Combining Wind Electricity with Storage in Electric Vehicles

Transcription

1 Combining Wind Electricity with Storage in Electric Vehicles Willett Kempton College of Marine and Earth Studies University of Delaware UD Energy Ins,tute Symposium 17 March 2008

2 Why alternative energy? Gasoline increasingly untenable Electric power plant emissions: cost in health and environment Big problem for both--climate change-- requires ~80% CO 2 reduction by 2050 Electric system needs: Large resource, ready to deploy, near cost-competitive Cars need: an efficient, zero-co 2 carrier

3 We need both Cool Cars and a Green Grid

4 Cool Cars Run on 100% electricity, zero emissions, 95 MPH, no GHG (at tailpipe) Lithium ion batteries, mile range Multiple plugs -- low power to plug in anywhere, high power for fast charge UD adding smart interaction with grid Sells into high value power markets now Ready for wind & solar backup when needed

5 Tesla Roadster

6 by AC Propulsion Urban Utility Vehicle Spacious, efficient, comfortable, unique, sporty, versatile, zero emission. Electric. Performance Range Acceleration Top speed Charge rate Charge time miles 0-60 mph < 7 sec 95 mph 30 minutes for 20 to 50 miles 2 hours (fast), 5 hours (normal)

7 Redesigning the car Lithium changes everything : lighter, smaller, more efficient (than Pb or Ni batteries) Now, extended range = H 2, biofuel or petroleum Electricity is cheap (~60 /gallon) and very efficient well-to-wheels -- primary carrier Much larger energy capacity could change the fast refuel paradigm

8 Li-Si cell, Si Nanowires Chan et al Dec 2007 (Nature) Li-Si cell with Si Nanowires on anode 7 x energy density (of graphite, nitride or oxide anodes) Thus 1,000 mi range Multi-day charge/ discharge management Breaks need for liquids to refuel fast

9 Green Grid Is there enough green power to meet current needs and still fuel the light vehicle fleet? Take a tough example -- the U.S. East Coast, with 73 GW average load and no resources Modest insolation, very little wind on land But large, shallow continental shelf...

10 Where is the wind? Red and purple are economic Conclusion: in East, the wind resources are offshore This map based on met towers (from AWS Truewind)

11 Map offshore wind from satellite data 10 m (33 ft) Text from: Pimenta, Kempton & Garvine, 2008

12 Map offshore wind from satellite data 80 m (262 ft)

13 from: Pimenta, Kempton & Garvine, 2008 More Windy Offshore, and Higher Up 10 m (33 ft) 80 m (262 ft)

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15 How Much Power in Mid-Atlantic? (MA thru NC) from: Kempton, Archer, Dhanju, Garvine and Jacobson, 2007, Geophysical Research Letters.

16 Needs GW avg Electricity 73 Cars 29 total 102

17 Needs vs. Resource GW avg Electricity 73 Cars 29 total 102 m Excl GW Total 330

18 Needs vs. Resource GW avg Electricity 73 Cars 29 total 102 m Excl GW Total 330 All of electric, cars and heat = 185GW ~= 2/3 of the wind resource, reducing regional CO 2 by 68%.

19 Offshore wind costs Efficiency Herzog, et al, Environment, Vol. 43 No. 10 (December 2001)

20 Delaware Market Test House Bill 6 -- RFP for new power Meet need for DE growth New generation, but price stable Bids from: COAL, GAS, WIND What were the bid prices?

21 Delaware RFP bids

22 * Depending on future fuel costs and carbon fees. Delaware RFP bids *t *

23 Offshore Wind is Here Delaware bid won over coal & natural gas! Price competitive Price stability >> fossil Fossil boys fighting it hard Wind industry US growth 35% /year Resource can reduce CO 2 68% in Mid- Atlantic But can 108 GW be built here by 2050?

24 That s a lot of wind turbines! 73 GW meets average output, 108 GW is all electric plus all cars Assume that each wind turbine is 5 MW nameplate at 40% CF, so 2 MW average output Requires 54,000 wind turbines for mid-atlantic (Or 450GW, 225,000 turbines for whole US) Can we do this in 50 years? Have we ever done anything like this before?

25 B-24E (Liberator), 1942

26 WW II Aircraft Production (1,000s) Total US World And that s not to mention all the tanks, ships & guns! 54,000 for East Coast by year 4

27 WW II Aircraft Production (1,000s) Total US World And that s not to mention all the tanks, ships & guns! 54,000 for East Coast by year 4 225,000 for all US by year 6

28 Future Power from Geostrophic Flows Surface winds are turbulent, slowed by drag Western boundary currents (e.g. Gulf Stream, Japan current) equivalent of 20 m/s winds, also very steady 24/7/365 Geostrophic winds ( jet stream ) fast and steady but up at 20,000+ feet

29 Power from the Gulf Stream

30 Size Matters Need to do engineeringeconomic-resource analysis to find optimum size Aerovironment design (l) too big? Environmental effects probably managable - put below 50 m depth

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34 Conclusions Wind electric: Large resources offshore, ready to deploy, near cost-competitive Electricity is an efficient, zero-co 2 carrier... So, Clean power for vehicles. Equally important, V2G helps level wind, even at very high penetration levels Bigger batteries mean EV could saturate the car market, and improve wind leveling Future flow power technologies will develop out of the science, engineering and businesses doing surface wind power today

35 Main Faculty Collaborators Jeremy Firestone Dana Veron Richard Garvine (dec d) Suresh Advani Meryl Gardner Ajay Prasad... And many students

36 Industry V2G Consortium Partners University of Delaware PHI: Delmarva Power, Atlantic Electric, PEPCO, etc ACUA PJM AC Propulsion Comverge Observers Tesla Motors Google.org State of Delaware (DEDO, PSC, Energy Office) anon... Mid-Atlantic Grid-Interactive Car (MAGIC) Consortium

37 End more info: