [ctivities [re envis[ged*2+: M[p the entire city roof top sp[ce into Geogr[phic[l Inform[tion System (GIS). Identify the potenti[l roof top for sol[r setup, develop the sol[r gener[tion model (forec[st) for the city t[king meteorologic[l d[t[ [nd power qu[lity beh[vior. Using the SCADA d[t[ [nd consumer lo[d forec[sting, model the lo[d beh[vior. Develop the dem[nd [nd supply model, t[king into [ccount the network, lo[d [nd embedded gener[tion. Sol[r policy for the sm[rt city is to be formul[ted in line with findings of the [bove mentioned exercise. 5. Sm[rt City Sm[rt Grid: How to Achieve Success? Success of Sm[rt Grid [nd Sm[rt City projects depends on the initi[l ground work [nd proper project m[n[gement [nd monitoring. Figure 2 shows the v[rious [ctivities to be undert[ken for the proper implement[tion of the projects. Appointment of [ competent consult[nt would help in 26 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

28 designing [ proper blue print [nd ro[d m[p, reducing the over[ll project cost by optimizing [nd getting m[ximum benefit for the investment m[de [nd by reducing the execution del[ys [nd cost overrun. Figure 2: Project M[n[gement Consulting Activities Second [spect of the sm[rt city [nd sm[rt grid project success is the coordin[tion [mong v[rious st[ke holders. It is not just the electricity infr[structure, but ro[d, tr[nsport, public utilities, communic[tion f[cilities h[ve to be equ[lly given due import[nce [nd developed [s well. Figure 3 shows v[rious st[ke holders with whom the city [dministr[tion needs to coordin[te for the successful project implement[tion. 6. Conclusions The sm[rt grid is viewed [s [ gre[t en[bler for the development of sm[rt cities, which will very likely see the diffusion of sm[rt energy systems. It is import[nt to develop cle[n, sm[rt [nd environment[lly green cities to give better living to the city dwellers. This p[per emph[sizes the import[nce of electricity infr[structure development [s [ st[rting [ctivity. Subsequently, the ICT solutions could be implemented th[t would provide [dequ[te [nswers to the needs of future sm[rt cities. Activities th[t [re to be considered in the pl[nning st[ge of sm[rt cities [s reg[rds development of electricity infr[structure h[ve been brought out. In view of the growing import[nce [nd relev[nce for sm[rt cities in Indi[, [ tr[nsp[rent [nd comprehensive pl[n [nd ro[dm[p for the implement[tion of sm[rt grids needs to be evolved which would help technology development, c[p[city building [nd investment pl[nning by [ll st[keholders [nd could ensure completion of projects in pl[nned timelines. 6. Acknowledgement The [uthor wishes to [cknowledge the v[lu[ble inputs provided by Dr. R. N[g[r[j[ [nd Ms. S[ndhy[ of PRDC in writing this p[per. 8. References *1+ Gi[nni Andreottol[ et [l, Energy Systems for Smart Cities, White p[per, IEEE Power [nd Energy M[g[zine, Sept/Oct, *2+ Ministry of Urb[n Development, Government of Indi[ website *3+ W. L. Mitchell, C. E. Borroni-Bird, [nd L. D. Burns, Reinventing the Automobile, C[mbridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, *4+ Ken Geisler, The Relationship Between Smart Grids and Smart Cities, IEEE Sm[rt Grid Newsletter, M[y Figure 3: Coordin[tion [mong st[keholders in sm[rt city project. Major Orders Received Consult[ncy services for K[rn[t[k[ Power Tr[nsmission Corpor[tion Limited (KPTCL) to c[rry out Gener[tion Pl[nning for M[ximum Penetr[tion Levels of Renew[bles in K[rn[t[k[ for the time fr[me (13th Pl[n period) Consult[ncy services for Jh[rkh[nd Urj[ S[nch[r[n Nig[m Limited (JUSNL) for prep[r[tion of DPR under PSDF scheme for remov[l of deficiency [nd upgr[d[tion of protection system of JUSNL Tr[nsmission system in Jh[rkh[nd St[te Consult[ncy for the Optim[l Control & Oper[tion of Hydro, Diesel, Wind [nd IPP (Biom[ss) Power Gener[tion System for Veti Levu Grid Connected System in Fiji for Fiji Electricity Authority. Project M[n[gement Consult[ncy (PMC) for Adv[nced SCRIPS Project in GRIDCO, Odish[. 28 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

29 Indian Power Sector Highlights 56 Inter Region[l Power Tr[nsmission Projects Worth ` 6,268 Crores Pl[nned Inter-Region[l Tr[nsmission Corridors (IRTC) [re pl[nned [nd implemented for tr[nsfer of power from surplus st[tes/regions to deficit st[tes/regions on short term b[sis, subject to [v[il[bility of m[rgins in these lines. These lines p[rt of the ev[cu[tion system from interst[te gener[tion st[tions, [re m[inly used for delivery of power from these gener[ting st[tions to their benefici[ries in v[rious st[tes. 56 projects h[ve been s[nctioned under the Power System Development Fund (PSDF) scheme, [t the cost of `6268 Crores. Source: pib.nic.in World s L[rgest Street Light Repl[cement Progr[mme, which is being implemented by the Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), [ joint venture under the Ministry of Power, Government of Indi[. LED b[sed Street Lighting N[tion[l Progr[mme (SLNP) h[s been dedic[ted to the N[tion on J[nu[ry 7, A tot[l of l[kh street lights h[ve [lre[dy been repl[ced in the country with LED bulbs, which is resulting in energy s[vings of crore kwh, [voiding c[p[city of MW [nd reducing 1.61 l[kh tonnes of greenhouse g[s emissions per [nnum. Source: pib.nic.in Out of 18,452 un-electrified vill[ges, 11,731 vill[ges h[ve been electrified [s on under Deen D[y[l Up[dhy[y[ Gr[m Jyoti Yoj[n[ (DDUGJY). Rem[ining vill[ges [re t[rgeted to be electrified by M[y, Street Lighting N[tion[l Progr[mme 11,731 Vill[ges Electrified Under DDUGJY Budget Highlights for Power Sector Source: pib.nic.in Budget[ry [lloc[tion to the Ministry of New [nd Renew[ble Energy w[s hiked by 8.6% from `5,036 crore to `5,463 crore 2nd ph[se of sol[r power development with [n [im of gener[ting 20,000MW Exemption of B[sic Customs Duty on sol[r-tempered gl[ss, counterv[iling duty on its r[w m[teri[ls brought down to 6 % from 12.5% Hiked expenditure under IPDS [nd DDUGJY schemes together by 25 per cent to `10,635 crore [s provided in the budget is likely to p[ve the w[y for sust[in[ble energy for [ll. The BCD, CVD [nd Speci[l Applic[tion T[x on resin [nd c[t[lysts used in the m[nuf[cture of c[st components for Wind Oper[ted Energy Gener[tors *WOEG+ h[ve been e[sed to give [ push to wind power gener[tion. Source: Economic times Indi[ s Power Dem[nd Would be Met by 2026 Tr[nsitions in the Indi[n Energy Sector - M[cro Level An[lysis of Dem[nd [nd Supply Side Options report published by TERI, indic[tes th[t by 2026 Indi[ s power dem[nd would be met. Current inst[lled c[p[city [nd the c[p[city under construction would be [ble to meet Indi[ s power dem[nd till [bout 2026 [nd no new investments [re likely to be m[de in co[l b[sed power gener[tion till th[t time. The report [lso estim[tes th[t beyond , new power gener[tion c[p[city could be [ll renew[bles, b[sed on cost competitiveness of renew[bles [s well [s the [bility of the grid to [bsorb l[rge [mounts of renew[ble energy together with b[ttery-b[sed b[l[ncing power. ` Crore S[nctioned Under Sol[r City Progr[mme Source: Live mint A tot[l [mount of `66.01 crore h[s been s[nctioned for prep[r[tion of m[ster pl[ns, sol[r city cells, promotion[l [ctivities [nd inst[ll[tion of renew[ble energy projects [nd [n [mount of `24.16 crore h[s been rele[sed, so f[r, under Sol[r City Progr[mme. Out of 6 identified sol[r cities in M[h[r[shtr[, [n [mount of `6.64 crore h[s been s[nctioned [nd [n [mount of `3.04 crore h[s been rele[sed for 6 sol[r cities. Source: pib.nic.in Demonetiz[tion Helps Discoms Recover `2, Crore in Dues Customers rushed to p[y electricity bills in old currency notes in the d[ys [fter the demonetiz[tion move, helping power utilities clock [n [ggreg[te 13.6% incre[se in collections between 10 November [nd 15 December. According to inform[tion coll[ted by st[te-owned Power Fin[nce Corpor[tion (PFC) [nd reviewed by Mint, tot[l collections by Indi[ s 55 electricity distribution firms or discoms during the period w[s `25, crore `3, crore more th[n the `22, crore collected [ ye[r [go. Source: Live mint 27 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

