Smarter Network Storage UK first multi-purpose application of grid scale storage. Dr. Panos Papadopoulos, PhD, CEng

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1 Smarter Network Storage UK first multi-purpose application of grid scale storage Dr. Panos Papadopoulos, PhD, CEng

2 UK Power Networks GENERATION TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION SUPPLY INDUSTRIAL COMMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL

3 UK Power Networks An Introduction End Customers Millions Service Area km² Underground Network km Overhead Network km Energy Distributed TWh Peak Demand MW New Connections Total , ,000 46, , ,768 % of Industry 28% 12% 29% 15% 28% N/A 35% One of the largest electricity distributors in the UK

4 UK Power Networks Innovation Portfolio (large projects)

5 STORAGE OFFERS A WIDE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS* TO SUPPORT THE CARBON PLAN... Use-Case / Value stream of Services from Storage Supplier Generator Real-time management of power quality. Active and reactive power support Short-term and seasonal support of intermittency challenges Frequency Response, reserves/ancillary services markets. Smoothing renewable generation Peak shifting of daily demand-spikes Deferring or avoiding reinforcement Energy arbitrage and trading opportunities Reducing imbalance risk. Value not maximised, leaving individual business cases less viable but simultaneous access to a number of markets is challenging under current UK market and regulatory frameworks. Existing UK trials have only explored technical viability and network impacts for a single industry silo Business models for leveraging full-system value remain un-tested * US DOE lists 27 Use Cases

6 The Smarter Network Storage Project Partners Location: Leighton Buzzard Energy capacity: 10 MWh Suppliers Real power: 6 MW 13.2m LCN funding awarded in Nov m investment by UK Power Networks 6

7 SNS Key aims & learning outcomes Demonstrate multi-purpose application of storage sharing learning on the realisable benefits Develop novel optimisation & control systems for storage Provide insight & assess viability of multiple business model variants Assess regulatory & legal barriers, develop recommendations & commercial arrangements for operation Deployment & operation of large-scale battery energy storage adding to body of learning for s

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9 Functions of SNS Peak Shaving SNS uses its stored energy to meet peak demand which reduces the load on the network. This defers the need for network reinforcement to meet peak demand. Frequency Regulation SNS can regulate the grid frequency through power exchanges. This assists National Grid in stabilising the frequency of the wider electricity system. Reactive Power Support SNS has 7.5MVAr of reactive power capability. Reactive power can help improve power factor, reduce losses and support voltage levels on the local network. Reserve SNS provides reserve capacity and can be triggered remotely to export power. This assists National Grid in balancing electricity demand and supply. Tolling SNS can provide energy based on a given energy delivery profile. This can be used to manage imbalance risk and assist in hedging against peak electricity prices.

10 SNS Smart Optimisation and Control System The SNS smart optimisation and control system is a novel platform that schedules the energy storage to be utilised for a range of different applications, optimising value whilst ensuring network security is maintained.

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12 SNS Trial Results Response -Triads

13 Active Power (kw) SNS trials findings - STOR STOR Declared Availability (SNS hours) STOR Maximum Availability ( hours) Apr-15 Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep Apr-15 Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15 STOR call State of Charge (SoC %) Active Power (kw) :40 08:50 09:00 09:10 09:20 09:30 09: State of Charge (%) Thursday 27 August 2015

14 100% SNS trials findings - STOR Costs Revenues 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -60% 3.25% % % 2.54% -3.48% 0.17% -0.13% -0.98% 0.00% -0.02% -1.13% -3.08% -0.87% % 17.91% 23.86% -80% -100% LV auxiliary consumption Energy BSUoS RCRC FiT Capacity Market Settlement Levy CfD Operational Levy Daily Service Fee RO Fixed Charge Capacity Charge STOR Service Revenue % Net Totals Conclusions i) ESS is effective and reliable in providing STOR to the ii) Recharging times for STOR delivery should take into account electricity prices and network loading iii) The economics of providing STOR per se are not favourable Notes i) capacity charge reflects 6MW while the contracted power for STOR has been 3MW (i.e. revenues from the service provision would be doubled if 6MW would be provided) ii) LV auxiliary consumption would not increase linearly with 6MW operation

15 Power (kw) SNS trials findings - FFR FFR Declared Availability (hours) Oct-15 Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 - Static FFR (threshold based) - Primary - Secondary - High - Dynamic FFR (droop based) 4000 SFFR call Active Power (kw) Active Power Setpoint (kw) Grid Frequency (Hz) Grid Frequency (Hz) :00 04:05 04:10 04:15 04:20 04:25 04:30 04:35 04:40 04:45 04:50 04:55 05:00 Time of Day during 11/01/2016

16 Power (kw) SNS trials findings - FFR Dynamic FFR Active Power (kw) Grid Frequency (Hz) Upper Deadband (Hz) Lower Deadband (Hz) Frequency (Hz) :00 07:40 09:20 11:00 12:40 14:20 16:00 17:40 19:20 21:00 22:40 Time of Day during 24/10/

17 100% SNS trials findings - FFR Costs Revenues 80% 60% Static FFR 59.41% 63.06% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -4.95% LV auxiliary consumption 3.58% -9.09% 0.07% 0.00% -0.17% 0.00% -0.48% 0.00% 0.00% Energy BSUoS RCRC FiT Capacity Market Settlement Levy CfD Operational Levy -0.24% Daily Service Fee -1.51% RO -0.19% Fixed Charge -7.87% Capacity Charge FFR Service Revenue % Net Totals 100% Costs Revenues 80% 60% Dynamic FFR 59.41% 68.82% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% Notes -6.13% LV auxiliary consumption 9.35% % 0.07% 0.00% -0.17% 0.00% -0.48% 0.00% 0.00% Energy BSUoS RCRC FiT Capacity Market Settlement Levy CfD Operational Levy -0.24% Daily Service Fee -1.51% RO -0.19% Fixed Charge -7.87% Capacity Charge FFR Service Revenue i) capacity charge reflects 6MW while the contracted power for STOR has been 3MW ii) LV auxiliary consumption would not increase linearly with 6MW operation % Net Totals

18 SNS trials findings - FFR Conclusions i) ESS is effective in reliable in providing FFR to the ii) Recharging times for FFR delivery should take into account electricity prices and network loading iii) The economics of providing Static FFR are currently more favourable than Dynamic FFR. However as the value of dynamic and Enhanced FFR is expected to be higher than the static FFR, detailed assessment of the battery degradation is needed iv) FFR can be provided concurrently with reactive power support

19 SNS trials findings - triads Triad Weekdays Triad Times (Half- Hour Ending) :00 17:30 18:00

20 SNS trials findings - triads Triad performance of the SNS project Triad periods announced Availability Status 1) 4 December 2014, 17:30 Idle for investigations reconciled 2) 19 January 2015, 17:30 Idle for investigations reconciled 3) 2 February 2015, 18:00 Export of circa 3.2MW reconciled circa 35k 4) 25 November :00 Export of circa 4MW recorded 5) 19 January :00 Export of circa 4MW recorded 6) 15 February :00 Export of circa 4MW recorded High risk triad warnings and of the ESS Triad warnings Availability Response 1) 23 November 2015 available Export of circa 3MW 2) 12 January 2016 available Export of circa 3MW 3) 13 January 2016 available Export of circa 3MW 4) 18 January 2016 available Export of circa 4MW 5) 19 January 2016 available Export of circa 4MW 6) 20 January 2016 available Export of circa 4MW 7) 21 January 2016 available Export of circa 4MW 8) 3 February 2016 available Export of circa 4MW 9)11 February 2015 available Export of circa 4MW 10) 15 February 2016 available Export of circa 4MW 11) 17 February 2016 available Export of circa 4MW

21 SNS trials findings - triads Conclusions i) ESS is effective in providing peak load relief in the form of triad avoidance to the ii) Triad avoidance depends on capacity of storage and the uncertainty of when it will actually occur iii) Triad avoidance promotes whole system synergies iv) Revenue from triads is expected to change in the future v) Forecasting enhancement will be required as the system becomes more dynamic (i.e. if more storage systems and other resources export to hit triads, the national peak demand will be affected)

22 Active Power (kw) SNS trials findings Tolling Profile (kw) Actual Output (kw) Monday 29 February Tuesday 01 March Wednesday 02 March Thursday 03 March Friday 04 March Day of tolling week Saturday 05 March Sunday 06 March Total Energy Use (kwh) Tolling Profile 63MWh Actual Profile 67.5MWh Percentage Difference 7%

23 SNS trials findings Costs Revenues 100% 50% 0% 0.00% 0.00% -50% -100% % % % -150% LV auxiliary consumption Energy BSUoS RCRC FiT Capacity Market Settlement Levy CfD Operational Levy Daily Service Fee RO Fixed Charge Capacity Tolling Service Charge Revenue Net Totals Conclusions i) ESS is effective in providing tolling services to the supplier ii) Electricity prices spreads are not significant under current market conditions to create a high value from arbitraging on price

24 SNS trials findings Peak shaving Leighton Buzzard Loading 11kV (MVA) Loading Limit (MVA) Annual requirement (hours) Annual requirement (days) Annual energy requirement (Total MVAh) Daily maximum power (MVA) Daily maximum energy (MVAh) Peak shaving can be provided with: Active power Reactive power Active and Reactive Power

25 SNS trials findings Peak shaving Peak shaving with active power Substation SNS 26, , , , , , :22 14:59 15:37 16:14 16:52 17:29 18:07 18:44 19:22 19:59 20:37 21:14 21:52 22:29 Substation Loading without SNS (kva) Substation Loading with SNS (kva) Substation Loading Limit (kva) SNS Active Power(kW) Peak shaving with reactive power Substation SNS 29, , , , , , , :57 16:47 17:37 18:27 19:17 20:07 20:57 21:47 Substation Apparent Power without SNS (kva) Substation Loading with SNS (kva) Substation Loading Limit (kva) SNS Active Power (kw) SNS Reactive Power (kvar)

26 SNS trials findings Peak shaving Peak shaving with active and reactive power Substation 31,000 SNS 29,000 27,000 25,000 23,000 15:47 16:17 16:47 17:17 17:47 18:17 18:47 19:17 19:47 20:17 20:47 Substation Loading without SNS (kva) Substation Loading with SNS (kva) Substation Loading Limit (kva) SNS Active Power (kw) SNS Reactive Power (kvar) Is it effective to provide peak shaving with reactive power? Apparent Power Demand (MVA) Reactive Power Demand (MVAr) :00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 Time of Day (22 January 2015)

27 SNS trials findings Peak shaving Calculation of ESS set-points required from the ESS to satisfy the peak shaving requirement on 22 January 2015 Loading Limit 34MVA Substation loading without SNS Reactive Power Priority Active Power Priority Time Peak Shaving Requirement (MVA) MVAr MW MVA SNS MW SNS MVAr SNS MW SNS MVAr 17: : : : : Total energy use from SNS for each priority mode (MWh) It is effective to provide peak shaving using also reactive power but the impact on the network from reactive power use should be assessed Conclusions i) ESS is effective in providing peak shaving to the (see also our work on security of supply*) ii) iii) Reactive power can assist in shaving the peak in a more economic way The impact of future loading conditions at Leighton Buzzard has been addressed by allowing extra capacity for potential upgrade *Analysis of integrated energy storage contribution to security of supply: _P2_6_SDRC9.6v1.pdf

28 SNS trials findings Reactive Power Reactive power can be used to assist with other functions further than peak shaving: Power factor support: reactive power can be utilised to minimise the reactive power flows at the substation level and in effect improve the power factor and minimise losses. Voltage control: reactive power (in addition to or in isolation with active power) can be utilised to control the voltage at the substation level. The SNS project has been exploring both and has already trialled power factor support

29 SNS trials findings Reactive Power Reactive power flow from the ESS and effect on reactive power flow at the substation Jun-15 23:00 06-Jun-15 04:00 06-Jun-15 09:00 SNS Reactive Power (MVar) 06-Jun-15 14:00 06-Jun-15 19:00 07-Jun-15 00:00 Time of Day 07-Jun-15 05:00 Substation Reactive Power (MVar) 07-Jun-15 10:00 07-Jun-15 15:00 07-Jun-15 20:00 08-Jun-15 01:00 Reactive power use is aimed at keeping the substation s power factor close to unity Substation Demand without SNS (MVA) Substation Demand with SNS (MVA) 8 05-Jun-15 23:00 06-Jun-15 04:00 06-Jun-15 09:00 06-Jun-15 14:00 06-Jun-15 19:00 07-Jun Jun-15 00:00 05:00 Time of day 07-Jun-15 10:00 Loading demand at the substation with and without the ESS reactive power 07-Jun-15 15:00 07-Jun-15 20:00 08-Jun-15 01:00 No considerable difference The reactive power use over this 53-hour trial period was 32.7MVArh. This saved 2.2MVAh over the 723MVAh used at the substation level during the trial period.

30 Power (kw) SNS trials findings Reactive Power Reactive power can be provided concurrently with other services that require dispatch of active power 4000 Active Power (kw) Reactive Power (kvar) Concurrent active and reactive power export /06/ :00 04/06/ :05 Time of day 04/06/ :10 Active Power (kw) Reactive Power (kvar) Grid Frequency (Hz) Concurrent dynamic FFR and reactive power support :00 01:40 03:20 05:00 06:40 08:20 10:00 11:40 13:20 15:00 16:40 18:20 20:00 21:40 23:20 Time of Day during 24/10/2015 Frequency (Hz)

31 Key takeaways UK Power Networks is exploring storage to understand how this technology can improve network operation Understanding the value of storage across the electricity system is critical for understanding the business case Smarter Network Storage (SNS) is providing evidence for policy makers, other Distribution Network Operators (s) and developers on the real potential of storage

32 Current work Business Case update: understand tipping points and full value potential Consistent approach to treating storage connection requests Work closely with DECC and Ofgem on addressing regulatory barriers Work closely with NG to design best practice approach for tendering new services New asset, new standards, new skills

33 Learning Outputs July 2013 Consultation on possible future business models for grid-scale energy sto October 2013 Design & planning considerations for grid-scale storage December 2013 Design & Architecture of Optimisation & Forecasting platform June 2014 GB Regulatory and Legal barriers for energy storage October 2014 Commercial Arrangements for the shared use of storage flexibility May 2015 Energy Storage as an Asset Asset management, training and commissioning September 2015 Recommendations for regulatory & legal amendments for storage January 2016 Energy storage contribution to Security of Supply, and effect on standards March 2016 Evaluation of value streams, business model viability More Information available at:

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