Clean Fuels - A Critical Role in Clean Air. Understanding Urban Air Pollution and the Role of Diesel Exhaust Delhi, India - November

Transcription

1 Clean Fuels - A Critical Role in Clean Air Understanding Urban Air Pollution and the Role of Diesel Exhaust Delhi, India - November

2 ELEMENTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE VEHICLE POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY CLEAN VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY APPROPRIATE MAINTENANCE TRANSPORTATION & LAND USE PLANNING CLEAN FUELS

3 Why Are Fuels Important? Fuel Constituents Directly Affect Emissions Fuel Changes Can Immediately Impact on Emissions/Air Quality Fuel Composition Can Enable/Disable Pollution Control Technology

4 Ambient Particulate Lead in Delhi (Pre and Post Unleaded Petrol) Nanogram per cubic Meter Oct. '97 Oct. ' Ashok Vihar Nizamuddin Shahazadabagh Mean Siri Fort Shahdara ITO (B.S.Z. Marg) Avg. Reduction 53% Source: CPCB

5 Different Automotive Fuels = Different Exhaust Emissions ÖL Different Crude Oils and Refineries Blending with 5-12 different Components + Additives Oxygenates Olefins Paraff./Napht. Aromatics + Additives Olefins Aromatics Naphtens Paraffins Gasoline ~200 HC + Air Different Combustion NO x HC ~300 HC Diesel Formulation? Formulation? CO 2 CO C 6 H 6 PAH SO 2 PM

6 World-wide Specifications for Cleaner Burning Fuels US-Federal RFG Phase 1 / 2 / 3 USA California Ca RFG Phase 1 / 2 / 3 Quality Assurance Law JSI-Standards Gasoline / Gasoil Japan EU-Directive 1998 / 70 EG (fuels 2000/2005) Europe World-wide Automobile Manufacturers

7 Requirement Gasoline Requirements on Fuel Quality after Year 2000 (Extract) EU-Fuel-Directive 2000 (Euro 3) 2005 (Euro 4) WW FC Categorie 4 Vapour Pressure (Summer) max kpa (?) 60 Benzene max Vol.% Aromatics max Vol.% Sulphur max ppm 150 (50/10)* Diesel Fuel Cetan Number min (?) 55 Density max kg/m³ (?) Aromatics max Vol.% Sulphur max ppm Demand for new engine- or exhaust-after-treatment *) In Germany voluntary for SuperPlus

8 Fuels EPEFE - Test - Program Vehicles Diesel 12 Test Gasolines 11 Diesel Fuels Gasoline LDV LDV HDV Sulphur ppm Aromatics Vol.% Mid-Range Distillation (E100) Vol.% Density kg/m³ Poly-Aromatics 7,8 1,0 Gew.% Cetan Number 49,5 59,1 Back End Distillation (T95) C More influences fixed with available results New European Test Cycle Test Cycle ECE R 49 (88/77/EWG)

9 Impact of Gasoline Sulfur Levels on Emissions CO HC NOx g/km g/km Sulfur Content PPM

10 Changes in Gasoline Qualities Have Effects on Emissions Emissions Fuelchange Reduction of... Benzene Aromatics Olefins Sulphur Vapour pressure Adjustment Volatility Addition Oxygenates CO Regulated Unregulated HC NOx Benzene Butadiene Aldehyde o o o o o --- o o o ++ o o o o o o /+ o o o o ?? o o o o Effect % % > 20 % } Improvement o % or Deterioration

11 Changes in Diesel Fuel Have Effects on Emissions Reduction of... Sulphur Poly-Aromatics Back End Distillation (T95) Increase of... Vehicle - Emissions LDV / HDV CO Density ++/- ++/ Cetan Number +++/++ +++/+ HC NOx Particulates o o? / o - /o Diesel fuelchange o/- -- +/++ ++/o o/ + - / + +/ o + - /- - - / o o +/o - / o Effect % % > 20 % } Improvement o % or Deterioration

12 Influence of Inlet Valve Deposits on Engine Power and Emissions Power Emissions Without ~8% NOx-Emissions [ppm] NOx (Part load) With Additives Power [kw] HC-Emissions [ppm] HC (Part load) 150 with... Additives without Engine Speed [1/min]

