Portable Power & Storage

Transcription

1 Portable Power & Storage NMTC Disruptive Technology Summit and TECH CONN3CT Workshops 28 April 2017 Edward J. Plichta Chief Scientist for Power & Energy Command Power & Integration Directorate Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 1

2 Digital Revolution: Information age 1 million time size reduction 1 million by 1 million time integration over 50 years First Transistor (1947) 22 nm Tri-Gate Transistor 2

3 Digital Revolution: Information age 1 million time size reduction 1 million by 1 million time integration over 50 years Applications First Transistor (1947) 22 nm Tri-Gate Transistor 3

4 Battery evolution Rechargeable Batteries Only 5 times energy integration over 150 years! First Lead Acid Battery (1859) by French physicist Gaston Planté Li-Ion 4

5 Battery evolution Rechargeable Batteries Only 5 times energy integration over 150 years! First Lead Acid Battery (1859) by French physicist Gaston Planté Li-Ion EV s & Grids 5

6 Battery evolution Rechargeable Batteries Only 5 times energy integration over 150 years! First Lead Acid Battery (1859) by French physicist Gaston Planté Li-Ion EV s & Grids Portable 6

7 Battery evolution Rechargeable Batteries Only 5 times energy integration over 150 years! First Lead Acid Battery (1859) by French physicist Gaston Planté Li-Ion EV s & Grids Portable How much more energy can we integrate into a given weight/volume? 7

8 Electric grid Commercial Military Can we integrate energy storage into the grid? Grid stability and load leveling Integration of renewables: solar & wind Electric transportation: vehicles, aircraft, ships 8

9 Batteries for the future Energy density Power density Safety Cost Cycle life & Calendar life Lithium or other chemistries? Army requirements and applications? 9

10 Choosing materials Why Lithium? e - + M + e - + M + + Host M MHost M atomic weight lightest Pb 2+/4+ (207) Zn 2+ (65) Al 3+ (27) Mg 2+ (25) Na + (23) Li + (7) H + (1) 10

11 Choosing materials Why Lithium? e - + M + e - + M + + Host M MHost M atomic weight M maximum voltage lightest Pb 2+/4+ (207) Zn 2+ (65) Al 3+ (27) Mg 2+ (25) Na + (23) Li + (7) H + (1) highest Li + Na + Mg 2+ Al 3+ Zn 2+ Pb 2+/4+ H + (<4.5V) (<4.2V) (<3.8V) (<3.1V) (<2.2V) (<2.1V) (<1.5V) 11

12 Choosing materials Why Lithium? e - + M + e - + M + + Host M MHost M atomic weight M maximum voltage M cost ($/kg) lightest Pb 2+/4+ (207) Zn 2+ (65) Al 3+ (27) Mg 2+ (25) Na + (23) Li + (7) H + (1) highest Li + Na + Mg 2+ Al 3+ Zn 2+ Pb 2+/4+ H + (<4.5V) (<4.2V) (<3.8V) (<3.1V) (<2.2V) (<2.1V) (<1.5V) lowest Mg 2+ (2) Al 3+ (2) Zn 2+ (2) Pb 2+/4+ (2) Na + (1) Li + (40)* H (nearly free) * Li in Li-Ion batteries is only <3% of total cost 12

13 Li-ion batteries Cell Lithium-Ion Cell Chemistry Material challenges of batteries Electron transport in solid Ionic diffusion in liquid and solid Structure volume change Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) electrolyte stability Safety flammability Costs xli + + xe _ + C 6 Li x C 6 Discharge yli + + ye _ + Li 1-y CoO 2 Li y CoO 2 Li x C 6 xli + + xe _ + C 6 Charge yli + + ye _ + Li 1-y CoO 2 Li y CoO 2 13

14 Li-ion safety Cathode Anode Decomposes Electrolyte at Cathode Overcharge Plates Lithium at Anode (<0V vs Li+) 14

15 Li-ion safety Cathode Anode Decomposes Electrolyte at Cathode Overcharge Plates Lithium at Anode (<0V vs Li+) Along with other factors generates heat and leads to Venting & Fire 15

16 Li-ion safety Cathode Anode Decomposes Electrolyte at Cathode Overcharge Plates Lithium at Anode (<0V vs Li+) Mitigate by engineered safety Battery management circuits (required) Thermal shutdown separators Positive thermal coefficient device (PTC) Current interrupt device (CID) Non-flammable electrolytes High tolerance manufacturing particle shorting Active and passive thermal management 16

