Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody ever does anything about it. Mark Twain

Transcription

1 Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody ever does anything about it. Mark Twain

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3 Walkman!

4 Solar powered Walkman!

5 Measurement and estimation of solar energy Solar water heaters Super-insulated windows Solar space heating Solar PV Sustainable transport

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8 NASA SURFACE METEOROLOGY AND SOLAR ENERGY

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11 T. MUNEER NAPIER UNIVERSITY

12 T. MUNEER NAPIER UNIVERSITY

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15 SOLAR WATER HEATERS

16 Integrated collector/storage solar water heater Simple design/construction Collector/storage tank in a single unit Better thermal performance

17 EXPERIMENTAL TEST: Integrated solar water collector

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21 Integrated-collector solar water heaters undergoing field tests.

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23 FIN OPTIMISATION CFD SIMULATION 4 fins 3D Velocity profile Side view: 20mn Higher velocities 140mm

24 FIN OPTIMISATION CFD SIMULATION Heat transfer rate of fins 20mn 30mn 40mn 60mn Average T (K) 4 Fins 1324 W 969 W 725 W 415 W Fins 1447 W 987 W 682 W 331 W 311.2

25 Super-insulated windows

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29 SOLAR SPACE HEATING

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33 Solar PV

34 Export tariff for solar electricity, p/kwh Up to 10kWp kWp kWp kWp 1MWp 2.27 > 1MWp 0.87 Wind electricity, p/kwh Up to 50kW kw kW-1.5MW 5.46 >1.5MW 0.86

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36 Napier PV electricity generation from April 6 th, 2005 to April 7 th, 2015 was 68.4MWh. Annual average generation = 6.84MWh. A typical daily commuting return journey of 16 miles in Renault, Zoe e-car required 2kWh (576kWh/annum). A dozen cars can be charged by Napier solar-pv facility.

37 Solar farm at Edinburgh College Michael Jeffrey, Assistant Principal

38 Date when electricity generation started: 1 st March 2013 Total electricity generated per year: 500MWh Total cost of the project, incl. all ground works: 1.4Mn Peak power capacity: 627kW The farm can support over 700 e-cars!

39 Scotland s largest solar farm on Errol Estate will provide power for more than 3,500 homes. Construction began in January and went live in May 2016 in the Carse of Gowrie. Headline points 13MWp, 72 acres 55,000 modules CS6P-315P (Canadian Solar 72-cell polycrystalline 315W) The farm can support over 15,000 e-cars Thomas McMillan, Director of Energy - Savills

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42 Guardian: Thursday 11 August 2016 Scotland's wind turbines cover all its electricity needs for a day High winds on Sunday boosted renewable energy output to provide 106% of Scotland s electricity needs for a day Across the year renewables contribute over half of Scotland s electricity needs. High winds on Sunday were strong enough to power the equivalent of all of Scotland s electricity needs for the day, as wind speeds reached 115mph on the top of the Cairngorms and gusts of more than 60mph hit towns in the north.

43 UK wind power capacity: 8.5GW onshore, 5GW offshore Guardian newspaper, 2015 : 11% of UK s annual electricity, 17% in December UK solar industry hits 10GW cumulative PV capacity

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45 Price drop per Watt: to 49 US cents in 40 years, a factor of 156.

46 Sustainable Transport

47 Number of Vehicles (Millions) 1000 World UK Currently 1.2 Billion vehicles, perhaps 2 Billion by million passenger cars on British roads September 2016 UK electric car population: over 70, Year CO2 emission share of transport sector: 24% (UK), 23% (world)

48 Energy Losses in an Automobile (Mitchell et al., 2010)

49 Energy consumption of an EV

50 Charging based on Nuclear, Hydro and Wind 3.3 Three E analyses for the Renault Zoe electric vehicle Energy used (kwh/km) Energy used (kwh/mile) pence/mile Electricity cost 3.15 Battery cost 0.78 Servicing cost 0.04 Vehicle depreciation cost Total economic cost CO 2 -emissions g/mile Charging based on UK grid 142 Charging based on Solar PV 12

51 The influence of vehicular speed on energy consumption City of Edinburgh: Newington to Chesser ASDA (4 miles) Speed, mph E traction, kwh E recovered, kwh E nett, kwh

52 Perthshire-based house with solar modules and Nissan Leaf. Credit: J Doug Robertson

53 28,266 m in 26 months from off-peak 1.74p./mile 14,000 m in p./mile Breakdown of Solar PV output: March to Dec (Total =3.5MWh)

54 Kilsyth-based house with solar modules. The residents use two Nissan Leafs. Credit: R Kay

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56 Eight modules on each side: east and west. Peak power = 4 kw. The non-optimum pitched roof is slightly overshadowed to the South in winter. Over first 1,271 days 8.9MWh was generated. Average daily generation from Sept 2013 to Sept 2016 = 6.1kWh. Mileage on Nissan Leaf (24kWh version): 8,000 miles/annum, with new 30kWh Leaf: 8500 miles between April and September Travelled around Scotland as well as making one trip to Cheltenham and back, 350 miles each way. Cars charged up overnight using cheap rate electricity at about 7p/kWh.