13 Maximum Fuel Sulfur Limits Adopted For Europe (PPM) Gasoline Diesel Limits Can Be Encouraged From 2000 With With Fiscal Incentives

14 Low Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Poisons The Catalyst Impact is Irreversible Future Low Emissions Technologies Even More Sensitive CO, HC & NOx Emissions All Improve With Low Sulfur Gasoline

15 Impact of Low Sulfur Gasoline on Emissions Percent Reduction in Light Duty Vehicle Emissions NOx 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 450 to to to 40 0% Calendar Year

16 Impact of Low Sulfur Gasoline on Emissions Percent Reduction in Light Duty Vehicle Emissions NMHC 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 450 to to to 40 2% Calendar Year

17 Impact of Sulfur on Vehicle Emissions Percent Reduction in Light Duty Vehicle Emissions NOx 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% T2/Lo S T2 Only 0%

18 Need For Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Lower Sulfur Lowers Direct PM Emissions and SO2 Lower Sulfur Allows the Use of Some Advanced Diesel NOx/PM Control Technologies Lower Sulfur Improves Performance of Other Advanced Technologies

19 Impact of Lower Sulfur Fuel on Sulfate & Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Percent Reduction in Emissions 120% to 30 PPM to 10 PPM 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Sulfate PM SO2

20 Impact of Low Sulfur Fuel on PM Emissions PM Emissions (g/bhp-hr) Baseline Engine Out 54 PPM Sulfur PPM, Ox Cat PPM, Ox Cat

21 Swedish Retrofit Requirements Stockholm, Goteborg & Malmo 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% PM HC No Increase in NOx, Noise Over 10 Years Old Requires Ultra Low S Fuel

22 NO Conversion to NO2 (%) D iesel F uel S ulfur C o ntent 10 ppm 50 ppm 100 ppm 500 ppm 1500 ppm Temperature ( C)

23 Impact of Different Treatments on London Bus Emissions PM-10 Grams/Kilometer E2 Diesel 0.05%S, no CAT or CRT E2 Diesel with ULSD and CAT E2 Diesel with ULSD only E2 Diesel with ULSD and CRT

24 Sensitivity of Diesel NOx Control Technologies Technology Cooled EGR NOx Storage Catalyst Lean NOx Catalyst SCR Sulfur Sensitivity Durability Questions Intolerant Very Sensitive Sulfur Tolerant

25 Conclusions - Why Lower Sulfur in Gasoline? Sulfur Poisons The Catalyst Impact is Irreversible Future Low Emissions Technologies Even More Sensitive CO, HC & NOx Emissions All Improve With Low Sulfur Gasoline

26 Conclusions - Why Lower Sulfur in Diesel Fuel? Lower Direct Emissions of PM Lower Sulfur Dioxide More Technological Options to Lower Diesel PM & NOx Greater Potential to Lower: PM Mass PM Number PM Toxicity

27 Diesel Fuel Sulfur Specifications PPM US National EU 2000 EU 2005 Danish City Bus Sweden Class 1 Sweden Class 2 Japan India 1996 India Target 2000

28 Japan California US Avg US RFG EU 2000 EU 2005 Canada Proposed Canada Proposed India 1995 India Target 2000 PPM Sulfur Levels in Gasoline

29 Benzene in Gasoline US Federal - 1.0% California - 1.0% Japan - 1.0% (1999) EU - 1.0% India Target %

30 Fuels & Lubricants Challenges For India Ban Leaded Gasoline - Done Lower Sulfur in Diesel & Gasoline - Started Maximum Benzene at 1% PreMixed Fuel & Lube for Two Strokes Fuel Characteristics Posted & Enforced (No Adulturation Tolerated)

31 Conclusions Serious Pollution Control Programs Must Adopt A Comprehensive, Holistic Approach Fuels Should Be Improved (Incremental Progress) Ban Leaded Gasoline Lower Sulfur in Diesel & Gasoline Maximum Benzene at 1% Fuel Characteristics Should be Posted & Enforced (No Adulteration)

32 Conclusions (continued) Effective Enforcement is Critical A Strong Public Awareness Program should be Introduced

33 Conclusions Why Can't India Have EU Quality Fuel by 2005?