17 Li-ion now & goals Now Specific Energy (Wh/kg) 200 Energy Density (Wh/l) 250 Cost ($/kwh) 300 Cycle life 1,000 2,000 Service life (years) 7-10 Safety no fires propagating cell to cell upon failure (UL1973) 17

18 Li-ion now & goals Targets Now Portable & Transportation Electric Grid Specific Energy (Wh/kg) N/A Energy Density (Wh/l) N/A Cost ($/kwh) <100 Cycle life 1,000 2,000 4,000-5,000 4,000-5,000 Service life (years) Safety no fires propagating cell to cell upon failure (UL1973) 18

19 Future rechargeables e - + M + + Host MHost Timeline M + Now Li + Graphite Li-Metal Alloys (Si, Al, etc) Li-metal Pb 2+/4+ H +, NiMH 19

20 Future rechargeables e - + M + + Host MHost M + Li + Pb 2+/4+ H +, NiMH Timeline Now Graphite Li-Metal Alloys (Si, Al, etc) Li-metal outlook 20

21 Future rechargeables e - + M + + Host MHost M + Li + Pb 2+/4+ H +, NiMH Na + Zn 2+ Timeline Now Graphite Li-Metal Alloys (Si, Al, etc) Li-metal Na-ion outlook 21

22 Future rechargeables e - + M + + Host MHost M + Li + Pb 2+/4+ H +, NiMH Timeline Now Graphite Li-Metal Alloys (Si, Al, etc) Li-metal outlook Na + Zn 2+ Na-ion $? 22

23 Future rechargeables e - + M + + Host MHost M + Li + Pb 2+/4+ H +, NiMH Timeline Now Graphite Li-Metal Alloys (Si, Al, etc) Li-metal outlook Na + Zn 2+ Na-ion $? Mg 2+ Al 3+ Multi-valent 23

24 Future rechargeables e - + M + + Host MHost M + Li + Pb 2+/4+ H +, NiMH Timeline Now Graphite Li-Metal Alloys (Si, Al, etc) Li-metal outlook Na + Zn 2+ Na-ion $? Mg 2+ Al 3+ Multi-valent Wh? 24

25 Future rechargeables Tesla & world today 25

26 Future rechargeables Tesla & world today LiSi Li-metal Holy Grail 26

27 Future rechargeables 3-6X Energy Density Possible! Tesla & world today Li/Air & Li/S LiSi Li-metal Holy Grail 27

28 Future rechargeables LiSi-ion Li/Air and Li/S Li-metal Holy Grail Challenges many solutions many more! 28

29 Future rechargeables LiSi-ion Li/Air and Li/S Li-metal Holy Grail Challenges many solutions many more! Si large volume expansion nano-silicon & coatings (C, Li 2 O, self-healing polymers) 29

30 Future rechargeables LiSi-ion Li/Air and Li/S Li-metal Holy Grail Challenges many solutions many more! Si large volume expansion nano-silicon & coatings (C, Li 2 O, self-healing polymers) Li - dendrites ionic membranes, hollow carbon spheres (C, BN & Graphene) 30

31 Future rechargeables LiSi-ion Li/Air and Li/S Li-metal Holy Grail Challenges many solutions many more! Si large volume expansion nano-silicon & coatings (C, Li 2 O, self-healing polymers) Li - dendrites ionic membranes, hollow carbon spheres (C, BN & Graphene) S polysulfide dissolution S-encapsulation (TiO 2 ), soluble polysulfide flow battery, Li 2 S, conductive coating of separator 31

32 Future rechargeables LiSi-ion Li/Air and Li/S Li-metal Holy Grail Challenges many solutions many more! Si large volume expansion nano-silicon & coatings (C, Li 2 O, self-healing polymers) Li - dendrites ionic membranes, hollow carbon spheres (C, BN & Graphene) S polysulfide dissolution S-encapsulation (TiO 2 ), soluble polysulfide flow battery, Li 2 S, conductive coating of separator Air electrode low rate & reversibility oxygen catalyst, solubility additives, high donor number solvents 32

33 Future rechargeables LiSi-ion Li/Air and Li/S Li-metal Holy Grail Challenges many solutions many more! Si large volume expansion nano-silicon & coatings (C, Li 2 O, self-healing polymers) Li - dendrites ionic membranes, hollow carbon spheres (C, BN & Graphene) S polysulfide dissolution S-encapsulation (TiO 2 ), soluble polysulfide flow battery, Li 2 S, conductive coating of separator Air electrode low rate & reversibility oxygen catalyst, solubility additives, high donor number solvents Safety flammability - nonflammable electrolytes (ionic liquids, fluoride based) & smart separators (Cu third electrode) 33

34 Future rechargeables LiSi-ion Li/Air and Li/S Li-metal Holy Grail Challenges many solutions many more! Si large volume expansion nano-silicon & coatings (C, Li 2 O, self-healing polymers) Li - dendrites ionic membranes, hollow carbon spheres (C, BN & Graphene) S polysulfide dissolution S-encapsulation (TiO 2 ), soluble polysulfide flow battery, Li 2 S, conductive coating of separator Air electrode low rate & reversibility oxygen catalyst, solubility additives, high donor number solvents Safety flammability - nonflammable electrolytes (ionic liquids, fluoride based) & smart separators (Cu third electrode) Cycle life limited <1,000, need much more 34

35 Future rechargeables LiSi-ion Li/Air and Li/S Li-metal Holy Grail Challenges many solutions many more! Si large volume expansion nano-silicon & coatings (C, Li 2 O, self-healing polymers) Li - dendrites ionic membranes, hollow carbon spheres (C, BN & Graphene) S polysulfide dissolution S-encapsulation (TiO 2 ), soluble polysulfide flow battery, Li 2 S, conductive coating of separator Air electrode low rate & reversibility oxygen catalyst, solubility additives, high donor number solvents Safety flammability - nonflammable electrolytes (ionic liquids, fluoride based) & smart separators (Cu third electrode) Cycle life limited <1,000, need much more Cost high base materials are low, however material processing, membranes and additives currently too high Hope research showing promise! 35

36 Soldier power PAST PRESENT FUTURE Individual Batteries Flexible Power Sources Integrated Hybrid Power Sources 36

37 Soldier power PAST PRESENT FUTURE Individual Batteries Flexible Power Sources Integrated Hybrid Power Sources Technical Need Areas for 2030 and Beyond Higher Energy Density Nano-Materials High Voltage, Wide Temperature Stable Electrolytes Flexible & Structurally Integrated Design Ultra-Low Power Circuit Designs Safe Wireless Power 37

38 Soldier power PAST PRESENT FUTURE Individual Batteries Flexible Power Sources Integrated Hybrid Power Sources Technical Need Areas for 2030 and Beyond Higher Energy Density Nano-Materials High Voltage, Wide Temperature Stable Electrolytes Flexible & Structurally Integrated Design Ultra-Low Power Circuit Designs Safe Wireless Power Thinner Lighter Smaller Flexible Integrated Cordless 38

39 Weight (lb) Soldier power needs Soldier burdened with many heavy low energy batteries High amount of battery swapping required to sustain operations due to lack of charging capability for peripheral equipment 2020 Soldier power source weight reduced by use of higher energy centralized power sources and higher efficiency kinetic energy harvesting devices Battery swapping nearly eliminated due to BOTH centralized and on-the-move charging of peripheral equipment Energy Need: 2 kwh Energy Need: 1 kwh Wh/kg Li-ion Rifleman & Radio Battery Squad Leader Total Weight LiSi-ion CWB & Highly Efficient Kinetic Energy Harvesters Squad Leader Power Weight 57% Battery Wt Reduction (13% Overall) 250 Wh/kg Based on the dismounted baseline operating during a 72 hr mission with the maximum use of rechargeable batteries. 39

40 Soldier power trends 40

41 Soldier power trends CWB Fuel Cell Li/CFx Li-ion Conformal wearable power sources - hybrids (fuel cell, battery, ultracaps) 41

42 Soldier power trends CWB Fuel Cell Li/CFx Li-ion Conformal wearable power sources - hybrids (fuel cell, battery, ultracaps) Bullet Resistant Electrochemical Materials Cells Embedded Bullet Resistant Cases Structurally integrated - ballistic protection batteries 42

43 Soldier power trends CWB Fuel Cell Li/CFx Li-ion Conformal wearable power sources - hybrids (fuel cell, battery, ultracaps) Bullet Resistant Electrochemical Materials Cells Embedded Bullet Resistant Cases Structurally integrated - ballistic protection batteries Integrated renewables & energy harvesting - wireless power distribution 43

44 Tactical power grid Intelligent Tactical Micro-Grids (up to 360kW) OBVP AMMPS Generators Renewables Energy Storage & Intelligent Power Distribution & Control Energy Storage Energy Informed Operations 44

45 Thank You! 45