Prospects and Challenges for Fuel Cell Cars for Tomorrow s mobility Dr. Peter Treffinger / Prof. Horst E. Friedrich / Dr.

Transcription

1 Prospects and Challenges for Fuel Cell Cars for Tomorrow s mobility Dr. Peter Treffinger / Prof. Horst E. Friedrich / Dr. Karelle Couturier November 21st 2007, 2nd International Workshop on Functional Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage, Karlsruhe

2 DLR sites and employees The DLR German Aerospace Research Center employees working in 27 research institutes and facilities at 8 sites in 7 field offices. Offices in Brussels, Paris and Washington. fields of research: aeronautics, space, transport, energy Hamburg Neustrelitz Trauen Berlin Charlottenburg Braunschweig Berlin Adlershof Göttingen KölnPorz Bonn Sankt Augustin Darmstadt Lampoldshausen Stuttgart Oberpfaffenhofen Weilheim Functional Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 2 Folie 2 > Vortrag > Autor

3 Outline Bench mark liquid fuel Tomorrow s vehicle concepts? Fuel consumption Development routes Tomorrow s fuels? Fuel cell cars and hydrogen storages Operation conditions Safety Cost Summary Functional Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 3 Folie 3 > Vortrag > Autor

4 Bench mark Storage of conventional liquid fuels Almost free shapable Volumetric efficiency (Volume of Storage / package space) 90 % Gravimetric efficiency (Mass of fuel / Mass of empty storage) 4,0 Gravimetric energy density 9,5 kwh/kg System weight Picture: TI Automotive Functional Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 4 Folie 4 > Vortrag > Autor

5 Vehicle Concepts Lexus RX400h Toyota Prius FCell Honda IMA GM BMW AKlasse BKlasse DaimlerChrysler TwoMode Hybrid GM Sequel DLR Hylite HyperCar Toyota FineX Audi Q7 hybrid Touran HyMotion Bora HyPower Functional Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 5 Folie 5 > Vortrag > Autor

6 Fuel consumption velocity (km / h) Japan 1015Mode gasoline engine Japan1015 USUDDS NEFZ USHighway 20 velocity (km / h) Zeit (s) USUDDS 1400 gasoline hybrid diesel engine 20% 20 velocity (km / h) Zeit (s) NEFZ 1400 diesel hybrid 30% 36% Zeit (s) 1400 FC (CH2) 46% velocity (km / h) USHighway FC hybrid (CH2) Zeit (s) ,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 MJ/km source: Y. Baba, H. Ishitani. Well to Wheel Efficiency of Advanced Technology Functional Vehicles Materials in for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 6 Folie 6 > Vortrag > Autor Japanese. Electric Vehicle Symposium. Long Beach, 2003.

7 CO 2 emissions different generic drive trains reference gasoline middle class gasoline start/stop gasoline micro hybrid gasoline mild hybrid gasoline full hybrid vehicle fuel production urban operation highway operation FC vehicle H2 ex Coal FC vehicle H2 ex CNG FC vehicle H2 ex CleanCoal FC vehicle H2 ex REG cumulated CO 2 emissions (kg/a) sources: DLR. R. Edwards, WellToWheel Analysis, UBAH2, Entwicklung Functional einer Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 7 Folie 7 > Vortrag > Autor Gesamtstrategie zur Einf. alternat. Kraftstoffe. Pehnt, Ganzheitliche Bilanzierung, Schweimer, Sachbilanz des Golf A4, Wolfsburg.

8 CO 2 reduction potentials CO 2 emissions of new vehicles in g/km (NEFZ) cost optimated mix of technologies Ø new cars in Germany 2004 (source: ifeu/kba) ACEA goal for 2008 (KAMA 2009) EUgoal for lightweight construction, integral, electro hybrid lightweight construction, integral, gasoline engine full hybrid mild hybrid optimization gasoline engine, second stage aerodynamic resistance, long term aerodynamic resistance, short term red. of rolling resistance optimization gasoline engine, third stage efficient gearbox lightweight construction, first stage stop/start, extern optimization gasoline engine, first stage Functional Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 8 Folie 8 > Vortrag > Autor

9 Roadmap towards sustainability Movie: Schulé, 2005 Functional Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 9 Folie 9 > Vortrag > Autor

10 Fuel scenario for Germany Highefficient vehicles & liquid bio fuels PJ/a Kilometers traveled Mrd. Vehkm PC HT Reduction of fuel consumption 70 by efficient vehicle concepts Hydrogen Electricity 65 Natural Gas Diversification by BioEthanol alternative power trains/fuels 60 Gasoline Reduction of Diesel CO 2 fossil, Emissions PC by 55 2nd generation biofuels 2nd gen biodiesel (BtL) 1st gen biodiesel Diesel fossil, Trucks Quelle: DLR Functional Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 10 Folie 10 > Vortrag > Autor

11 Fuel cell vehicle Example MercedesBenz F600 Hygenius Permanent excited Synchronous motor (85 kw, 350 Nm) Wassercooled LithiumIonenBattery Fuel cell stack (60 kw) Compressed hydrogen (700 bar) Electrical compressor New Humidification device Range: 400 km Max speed: 170 km/h The following data is based on our estimation: Fuel cell stack operation temperature: ~ 80 C Challenge heat rejection (Have a look on front area of vehicle) Hear more on that issue in presentation of VW Sources: Brennstoffzellenantriebe Technischer Status und Ausblick, ATZ 09/2007; Functional Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 11 Folie 11 > Vortrag > Autor

12 Data of fuel cell stacks Manufacturer DaimlerChrysler Ballard Nuvera GM Honda Toyota Labeling Mark 902 Andromeda II St 18 Stack Type PEM PEM PEM PEM PEM PEM Development date (approx.) Power If the HTPEM does 16,5 kw not happen 85 we kwwould rely 85kW on a temperature 93 kw level 43 for kwdesorption 90 kwof Number of cells Challenge Challenge desorption desorptiontemperature: temperature: If the HTPEM does not happen we would rely on a temperature level for desorption of approx. approx C C Pressure (abs.) ca. 1,6 bar 3 bar 1,6 bar ca. 1,7 bar Temperature ca C C C ca. 85 C max. 95 C BPP Material Metal Graphite Metal Metal Metal Dimensions 805x375x250 mm³ (75 l) 864x486x200 mm³ (84 l) (33 l) Weight 96 kg 140 kg 48 kg spez. Weight ca. 1 kw/kg 0,9 kw/kg 0,6 kw/kg 0,9 kw/kg Installed in vehicle DC F 600 HYgenius DC FCell Fiat Panda Hydrogen GM Equinox FCX (2003) FCHV (7/2005) Sources: Gathered from several sources, publications, websites, might be not consistent. Functional Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 12 Folie 12 > Vortrag > Autor

13 Example HyLite fuel cell system package Safety concept and hydrogen storage Components/function needed needed H 2 Sensor 2 Storage Ambient Storage (material (material + heat heat exchanger exchanger + vessel); vessel); storing storing hydrogen hydrogen PEFC Charging Charging line line with with safety safety equipment; equipment; provide provide mass mass flow; Stack flow; operating Case operating pressure pressure Hydrogen Hydrogen supply supply line line to to fuel fuel cell cell stack stack with with safety safety equipment equipment Heating Heating and and cooling cooling circuit circuit for for desorption desorptionand and adsorption adsorption Eventually: Eventually: Cold Cold start start device device System System mass mass must must consider consider all all components components required required to to fulfill fulfill the thefunctions H 2 Sensor 3 in the Passenger Compartment H 2 Storage Compartment 1 Ambient H 2 Sensor 1 H 2 Component Compartment H 2 Storage Compartment 2 Functional Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 13 Folie 13 > Vortrag > Autor

14 Challenge charging of storage 35 kj/mol: 5 kg H 2 90 MJ 5 min: ca. 300 kw The Temperature T [ C] The station station should should provide provide cooling cooling power power of of several several kw kw I personally believe not on concepts replacing of storages; warranty! I personally 1000 believe not on concepts replacing of storages; warranty! high pressure Pressure P [bar] C H S ln(p) = RT R S = 130 J/mol.K 25 bar 1 bar low temperatur Temperature 1000/T [1/K] 0 C H = 40 kj/mol H = 35 kj/mol H = 25 kj/mol H = 30 kj/mol Functional Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 14 Folie 14 > Vortrag > Autor

15 Experiments on charging of technical solid state storages H 2 loading [g H 2 / kg Me] Variety of storage tanks H 2 loading in a LaNi 5 Storage tank: 40 L H 2, T=25 C, P=10 bar 40 to 400 Nl H 2 capacity 14 Charge/discharge at constant pressure 12 or constant mass flow 10 External cooling/heating system (2.25 kw) 8 Simulation 6 Lab scaled tank 125 cm 3 Experiment 4 geometric volume Fulfilled with variety of low temperature 2 metal hydride (AB 5, AB 2, etc ) 0 0 Temperature profile 400and 500 pressure 600 drop in the hydride bed Time [s] Heat management Storage test bench Lab scaled storage Fuel cell stack Commercially available storage tank as bench mark AB 5 with annular geometry (300 Nl H 2 capacity) Storage of JSW compatible to HyLite vehicle Air supply system JSW storage Fuel cell system test bench Functional Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 15 Sources: DLR, Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Institute of vehicle concepts Folie 15 > Vortrag > Autor

16 Challenge dynamic operation Dynamic Dynamic operation operation Understand Understand heat heat and and mass mass transfer transfer Develop 1 kg H 2 storage tank Develop effective effective heat heat and and mass mass transfer transfer employing employing light light weight weight heat heat exchange exchange devices devices Increase of the effective conductivity of the MeHBed with Aluminum H 2 loading at 5 min [kg] H 2 loading at 5 min [kg] masse of the container [kg] masse of Al [kg] masse of LaNi5 [kg] volume of the container [L] DOE 2010: 17 kg 23 L total masse [kg] and volume [L] of the storage tank Al fraction in LaNi 5 effective conductivity [W/mK] Source: DLR, Institute of Technical Thermodynamics Functional Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 16 Folie 16 > Vortrag > Autor

17 Challenge cost Cost Cost issue issue of of fuel fuel cell cell Carlson (2005) DLR (2007) Cost Cost issue issue of of 500k traction traction stacks/a batteries batteries 10 stacks Membrane Cost Electrodes Cost issue issue of of solid solid state state storage storage? GDL s Bipolar plates Gaskets Summe DLR cost investigation of fuel cell stacks DLR (2007) cost consider material cost only DLR cost model for LiIon batteries Functional Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 17 Folie 17 > Vortrag > Autor

18 Summary Liquid fuel tank is tough bench mark Multiple power train technologies are in development the race is going on Hydrogen competes with other fuels also in long term Bio fuels Electricity Solid state storage faces a lot of challenges Reversible capacity of material Cyclability Adjustment to operation conditions of fuel cell system (T and p) Refueling efforts Is gravimetric energy density kept when considering all components needed in real operation and finally what s about the cost... We should discuss today and then go back to work immediately... Functional Materials for Mobile Hydrogen Storage > Treffinger > Karlsruhe > Nov. 21st 2007, slide 18 Folie 18 > Vortrag > Autor

19 Thank you very much for your attention!