Clean Transportation. Clean. Progress for Better Air Quality. Progress for Better Air Quality. Thailand and Other Asia. Fuel Sulfur Reduction

Transcription

1 Clean Transportation Elements of a Comprehensive Vehicle Pollution Control Strategy Thailand and Other Asia An Update on Progress, Obstacles, Opportunities, and the Role for ICCT By Dr. Supat Wangwongwatana Deputy Director-General Pollution Control Department Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Chairperson of CAI-Asia Asia supat.w@.w@pcd.go.th Clean Vehicle Technologies Transport & Land Use Planning Better Air Quality Low Emissions Clean Fuels Appropriate Maintenance Cleaner Fuels Diesel Sulfur 35 ppm in January 4 5 ppm or 1 ppm in 1 Gasoline Sulfur 5 ppm in early 3 5 ppm or 1 ppm in 1 Benzene 1% in 1 Alternative Fuels CNG in taxi and buses Ethanol 1% and planned to replace MTBE in the future in 7 Biodiesel % under demonstration Sulfur Content (% wt) before Fuel Sulfur Reduction Gasoline Fuel Diesel 4 Sulfur Content (% wt) Diesel Fuel Gasoline.5.5 before 1

2 Sulfur levels in Diesel Bangladesh Cleaner New Vehicles 5 Cambodia Light Duty Diesel and Gasoline Vehicles 5 Hong Kong, China 5 India EURO 3 EURO 4 35 Indonesia 5 Japan 5 Malaysia Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles 5 marketed 3 Pakistan 1 EURO 3 5 Philippines 5 PRC Singapore Level 5 - July 4 (CO 3.5 gm/km, HC+ NOx g/km, White Smoke 15%) EURO 3 - Under consideration for January Sri Lanka 1 3 Taipei,China 3 5 Thailand Viet Nam 1 European Union Cleaner In-used Vehicles United States 5 Emission standards are under reviewed Emission standards will be established specifically for periodical I/M program 15 Source: /ASIA/docs/SulfurDiesel.pdf > 5 ppm < 5 ppm 51 5 ppm New Motorcycles Sold in Thailand from In-Use Motorcycles in Bangkok from - Mar Stroke Stroke % of In-Use Motorcycles % of New Motorcycles Sold Under consideration for January 7 Motorcycles Republic of Korea 5 - July 4 - July Stroke Stroke Mar. 4

3 Emissions Standards for New Vehicles (light duty) Past Present Country European Union Euro 1 Euro Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5 Bangladesh Euro (under discussion) Hong Kong, China Euro 1 Euro Euro 3 Euro 4 India a Euro 1 Euro E3 India b E1 Euro Euro 3 Indonesia Euro Malaysia Euro 1 Euro Nepal Euro 1 Philippines Euro 1 PRC a Euro 1 Euro Euro 3 PRC c Euro 1 Euro Euro 3 Singapore e Euro 1 Euro Singapore g Euro 1 Euro Euro 4 Sri Lanka Euro 1 Taipei,China US Tier 1 US Tier for diesel d Thailand Euro 1 Euro Euro 3 Euro4 Viet Nam e Euro 1 Viet Nam f Euro 1 a Entire country C Beijing and Shanghai b Delhi and other cities; Euro introduced in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai in 1; d Gasoline vehicles under consideration Euro in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Khampur, Pune and Ahmedabad in 3, Euro 3 e for gasoline vehicles to be introduced in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and f for diesel vehicles Ahmedabad in 5 Source: I/M Program Periodical I/M program being reviewed Intensive roadside Inspection for smoke belching Certified garages for maintenance Transport and Traffic Management Light Rail Bangkok Transit System, operational in Origins of Skytrain Patronage % 1% 4% 8% 36% 16% 4% Car driver Car passenger Taxi Bus (aircon) Bus (others) New trips Others

4 Transport and Traffic Management Underground Metro (MRT), operational in August 4 New Bangkok Governor will implement a few BRT lines during the next years Bang Sue Hua Lumphong BTS MRT Bangkok Transport Network Master Plan 6 years 5, million bahts investment Hua Lumphong Station Other Development Bus Maintenance Demonstration Project Effects of Engine Over-hauling and Preventive Maintenance after 7 Months Parameters CO HC NOx PM FC (chassis) Dialy FC Black Smoke Opacity POWER OH/No PM No OH/PM OH/PM Tune-up/PM

