Fuel Cells and Hydrogen for vehicles. Ronald Mallant

Transcription

1 Fuel Cells and Hydrogen for vehicles Ronald Mallant

2 California started it all with zero emission legislation High vehicle emissions Smog effects on public health Particulate matter is a world wide issue New Dehli

3 Awareness of CO 2 emission problem has grown Sea level will rise as a result of melting ice

4 Security of oil supply is diminishing Oil consumption Oil reserves N. America, Europe & Pacific Asia Rest of the world And how about Russian NG?

5 2005: Expected development of oil price September 2007: $84/barrel

6 Future energy sources Some energy sources cannot be used in vehicles as is Some have a poor match between supply and demand.. H 2 can help here! Fossil Fuels Source: Shell

7 Hydrogen: the alternative fuel for all cars (?) This car needs 5.5 kg H 2 to drive 80 km! H 2 cars need fuel cells! 2-3x higher efficiency 4-5 kg H 2, when used in FC car (normal sedan), would suffice for km

8 The fuel cell principle Anode: H 2 2e - + 2H + carbon cloth H + Pt/C catalyst electrolyte 1-2 mm Cathode: 4H + + 4e - + O 2 2H 2 O overall : 2H2 + O2 2H2O + electrical power + heat

9 The heart: polymer with electrodes

10 Flow plate for gas supply and cooling

11 PEMFC 5+ kwe stack Stack

12 Simplified system lay-out (PEMFC) fuel in (to anode) humidifier stack waste fuel water separator compressor (cooler) air in (to cathode) water buffer & heat exchanger pump expander waste air

13 Complete system (Necar, hydrogen)

14 The initial market was extraterrestrial PEMFC in the Gemini 7 spacecraft, A Pratt & Whitney AFC for an Apollo spacecraft, 1964

15 July 2005: The first family to receive a Fuel Cell car in lease

16 Fuel cell vehicles are becoming reality!

17 When? Dutch newspapers, 1992

18 Cumulative number of Fuel Cell Vehicles Source: G. Crawley, Fuel-Cell Today, February 2007

19 How will we fuel Fuel Cell Vehicles? Some background statements: Mankind is spoiled by gasoline and diesel! In many aspects, it will be hard to compete with these fuels! To get a good perception of the energy density: some electric equivalents 60 litres of gasoline is equivalent to 530 kwh, 1/6 of the annual electricity consumption of the average Dutch household Inserting a 40 l/min dispenser is equivalent to a 21 MWatt electric connection! 8.8 kwh/l x 40 l/min x 60 min/hr 21 MWatt!!

20 Hydrogen storage techniques Pressurised modern technology: bar Liquid at approximately 20 K (-253 ºC) Metal hydrides reversible hydride forming alloys, such as LaNi 5, FeTi non reversible hydrides, such as NaH Chemically bound in liquids NH 4, Methyl Cyclohexane, (Methanol, Gasoline) Absorption active carbon, at reduced temperature carbon nanotubes

21 Pressurised storage, max bar

22 Liquid storage, -253 C

23 Hydride storage, technology well known from NiMH battery

24 DOE goals for hydrogen storage systems Values for storing 5 kg H 2 Targets for year: System weight (kg) System volume (l) System cost $

25 Where are the initial applications in transport? Propulsion of vehicles Inner city vehicles Busses Delivery vans Fork lifts Platform vehicles Street sweepers and gully emptiers Canal boats Auxiliary Power Units Service vehicles with large electric power demand Recreational vehicles Yachts Military vehicles

26 Why would you? Operational advantages E.g. to replace battery vehicles, forklifts To avoid exhausted batteries / frequent grid connection Health To replace internal combustion engines in vehicles that are operated in halls, industrial buildings, platforms To negotiate privileges with local authorities Accessibility of inner city areas To anticipate on new emissions regulations To provide a product to customers that want to have a green exposure

27 An example: Global Electric Motorcars Two-passenger, battery-electric transportation vehicle (neighborhood EV) Driving range: max 50 km, with regenerative breaking Batteries: lead-acid, 6 x 12 V x 90 Ah = 6.5 kwh Pay load: 485 kg Vehicle weight: 560 kg Electric motor: 4 kw cont (9 kw peak ) After modification: Speed: PEMFC system: Hydrogen storage: Extended range: Fast H 2 refill: Electric power outlet: max 40 km/hr (artificially limited) 5 kw, 72 VDC 200 bar, 76 litres, 1.3 kg, 40 kwh 200 km < 10 minutes 230 V, 50 Hz, 2 A

28 The HydroGEM vehicle: some pictures

29 ECN 5 kw H 2 -PEMFC prototype

30 Operational experience Demonstration and use at ECN Demonstration at various exhibitions in the Netherlands and in Brussels Exhibition General Assembly HFP, Brussels, October 2006 Use of HydroGem by photographers and official during local marathon

31 Major component cost items Item Cost Supplier PEMFC stack 50.3 ECN, incl. assembly & testing MABX 18.0 dspace, incl. user license GEM-eL vehicle 11.9 GEM Support frame 9.2 ECN DC/DC converter 9.1 ECN H 2 -recycle blower 7.6 H 2 Systems H 2 -storage tank 4.0 Dynetek Europe Total k (> 90% of total)

32 Preliminary results of Value Engineering Reduction of major cost items by 55 % is possible for single units. Major contributions from: Commercial PEMFC stack with same performance Embedded process controller (DSP) Simplification of electrical design and DC/DC converter unit Simplified control and instrumentation Reduction of items & re-design lay-out Further cost reduction is expected: Reduction of component costs (FC stack, gas control, blowers) Outsourcing of production Series production

33 Cost reduction by value engineering and serial production Production # Total cost Material Cots [ ]

34 3-D redesign of 5 kw H 2 -PEMFC module

35 Conclusions Hydrogen and fuel cells seem to become reality in transport HydroGEM prototype successfully demonstrated as a niche application, good basis for other products Sufficient expertise does exist in the Netherlands Niche markets are identified, need further development What is you problem? What will be your future problem? What are the requirements (including cost) for a potential solution?