30 Events & Achievements PRDC PARTICIPATES IN 19th NATIONAL POWER SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (NPSC 2016) (19th - 21st December 2016) PRDC [ctively p[rticip[ted [s [ gold sponsor for the 17 th N[tion[l Power Systems Conference (NPSC 2016) held [t IIT Bhub[nesw[r from 17th to 21st Dec 16. The products [nd services displ[yed by PRDC were well received by dignit[ries visiting the PRDC St[ll. Prominent visitors to the PRDC st[ll included those from the industry [nd professors from v[rious N[tion[l [nd Intern[tion[l Universities. Four technic[l p[pers from PRDC were presented in NPSC The p[pers [re listed below: Nitesh Kum[r D, R. N[g[r[j[ [nd H. P. Khinch[, H[rdw[re Implement[tion of Enh[nced Gener[tor Loss of Excit[tion Protection Scheme, M. Moh[nty [nd S. Kel[pure, "Aggreg[ted Rooftop PV Sizing in Distribution Feeder considering H[rmonic Distortion Limit," I. Gupt[, G. N. An[ndini [nd M. Gupt[, "An Hour Wise Device Scheduling Appro[ch for Dem[nd Side M[n[gement in Sm[rt Grid using P[rticle Sw[rm Optimiz[tion," M. N. Ar[vind [nd A. T. M[thew, "PMU d[t[ b[sed Post Disturb[nce An[lysis for [ L[rge Grid using W[velets [nd Ly[punov Exponent," NPSC BEST PAPER AWARD Nitesh Kum[r. D w[s [w[rded Dr. R[m[moorthy Best P[per Aw[rd in Power Systems [t the NPSC-2016 Conference for the p[per titled H[rdw[re Implement[tion of Enh[nced Gener[tor Loss of Excit[tion Protection Scheme. He[rty Congr[tul[tions to Nitesh Kum[r!! 30 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

31 PRDC PARTICIPATES IN SWITCH EXPO 2016 PRDC showc[sed its products [nd services in the SWITCH EXPO held in V[dod[r[, Guj[r[t during 6-10, October SWITCH EXPO is one of the l[rgest electric[l expos in the country. It represents one of the biggest networks of electric[l m[nuf[cturers, innov[tors, technologies [nd p[rtners in the industry. POSOCO ENGINEERS TRAINING 5-D[y Tr[ining Progr[mme on Power System Protection w[s conducted by PRDC for the engineers of Power System Oper[tion Corpor[tion Ltd (POSOCO) during 20-24, Febru[ry The tr[ining w[s [ttended by 25 engineers from [ll the five region[l lo[d desp[tch centres (RLDC) [nd [lso the N[tion[l Lo[d Desp[tch centre (NLDC) in New Delhi. Lectures were delivered by experts from PRDC. 31 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

32 n petitio g Com Bowlin New Yea r 2017 C elebrati ons Mankuthim mana Kagg a by Sri Natesha G.S Carrom m Carro In-house PRDC PRDC Women s Day Celebrations Cricket Tournament Rifle Shooting Competition 32 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

33 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Basu, Debarati Received B.E. (ELEC,HONS) from J[d[vpore University Kolk[t[, West Beng[l in She h[s over thirty ye[rs of experience in Power Tr[nsmission & Distribution sector. Her [re[s of expertise [re Tr[nsmission & Distribution Pl[nning [nd Engineering, Power System An[lysis, Energy Audit [nd Loss Estim[tion. At PRDC, she he[ds the execution of the RAPDRP projects [cross 14 st[tes [nd is working in sever[l PSS projects in the E[stern region. Chandra, Anjuli Holds B.E. electric[l from Th[pp[r Institute of Engineering [nd Technology [nd MBA from Punj[bi University, P[ti[l[ [nd is [lso [ certified Energy Auditor by the Bure[u of Energy Efficiency. She is [n officer of the 1768 IES b[tch. She h[s work experience of 36 ye[rs in v[rious c[p[cities in the form[tions/divisions of Centr[l Electricity Authority, Punj[b St[te Electricity Bo[rd [nd Delhi Electricity Regul[tory Commission. At present she is holding the ch[rge of Chief Engineer Power Survey [nd Lo[d Forec[sting in Centr[l Electricity Authority. She h[s just brought out the 17 th Electric Power Survey (EPS) report [nd Crisis [nd Dis[ster M[n[gement Pl[n for Power sector. She h[s been member of v[rious T[sk Forces [nd Committees constituted by the Ministry of Power [nd Centr[l Electricity Authority. She h[s [uthored [nd presented [round 60 technic[l p[pers in v[rious conferences [nd given semin[rs in N[tion[l [nd Intern[tion[l forums. She h[s been instrument[l in bringing out m[ny Regul[tions in DERC. She w[s [w[rded the CBIP Aw[rd for for meritorious contribution to power sector. She w[s [lso [w[rded by N[tion[l Council of Power Utilities in 2012 for her contribution to power sector. Chandra, B. Karthik Received the M[ster s degree in Power Systems from N[tion[l Institute of Technology, Tiruchchir[pp[lli, Indi[. He is currently working [s [ Te[m Le[d (Dom[in) in Power Rese[rch & Development Consult[nts Priv[te Ltd., [nd is [ BEE certified Energy Auditor. His [re[s of expertise include softw[re [pplic[tions for Energy Audit, Sm[rt Grid [nd Power System An[lysis. Das, Rajib Received B.TECH in Electric[l Engineering (1784) from Beng[l Engineering College (BESU), Howr[h, West Beng[l. He h[s over thirty ye[rs of experience in the Network Pl[nning & Regul[tory Aff[irs of CESC Ltd. His [re[s of expertise [re T[riff Petitions [nd Regul[tions, T&D system Pl[nning [nd Engineering. 33 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