5 Effects of Engine Over-hauling and Preventive Maintenance after 7 Months Engine Over-hauling and Preventive Maintenance Max. PM reduction 67 % Max. Fuel consumption reduction 11% Engine Tune-up and Preventive Maintenance Max. PM reduction 4.5 % Max. Fuel consumption reduction 5.3 % Other Development Bus Maintenance Demonstration Project Feasibility Study of CDM Projects in Transport Sector in Bangkok Phase I: Emission Factors and Emission Inventory Flow chart of the CDM Study Component1:Existing data collection in in Japan and Thailand Component:Field driving test in in Bangkok Field Field test test planning Preparation Preliminary visit visit to to Thailand Field Field Test Test Observation of of driving cycle cycle Measurement vehicle speed,position,etc. Selection of of route Procure instruments Component3:Preparation of of Driving cycles Statistical Preparation of of the Analysis of of Data Typical Driving cycle Arrangement of of Obtained Data Data B 1 :B u s 6 A v e r a g e S p e e d: 4. 9 k m / h T o t a l t i m e : s e c B :B u s 6 1 k m / h A v e r a g e S p e e d: 9. k m / h T o t a l t i m e : s e c 5 1 B 3 :B u s 1 k m / h A v e r a g e S p e e d: k m / h T o t a l t i m e : s e c 4 B 4 :B u s 3 k m / h A v e r a g e S p e e d:. 9 k m / h T o t a l t i m e : s e c 4 B 5 :B u s 3 5 k m / h A v e r a g e S p e e d : k m / h T o t a l t i m e : s e c 1 3 B 6 :B u s 5 k m / h A v e r a g e S p e e d : 6 4. k m / h T o t a l t i m e : 7 1 s e c Bangkok Driving Cycle for Various Average Speeds 4 6

6 Bangkok Driving Cycle for Bus Tests Bus Cycle1( B1 + B4 + B5 ) Average Speed :1.9km/h Total Time :489sec Bus Cycle( B+ B3 + B6 ) Average Speed :6.7km/h Total Time :443sec Component4:Chassis Dynamometer Test in in Thailand Selection of Vehicle types Flow chart of the CDM Study Results of Chassis Dynamometer Test In-use motor vehicles Emission test: Measurement of CO and other gas emissions by using chassis dynamometer Component5: Development of Emission Factors 5 1 Component6:Estimation of Vehicle Emission Top-down method: Estimation from fuels Compare Bottom-up method: Estimation from Traffic, using emission factor Automotive Emission Laboratory Pollution Control Department Motorcycle Laboratory Light Duty Gasoline Vehicle Laboratory Light Duty Diesel Vehicle Laboratory Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle Laboratory Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Laboratory 9

7 Other Development Bus Maintenance Demonstration Project Feasibility Study of CDM Projects in Transport Sector in Bangkok Phase I: Emission Factors and Emission Inventory Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land Transport (DIESEL) DIESEL Project Objective: To develop a better understanding of the factors that influence vehicular emissions and to propose cost-effective control options in the context of the political economy of developing countries. The scope of work for this program includes: Component 1: City-specific databases relating to diesel emissions from in-use vehicles Component : Analysis of policy and technical options to reduce diesel emissions Component 3: Selection of options, action plans and dissemination of findings DIESEL Project: Process Policies Technologies Action Plan for Bangkok Assessment: - Feasibility - Incentives - Acceptability - Effectiveness - Policies & Technologies Selection: - Policies - Regulations - Technologies - Other Other Development Bus Maintenance Demonstration Project Feasibility Study of CDM Projects in Transport Sector in Bangkok Phase I: Emission Factors and Emission Inventory Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land Transport (DIESEL) Emission Reduction Analytical Tools Emission Testing Diesel Retrofit Demonstration Project

8 Ambient Air Quality in Bangkok 3 Pollutants Air Pollutant Concentrations Range 95 Annual Standards Exceeding Percentile Average Standards TSP (4-hr) mg/m /453 () PM 1 (4-hr) ug/m /1,68 (.1) CO (1-hr) ppm /74,991 () CO (8-hr) ppm /77,643 () O 3 (1-hr) ppb /61,789 (.5) SO (1-hr) ppb /77,176 () SO (4-hr) ppb /3,6 () NO (1-hr) ppb /78,41 () Roadside Air Quality in Bangkok 3 Air Pollutant Concentrations Pollutants 95 Annual Exceeding Range Standards Percentile Average Standards TSP (4-hr) mg/m /588 (4.1) PM 1 (4-hr) ug/m /,15 (5.) CO (1-hr) ppm /65,389 () CO (8-hr) ppm /65,97 (.43) O 3 (1-hr) ppb /4,95 (.5) SO (1-hr) ppb /4,44 () SO (4-hr) ppb /1,5 () NO (1-hr) ppb /4,61 () Current State and Trend of Air Quality Current State and Trend of Air Quality TSP (mg/m3) ROADSIDE PM-1 ( g/m 3 ) AMBIENT TSP Visibility PM-1 (ug/m3) PM1 ROADSIDE 1 Roadside PM1 1 8 Visibility 6 Ambient PM1 4 Roadside PM1 Ambient PM1 Visibility Visibility (km) AMBIENT 1 3 CO Concentration (ppm) NO (ppb) Roadside Ambient No. of Vehicles NO ROADSIDE CO 1 O AMBIENT Vehicles in BKK (Millions) O3 (ppb) SO (ppb) ROADSIDE AMBIENT 1 3 ROADSIDE SO AMBIENT 1 3

9 Average Ambient Air Quality Levels in Asian Cities (-3) 3) 4 Notes: Busan (-); Dhaka 35 (-3); Hanoi (-); Jakarta (-1); Kathmandu Major Challenges Increasing motorization and vehicle population 3 5 (3); Manila PM1 (- 3); Mumbai (-1); New Delhi (-); Osaka (- 1); Seoul (-), SPM (-1); Tokyo (-1) Bangkok Beijing Busan Colombo Dhaka Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Hong Kong Jakarta Karachi Kathmandu Kolkata Manila Mumbai New Delhi Osaka Seoul Singapore Shanghai Surabaya Taipei,China Tokyo Yogyakarta SPM Limit = 9 µg/m 3 (WHO, 1987) PM 1 Limit = 5 µg/m 3 (USEPA, ) SPM PM1 SO Limit = 5 µg/m 3 (WHO, ) NO Limit = 4 µg/m 3 (WHO, ) SO Source: Information collected from national and local government agencies through CAI- Asia network, 3, detailed sources NO available from CAI-Asia Secretariat Vehicles (millions) Bangkok Thailand Fuel Consumption Million litres 3, 5,, 15, 1, 5, Gasoline Fuel Oil Vehicle Population in Thailand and Bangkok Diesel LPG Economic Crisis Number of motorcycle product, sale and export Sources: The office of Industrial Economics Number of car product, sale and export product sale export 1 3 4

10 Major Challenges Increasing motorization and vehicle population Lack of preventive maintenance Diesel Vehicles Violating Black Smoke Standard in Vehicle Types Black Smoke Violation Van 7.6 % 1 (%) % of BKK Buses Violating Black Smoke and Noise Standards Black Smoke Noise Mini-Bus 6 % Pick-up 53 % Private Bus 5 % Inter-city Bus 5 % Coach Bus 44 % Truck 41 % BMTA Bus 7 % Major Challenges Increasing motorization and vehicle population Lack of preventive maintenance Widespread use of cheaper inferior-quality secondhand engines and counterfeit spare parts, especially in commercial vehicles which are mostly diesel vehicles Insufficient commercial incentives for proper vehicle maintenance and operation High capital and maintenance cost of new vehicle and fuel technology Lack of partnership between auto and oil industries Major Challenges Fuel prices are subsidized, especially diesel fuel How to best use alternative fuels, i.e. ethanol, biodiesel, CNG Insufficient mass transportation system Inadequate enforcement of existing standards and regulations Lack of air quality management capacity, especially at the local level Ministry of Finance is still reluctant to give fiscal incentive for environmental protection

11 Thank You Very Much