Distributed Energy Storage & More. P.K. Sen, Professor Colorado School of Mines

Transcription

1 Distributed Energy Storage & More, Professor Colorado School of Mines 1

2 Energy and Electricity 2

3 Energy Used (Billion kwh) 4,500 4,000 Ref : EIA-Annual Energy Review 2011, Sept ,000TWh 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Year 3

4 Generation Capacity (MW) 1,200,000 1,000,000 U.S. Generation Capacity and Electrical Energy Usage Ref : EIA-Annual Energy Review 2011, Sept Wind / Solar Gas Turbine TW , , ,000 Gen. Capacity Energy Used 4,000TWh Energy Used (Billion MWh) 200, Year 4

5 MW (Unit Size) Technological Improvements: Generation 20 th Century: Larger (the Better ) Units are more Efficient - Produce Cheaper Electricity. Central Power Plants PV s 60 MW (CC) 600 MW (Coal) MW(Nuclear) Generator Ratings (typical) Large Wind Farm

6 Technological Improvements: Transmission Higher Voltage Reduces Losses, it is cheaper to transmit electricity long distances. Interconnection for Reliability, Resource Sharing and Cost Minimization kv 500 kv kv Transmission Line Voltages - kv 2015?? 6

7 2000 Today!!!!!! 7

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9 Primary Energy Consumption in the U.S. in 2010 Natural Gas 5.06 Q => R 3.28 Q => C 8.11 Q => I 4.95 Q R 98 Quads 40 Quads 12.9 Quads 4.54 Q C Total Energy Electricity Input Petroleum Electricity output 3.28 Q 1.22 Q => R 0.71 Q => C 8.01 Q => I I End Use 9

10 20% by % by % by

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12 In 2014, the United States generated about 4,093 billion kilowatthours of electricity. 1 About 67% of the electricity generated was from fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum). Major energy sources and percent share of total U.S. electricity generation in 2014: Coal = 39% Natural gas = 27% Nuclear = 19% Hydropower = 6% Other renewables = 7% Biomass = 1.7% Geothermal = 0.4% Solar = 0.4% Wind = 4.4% Petroleum = 1% Other gases < 1% 12 PSerc, Sumer Workshop, 2015

13 YEARLY LOAD PROFILE (USA) Peak Capacity 15 % Reserve Margin Source: GridPoint AVERAGE SYSTEM CAPACIT Y 13 Dr., PE, Fellow IEEEE

14 LOAD DURATION CURVE (LDC) Source: GridPoint HOURS 14 Dr., PE, Fellow IEEEE

15 15 Similar Information as the Load Cycle, except Plotted in MW (Power) Descending Order. Load Classification Base Intermediate Peak L o a d (MW) Peak Load Average Load Intermediate Load Base Load 8, Hour Annual Load Duration Curve

16 Elements of Power System Source Systems LOAD 16

17 Debate Continues!! Large vs. $$ Small 17

18 Energy Storage Diagram Storage Systems Electrical Distribution Applications Large Scale (Power) Grid Applications Transportation Batteries Flywheel Ultracapacitor Backup (Emergency) Power Applications Batteries Compressed Air in Vessels Flywheel (FESS) Hybrid Systems (PV/Wind/Storage) Thermal Energy Storage Ultracapacitor Pumped Hydroelectric Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Concentrated Solar Power with Thermal Storage(CSP) Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)?? 18

19 Coal Hydroelectric (Conventional) Natural Gas Nuclear Other Gases Petroleum Generator Generator s s Generators and Reserve Margin Reserve Margin for Grid Regulation Transmission and Sub Transmission Grid Distribution Grid Energy Storage Systems Large Scale Energy Storage Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)?? Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Pumped Hydroelectric Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Concentrated Solar Power with Thermal Storage Conventional/Renewable Biomass Geothermal Natural Gas Petroleum Wood Wind and Solar Industrial and Commercial Loads Batteries (BESS) Compressed Air in Vessels Flywheel (FESS) Hybrid Systems (PV, Wind, Diesel, Gas, Battery) Thermal Energy Storage Ultracapacitor Residential Loads Batteries Thermal Energy Storage Ultracapacitors Distributed/ Dispersed Generation 19

20 Selected Research Problems!! Optimum Location and Size of the Storage Cost Effectiveness and Business Case Integration of Storage in Advanced Distribution Management Systems Integration of Electric Vehicles into the Grid How do we maintain the Power Quality? Small Cost Effective Energy Storage for Residential Application Real-Time Testing and Performance Evaluation 20

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