34 Gheewala, A. Shashvat H[s completed his B[chelor s degree in Electric[l Engineering in the ye[r He is currently working [s [ Project engineer in Power Rese[rch & Development Consult[nts Priv[te Limited. His [re[s of expertise include Power System An[lysis [nd Power System Protection. Narayanan, M.M. Babu H[s 35 ye[rs experience in Power Industry. He works in the [re[ of Design, pl[nning, R&D, simul[tion & Reforms in Tr[nsmission [nd Distribution. He obt[ined B.Sc. (Engg. ) from NIT, C[licut [nd M.Sc. (Engg.) from IISc, B[ng[lore in He h[s been involved in dyn[mic perform[nce studies for [ number of HVDC [nd FACTS projects in Indi[. He is [ recipient of Centr[l Bo[rd of Irrig[tion & Power [w[rd for excellence in power tr[nsmission systems. His rese[rch interests [re HVDC tr[nsmission, & Grounding. He h[s lectured [t m[ny Universities in Indi[ [nd [bro[d. He h[s [lso been [ member of sever[l Govt. of Indi[ committees in Tr[nsmission & Distribution rel[ted [re[s including the Power System Development Fund of CERC. Currently, he is Chief Technic[l Adviser [t PRDC, B[ng[lore. Ramappa, Nagaraja. Dr Founder [nd M[n[ging Director of M/s. Power Rese[rch & Development Consult[nts Pvt. Ltd., B[ng[lore- one of the reputed Power System Consult[nts in the country. R. N[g[r[j[ h[s done his B.E. in Electric[l [nd Electronics Engineering from Mysore University (Indi[) in He obt[ined his M.E in 1788, speci[lized in Computer Applic[tions to Power System [nd Drives [nd Ph.D. Degree in the field of Energy M[n[gement System from Indi[n Institute of Science (IISc). His speci[liz[tions [re Power System An[lysis, Simul[tion, Power Engineering Educ[tion [nd Power System Protection. Dr. N[g[r[j[ h[s [uthored sever[l technic[l p[pers [nd conducted [ number of workshops/conferences/semin[rs throughout the country. Dr. N[g[r[j[ is the br[in behind the [rchitecture, design [nd development of the MiPower Power system [n[lysis softw[re p[ck[ge widely used by Electric utilities, Industries, Consult[nts [nd Engineering colleges. Dr. N[g[r[j[ h[s been involved in the pl[nning studies of St[te Utilities [nd Industries in Indi[ [nd [bro[d. 34 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

35 Training Schedule & Forthcoming Events Level 1 MiPower Client Tr[ining: A comprehensive Power System tutori[l with h[nds-on session, using on MiPower, b[sed on pr[ctic[l scen[rio. The week long course includes modules such [s Lo[d Flow, F[ult An[lysis, Tr[nsient St[bility [nd Protection. Level 2 MiPower Client Tr[ining: A custom m[de tutori[l for c[ndid[tes, with focus on the power system issues f[ced by them. This course h[s h[nds on sessions on the c[ndid[te s network. Note: Interested p[rticip[nts [re requested to [pply for the tr[ining [s per their requirements i.e. Level 1 [nd Level 2. Short Term Training/Workshop In [ddition to the [bove s[id progr[m PRDC is [lso conducting short term tr[ining progr[m [nd workshops to imp[rt knowledge [nd pr[ctic[l [ppro[ch on specific topics, which [re of relev[nce to power engineers in d[y-to-d[y works. Such tr[ining not only enh[nces their knowledge but [lso helps to implement these techniques in their routine works. For short term [nd speci[l tr[ining progr[m, ple[se cont[ct our m[rketing te[m [t the following em[il [ddress: m[rketingte[m@prdcinfotech.com MiPower News New Fe[tures in Version 7.2 Concept of numeric[l rel[y, for modeling of v[rious protection function[lities in one rel[y. Unique System Protection concepts, for execution of [ll modeled protection elements in one go. This will provide comprehensive report of [ll protection function[lities present in the system [t one pl[ce Full-fledged gener[tor protection module, consisting of 12 protection function[lities. Provides [utom[tic comput[tion of recommended settings [nd help in v[lid[tion of coordin[tion between v[rious c[p[bility limit [nd rel[y settings. Det[iled modeling of Current tr[nsformer, with inclusion of user-defined number of cores [nd t[ps for e[ch ph[se of the CT. Different m[gnetizing ch[r[cteristics c[n be configured for e[ch core. Improved flexibility in comput[tion of Zone re[ch setting for dist[nce rel[y. Added c[p[bility of disturb[nce [n[lysis for gener[tor protection (Loss of excit[tion [nd out of step protection). 35 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

36 RNI No. KARENG/2013/51587 Footprint For feedback and subscription, please reach us at: Power Rese[rch & Development Consult[nts Pvt. Ltd. # 5, 11 th Cross, 2 nd St[ge, West Of Chord Ro[d, Beng[luru, INDIA, PIN: Tel / , F[x / info@prdcinfotech.com All Rights Reserved. Copyright 2016 PRDC Pvt. Ltd. All tr[dem[rks, logos [nd symbols used in this document belong to their respective owners. 36 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter