21 st Century Power Grids: What Engineering is Needed

Transcription

1 21 st Century Power Grids: What Engineering is Needed Terry Boston President & CEO PJM Interconnection May 4,

2 Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20 th Century 10. Air Conditioning/ Refrigeration 9. Telephone 8. Computers 7. Agricultural Mechanization 6. Radio and Television 5. Electronics 4. Water Supply and Distribution 3. Airplane 2. Automobile (PHEVs Someday) 1. The Grid/ Electrification Source: National Academy of Engineering 2

3 Microgrids New York City After Superstorm Sandy

4 Top Challenges Facing the Industry Electricity demand Extreme earth and space weather World s largest fuel switch: Reliably managing switching to low-carbon fuel sources Natural gas operations coordination (security of pipelines) Integration of intermittent and demand side resources 21st century expectations for the grid: Need more HVDC Each Challenge is Also an Opportunity Adapted from: EPRI 4

5 First Commercial Vehicle Fleet in PJM Market Increased asset utilization Fast response frequency regulation Operating in PJM s Regulation Market Electrifying 2% of PJM s light-duty fleet would double storage capacity in the region 5

6 Electric Vehicles in the PJM Footprint Nissan to use EVs as UPS for the Home 6

7 Wild Cards: High-Impact/Low-Frequency Events October Surprise Opportunities to Improve Grid Resiliency Source: EPRI

8 Engineering Storm Hardening PSE&G: $1.2 billion ConEd: $1.0 billion Sandy October 29, :10 a.m. EDT 8

9 Extreme Worldwide Weather Super Typhoon Haiyan 9

10 Improve transmission system infrastructure Polar Vortex: Key Actions Incent better fuel availability and/or dualfuel capability Test generators before Winter arrives Improve coordination with gas pipeline and neighboring power grids Improve generator availability and performance 10

11 Capacity Performance Features Obligation to deliver energy when PJM calls for it Over-performers rewarded; under-performers pay Small net cost for improved reliability/price stability 11

12 Engineering Designs for Resiliency Resilience is the ability to reduce the magnitude and/or duration of disruptive events.

13 PG&E Metcalf Substation 500 kv and 230 kv Do not copy Hours- gunfire begins at the substation 0141 hours first call to 911 received the caller estimated three dozen shots had been fired at that point hours second 911 call- the caller estimated shots fired. 13

14 It s not Easy to Protect Substations 14

15 Gates & Guards & Guns 15

16 PJM Bunkers AC 2 Construction Original Blast Doors 16

17 2000 Avoid gasfired plants; fuel prices high, volatile Nuclear power poised for a renaissance Long-Term Research Needs vs. Near-Term Trends Digital tech driving more powerful processors and hard drives Boring. Just run it safely and reliably CCS grabs global focus and investment Not in longrange plans or capital budgets Natural Gas Nuclear Power Digital Technology Distribution Carbon Capture Wind and Solar 2015 Gas is king Nuclear renaissance stalled in US Digital tech focusing on batteries and energy Distribution system platform is the key enabler CCS research funding and interest on the decline Lion s share of new plants; front and center in planning Keep all options open in the long term; maintain a balanced portfolio Source: EPRI

18 PJM New Generation by Fuel Type Gas = 75% Since Capacity Market Began in ,040 MW Total 18

19 PJM Average Emissions (lbs/mwh) 19

20 Wind Generation in PJM Operational and Proposed Cumulative Nameplate (MW) 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 If you like wind You have to love Storage 19,700 MW In planning queues - 12/2014 Operational RPS Requirement

21 Grid-Scale Energy Storage System 32 MW Battery Laurel Mountain, WV Wind Farm 98 MW 61 turbines As of March 2015 Battery Storage Lithium-ion (NEC) Power 32 MW, Energy 8 MWh PJM Total Grid-Scale Batteries Connected Under study Fly Wheels Connected Under Study 81 MW 459 MW 20 MW 20 MW 21

22 Power Electronics for Controllability Required for a conventional generator interconnection Automatic voltage regulators Automatic frequency response Droop control function Need engineering standard Why can t we require this for asynchronous generators Smart Inverters Can Do This! 22

23 High Electric Storage Density with Diamond Prototype CVD diamond capacitor unprecedented energy density, energy storage and temperature performance. 23

24 24 Source: Secretary Chu

25 Faster Real-Time Sensing and Analytics could have Prevented the Aug Blackout Source: Secretary Chu 25

26 Big Data 383 PMUs Installed in PJM 26

27 High Performance Scientific Computing Private cloud network using high performing computer Astrophysics Fusion Biology 27

28 Modeling & Super Computer MODELS LINES Need to move from EHV AC flow to HVDC for controllability. Need to move from DC load flow to AC and faster computers for optimization. 28

29 21st Century Controllability HVDC Converter 29

30 What the World Needs Now More HVDC Northern Europe Europe HVDC In service HVDC under construction Back-to-back terminals 30

31 What the World Needs Now More HVDC China Japan HVDC In service HVDC under construction Back-to-back terminals 31

32 More HVDC Would Benefit the U.S. HVDC In service HVDC under construction Back-to-back terminals 32

33 Today: Looking Forward Source: EPRI 33

34 Meeting the Challenge Source: EPRI 34

35 A Tale of Two Nuclear Power Plants Daiichi Daini Only six miles apart, but a world apart in coping with the tsunami. At the Daini plant, operators responded with something like the U.S. nuclear industry s FLEX strategy and saved all four reactors. Source: NEI 35

36 Union Station