Energy 101 Energy Technology and Policy

Transcription

1 Energy 101 Energy Technology and Policy Dr. Michael E. Webber The University of Texas at Austin Module 23: Transportation II -- Advanced Fuels and Drivetrains 1

2 There are Several Novel Fuels and Drivetrains Available Coal-to-Liquids Biofuels Electricity Natural Gas Hydrogen 2

3 Electrified Transportation 3

4 Electrified Vehicles Have Advantages Displaces petroleum Can charge PHEVs with renewable power sources Potentially low-carbon Quiet Nissan Excellent acceleration Charging can be performed at home Cheap operating costs Can back-up the grid and power the home 4

5 Electrified Vehicles Have Disadvantages Shifts from reliance on strategic liquids (petroleum from OPEC) to strategic minerals Batteries are usually imported (SE Asia) Lithium is often from Bolivia Battery production is highly impactful (especially the mining tails) Most EV charging is with fossil fuel resources Long charging times Limited range High up-front costs for the vehicle/battery EV drivers do not pay gasoline taxes 5

6 PHEVs/EVs Are More Expensive to Buy But Cheaper To Operate Electricity is cheaper per mile than gasoline Batteries are more expensive than gas tanks Source: EPRI 6

7 Coupling Plug-in Hybrids and Electric Vehicles to the Power Grid Introduces System Advantages Easier to manage emissions of pollutants and GHGs at thousands of power plants rather than hundreds of millions of autos Pollution shifts in time (from day to night) and place (from city to country) and height (tailpipes vs. smokestacks) Possible load leveling with off-peak battery charging 7

8 HEV vs. P(H)EV vs. (B)EV Conventional HEV (Parallel drivetrain) Battery Pack Electric Motor Fuel Tank Engine 2-Way Transmission 8

9 HEV vs. P(H)EV vs. (B)EV Plug-in HEV (Parallel drivetrain) Power Cord Battery Pack Electric Motor Fuel Tank mile battery range. Recharge overnight. Engine 2-Way Transmission 9

10 HEV vs. P(H)EV vs. (B)EV Pure Battery EV (Single drivetrain) Power Cord Battery Pack Controller Electric Motor 10

11 Drivetrains Like the Chevy Volt or Ford Energi Put the Engine and Motor in Series Gasoline engine drives only the generator, not the wheels Gasoline provides greater range after charge wears out Chevy Volt: 93 mpgge (37 mpg for gasoline only) Fusion Energi: 100 mpgge (41 mpg for gasoline only) 11

12 Trains Use Diesel-Electric Configurations Similar to the Chevy Volt (but without the plug) For long range and high torque Wikipedia Commons 12

13 Gasoline Engines Have Higher Torque At Higher Speeds Ronald R. Gould, P.E., hydraulicspneumatics.com 13

14 Electric Motors Have High Torque Even At Low Speeds Ronald R. Gould, P.E., hydraulicspneumatics.com 14

15 PHEVs can be Charged at Night at Home Vehicle Class Specific Energy Requirements [kwh/mile] Compact Sedan 0.26 Mid-size Sedan 0.30 Mid-size SUV 0.38 Full-size SUV 0.46 Electricity costs ~$ /kWh 15

16 The Short Range of PHEVs Matches Well With American Driving Patterns 2009 U.S. Share of Vehicle Trips by Distance Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book, 2012 Graphic: Michael E. Webber, The University of Texas at Austin 100% Michael E. Webber 75% of trips are of 10 miles or less Share of Vehicle Trips 75% 50% 25% 0% < > 30 Distance [miles] 16

17 MPG is An Outdated Metric gge = gallon of gasoline equivalent mpgge = miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent What kind of gasoline? Petroleum-based? E10? What about the local fuel for the electricity? 17

18 EV Purchases are Small, but Growing Quickly 18

19 Natural Gas Transportation 19

20 Natural Gas Vehicles Have Advantages Displace petroleum Domestically produced Cleaner than petroleum Lower carbon than petroleum Minor modifications required for internal combustion engines Fueling can be performed at home Infrastructure is extensive Cheap operating costs 20

21 Disadvantages of NGVs Infrastructure challenges Cost of conversion Tank space required Safety concerns Lack of standardized pumping equipment Better or worse for first responders? High pressure combustible gas Might float away from the scene of an accident 21

22 NGVs are Much Cleaner at the Tailpipe 90% 97% reduction in carbon monoxide emissions 25% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions 35% 60% reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions Emits fewer toxic and carcinogenic pollutants Emits little or no particulate matter Eliminates evaporative emissions Potentially reduces non-methane hydrocarbon emissions 50% 75% Possible increase in methane hydrocarbon emissions The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has called the natural gas Honda Civic GX the cleanest internal-combustion vehicle on Earth. Source: USDOE 22

23 CNG Passenger Vehicles are More Expensive to Buy, Cheaper to Operate New OEM vehicle Honda Civic GX Incremental cost of $6,800 Converted vehicle Kit and installation cost can run $10,000 and up 23

24 There are Some Federal Policies that Support CNG/LNG for Transportation 30% tax credit for installing fueling infrastructure Up to $30,000 for commercial installation Up to $1,000 for residential installation $0.50/gge (gallon of gasoline equivalent) sales and blending tax credit Demand by Federal fleets 24

25 There Are Just Over 1,000 U.S. CNG Stations vs. 160,000+ for Gasoline/Diesel Source: USDOE 25

26 Dr. Michael E. Webber 26