Electric Vehicles House Select Committee on Energy Independence & Alternative Fuels Anne Tazewell Transportation Program Manager December 7, 2011

Transcription

1 Electric Vehicles House Select Committee on Energy Independence & Alternative Fuels Anne Tazewell Transportation Program Manager December 7, 2011

2 NC Solar Center Part of the College of Engineering at NC State University, grant /contract/state appropriated funding Created in 1988 & serves as clearinghouse for information, training, technical assistance deployment, demonstration and applied research Example programs: renewable energy, sustainable building, industrial efficiency, and clean transportation 2

3 This Presentation Why electric vehicles? Overview of hybrid and electric vehicles EV Support Resources 3

4 Why Electric Vehicles? Electric motors are far more efficient than internal combustion engines. For example with gasoline engines up to 33% of the fuel energy is lost in exhaust emissions alone. Electric vehicles have zero tail pipe emissions! 4

5 Petroleum Consumption Source Energy Information Agency ption%20by%20sector Over 50% of oil used in U.S. is imported. This equates to $1B spent per day on imported petroleum Transportation accounts for 2/3 of U.S. oil use. Gasoline accounts for 2/3 of oil used in transportation. 5

6 Petroleum Reduction PNNL study concluded half of oil imports could be displaced with 73% fleet adoption of PHEVs From Pacific Northwest National Lab report "Impacts Assessment of Plug in Hybrid", Kintner Meyer et. al.,

7 EV Benefits Lower operational costs $ per gallon equivalent Reduced maintenance Improved air quality Over 3,042,647 NC residents have health problems that can be attributed to and/or aggravated by poor air quality Lower Cost CV disease 1,742,726 Chronic bronchitis, asthma & emphysema 840,175 Diabetes 459,746 American Lung Association 2011 State of the Air Report carolina 7

8 Neighborhood Electrics (NEVs) NEVs can fulfill many tasks especially in urban centers, campus environments, etc. Range is typically 30 to 50 miles/charge. Speed limited by federal law to 25 mph, can be driven on streets zoned up to 35 MPH. No special recharging infrastructure required. Can be plugged into 110 outlet. May have A/C or D/C drive systems. Most have lead/acid batteries, typically on a 72v platform. 8

9 Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Plug In Hybrids (PHEV) extend the electric performance of hybrids PHEVs utilize a lithium ion battery pack and electric motor to propel the vehicle on electricity for miles. PHEVs can be plugged into a 120 or 240 VAC outlet to receive its charge. Range of a PHEV battery is noted in the vehicle description: i.e. Toyota Prius PHEV 10. When the Battery in a PHEV has exhausted its charge the vehicle will become a conventional hybrid! Slide: Mike Waters, Progress Energy 9

10 Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) Toyota is testing a fleet of 150 PHEVs. These are PHEV 14 vehicles (14 mile EV range) & are targeted for summer 2012 production with an estimated cost of $28K. Progress Energy is evaluating PHEV Ford Escapes. Ford C Max Energi PHEV slated for production starting late 2012 (electric assisted range unknown) Raleigh is a first market 10

11 Extended Range Electric Vehicles (EREV) Volt is unique; it is an EREV, not a PHEV. Capable of going in all electric mode for up to 40 miles and has back up gasoline generator to extend range 300+ miles when needed. Production start date: Nov GM has delivered over 6,000 as of Nov 2011 and will ramp up to 30,000 by MSRP $32,780 ( after $7,500 fed tax credit) 340v lithiumion batteries 1.4 liter gasoline engine Engine only generates electricity, not connected to drive train. This differentiates it from a hybrid. 11

12 Battery Electric Vehicles (EV or BEV) EVs operate only batteries alone. EVs require inverter, converter & electronics similar to hybrids ( No ICE!). Nissan s LEAF was the first large volume manufacturer on the market. Lithium batteries provide a range of miles depending on many factors (weather, terrain, etc.) LEAF MSRP $35,000 production began in Dec 2010, over 8,700 units sold to date. 12

13 Plug Ins Planned: Next 3 Years PHEV or EREV ALL ELECTRIC Production GM PHEV Chevrolet Volt Toyota Prius? Nissan? Leaf Smart Mitsubishi imiev Cadillac Converj BYD 3DFM Fisker Karma Ford Focus Ford Transit Connect Tesla Demo/Concept Ford Escape PHEV Hyundai Blue-Will BMW Concept Volvo C30 VW Golf TwinDrive Kia Ray Chrysler/Fiat EV Mercedes BlueCell Mini-E Tesla Model S Subaru R1e Toyota FT-EV Mike Waters, Advanced Transportation, Progress Energy 13

14 Heavy Duty Hybrids & Electrics Trucks & buses that stop & go frequently & vehicles that idle to operate on board equipment are an excellent applications for hybrids Design Line hybrid & electric buses are manufactured in Charlotte NC Freightliner Business Class M2 hybrid trucks made in Mt Holly, NC Thomas Built hybrid school buses made in High Point, NC 14

15 Partnerships Are Important NC Solar Center s Clean Fuel Advanced Technology Project (CFAT) is sponsored by NC DOT ( $3M) with an additional $400,000 contributed by State Division of Air Quality and State Energy Office CFAT provides education, outreach and sub award grant funding for emission reduction projects. Project grant recipients also contribute significantly. While only 20% cost share was required on average 40% of total project costs was contributed by CFAT emission reduction grant recipients. 15

16 NCSC CFAT Projects: HEVs & EVs *Provides up to 80% of vehicle and infrastructure costs based on emissions benefits 33 Hybrid vehicles ( heavy duty & passenger) Big Boys Truck Stop, Kenly NC electrification project ( 24 spaces) 35 Neighborhood Electric Vehicles 2 electric passenger vehicles 8 EV charging stations *FFY will only cover incremental cost difference between HEV or EV & conventional vehicles 16

17 Potential Growth in EV Market Various PEV market share estimates based on: scenarios for future oil prices State and federal incentives How vehicle manufacturers respond to increased fuel economy requirements EPA & NHTSA are coordinating CO2 and CAFE standards for MY Proposing that manufacturers get extra credit for EVs in meeting fleet wide fuel economy standards

18 Summary: Opportunities & Challenges Electric drive platforms (hybrid, PHEV, EREV, EV) provide much greater efficiency than conventional vehicles. On the order of 25% for hybrids, 60% for EVs Adoption of electric drives strongly incentivized by federal energy policy. Currently up to $7,500 for EVs Supply and cost of rare earths for electric motors and *lithium for batteries are some challenges. National electrical grid needs to become smart to take FULL advantage of all that EVs can provide to support air quality and energy independence initiatives * Lithium production is expanding in NC! 18

19 To Learn More NC Solar Center Advanced Energy Triangle Clean Cities Go Electric Drive goelectricdrive.com/ U.S. DOE Alternative Fuels Advanced Vehicle Data Center 19

20 Questions & Comments